humanities 1 to 7

7/29/2019 Humanities 1 to 7

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HUMANITIES

CHAPTER 1o WORLD HISTORY (Heglez) represents the development of spirit consciousness of its

own freedom on consequent realization of the freedom.

o Record of the spirits effort to attain knowledge of what it is in itselfo Through stars of thoughts, ideas, culture, language, wars , and economic system

throughout all of mankinds history

o Definition: B.C before Christ A.D anno domini (in the year of our god) B.C.E before common era O.E common era 1st century BC 1st century before Christ

o History divide into section Ancient history (creation AD500) Middle Age (AD500 1500) Pre Modern Era (AD1500-1900) Modern Era (1900-present)

o Reasons to story origin of life Shows how unique and special the human race Learn valuable lessons from the past to help solve present problems

HISTORIANS scholars who study/examine records of the past andwrite stories about

ARCHEOLOGIST scholar who dig for relics (artifacts) of ancient likepick & shovel historians)

o 2 Stories of creation Religious story of creation Scientific evolution of man (theory of evolution)

o 3 special gift given by man Intelligence Body Free will soul Spirit

o Charles Darwin (british) Man is a product of evolution

o 4 stages of life HOMONID more advanced primate

RAMAPITHICUS 14M yrs ago, stand upright, does no jot out, couldpick up stones and stick to frighten enemies

LUCY skeleton of a teenage girl discovered by Donald Johanson(American archeologist 1974 in ethopia)

AUSTRALOPITICUS lived in south Africa 5M yrs ago, brain is assmall as modern apes head, walks straight, and used simple tools

HOMO HABILIShandy man invented stone tools 2M yrs ago ZINZANTHROPUSeast African man 1.75M yrs, 4ft walk upwrigth,

smaller brain than 1470 man

1470 MANLake turkana Man Kenya east Africa (Richard Leakey)shattered skull


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HOMO ERECTUSupright man first man-like creatures, walk straight,used fire, made weapons, hunted large animals, found in asia/Africa/Europe

JAVA MAN - :Pithecanthrupos erectus 5ft, walk erect, had a heavychin-less jaw, hairy body, brain almost as big as the modern man

PEKING MANSinanthrupos Pekineses 52 walk upright, brain=modern man, fire, hand-tools

HOMO SAPIENWise Man muscular and erect, large protrudingface and low forehead

o NEANTHERTHAL heaily build with powerful musclepowerful jaw, chin less, brain little larger than modern man

o CRO MAGNIUM MANdevelop brain, 511, mighty huntero 4 Major Races of Mankind

MONGOLOID Chinese, india, Japanese, malay, viets Almond eyes, mid height, yellow skin

CAUCASIANS Europe, America, Australia, new Zealand Pakistan, High noses, light skin, thin lips, tall, blonde

NEGROID/NEGRO RACE Americas Thick lips, dark, kinky hair, broad nose

AUSTRAOID aborigenes, anus of japan, veddoids of south india Dark brown/black, wide noses, thick lips, black kinky hair

o 3 Stages of mans development from savagery to civilization OLD STON AGE (3.7M-3.8M) (Paliolithic period) Stone tools NEW STON AGE (8000-4000BC) (Neolithic period) animal husbandry dev AGE OF METALS (4000-1500BC) Asia minor/Middle east, use metal for

ornaments

o LANGUAGES OF MAN TEUTONIC/GERMANIC german, Danish, sweed, English ROMANS/LATIN Italian, French, Spanish, portugese SLAVIC Russians, Czech, polish, eukrane SEMETIC Arabic, jewish, egpt, morrocan, Syrian INDU IRAMAN hindu, Pakistani, Iranian, Persian MALAYO-POLYNESIA Filipino, malagasi, Indonesia, Polynesia

o WRITING ANCIENT SUMMERIANS OF MESOPOTAMIAInvented CUNEIFORM (word

for form)

EGYPTIANS hieroglyphics PHOENICIANS 1000BC invented the first alphabet, 22 consonants

Alphabetcame from first 2 greek letters alpha betao CRADLE OF CIVILATION (PLAVCE OF ORIGIN AND CULTURE)

MESOPOTAMIA

EGUPT CRET SUBCONTINENT OF INDIA CHINA ASIA MINOR PALISTINE PERSIAN


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GUATEMALA AFRICA

o 2 WAYS OF SPREDING CIVILIZATION Conquest and trade, people of war Indirect copying/borrowing through another civilization from another

CHAPTER 2 CONTRIBUTION OF MESOPOTAMIAo MESOPOTAMIA THE CRADLE OF HISTORY (IRAQ)

Land between rivers Tigres river and Euphrines River Coneiforms

o EMPIRES ARKADIANS (3000Bc) BABYLONIAN EMPIRE (HAMURABI) code inscribe on black stone 285 laws

3 SOCIAL CLASSESo NOBLES king , aristocrats, priests, rich, landlords,o FREEMEN farmer, merchants, artisans, soldier,o SLAVES

Farming chief industry of Babylon (wheat, oats, etc) Gold, silver, copper as currency 65 GODS

