human anatomy anatomical positions/ terminology mosby items and derived items 2010, 2007, 2003 by...

Human Anatomy

Anatomical Positions/ Terminology

Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Anatomical Terminology• Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin

• Most terms come in pairs

• Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes


Anatomical Position Is the standard reference

point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward with palms and feet facing forward


Regional terms – names of specific body areas Axial region – the

main axis of the body

Appendicular region – the limbs

Directional terminology Refers to the body

in anatomical position

Standardized terms of directions are paired terms


Directional Terms• Superior (cranial)- the

part more toward the top of the body– The shoulder is superior

to the hip• Inferior (caudal)- the part

is more toward the bottom of the body– The stomach is inferior to

the heartSu

perio

rIn

ferio

r


Directional Terms• Anterior (ventral)-

toward the front of the body– The nose is anterior of the

head• Posterior (dorsal)- the

part is more toward the bottom of the body– The heel is posterior to the

toesAnterior Posterior


Directional Terms• Medial- Toward the

midline or midsagittal plane of the body– The eyes are medial to the

ears• Lateral- Toward the sides;

away from the middle– The eyes are lateral to the

nose.

Lateral

Medial


Directional Terms• Proximal- Toward trunk

of the body; toward the root of the body– The knee is proximal to

the ankle• Distal- Away from the

trunk; away from the root of the body– The hand is distal to the

elbow

Proximal

Distal

Proximal

Distal


Distal / Proximal Cont.

• When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.

• Proximal- toward the axial skeleton

• Distal- Away from the axial skeleton


Directional Terms• Superficial- toward the body surface

– The skin is superficial to the muscles

• Deep- Away from the body surface– The lungs are deep to the skin


Directional Terms• Bilateral symmetry: a term

meaning that right and left sides of the body are mirror images

• Ipsilateral-structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position

• Contralateral-structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position

Contra lateral

Ipsilateral


Orientation and Directional Terms

Image from: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc,. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Orientation and Directional Terms

Body Language:

Anterior is my smile, posterior my butt;

I raise my head to be superior and look down in shame when inferior;

When angry my arms point medial, and support my shout when lateral;

When I hug you, I pull you proximal, but with a kick quickly push you distal;

Example Problems

• The chin is ________ to the forehead.• The ears are _________ to the nose• The elbow is on the _________side of the arm• The knee is _______ to the hip bone.• The shoulder is _________ to the elbow.• The nose are ___________ to the lips.

Inferior

lateral

posteriordistal

proximalsuperior

Example Problems

• The shoulder girdle is _________ to the hip girdle.

• The knee is _______________ to the ankle• The neck is ___________ to the sternum• The heart is ____________ to the lungs• The fingers are ________ to the palm.

superior

Superior/ proximal

medial

distal

superior

Regional Terms


Body Planes and Sections


Body Planes and Sections• Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies

vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

• Sagittal plane – lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides.– Median (midsagittal) plane -

Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

• Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts


Body Cavities• Dorsal body cavity• Cavity subdivided

into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.– Cranial cavity

houses the brain.– Vertebral cavity runs

through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord


Body Cavities• Ventral body cavity

– subdivided into: – Thoracic cavity –

divided into three parts

• Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity

• Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac


Body Cavities• Ventral body cavity

– Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts

• Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs

• Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum


Other Body Cavities• Oral cavity• Nasal cavity• Orbital cavities• Middle ear cavities• Synovial cavities


Abdominal Regions and Quadrants• Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine

regions


Abdominal Quadrants• Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four

quadrants – Right upper and left upper quadrants– Right lower and left lower quadrants


Other Positions

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