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How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

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Page 1: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

How schools influence students' academic achievements?

 A behavioral approach and using data from Add health

                                                  Yuemei JI                              University of Leuven

                

Page 2: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Motivation

• Since the 1980, educational differentials have expanded. Despite substantial increasing premiums to high education, there are high drop-out rates at high school among the economically disadvantaged youth.

• This could be the result of the social segregation and the deteriorating schools in poor neighborhoods .

• The school resources literature (class size, per pupil expenditure, teacher education and experience) empirically has not identified any noticeable impacts that explain significant gap between schools. 

Page 3: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

• Akerlof and Kranton (2002) and Ji (2008) both argue  that emotions such as self-esteem driven by educational identity influence educational choice process.

• This paper proposes a behavioral model of educational choice and test it using Add health data from U.S.

Page 4: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Theoretical Model

• Educational production function:

• Educational utility function:

                                    , • Self-esteem concerns for engaging in school 

•       is the intensity (or salience) of this educational identity

Page 5: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Results

• Three equilibria:

1) When                             ,

2) When                             ,

3) When                             ,  

Page 6: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

q

rS1

S2S1   <   S2

High effort equilibrium

Low effort equilibriumMixed equilibrium

Page 7: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Empirical Hypothesis• The effects on effort choice

• The effects on academic achievement

Page 8: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Add health Data

• A longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 9-12 in the United States, including information on individual characteristics, family backgrounds, academic  records and school-level indicators.

Page 9: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

• Summary statistics of individual characteristics and family background:

Page 10: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Relevant Variables

• Two consecutive Math test scores in each academic year• How much skills school imparts to its students?     Student-level curriculum indicator  (provided by AHAA 

studies) which measures the scope and challenge in the courses.   

• Educational identity

     1) School social compositions: race, migration status and students whose mother has a college degree.

     2) Student-teacher relationship: “how frequent do you have trouble getting along with teachers?”

     3) School-level feeling of happiness at school.

Page 11: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Considerations• Clusters and correlation in the error term: individuals and 

schools• Chow test for pooling two-wave data

Page 12: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Empirical Results: marginal effects on math GPA

Page 13: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Marginal effects on skip class

Page 14: How schools influence students' academic achievements? A behavioral approach and using data from Add health Yuemei JI University of Leuven

Conclusion

 1.  School-resources studies on school only identify limited 

impacts on how teachers and average class size influence students’ academic behaviors and performance.

2. A behavioral approach (allowing adaptive preference for schooling) empirically identify that the quality of school (r, q),  the previous achievement       are determinants of educational performances (math GPA).  It suggests the direction to school reform based on a more realistic and concrete framework.