How Standards Interface How Standards Interface with Curriculum and with Curriculum and

Instruction in TechnologyInstruction in TechnologyTechnology Education for

the 21st Century: Bridging Theory and

Practice

Palestine, October 21-24, 2012

The Study of TechnologyThe Study of Technology

Many countries in the world have Many countries in the world have been and are now implementing the been and are now implementing the study of technology. Palestine should study of technology. Palestine should be congratulated along with its three be congratulated along with its three universities and the World Bank for universities and the World Bank for their important work in technology their important work in technology education. education.

In the United States as well as In the United States as well as in other countries, there is in other countries, there is confusion about the term confusion about the term

“technology.”“technology.”

In 2001 and 2004, The In 2001 and 2004, The International Technology International Technology

Education Association (ITEA) Education Association (ITEA) conducted polls which were conducted polls which were

done by the Gallup done by the Gallup Organization on how people Organization on how people

think about technology.think about technology.

In both polls, a majority of In both polls, a majority of the respondents (62% in 2004 the respondents (62% in 2004 and 59% in 2001) responded and 59% in 2001) responded that science and technology that science and technology

are basically one and the are basically one and the same thing.same thing.

When asked how important When asked how important it is for high school students it is for high school students

to understand the to understand the relationship between science relationship between science and technology, 98% of the and technology, 98% of the the participants stated that the participants stated that they thought that this was they thought that this was

“very or somewhat “very or somewhat important”.important”.

Most of those who Most of those who participated (68% in participated (68% in 2004 & 67% in 2001) 2004 & 67% in 2001)

view technology very view technology very narrowly as being narrowly as being

computers, electronics, computers, electronics, and the internet.and the internet.

There was near total There was near total consensus (98% in 2004 & consensus (98% in 2004 & 97% in 2001) in the public 97% in 2001) in the public

sampled that schools should sampled that schools should include the study of include the study of

technology in the curriculum.technology in the curriculum.

Please let me say that the Please let me say that the United States does not have United States does not have all the answers or solutions all the answers or solutions about technology education. about technology education. We have been working on it We have been working on it

but we are by no means but we are by no means finished.finished.

The Constitution of the United States The Constitution of the United States grants the Federal Government grants the Federal Government nono authority over Education, the 10th authority over Education, the 10th Amendment applies:Amendment applies:

"The powers not delegated to the United "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."respectively, or to the people."

What is Science?What is Science?

What is What is Technology?Technology?

Science seeks to Science seeks to understand the understand the natural world.natural world.

National Science National Science Education StandardsEducation Standards, , National Research National Research Council, 1996.Council, 1996.

What is Technology?What is Technology?

It is the innovation, change, or It is the innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment modification of the natural environment in order to satisfy perceived human in order to satisfy perceived human wants and needs. (wants and needs. (Standards for Standards for Technological LiteracyTechnological Literacy, ITEA, 2000), ITEA, 2000)

The goal of technology is to make The goal of technology is to make modifications in the world to meet modifications in the world to meet human needs. (human needs. (National Science National Science Education StandardsEducation Standards, NRC, 1996), NRC, 1996)

What is Technology ? What is Technology ? (Continued)(Continued)

In the broadest sense, technology extends In the broadest sense, technology extends our abilities to change the world: to cut, our abilities to change the world: to cut, shape, or put together materials; to move shape, or put together materials; to move things from one place to another; to reach things from one place to another; to reach farther with our hands, voices, and senses. farther with our hands, voices, and senses. ((Benchmarks for Science LiteracyBenchmarks for Science Literacy, AAAS, , AAAS, 1993)1993)

Technology is the process by which humans Technology is the process by which humans modify nature to meet their needs and wants. modify nature to meet their needs and wants. ((Technically Speaking: Why All Americans Technically Speaking: Why All Americans Need to Know More About TechnologyNeed to Know More About Technology, , NAE/NRC, 2002)NAE/NRC, 2002)

Needs and WantsNeeds and Wants

A human need, or, more accurately, the A human need, or, more accurately, the object of a human need is something object of a human need is something which a human being which a human being mustmust have in order have in order to live a good life. to live a good life.