SHAMASH god of sun MARDUK god of war (Jupiter) ISHTAR goddess of love (venus) BEL god of earth EA god of water TAIMAT goddess of chaos NERGEL god of death (Mars) NABU (mercury)

Dont believe in heaven/hell but life after death Magic to drive away spirits or for luck and love Writings in CUNEIFORM Arts ZIGGURAT was the greatest architectural achievement of Babylon Excel in mathematics, invented SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM, calculate of 60x Divided the cirsle into 360, divided hr into 60 mins, mins into 60 secs Every planet was a god

o Invented writings as early as 3500BC called CUNEIFORMo Invented the Flow which improved mining, farming, and they gave birth to the

wheel

o First written literature epic, poem, storieso Earliest written law codes HAMURABIo SEXIGESIMAL math system by 60so Astrology with 12 zodiac signs, planets and stars affect destiny

CHAPTER 3 CONTRIBUTION OF EGYPTo Pyramids, oldes-man made monument


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o Erected palaces, obelisks, and temples of gravel and stoneo First 365 calendar, divided year into 12 months with 30 day montsho First ships made of papyrus reeds. These ships sailed to Phoenicia, Mesopotamia and

Iran

o Developed geometry because they needed to rebuild land boundaries erased by annualfloods by the nile river

o Increase knowledge of medicine, surgery and embalmingo Invented: inclined plane, pulley which enable builders to contruct colossal structures like

pyramids and the sundial and water clock, which are used to measure time..

o GODS AMONgreatest god of Egypt (AKA Ra) sun god OSIRIS god of the nile river ISIS wife of Osiris THOT god of wisdom MAAT god of justice NUT god of sky PTAM god of labor

CHAPTER 4o Hittites Contribution

USE OF IRON, enabled man to progress from bronze age to iron age. First peopleto mine, smelt, and use iron making tools and weapons

USE OF HORSE DRAWN CHARIOTS in warfare. Later Hyksos, Egyptians, Greeks,and romans used them

o Phoenician Contribution Established colonies in parts of Mediterranean world, Cathage (North Africa)

Cadiz (Spain) Cagliari (Sardinia) Palermo (Sicily) Monaco (French Reviera)

Introduced not only asian goods to the countries of Mediterranean world butalso the cultural influence of Mesopotamia, Egypt, person, Palestine, and india

Invention of the ALPHABET 24 letters all consonants. ALPHA +BETA=Alphabeto JEWISH CONTRIBUTION

Believed in only one god without idols (MONOTHEISM believed in one god) Jews cradled two religions Judaism and Christianity

o HINDU GODS Brahma the creator Vishnu preserver Sice destroyer Agni fire Indra storm Ganesha elephant Laksmi luck Vasanti merriment CASTE SYSTEM

Brahmas priest and scholars Kethatriyas nobles and warriors Vaishyas farmers Sundras laborers, servants

o BUDDHISM (Gautama Buddha)


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4 noble thoughts Mans life is filled with suffering Mans suffering is caused by his selfish disires Man can end his suffering by conquering his desires After conquering his desires he reaches the state of nirvana

oNirvana perfect happiness

8 fold path Right belief Right aspiration Right speech Right conduct Right livelihood Right effort Right remembrance Right meditation

o CHINA

Zhon Hsin invented chop sticks Philosophers Zhou Dynasty

Confucious Zao tzu Mencius

Confucious (551-479 BC) kung fu tsu Chinas beloved teacher worlds greatest philosopher kung scholar Teachings:

o Benevolenceo Righteousnesso Proprietyo Wisdomo Loyalty

Do unto other what you want others to do unto you 73 yrs

Lao Tzuthe old scholar Taoism To the good I am good, to the bad I am good for virtue is virtue

goodness

keep behind and you shall be inevitably in front he who overcomes others is strong, but he who overcomes himself Is

stronger

Mencius Greatest student of confucious All men are good by nature

CHAPTER 5o GREEK

DEmocrazy guiding political ideology of many governments today


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Literary classics Homers epic poems (Iliad and Odyssey) poetry, fables ,dramatic, works and comedies

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other greek thinkers Historical works by Herodotus and Thucydides Ionian, Dorce and Corinthian architechture Ruins of Pantheon and other greek relics Olympic games Plebiscites and referendums, which consult the opinion of the people on a

public issue

RELIGION gods and goddesses Zues chief god, lightning and thunder Hera- wife of zues and goddess of heaven Phoebus sun god and god of light, music and prophecy Poseidon god of sea Hermes god of commerce and messenger of gods Hephaestus god of fire and blacksmith of the gods Ares god of war Athena god of wisdom Aphrodite goddess of beauty and love Artemis goddess of the moon and the hunt Demeter goddess of agriculture and fertility Hestia goddess of the heart and home

SCULPTURE Phidias the greatest

o Statue of Athena in the Parthenono Statue of Zues in Olympia

Otherso Myron famous for his Descobulus (Discus thrower)o Chares who made the colossus of Rhodeso Praxiteles carved the famous hermes (messenger of the gods)o Scopas celebrated for the tomb of king mausolus of

