KINGDOM FUNGI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dj9m7Oc36wM

OBJECTIVES:

SWBAT summarize the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

SWBAT summarize the process of mitosis and describe other methods of reproduction in fungi.

SWBAT describe how organisms in this group obtain nutrients

SWBAT differentiate between the four major groups of Kingdom Fungi

FUNGI FACTS No direct relationship with

plants Main decomposers (release

_______ into the atmosphere and ______________ into soil(decomposers break down dead material using ENZYMES)

Form MUTUALISTIC relationships with plant-like protist, algae, in Phylum Chlorophyta. This symbiotic relationship is called LICHEN.

Yeasts produce ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by product of FERMENTATION.

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS1. Eukaryotic Cells: contain double-

membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cell of fungi is less

complex than the eukaryotic cell of

animals.

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS2. Unicellular and multicellular organisms

They do NOT form tissues or organs; they

form hyphae.

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS3. Nonmotile: do not move on their own

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS4. Heterotrophic (absorb nutrients)

Saprophytic Parasitic

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS5. Asexual and/or Sexual life cycles

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS6. Cells have a cell wall (like plants) but

it contains chitin (like animals!), not cellulose

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS7. Most are decomposers of organic

material (some are parasitic)

KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS8. Terrestrial

HOW FUNGI EAT (HETEROTROPHIC)

HOW FUNGI EAT (HETEROTROPHIC) Saprophytic: recycle nutrients

from dying or dead matter back into food webs.

Parasitic: absorb nutrients from living cells.

Mutualistic: relationship with algae and plants (lichens).

REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

1. Mitosis: asexual reproduction in which one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

Mitosis http://www

.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPG6480RQo0&feature=related

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXVoTj06zwg&noredirect=1

CELL CYCLE

REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

2. Budding: asexual reproduction in which the new cell develops while attached to the parent cell. Example: unicellular yeast

REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

3. Fragmentation: asexual reproduction that occurs when the mycelium of a fungus is broken off or fragmented.

REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

4. Spore Reproduction: asexual and sexual life cycles of most fungi include production of spores. Spores: a reproductive haploid cell with a hard

outer shell that develops into a new organism without the fusion of gametes.

STRUCTURE OF FUNGI: FILAMENTOUS

The body of fungi is made of a structure known as mycelium.

Mycelium is a network of filaments called hyphae. Hyphae: thread-

like filaments made of long chains of cells

FUNGI CLASSIFICATION

DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA (Zygote Fungi): Soil and dung molds, black bread molds

DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA (Sac Fungi): wood decaying fungi, morels, truffles, mildews, molds, yeasts

DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA (Club Fungi): mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf and coral fungi, rusts, smuts

DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA (Imperfect Fungi): Athlete’s foot, ringworm, candidiasis

DIVISON ZYGOMYCOTA

Asexual reproduction: spores with round cases in sporangia at the tips of hyphae.

Sexual reproduction: occurs when opposite mating hyphae grow towards one another and make contact

DIVISON ZYGOMYCOTA

Live off plant and animal remains in the soil (or our kitchens!)

Incomplete septae between cells

Zygomycota species on an orange

DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA (SAC FUNGI)

Cup-type fungi which use this cup to form spores for asexual reproduction

Spores in protective sac-like structures called ascus.

Partially divided cell walls Yeasts: unicellular

fermentors – help make bread, wine, beer

Fermentation produces alcohol and CO2

DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA

DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA

YEASTS HAVE BEEN USED FOR CENTURIES IN BREWING AND BAKING

DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA Reproduce sexually:

hyphae from two mating types meet- Cellular fluid is swapped- Mushroom produced which releases spores

Spores are in a club-like structure called a basidium.

Complete septa (cell wall)

STRUCTURE OF A BASIDIO MUSHROOM

DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA

ONLY asexual reproduction

Includes Penicillium

DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA

FUNGI ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

1) Decomposition: break down of organic matter

2) Nutrient Recycling: nitrogen is available for plants and therefore consumers

3) Mycorrhizal: symbiotic relationships with plants (both plant and fungus benefit)

4) Parasites: only fungus benefits, host organism is harmed

5) Lichen: symbiotic relationship with algae; benefits protist and fungus

DECOMPOSITION

Fungi and other microorganisms decay wood by releasing enzymes that "digest" specific wood components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. 

The products of this decay are then absorbed as food. 

NUTRIENT RECYCLING

NITROGEN AND CARBON ARE CYCLED FROM DECAYING ORGANISMS TO BE USED BY PRODUCERS AND THEN CONSUMERS

MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS

Symbiotic relationship with most plants (beneficial)

Fungus provides inorganic nutrients to plant

Plants provide fungus with organic nutrients from photosynthesis (food)

http://treebiol.forest.wisc.edu/forestry415/TreeStructure/symbioses/ectmycor.gif

PARASITIC RELATIONSHIPS:HARMFUL TO HOST/GOOD FOR THE FUNGI

PARASITIC

LICHEN Symbiotic

relationship beneficial to fungi and protist

Fungi provides protection, structure and inorganic nutrients for algae

Protist (Chlorophyta: green algae) provide organic nutrients through photosynthesis (food)