hps_ii

87
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 1 Hydraulic energy converters Pumps and motors There is a geometrical volume which is in principle displaced: V g The ideal (geometrical) flow rate is: Q g = n·V g There are other effects which reduce the flow rate: Q c – compressibility Q e – gas and vapour enclosures Q r = Q Q c Q e but these are neglected in the practice. In reality there are leakages: Q = vol ·Q g General: Q Δp Q g n 1 < n 2 Q

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Hydraulic 2

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Page 1: hps_ii

2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 1

Hydraulic energy convertersPumps and motors

There is a geometrical volume which is in principle displaced: Vg

The ideal (geometrical) flow rate is: Qg = n·Vg

There are other effects which reduce the flow rate:

Qc – compressibility

Qe – gas and vapour enclosures

Qr = Q – Qc – Qe

but these are neglected in the practice.

In reality there are leakages: Q = vol·Qg

General:

Q

Δp Qg

n1 < n2

Q

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 2

M

n

Mmot

Mf

Mth

Mm+Mi

Hydraulic energy convertersPumps and motors

pV

MpQMP gthgthth

2

M

n

Mpump

Mf Mm+Mi

Mth

Pump Motor

ifmth MMMMM ifmth MMMMM Losses: m – mechanical, f – friction, i – inertial

Degree of irregularity:avQ

QQ minmax

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 3

Hydraulic pumps and motorsPump types:

Gear Pumps

Off-centered internal gear

pump

Centered internal

gear pump / gerotor pump

Screw pump

Vane pump

(forgó vezérlőpályás,

külső beömlésű)

(álló vezérlőpályá

s, külső beömlésű)

Radial Piston Pumps

External gear pump

Axial Piston Pumps

Tilting block

Stationary cylinder block

Rotating cylinder block

Tilting cam plate

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 4

Hydraulic pumps and motorsMotor types:

Properties:• generally high speed (n= 500-10.000 min-1)

• low speed high torque - LSHT (n= 0,5-1.000 min-1)

Gear motor

Gerotor motor

Vane motor

Radial piston motor

Internal radial piston motor with multiple stroke

Bent axis piston motor

Standing shaft, multiple stroke

Standing housing, multiple stroke

Tilting cam plate / swash plate

Axial piston motors

Fogazott-gyűrűs vagy

bolygókerekes motor

Radiál-dugattyús motor belső dugattyú támasztással

Többlöketű radiál-dugattyús motor külső dugattyú támasztással

Axiáldugattyús motor ferde tengelyes kivitelben

Állótengelyes többlöketű axiáldugattyús motor

Állóházas többlöketű axiáldugattyús motor

Axiáldugattyús motor ferdetárcsás kivitelben

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 5

Gear pumps

Gear pumps - function:Delivery is done by the fact that less volume is enclosed in the room between the teeth than delivered at the outer edge.

The geometrical displacement volume is the difference of the two.

)2(2or 4 2 xzmbVrRrbV gg

where R is the outer radius,

r is the radius of the last contact point;

b is the breadth;

z is the number of teeth

m is the module

x is a profile constant

Rr

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 6

Gear pumpsProperties

T T t

Q

driving gear

driven gear

total flow rale

Simple and robust

Cheap

Reliable, little sensitivity to dirt

Operation is independent of the position

Good suction characteristics

Good efficiency, up to 90%

Large rotational speed domain: n = 500 – 6000 1/min

Gear motors identical

Noisy, uneven, vibration, strong pulsation

Max pressure 250 bar

Max flow rate 160 l/s

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 7

Gear motorsFunction:

Feladatuk• hidraulikus energiát mechanikai energiává alakítanak• nyomás fajlagos nyelőtérfogat nyomatékigény• térfogatáram fajlagos nyelőtérfogat fordulatszám

Fontos jellemzők:

Elnyelt térfogat kb. 1-200 cm3

Max. üzemi nyomás 300 bar-igFordulatszám tartomány 500-10000 min-

1Gear motors

Important properties:

Displacement ca. 1-200 cm3

Max. pressure 300 barSpeed 500-10 000 min-1

Tasks:• convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy• pressure specific displacement wanted torque• flow rate specific displacement speed

Aspects of selection:• pressures• speed• variability of displacement• installation conditions• lifespan• maintenance conditions• allowed noise level• price Kiválasztási

szempontok• nyomás-tartomány• fordulatszám-tartomány• munkatérfogat változtat- hatósága• beépítési feltételek• élettartam• karbantartási feltételek• megengedett zajszint• beszerzési ár

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 8

Screw pumps

Properties, function:

Larger losses because of a longer path, larger friction

High costs because of low tolerances, sensitivity to viscosity

4

2sin

3604222

sDsdDVg s: pitch

Max flow rate: 3000 l/s

Max pressure: 170 bar

= 0,65-0,7

There are no screw motors

No pulsations, no noise, continuous operation

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 9

Vane pumps

Pump types:

a) Single acting – displacement volume adjustable

b) Double acting – displacement volume constant

szDebVg 2 for single acting pumps, s is the thickness of the vanes

D: maximum diameter of the inner curve

d: minimum diameter of the inner curve

a) b)

Vanes can be pressed against circumference by springs or by pressure

24

22 dDzbkdDkbVg

for multiple acting pumps

k: number of the excentricity bulges (usually 2)

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 10

Vane pumpsProperties

Since there is no natural limit to the pressure, a relief valve is necessary if the limit is reached.

