Human Anatomy Exam 1 9/11/2014

100 points

1. Using words such as tube-within-a-tube, bilateral symmetry dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, vertebrae, segmentation, pharyngeal pouches, ……. briefly elaborate how the vertebrate body plan displays the above-mentioned features.

2. Draw a body plane diagram to show the various planes of the body. Now tell which plane will be used to get a 3-d image of the liver and spleen.

3. (a)If you wanted to examine the vertebral column to reveal nerve compression, which section will you use for a scan. (b)A patient complains of pain emanating from an area proximal to thewrist. Which joint is most likely to be involved here?

4. Which body plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which body plane will divide the body into anterior and posterior parts? Into dorsal and ventral parts?

5. (a) Connective tissues contain more matrix than epithelial tissues. Draw a diagram to show the components of the matrix. (b) What is one major difference between loose and dense connectivetissues?

6. Please draw a diagram showing animal cells sitting atop each other in 3-d, surrounded by the extracellular matrix. Label the organelles of the cell, give the function of the cellular organelles, and only label the components of the connective tissue (matrix) such as collagen andfibroblasts.

7. Please name the proteins that make up the cytoskeleton of most animal cells.

8. Please name a technique that would be used to help detect thyroid cancer? How does this technique work?

9. In terms of embryonic germ layers, as discussed in page 95 of your text, what types of tissues will be defective if cells from the mesenchyme failed to migrate properly? How do mucous membranes differ from serous membranes?

10. Using diagrams, list the locations, structure(s), and functions of the 4 basic tissue types?

11. (a)What is the function of ciliated epithelium lining the uterine tubes? (b)Where would you expect to find loose areolar connective tissue?

12. Please name an organ present in the inferior part of the pelvic cavity. Which organ will be affected if the inguinal region gets injured?

13. Please list the organs present in the thoracic cavity and name the cavities where these organs arehoused.

14. The image above was produced from a section of the brain. What type of plane was used here? What kind of technique was most likely used?

15. X-rays were among the earliest radiographic techniques used. Today, CAT scans or CT has supplanted x-rays. What additional advantages does CT provide over plain x-ray imaging? Compare and contrast the techniques of CT and MRI.

16. Name a technique you would recommend to confirm (1) atherosclerotic plaque(2) aneurysm(3) thyroid cancer(4) ACL injury in the knee(5) breast cancer(6) hemorrhage in the brain(7) gender of a fetus(8)fast changes in brain activity(9) brain region damaged by strike, and (10) brain injury during traumatic conditions.

17. Using a diagram, discuss some features unique to epithelial cells.

18. Using words such as epithelial cells, basal cells, basal lamina, basement membrane, extracellular matrix, matrix metalloproteases, connective tissue, blood vessels, angiogenesis, etc. , discuss how cancer spreads.

18. Above are an electron micrograph(top) and a light microscope image of an implanting blastocyst at day 7. Name the structure that contains fluid; the structure that develops into the placenta; and the structure that gives rise to the embryo (3 pts).

19. (a) Name a technique you would employ to help diagnose suspected myocardial infarction. (b) Please read the passage below and answer the following question.

Cardiomyopathy (cardio=heart +myo=muscle + pathy=disease/abnormality) is diseased heart muscle that cannot function (contract) adequately. Cardiomyopathy results in the failure of the heart muscle to meet the needs of the body for oxygen rich blood and removal of carbon dioxideand other waste products. There are many causes of cardiomyopathy, but the end result is a

heart that is weak and cannot maintain a normal ejection fraction or cardiac output The ejection fraction is a measurement of the heart's effectiveness in pumping blood. It is the percentage of blood in a filled ventricle that is pumped out of the heart with each contraction. Anormal heart will have an ejection fraction of 60%-70%. This number can decrease if the heartmuscle cannot squeeze or contract adequately.

Which technique(s) would preferably be used to assess contractility, pleural effusion, ejection fraction, and the condition of the mitral valve- some parameters of heart function affected by cardiomyopathy?

20. (a)Name the 2 types of glands and give an example of each. (b)Which tissue gives rise to glands?(c) Which organelles would be most highly developed in glands?

21. Please name the type of tissue shown above.

22. Please identify the type of tissue above.

23. Please identify the tissue above.

24. Please label the three types of connective tissues.

25.

26) This question pertains to the division of the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions using four

planes. (a) Name the 4 planes that

divide the abdominopelvic cavity into 9 regions. (b) What are some clinical utilities behind this classification scheme(c) Name the regions above and below the horizontal planes. (d) Which of

the nine regions contains the liver?

27) (a) What is one difference between a

peritoneum and a mesentery? (b) Where do you find the peritonal cavity and what is its

function?

28) (a) What are some of the differences, both structural and functional, between intrinsic and

extrinsic salivary glands? (b) Why are the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx lined with

stratified squamous epithelial cells?(c) Use Fig. 23.16 to answer this question. As the esophagus passes

through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach, the stratified squamous epithelia changes to the simple columnar epithelia lining the stomach. Why is this

change necessary? (e) Where is the epiglottis located and what is its function?

29) Fill in the blanks:

In the first two weeks following fertilization, excessive alcohol consumption does not generally have a negative effect on the zygote and emerging __________(pre-embryo) . Maternal consumption of alcohol during this time can prevent proper ____________ of the __________ in the uterus, resulting inan increased rate of resorption or early termination of the pregnancy, generally before a woman realizesshe is pregnant. The potential for the cells in the blastocyst to become _________cell lineage in the body generally confers protection against the negative effects that alcohol has on specific cellular populations. However, it is in the ___________week after fertilization that specific alcohol-induced birth defects begin to affect the developing embryo. At this point in the developmental timeline, __________commences and the three embryonic germ layers(_________, __________,__________) are set. Between this point and the sixth week after fertilization, when ___________ occurs, the cranial neural crest cell population is vulnerable to alcohol-induced damages. The cranial neural crest cells compose the frontonasal process of the developing embryo, which interacts with the __________ to differentiate into facial features. Damage to this cellular progenitor pool can result in the minor midlinefacial abnormalities characteristic of FAS.

30) Above, the bright field microscopy image was taken at KU in 2010 when I was differentiating mesenchymal cells from the umbilical cord into bone at the Bioengineering group. The image shows the effects of alcohol on mesenchymal cells. (a) Why mesecnhymal stem cells were chosen for this particular project?(b) From the informatuion give, what can you deduce about the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on tissue development.

31) Loose connective tissue is

a) the packing material of the body,filling spaces between organs and acting as a cushion

b) of three types, namely areolar, adipose, and reticular

c) reticular connective tissue has reticular fibers and is found in the lungs

d) a and b

32) Liposuction

a) is safe procedure

b) sucks adipose tissues that are flexible but not as elastic as areolar tissues that cushion organs and allow movement

c) can be risky and can be followed by regeneration of adipose tissues

d) b and c

33) Ground substance in connective tissues

a) contains proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and hyaluronan

b) surrounds the cells and fibers

c) is fluid so macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils can move around connective tissue

d) all of the above

True/Fasle

34) Connective tissues contain 3 types of fibers-collagen, reticular and elastic

35) Elastic fibers have more collagen than elastin, are more elastic than collagen fibers, and are found around interconnecting vertebrae.