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Ecology

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C. Symbiotic Relationships

1. Symbiosis: two species living together

2. Types of symbiosis:

A. Commensalism

B. Parasitism

C. Mutualism

D. Predation

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3. Commensalism: one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helpeda. Example: orchids on a treeb. Example: polar bears and cyanobacterium;

polar bear hair shaft (polar bear hair is hollow) provides a “home” for the cyanobacterium.

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E. Symbiotic Relationships

4. Parasitism: one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)

a. Parasite-Host relationship b. Examples: lampreys, leeches,

fleas, ticks, tapeworm

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5. Mutualism: Both species benefit.a. Example: cleaning birds and cleaner shrimpb. Example: Lichen(fungus and either a green

alga or cyanobacterium); fungus retains water and cyanobacterium provides carbon (nutrients).

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6. Predation: one organism preys on (and eats) another organism.

a. Example: lion and zebrab. Example: bear and fishc. Example: fox and rabbit

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http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/co-evolution/pred-prey/lion+zebra.jpg

Type of relationship

Species harmed

Species benefits

Species neutral

Commensalism

Parasitism

Mutualism

Predation

= 1 species



7. Examples of organismal behaviors: a. Fight or flightb. Territorial displays

8. Organism adaptations:a. Physiological adaptations (e.g. metabolic diversity and temperature regulation)b. Anatomical adaptations (e.g. claws, scales, teeth)c. Behavioral adaptations (e.g. courtship behaviors, bird calls, migratory behavior)

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