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CELLSTAXONOMY
PROKARYOTES / EUKARYOTESCELL STRUCTURES &
FUNCTIONSCELL PROCESSES & ENERGYCELL GROWTH & DIVISION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow0jH2Eg8v4
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Review
What are the eight characteristics of living things?
What are the four major macromolecules?
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Answers
1. Made up of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Maintain Homeostasis 4. Metabolism 5. Evolution /Adapt 6. Respond to Stimuli 7. Grow and Develop 8. DNA
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
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Diversity of Life Arises by evolutionary change
leading to the present biodiversity we see.
Divided into Three Domains: 1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes
(no nucleus) 2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes
(no nucleus) 3. Eukarya- Plants and Animals,
complex organelles and multicellular
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Three Domains & Six Major Kingdoms
DOMAINS KINGDOMS Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Eubacteria Archaea Animalia-
Animals Plantae- Plants Fungi- Fungus Protista- animal
like and plant like
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Domain Eubacteria
True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments
Largest groups of organisms on Earth Only a small amount are disease causing Most have very important roles:
Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria Saprophytes- decomposers that break down
dead material. Symbionts- they have a relationship with other
organisms
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Domain Archaea Most recent domain, 1970’s Live in extreme environments with high
temperatures and some produce methane. Vast difference in genetic and biochemical
make-up from other bacterium. Microscopically similar in looks so it is likely
that it has been around for a long time but we just missed it.
Live in extreme environments Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic
or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane.
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Salt Loving- Halobacterium
Has a pigment that makes it purple called bacteriorhodopsin, which also helps it synthesize ATP.
San Francisco
Bay
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20577-hidden-ecologies-salt-ponds-and-entombed-marshes.html#.VB97I1eKVEM
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Domain Eukarya Eukarytotes= have a nucleus, are
unicellular and multicellular 4 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc)
2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and obtain energy through photosynthesis.
3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtain energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the products they release.
4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by ingesting other organisms.
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How are organisms in the kingdoms classified????
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) He came up with a means of naming organisms
that was simple and universal. Problem- before this people were naming
organisms multiple names that were really long, and there wasn’t any consistency.
Taxonomy- science of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
Linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature-> two word naming system Genus, species Always in italics Genus is capitalized and species lowercased Ex- Homo sapiens
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Classification System
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Dear King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain!!!!
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Prefixes Cyto= cell Iso= Equal Kary= Kernel Hyper= Above Endo= Within Hypo= Below Exo= Out of
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How did we learn that there were different
cells, three Domains, etc?
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Robert Hooke First to identify cells by
observing cork from the bark of an oak tree.
1665
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Anton Van Leewenhoek Described living things and
observed them in greater detail.
Called them “animalcules” 1674
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Matthias Schleiden Found that plants are made
of cells 1838
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Theodore Schwann
All living things are made of cells 1839
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Rudolf Virchow
Proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells
1855
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Three Major principles of the cell theory
1. All organisms are made of cells 2.All existing cells come from pre-
existing cells 3. Cells are the basic unit of life.
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Short Video with Notes
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory#watch
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What is the relationship between structure and function of your
cells? The way they are
shaped directly relates to their job or function.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRpbSOgs
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Examples 1. Long, thin nerve cells transmit
sensory info from your brain to the rest of your body.
2. Short, blocky skin cells that cover and protect the body.
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Nerve Cells
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http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/
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http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg
White blood cell
engulfing a bacteria cell
and spewing out
the remnants
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http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130
Inside the chloroplast of
a plant cell
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Eyelashes!
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
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http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Bacteria on the tongue
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Artery and
blood cells
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
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http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Clump of sperm tails
in the testes
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http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12812/enlarge
Staphylococcus bacteria in the trachea
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Liver cell
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310232/enlarge
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Lung Cells
http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/14917208/SQ7335.html
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNP1EAYLhOs&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=related
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Cells are separated into two categories
1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotes No nucleus or membrane bound organelles DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and circular Single celled Cell Walls Evolved 3.5 bya Ex- Bacteria or Archaea
Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen: Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the
presence of oxygen. Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not
oxygen is present.
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Structure of a Prokaryote
www.biologyjunction.comFlagella
Ribosomes
Pili
DNA
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
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Functions
Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement. Plasmid- small piece of DNA that replicates
separately from the main chromosome. DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in
the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that surrounds
molecules and organelles in a cell Cell wall- structural support Cell membrane- controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.
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Benefits of Prokaryotes Provide nutrients to humans and animals,
especially in digestion. Bacteria have a symbiotic relationship called mutualism where both the host and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and obtains food from the host while at the same time the bacteria helps the host by breaking down foods and helping them absorb nutrients and vitamins.
Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus through the environment.
Bioremediation- using living things to break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil spills.
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Bacterial Diseases
Can attack the cells in tissues. Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that
invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients
Can make poisons called toxins Blood carries it to other parts of the body. Food poisoning
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E. coli bacteria on a lettuce leaf
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130
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Antibiotics
Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria Work by stopping the cell wall from developing,
animal cells don’t have cell walls, viruses also lack cell walls
When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria= illness
Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse of the antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications, which allows the bacteria to survive and reproduce and pass the genetics on.