• Relatively silent but noisier than a screw pump

• Max Q: 600 l/min, max p: 140 bar, >0,7

• Significant wear because of sliding surfaces

• Small size increase – large volume (Vg) increase

• Cheap

• Relatively large leakage losses

Use as motor is rare but then as constant n motor

Q

Δp

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 11

Radial piston pumps

Pump types:

o with valve o without valve

• The shaft and the excentric rotate, the rest is stationary. There are two valves. There is a semicircular slit where the fluid can enter into the cylinder.

• Many different forms

• Max Q: 600 l/min, max p: 630 bar, = 0,8-0,9

Here with valve:

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 12

Radial piston pumps

Properties:

• Long life, low wear because of good lubrication

• Higher noise, uneven delivery

• Sensitive to contamination

• Excentricity can be governed, over 0 too

• For motor applications mostly at low speed, 1-10 rpm

• Relative bulky

zed

Vg 24

2

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LSHT motorsConstruction of one stroke radial piston motors:

LSHT egylöketű radiáldugattyús motorok felépítése

Radial piston motors of MR-typeMR típusú radiáldugattyús motorok

Fontos jellemzők:Elnyelt térfogat 10-8500 cm3

Max. üzemi nyomás 300 bar-igFordulatszám tartomány 0,5-2000 min-1

Max. forgatónyomaték 32000 Nm-ig

Important properties:Displacement 10 - 8500 cm3

Max. pressure 300 barSpeed 0,5 - 2000 min-1

Max. torque to 32000 Nm

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Axial piston pumps

Pump types:

Tilting cam plane

• Compact, small weight

• Good efficiency

• Long life

• Used more as motors than as pumps

• Can be governed through 0 exchange of delivery direction

• Vg is often adjustable by the angle

• η = 0,8-0,9; Δpmax = 315 bar; Qmax = 1200 l/min4

tan2 d

DzV kg

Tilting block

Properties:

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Axial piston pumps

Adjusting mechanisms

V

s

The Vg and thus Q can be governed or controlled through various mechanisms:

a) Governing mechanisms:

• Mechanical (by hand)

• Electromechanical (by electromotor)

• hydraulic

In all the three cases it has to be ensured that the maximum angle or displacement is not overstepped.

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Axial piston pumps

Adjusting mechanisms (cont.)

b) Control mechanisms:

• Zero displacement control (energy saving): provides exactly the necessary flow rate which covers the leakage flow

• Pressure control: provides a constant pressure independently of Vg

• Flow control: provides a constant flow rate - can use Vg or n control

• Power control: provides a constant power (more complicated)

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Big pictures

End of normal presentationBeginning of big pictures

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Pump types

External gear pump

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 19

Pump types

Off-centered internal gear pump

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Pump types

Centered internal gear pump / gerotor pump

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 21

Pump types

Screw pump

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 22

Pump types

Vane pump

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2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 23

Pump types

Radial piston pump with stationary cylinder block

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Pump types

Radial piston pump with rotating cylinder block

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Pump types

Axial piston pump with tilting block

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Pump types

Axial piston pump with tilting cam plate

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Hydraulic motor types

Gear motor

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Hydraulic motor types

Gerotor motor

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Hydraulic motor types

Vane motor

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Hydraulic motor types

Radial piston motor

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Hydraulic motor types

Internal radial piston motor with multiple stroke

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Hydraulic motor types

Bent axis piston motor

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Hydraulic motor types

Axial piston motor with tilting cam plate

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Hydraulic motor types

Axial piston motor with fixed shaft, multiple stroke

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Hydraulic motor types

Axial piston pump with fixed housing, multiple stroke

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External gear pump

Function: Külsőfogazású fogaskerékszivattyú működése

G2, G3 és G4 típusú fogaskerék-szivattyúkFontos jellemzők:

Kiszorított térfogat 0.2-200 cm3

Maximális nyomás 300 bar (NG szerint)Fordulatszám tartomány 500-6000 min-1

Back

Important properties:Displacement 0,2 - 200 cm3

Max. pressure 300 bar (by NG)Speed 500 - 6000 min-1

Gear pumps of G2-, G3- and G4-type

Mainly used in the mobile hydraulics.• relative large pressure• small weight• wide speed range• wide temperature range• wide viscosity range• high noise level• unfavourable efficiency

Főként a mobilhidraulikában alkalmazzák.• viszonylag nagy nyomás• kis tömeg• széles fordulatszám tartomány• széles hőmérséklet tartomány• széles viszkozitás tartomány• magas zajszint• kedvezőtlen hatásfok

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External gear pump

Construction

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External gear pump

Construction

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Internal gear pump

Function Belsőfogazású fogaskerékszivattyú működése

Stabilhidraulikában alkalmazzák.• alacsony zajszint• egyenletes szállítás• jó szívóhatás

GU típusú belső fogazású fogaskerékszivattyú

Mainly used in industrial hydraulics.