A want, or more accurately, the object of a A want, or more accurately, the object of a want, is something which one want, is something which one desires to desires to havehave, whether or not one needs it., whether or not one needs it.

Human Technological Needs and Human Technological Needs and WantsWants

Health and SafetyHealth and Safety Food and FiberFood and Fiber EnergyEnergy Communication Communication InformationInformation MobilityMobility ProductsProducts Shelter and ComfortShelter and Comfort

ScienceScience vs. vs. TechnologyTechnology

Deals with the natural Deals with the natural world.world.

Is very concerned with Is very concerned with what iswhat is (exists)(exists) in the in the natural world. (i.e.: natural world. (i.e.: Biology, Chemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Astronomy, Physics, Astronomy, Geology, etc.)Geology, etc.)

Deals with how humans Deals with how humans modify, change, alter, or modify, change, alter, or control the natural world.control the natural world.

Is very concerned with Is very concerned with what what can or should becan or should be designed, designed, made, or developed from made, or developed from natural world materials and natural world materials and substances to satisfy human substances to satisfy human needs and wants needs and wants

ScienceScience vs. vs. Technology Technology (Continued)(Continued)

Is concerned with Is concerned with processesprocesses that seek that seek out the meaning of out the meaning of the natural world by the natural world by “inquiring”,“inquiring”, ““discovering what discovering what is”, “exploring”, and is”, “exploring”, and usingusing “the Scientific “the Scientific Method”.Method”.

Is concerned with Is concerned with such such processesprocesses that that we use to we use to alter/change the alter/change the natural world such as natural world such as “Invention”, “Invention”, Innovation”, Innovation”, Practical Problem Practical Problem Solving, and Design.Solving, and Design.

While technology and science While technology and science have a common denominator have a common denominator being the natural world, they being the natural world, they are similar yet very different.are similar yet very different.

Technology is not any more Technology is not any more “applied science” than science is “applied science” than science is

“applied technology”.“applied technology”.

Blending of Blending of Technology and ScienceTechnology and Science

Bio-TechnologyBio-Technology Nano-TechnologyNano-Technology Agri-ScienceAgri-Science Applied OpticsApplied Optics Biological EngineeringBiological Engineering And many othersAnd many others

Technology EducationTechnology Education

This is the school subject This is the school subject specifically designed to teach specifically designed to teach

children about the broad field of children about the broad field of technology.technology.

Technology Education (the study of Technology Education (the study of technology) should NOT be technology) should NOT be confused with Information confused with Information

Technology or Educational (or Technology or Educational (or instructional) Technology!instructional) Technology!

So what is So what is “Technological Literacy?”“Technological Literacy?”

Technological literacy is the Technological literacy is the ability to use, manage, ability to use, manage,

evaluate, and understand evaluate, and understand technology.technology.

Technology Literacy for All: Technology Literacy for All: A Rationale A Rationale and Study for the Study of Technology and Study for the Study of Technology

(2006)(2006)

Who is a Who is a technologically literate technologically literate

person?person?One that understands:One that understands:What technology isWhat technology isHow technology is createdHow technology is createdHow the use of technology shapes society How the use of technology shapes society

and in turn,and in turn,How society shapes the development of How society shapes the development of

technologytechnologyA person who is comfortable with and A person who is comfortable with and

objective about the use of technology – objective about the use of technology – neither scared of it nor infatuated with it.neither scared of it nor infatuated with it.

Technological literacy Technological literacy involves:involves:

Much more than a knowledge Much more than a knowledge about computers and digital about computers and digital electronics.electronics. Gaining a degree of knowledge Gaining a degree of knowledge about the nature, behavior, power, about the nature, behavior, power, and consequences of technology and consequences of technology from a real world perspective.from a real world perspective.

There is a growing movement in There is a growing movement in some countries to teach the some countries to teach the

integrative subjects of Science, integrative subjects of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics (STEM).Mathematics (STEM).

So how do we educate our So how do we educate our people to be people to be

technologically literate?technologically literate?

???

??

? ?

What What ContentContent should be should be taught in the study of taught in the study of technology that will technology that will

provide technological provide technological literacy for all students?literacy for all students?