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EukaryotesHas a nucleus with membrane
bound organellesNucleus store the genetic
material and is linearMulticellular or unicellularLarger, more complexPlants and animalsEvolved 1.5 mya
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Both
* Microscopic in size* Composed of similar
building blocks* Cell Membrane* Cytoplasm * Have DNA* Loaded with ribosome's
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Levels of organization Ranges from smallest to largest
Level Function ExampleCell
Organelle
Tiny organelles that each have specific
functions.
Mitochondria
Cell Basic unit of life. Plant or Animal Cell
Tissue A group of similar cells that work together.
Muscle Tissue
Organ Collection of tissues joined together
Lungs
Organ System
Collection of organs that work together for a
similar goal.
Respiratory System
Organism A living thing Human
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Cell Differentiation
Defined- Process where a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell.
Example-> zygote -> embryoAllows germ cells, stem cells, and
somatic cells to develop and mature.
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Why is it crucial?
Crucial for embryonic development, plays a role in the functioning of many organisms throughout their lives.
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Cell Organelles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg&feature=related
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Cell Membrane Description- Thin covering, protects cells,
made up of two layers- hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic glycerol / phosphate heads
Function- Controls the passage into and out of the cell, semi-permeable= some things come in and some things go out.
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Cytoplasm Description- Jellylike substance
throughout the cell Function- Cushions organelles,
transports proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions
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Cytoskeleton Description- Network of
proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell.
Function- Protects, structural support and shape
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Three Main Fibers:
1. Microtubules= long hollow tubes. Give cells its shape and acts as “tracks” for organelle movement.
2. Intermediate filaments- give a cell its strength
3. Microfilaments- tiny threads that allow the cell to move and divide. Help the muscle contract and relax.
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Cell Wall Description- Plants
only, made up of cellulose, rigid, tough
Function- Protects, supports, and shapes the cell.
Process- Turgor Pressure
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Vacuole Description- Fluid
filled sacs Function- Full of
water, nutrients, and waste that is on its way out.
Process- Storage
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Central Vacuole
Description- Large fluid filled sac in plants only
Function- Used for storage of materials needed by the cell such as water, food, enzymes, and inorganic molecules.
Process- Storage
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Chloroplast Description- Plants only, green
structure with chlorophyll Function- Carry out
photosynthesis by capturing and converting solar energy.
Process- Photosynthesis
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Vesicle Description-Small sacs that divide some
materials from the cytoplasm Function- transport materials from place to place
in a cell through the cytoplasm Process- Exocytosis and Endocytosis
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Chromatin
Description- In the nucleus, made of DNA and protein, contains genes
Function- To package DNA into a smaller volume so that it can fit into a cell.
Process- Cell Division
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Nucleus Description- Dense,
ball shaped structure, contains DNA, Storehouse of the DNA
Function- Protein synthesis occurs here, control center of the cell
Process-Processes DNA and Protein Synthesis
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Nucleolus Description- Dense region in the middle of
the nucleus, dark ball Function- Ribosome's are made here Process- Protein Synthesis
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Nuclear Membrane/ Envelope
Description- Double membrane around the nucleus
Function- Protects the nucleus and has pores around it for molecules to pass in and out
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Nuclear Pore Description- little holes around the
membrane of the nucleus Function- Allows things to move in and out
of the nucleus.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description- No ribosomes, Lots of folds, inner membrane= lumen
Functions- Makes proteins and lipids, controls calcium levels in muscles, breaks down drugs and alcohol
Process- Detoxification, Synthesis of Carbs and Lipids
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description- Covered in ribosomes and attached to the nucleus
Function- Produces, transports enzymes and proteins throughout the cell.
Process- Processing Proteins
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Ribosomes Description- tiny little balls
throughout the cell. Function- Makes proteins
and RNA, tiny balls that link amino acids together to form proteins, site of protein synthesis
Process- Protein Synthesis
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Centrosome Description- Small region of cytoplasm that
produces microtubules, contains centrioles. Function- During mitosis this divides and the
two parts move to opposite sides of the cell. Process- Cell Division
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Golgi Apparatus Description- Small bags with tubes connecting them and
contains enzymes Function- Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins
and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of the cell. Process- Processes Proteins
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Mitochondria Description- kidney bean shaped organelle Function- Supplies energy to the cell, converts
food into energy (glucose into ATP), have their own ribosomes and DNA
Process- Cellular Respiration
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Centriole Description- small cylinders Function- Helps divide DNA during cell division Process- Mitosis / Meiosis
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Lysosomes Description- Small, round structures that contain
enzymes Function- Contains digestive enzymes, nutrients
and old cells are broken down and digested, and defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.
Process- Digestion, Phagocytosis
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Flagella and Cilia
Description- flagella = tail-like, cilia= hair-like
Function- Help the cell move Process- Movement
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Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP7xAr2FDFU&feature=related
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm