http:// [email protected] the capacity implications of 10ppm sulfur in gasoline & diesel the...
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The Capacity Implications of 10ppm Sulfur in
Gasoline & Diesel
The Capacity Implications of 10ppm Sulfur in
Gasoline & Diesel
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Benefits of 10ppm S • May be essential for new technologies eg NOx
traps in LD vehicles• Gives better performance for HD vehicles & may
be needed for Euro IV/V emissions• Improves fuel economy on other vehicles• Lower emissions on particulates in existing fleet
But at an estimated 4.6 mtonnes of refinery emissions/year
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Possible Time Table
• Limited quantities by early 2005
• Germany 10 ppm from 2003
• Possibly all 10 ppm by 2008/9
• EU Heating Oil goes to 1000 ppm in 2008
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Possible Problem Areas
• The Hydrogen Balance
• Lost of Octane
• Reduced Capacity when revamping
• Choice of Crude can be restricted to low sulfur
• The diesel/heating oil mix
• Type of sulfur in the crude
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Main Gasoline Desulfurisation Options
• Heavy FCC Naphtha– Divert to Light Cycle Oil– Desulfurise (choice of level)– Desulfurise (min octane loss)
• Light & Medium FCC Naphtha– Extractive merox– Hydrotreat
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Main Diesel Desulfurisation Options
• High Pressure AGO & LCO– Cobalt/Molybdenum catalyst based– around 70 bar
• Medium Pressure AGO & LCO– Nickel/Molybdenum based– around 50 bar
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Gasoline Desulfurisation
• Pretreatment of FCC Feed• Post FCC treatment of FCC Naphtha• Dilution
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FCC Naphtha Flow Scheme
FCC
Split
Lt
Hvy
To Heating OilOr Diesel
Light Cycle Oil (LCO)
Hy FCC Nap ex splt
Lt. FCC nap ex splt
C5-205
Desul Hy FCC Nap
MOG Blend
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Diesel Units
Hydrotreatment but at different pressuresand with different aims
New Plants usually ~ 70 bar
Revamped Plantsusually ~ 40-60 bar
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The Hydrogen Balance• Sources
– The Reformer• Continuous Catalytic (CCR)• Semi-Regeneration
– Generation• Partial Oxidation• Steam Reforming
– Byproduct of Cogeneration• Pressure Swing Adsorption
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The Hydrogen Balance
• Uses -- Desulfurisation– Naphtha – Atmos. Gas Oils– FCC Naphtha– Light Cycle Oil
• Hydrocracking
• Dearomatisation
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Five Types of FCC Refinery Modeled
• Medium Pressure Dist. Desul. Units– Making 2000ppm Heating Oil– Making 1000ppm Heating Oil
• FCC Feed Pretreater• No Heavy FCC Nap. Desulfurisation• High Pressure Dist. Desul. units
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Main Assumptions
• Petroleum Argus Prices for 26th Nov 2001
• H2 Import (where allowed) at $800/MT
• Free Choice of Brent and ARL
• At least 20% on crude of Diesel and 7.5% Kerosene
• Most Processes at European Average
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%ARL in Crude Slate(no H2 import)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.37 0.57 0.77 0.97 1.17 1.37 1.57
Brent-ARL $/bbl
1000 HO 2000 HO no HY FCC Desul
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Margins
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1000 HO 2000 HO FCCPretreater
no HY FCCDesul
HP Go Desul
$/M
T
no H2 h2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1000 HO 2000 HO FCCPretreater
no HY FCCDesul
HP Go Desul
$/M
T
no H2 h2
Mogas $106/MT over BrentMogas $22/MT over Brent
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V/o Mogas Make
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1000 HO 2000 HO FCCPretreater
no HY FCCDesul
HP Go Desul
v/o
mo
gas
on
cru
de
run
22 mog-bnt 106 mog-bnt
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1000 HO 2000 HO FCCPretreater
no HY FCCDesul
HP Go Desul
v/o
mo
gas
on
cru
de
run
no H2 h2
Mogas $22/MT over BrentMogas $106/MT over Brent
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ARL in Crude Mix
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1000 HO 2000 HO FCCPretreater
no HY FCCDesul
HP Go Desul
v/o
AR
L i
n c
rud
e ru
n
no H2 h2
$22/MT over Brent$106/MT over Brent
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1000 HO 2000 HO FCCPretreater
no HY FCCDesul
HP Go Desul
v/o
AR
L i
n c
rud
e ru
n
no H2 h2
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Effect of h2 Addition on ARL Use
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
22 30 38 47 55 64 72 81
Mogas -Brent $/mt
Incr
ease
in
% A
RL
in
Cru
de
Mix
1000 HO 2000 HO FCC Pretreater
no Hy FCC Nap trt HP Go Desul
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Increase in Margin with h2 @$800/MT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
22 30 38 47 55 64 72 81 89 97 106
Mogas- Brent $/MT
$/M
T
1000 HO 2000 HO FCC Pretreater
no Hy FCC Nap trt HP Go Desul
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Increase in Diesel with H2
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
22 30 38 47 55 64 72 81
mogas-Brent $/MT
v/o
Die
sel
on
cru
de
1000 HO 2000 HO HP Go Desul
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Main Points
• H2 Balance often important
• Decisions taken affect Crude Flexibility
• Capital Costs vary widely
• Crude and Product differentials assumed are very important
• Strategic Decisions required