Halicarnassus

POETRY IlliadandtheOdyssey the earliest specimen of Greek poetry and it

was written by the bland poet Homer

Pindar the greates lyric of ancient Greece Bacchylides ofCeos famous poet and contemporary of Pindar Sappho greatest poetess ever produced by Greece. Plato called her

Tenth Muse

Philosophy Thales ofMiletus

o The founder of the first greek school of philoo He was the father of greek philosophy

Pythagoras ofSamos popularized the doctrine of numbers Parmenides taught that the iniverse is eternal and unchanging Heraclitus believed that the universe is always changing


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Democritus anticipated the atomic theory that the universe is made ofminute atoms

Socrateswas the most famous of the Greek philosophers. KNOWTHYSELF

Platosurpassed Socrates. Masterpiece was The Republic whichportrays an ideal state

Aristotle best pupil of Plato and later surpasses him, versatile genius,political scientist, ethical teacher, mathematician. Tutor of Alexander

THE GREAT

CHAPTER 6o Alezander the Great and Hellenization

Reasons why Alexander invaded Greece To retaliate the Persian invasion of Greece Establish an empire the first Eurasian empire- Spread western Greek (Hellenic) culture to the east

3 Parts of his empire The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt The Seleucid Empire of Asia The Antigomic Empire of Macedonia

Results First Asian and European empire. Empire covered many territories from

Yugoslavia and Greece in Europe in Africa and Northern india in Asia

Asia culture and West were brought closer together. Thousands ofGreeks migrated to asia and built new vities, industries, and trade.

Alexander and his generals married asian women, the daughters of the

nobles whom they defeated. He appointed Asians to high positions in

the government and army

European culture enriched Asa, while the Asian culture enrichedWestern culture. This was called HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION

o HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION From 323 BC when Alexander died to 30 BC when Egypt conquered Rome, ssaw

the flowering of Hellenistic Civilization. Is was a Graeco Oriented civilization.

3 centerso Alexandria in Egypto Antioch in Syriao Pergamim in Asia minor

During this civilization, it produced a tremendous output of peoms, drama,histories, and philosophies. The Hellenistic age gave the world two school fo

philosophy: the STOICISM and EPICUREANISM. STOICISM emphasizes the need

of religion as a guide to human happiness, EPICUREANISM, disregarding religionand teaches, eat, drink and be happy, tomorrow we die

Hellenistic works in architecture and paintings were not remarkable becausethey only copy Greek models, Hellenistic sculptures revealed certain

improvements, for it portrayed actual emotions such as sorrow, joy passion, and

suffering

SCULPTURES


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o Venus de Milo which was carved by an unknown Hellenisticsculptor about the third century BC, it is preserved today at the

Louvre in museum in Paris

Lastly, the world used a universal language for the first time, the Greeklanguage, Many classic works, including the Bible were translated into Greek.

Educated people studied and used this language for commerce and education

CHAPTER 7o Persias Contribution (IRAN)

Religion Zoroastrianism based on the belief that life is a constrant strugglebetween good and evil. The founder of this religion Zoroaster Prophet of Iran

Bible of Zoroastrianism Zend_Avesta Priest of Zoroastrianism wise men called MAGI

System of provincial administration, which covered provincial executives, thelocal system of taxation and the first postal service

Persia gave the world the elaborate system ofcourt etiquette. The ceremonialpractices in the royal courts of KING LOUIS XIC of France, Queen Elizabeth I of

England and other great monarchies of Engliand were reminiscent of the

throne-roon etiquette of Darius I of Persiao INDIAS Contribution

India gave the world 4 religions HINDUISM, BUDDHISM, SIKHISM, JAINISM HINDUISM worlds oldest organized religion and has 462M followers BUDDHISM 247M SIKHISM 16M hindus JAINISM 2M in India.

India developed philosophy ahead of the West Enriched world literature b giving mankind the first fable (Panchatanira) first

dramatic epics (The Clay Cart by Sudakra and Sakuntala by Kalidasa), the great

epic poems (Mahabharata and Romayana) and worlds greatest philosophical

poem (the Bhagawad Gita) TajMahal in Agram MogulPalaces in New Delhi, KailasiaTemple in Hyderalaad Indai invented the zero and the numeral in mathematics. First books on

arithmetics and algebra were written by indain mathematicians

o CHINAS Contribution First paper, brushpen and ink, the first compass (magnetic needle) the first

printingpress using movable blocks, gunpowder for warfare and festivals and

the first watermill

Sericulture (silk industry) and the use of silk clothes gave mankind the Confusian philosophy, which still exerts a profound influence

over minds of modern people

painted first paper money, which they called flying money the first playingcards for gambling and recreation, the oldest known book, Diamond sutra

printed in 868 AD by Wang Chich, the oldest newspaper in the world, Peking

Gazette which was printed during the reign ofEmperor Hsuan Tsung

Chin introduced the civil service examination which modern nation haveadopted. Today, a person must pass the civil service examination to qualify for

appointment ot a permanent position in the government


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China gave the world the chopsticks for eating, calligraphy, the art of finewriting, the kite for outdoor sports, pagoda architecture, which is original in

design and construction and the indestructible GREAT WALL, a massive

masterpiece of engeneering

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