• low noise level

• smooth flow

• high suction heads

Important properties:Displacement 3 - 250 cm3

Max. pressure 300 bar (by NG)Speed 500 - 3000 min-1

Fontos jellemzők:

Kiszorított térfogat 3-250 cm3

Üzemi nyomás 300 bar (NG szerint)Fordulatszám tartomány 500-3000 min-1

Back

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Internal gear pump

Construction

1 Housing 2 Flange 3 Shaft with external tooth gear

4 Internal tooth gear

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Internal gear pump

Construction

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Gear pump

Function

Rr

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Gear motor

Construction

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Gear motor

Construction

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Screw pump

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Vane pumps

Double acting

Lapátos szivattyúk működése

7. lapát mögött nyomás 8. kenés miatt kettős lapát 9. horony a lapátcsúcshoz

2. kétszeresen excentrikus gyűrű

3. szívás kezdete 4. maximális térfogat 5. kiszorítás

6. kettős löket

AA1FF

Back

Elliptical cam ring Double

stroke

Start of suction Maximal displacement Discharge

Pressure behind the vane

Dual vane for lubrication

Chamfer to the vane top

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Vane pumps

Single acting

Lapátos szivattyúk felépítése

Közvetlen vezérlésű szárnylapátos szivattyú

Közvetlen vezérlésű (bal) és elővezérelt (jobb)

V3 és V5 típusú szárnylapátos szivattyúk

Back

Rotor and vanes

Directly controlled (left) and pilot-operated vane pump (right)

Directly controlled vane pump

Vane pumps of V3- and V4-type

Important properties:Displacement 5 - 100 cm3

Max. pressure 100 barSpeed 1000 - 2000 min-1

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Vane pump

Elliptical cam ring

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Vane pump

Start of suction

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Vane pump

Maximal displacement

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Vane pump

Discharge

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Vane pump

Double stroke

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Vane pump

Pressure behind the vane

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Vane pump

Dual vane for lubrication

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Vane pump

Chamfer to the vane top

AA1FF

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Vane pump

Rotor and vanes

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Vane pump

Direct controlled (left) and pressure compensated (right) vane pump

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Vane pump

Direct controlled vane pump

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Vane pump

Construction

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Radial piston pump

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Radial piston pumps

With internal eccentric shaft Radiál-dugattyús szivattyú belső

dugattyútámasztással

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Radial piston pumps

Working phases

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Radial piston pumps

Radial piston pumps of R4-type

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Radial piston pumps

Pulsation of the flow rate with 1, 2, 3, 4 pump elements

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Radial piston motors

LSHT motor of MR-type

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Radial piston motors

LSHT motor of MR-type

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Radial piston motors

LSHT motor of MR-type

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Radial piston motors

LSHT motor of MR-type

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Axial piston pumpsAxial piston pumps with tilting cam plate - Principle of operation -

A ferde tárcsa elve állandó vagy változtatható billenési szöggel

Állítható térfogatáramú szivattyú elektromos-hidraulikus állítással, fordulatszám-függő

szabályozássalés ráépített segédszivattyúval

Variable displacement axial piston pump with speed dependent electro-hydraulic

adjustment and booster motor Principle of tilting cam plate with fixed and variable angle

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Axial piston pumpsAxial piston pumps with tilting cam plate

Állítható szivattyú zárt körfolyamathoz, A4VG típus

Állítható szivattyú nyitott körfolyamathoz, A10VO típus

- Constructions -

Back

Adjustable pump for open circuit, A10VO-type

Adjustable pump for close circuit, A4VG-type

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting cam plate

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting cam plate

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting cam plate

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting cam plate

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Axial piston pumps

Drive shaftPistonsPiston surfaceStroke lengthCam plate

AngleCylinder barrel

Port plate

Outlet port

Inlet port

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Axial piston pumps

Pump types: Axial piston pumps with tilting cam plane

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting cam plate

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Axial piston pumpsAxial piston pumps with tilting block

Állandó folyadékszállítású egység kúpos dugattyús hajtóművel A ferde tengely elve állandó vagy változtatható billenési szöggel

- Principle of operation -

Fixed displacement pumpPrinciple of bent axis with fixed or variable

angle

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Axial piston pumpsAxial piston pumps with tilting block - Constructions -

Ferde tengelyű, kúpos dugattyús hajtómű 40°-os technológiával készítve,

rögzített billenési szöggel

A2F típusú állandó térfogatáramú egység (a billenési szög rögzített), mint szivattyú

vagy motor nyitottés zárt körfolyamokhoz

A7VO típusú változtatható térfogatáramú egység (a billenési szög állítható), mint

szivattyúnyitott körfolyamokban

Bent axis piston pump made with 40° angle

technology, fixed angle

Adjustable pump of A7VO-type for open circuit

Fixed flow rate pump of A2F-type for open or closed circuit (also as

motor)

Back

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Axial piston pumpsWith tilting block

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting block

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting block

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting block

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting block

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting block

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting block

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Axial piston pumps

With tilting block