Standards for Technological Literacy (STL)(ITEA, 2000,2002/2007) presents the content for what every student should know and be able to do in order to be technologically literate.

www.iteea.org

What is a standard?What is a standard? A standard is a written statement or A standard is a written statement or

statements about what is valued that statements about what is valued that can be used for making a judgment of can be used for making a judgment of quality. quality.

(ITEA/ITEEA, Standards for (ITEA/ITEEA, Standards for Technological Literacy, Technological Literacy, 2000,2002,2007)2000,2002,2007)

Standards are NOT a Standards are NOT a Curriculum!Curriculum!

The curriculum is a plan for delivering the The curriculum is a plan for delivering the content in the Standards each day in the content in the Standards each day in the classroom and laboratory. Curriculum classroom and laboratory. Curriculum describes and specifies the methods, describes and specifies the methods, structure, organization, balance, and structure, organization, balance, and presentation of the content. (Adapted from presentation of the content. (Adapted from STL, ITEEA 2000, 2002, 2006).STL, ITEEA 2000, 2002, 2006).

Types of StandardsTypes of Standards

➽➽Content Standards: Content Standards: Subject–matter descriptions of what students Subject–matter descriptions of what students should know and be able to do.should know and be able to do.

➽➽Performance Standards: Performance Standards: Concrete examples and explicit definitions of Concrete examples and explicit definitions of what students have to know and be able to do what students have to know and be able to do to demonstrate proficiency in the skills and to demonstrate proficiency in the skills and knowledge outlined by the content standards knowledge outlined by the content standards (more like passing scores on a test). (more like passing scores on a test).

Why are Standards Why are Standards Important?*Important?*

◉ ◉ Standards become the basis for the way Standards become the basis for the way teachers are trained, what they teach and teachers are trained, what they teach and what is on standardized tests that students what is on standardized tests that students take. take. ◉ ◉ Also, standards are guideposts for schools. Also, standards are guideposts for schools. Teachers, parents and students use them as Teachers, parents and students use them as a tool to focus on what students are expected a tool to focus on what students are expected to learn in each grade and each subject.to learn in each grade and each subject.

*GreatSchools, Inc. <http://www.greatschools.org>*GreatSchools, Inc. <http://www.greatschools.org>

StandardsStandards STL Standards are twenty written STL Standards are twenty written

statements about what is valued that statements about what is valued that can be used for making a judgment of can be used for making a judgment of quality.quality.

Standards represent fundamental Standards represent fundamental concepts.concepts.

The goal is to meet all of the standards.The goal is to meet all of the standards. STL Standards were written around five STL Standards were written around five

major organizers or categories.major organizers or categories.

Nature of TechnologyNature of Technology Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of

the the characteristics andcharacteristics and scope of technologyscope of technology.. Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of

the the core concepts of technologycore concepts of technology.. Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of

the the relationships among technologies and relationships among technologies and the connection between technology and the connection between technology and other fields of studyother fields of study. .

Technology and SocietyTechnology and Society Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of

the the cultural, social, economic, and political cultural, social, economic, and political effects of technologyeffects of technology..

Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of the the effects of technology on the effects of technology on the environmentenvironment..

Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of the the role of society in the development and role of society in the development and use of technologyuse of technology..

Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of the the influence of technology on historyinfluence of technology on history. .

DesignDesign

Students will develop an understanding Students will develop an understanding of the of the attributes of designattributes of design..

Students will develop an understanding Students will develop an understanding of of engineering designengineering design..

Students will develop an understanding Students will develop an understanding of the of the role of troubleshooting, research role of troubleshooting, research and development, invention and and development, invention and innovation, and experimentation in innovation, and experimentation in problem solvingproblem solving. .

Abilities for a Technological Abilities for a Technological WorldWorld

Students will develop the abilities to Students will develop the abilities to apply apply the design processthe design process..

Students will develop the abilities to Students will develop the abilities to use use and maintain technological products and and maintain technological products and systemssystems..

Students will develop the abilities to Students will develop the abilities to assess the impact of products and assess the impact of products and systemssystems..

The Designed WorldThe Designed World Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of

and be able to select and use and be able to select and use medical medical technologiestechnologies..

Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of and be able to select and use and be able to select and use agricultural agricultural and related biotechnologiesand related biotechnologies..

Students will develop an understanding of Students will develop an understanding of and be able to select and use and be able to select and use energy and energy and power technologiespower technologies..

The Designed World (Cont.)The Designed World (Cont.)

Students will develop an Students will develop an understanding of and be able to understanding of and be able to select and use select and use information and information and communication technologiescommunication technologies..

Students will develop an Students will develop an understanding of and be able to understanding of and be able to select and use select and use transportation transportation technologiestechnologies..

The Designed World (Cont.)The Designed World (Cont.)

Students will develop an Students will develop an understanding of and be able to understanding of and be able to select and use select and use manufacturing manufacturing technologiestechnologies..

Students will develop an Students will develop an understanding of and be able to understanding of and be able to select and use select and use construction construction technologiestechnologies. .

BenchmarksBenchmarks

Benchmarks inBenchmarks in STL STL are specific are specific requirements or enablers for each requirements or enablers for each grade level (K-2, 3-5, 6-8, & 9-12) grade level (K-2, 3-5, 6-8, & 9-12) that identify what needs to be done that identify what needs to be done in order to meet a given standard.in order to meet a given standard.

A Sample Standard & A Sample Standard & BenchmarkBenchmark

Standard 11:Standard 11:

Students will develop abilities to apply a Students will develop abilities to apply a design process.design process.

Grades K-2 (Ages 5-7) Benchmark in Grades K-2 (Ages 5-7) Benchmark in Standard 11:Standard 11: Build or construct an Build or construct an

object using a design process.object using a design process.

International Translations of International Translations of STLSTL into German, Japanese, Chinese, into German, Japanese, Chinese,

Finnish, and EstonianFinnish, and Estonian

(The Eastonian and Finnish Translations are not shown)

Advancing Excellence in Advancing Excellence in Technological Literacy: Student Technological Literacy: Student Assessment, Professional Assessment, Professional Development, and Program StandardsDevelopment, and Program Standards

Student Assessment Student Assessment StandardsStandards

for Technological for Technological LiteracyLiteracy

Student Assessment:Student Assessment: Is defined as the systematic, multi-Is defined as the systematic, multi-

step process of collecting evidence step process of collecting evidence on student learning, understanding, on student learning, understanding, and abilities and using that and abilities and using that information to inform instruction and information to inform instruction and provide feedback to the learner, provide feedback to the learner, thereby enhancing student learning. thereby enhancing student learning.

Professional Professional Development Development Standards for Standards for Technological Technological

LiteracyLiteracy

Professional Professional Development:Development:

Is defined as a continuous process Is defined as a continuous process of lifelong learning and growth that of lifelong learning and growth that begins early in life, continues begins early in life, continues through the undergraduate, pre-through the undergraduate, pre-service experience, and extends service experience, and extends through the in-service years.through the in-service years.

Program Standards Program Standards for Technological for Technological

LiteracyLiteracy

Program:Program: Is defined as everything that affects Is defined as everything that affects

student learning, including content, student learning, including content, professional development, curricula, professional development, curricula, instruction, student assessment, and the instruction, student assessment, and the learning environment implemented across learning environment implemented across grade levels. The system-wide technology grade levels. The system-wide technology program manages the study of technology program manages the study of technology in technology laboratory-classrooms as in technology laboratory-classrooms as well as in other content area classrooms.well as in other content area classrooms.

In conclusion…In conclusion…

The power and promise of The power and promise of technology can be further technology can be further

enhanced through the study of enhanced through the study of technology to assure that technology to assure that allall

people are technologically literate people are technologically literate in the future.in the future.

A copy of this A copy of this presentation can be presentation can be

downloaded by going downloaded by going to:to:

http://www.iteea.org/Resources/PressRoom/PalestineKeynote2012.pptPressRoom/PalestineKeynote2012.ppt

Thank You!

William E. Dugger, Jr.

Senior Fellow and Former Director

Technology for All Americans Project

International Technology and Engineering Educators Association

wdugger@iteea.org

&

Emeritus Professor of Technology Education

Virginia Tech

dugger@vt.edu