how heat is measured
DESCRIPTION
How heat Is Measured. Some specific heat capacity of substances at 25 0 C. Substance Specific heat (J /g. 0 C) Water 4.184 Aluminum 0.900 Copper 0.380 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How heat Is
Measured
![Page 2: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Some specific heat capacity of substances at 250C
Substance Specific heat (J /g.0C)Water 4.184Aluminum 0.900Copper 0.380Glass 0.753Iron 0.444Mercury 0.1389Nitogen(N2) 1.0376Silver 0.240Steam 1.87 Table salt 0.875
Sand 0.787
![Page 3: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sample Problem 1
A sample of 50g of water was placed in a coffee cup calorimeter at a temperature of 200C. A substance was dissolve in water lowering the temperature to 100C. Calculate the energy exchange, Q, for the water. Specific heat of water = 4.18J/g.0C
Given:m= 50g Tf = 100C Ti = 200C S = 4.184J/g.0C
Find: QSolution : Q = m s ( T) 50g ( 4.184J) ( -100C)
g. C Q = -2092J
![Page 4: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Specific heat (s) heat required to raise one gram of a substance by one
degree celcius
The transfer of heat from an object depends on an object’s mass, specific heat and the difference in temperature between the object and the surrounding:
Mathematically: Q = m s TWhere: Q amount of heat m mass s specific heat T change in temperature ( Tf - Ti )
![Page 5: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sample 2
How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 100C to 350C?
Given: mass: 5 Kg x 1000g = 5000g 1 Kg T = ( Tf – Ti) = ( 35 – 10) = 250C S water = 4.18 J/g.0C Find: QSolution: Q = m s T = 5000g ( 4.18J/g.0C) ( 250C) = 522500J
![Page 6: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sample #3
A 40g sample of alloy ( a mixture of metals) is heated to 90.800C and then placed in water, where it cools to 23.540C. The amount of heat lost by the alloy is 865J. What is the specific heat of the alloy?
Given: m = 40g T = ( 23.540C – 90.800C) Q = 865J = -67.26Find: sSolution : Q = m s T s = Q = 865J = 0.32J/g.0C m T 40g( -67.260C)
![Page 7: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Enthalpy
![Page 8: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Enthalpy (H)
Heat content of the systemChange in enthalpy ( H ) The heat transferred between the system and the
surrounding under constant pressure Also represents the difference between the enthalpy of
the system before and after the process and is represented as:
H = Hfinal - Hinitial
Note: If Hf > Hi H is positive ( endothermic)
If Hf < Hi H is negative( exothermic)
![Page 9: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Enthalpies of Reaction
Enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction the sum of the enthalpies of the products of the
reaction minus the sum of the enthalpies of the reactants in a reaction.
The equation is given as H rxn =Σ H products - Σ H reactants
Example of a thermochemical equation 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) - 2NaCl(s) H = -822.30kJ
What does the H tell you about the reaction? The reaction release heat (exothermic)
![Page 10: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ex: of a thermochemical equation
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) - 2NaCl(s) H = -822.30kJ
What does the H tell you about the reaction? The reaction release heat (exothermic)
What happens to the enthalpy of the system in an exothermic reaction? Why?
Decreases because the sum of the enthalpies of the products is smaller than the enthalpies of the reactants
![Page 11: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Example
N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2 H = + 67.8kJWhat does the H tell you about the
reaction? The reaction absorbed heat Endothermic
The enthalpy of the system in an endothermic reaction increases because the sum of the enthalpies of the products is greater than the enthalpies of the reactants
![Page 12: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sample Problem
When 1 mol of methane( CH4) is burned at constant pressure, 890kJ of energy is released as heat. Calculate the H of the process in which 5.8g sample of methane is burned at constant pressure.
Given: q = -890kJ m = 5.8gSolution: 5.8gCH4 x molar mass CH4 x q
5.8gCH4 x 1molCH4 x -890kJ = -320kJ
16.0gCH4 1molCH4
![Page 13: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Self-Check10.5 p. 302
The reaction that occurs in the heat packs to treat sports injuries is
4 Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ---> 2Fe2O3(s) H= -1652kJ How much heat is released when 1.00 g Fe(s) is
reacted with excess O2?Solution: molar mass Fe = 55.85g/mol 1.00g Fe x 1mol Fe = 1.79x 10-2 mol Fe 55.85gFe
1.79x 10-2 mol Fe x -1652kJ = -7.39kJ 4 molFe
![Page 14: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Objective: Explain the energy involve during the phase change
Change of phase Occurs when a substance change from one state to
another
Note:Change of phase always occur with a change in the
amount of heat of a substance
Heat travels spontaneously from a warmer body to a colder body
![Page 16: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What happens during phase change?
During phase change, heat either comes out of the material or goes into the material but its temperature remains the same
Terms for different phase changesSolid to liquid melting (fusion)Solid to gas sublimationLiquid to solid freezing (solidification)Liquid to gas vaporizationGas to liquid condensationGas to solid deposition
![Page 17: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
vaporization condensation
sublimation deposition
melting freezing (fusion) (solidification)
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
![Page 18: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The amount of heat absorbed by one mole of a substance when it changes from solid to liquid
The quantity of heat absorbed during fusion is equal to the heat released during freezing
![Page 19: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The amount of heat released by one mole of a substance to change from liquid to solid.
![Page 20: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Molar heat of vaporization
Amount of heat required by one mole of a substance to change from liquid to gas
![Page 21: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Molar heat of condensation
Amount of heat released by one mole of a substance to change from gas to liquid
![Page 22: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Explain the kinetic energy of the water molecule in the heating curve
When all the ice has turned to liquid and heat continues to flow into the water, the heat goes into increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules resulting in an increase in temperature
![Page 23: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
a process that occurs by itself. Which means no external force is needed to continue the process
Ex: Sugar dissolving in hot coffee rusting of iron
![Page 26: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
is a process that occurs when an external force is continuously applied
Ex: riding in a playground swing electrolysis of water
![Page 27: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Note:
Most exothermic reactions are spontaneous
Most endothermic reactions are non spontaneous
However there are some endothermic reactions that are nonspontaneous
Ex: the melting of ice at room temperature or above 00C
![Page 28: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Consider the melting of ice cube
Melting of an ice cube is spontaneous if the temperature is above the melting point
Nonspontaneous is below the melting point
![Page 29: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Degree of freedom that particles have Degree of disorder in a system The greater the degree of randomness or disorder, in a
system, the greater is its entropyWhich has a greater entropy liquid or gas? Gas has greater entropy than pure liquids
Entropy is measured by J/K
![Page 30: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How to predict the S using the rules
Ex: C6H12O6(s) ---> 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
What is the sign of the S for the above reaction?positive because the entropy of the final product is
higher
Sometimes predicting the sign of S is not possibleEx: CO(g) + H2O(g) ---> CO2(g) + H2(g)
Predicting S in this case is impossible
![Page 31: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Symbol ( S) Is the difference between the final entropy and the
initial entropy of a system. S = Sfinal - Sinitial
S is positive if there is an entropy increase Ex: solid ---> liquid or gas S is negative if there is an entropy decreaseEx: when a precipitate for Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)The entropy of the solid is lower than the original
aqueous ions
![Page 32: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Rules to predict the sign of S Generally entropy increases when A reaction breaks up a larger molecule
into smaller molecular fragments A reaction occurs in which there is an
increase in the mole of gas in the product
A process where a solid changes to a liquid or gas or a liquid to a gas
![Page 33: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Exercises 2NH4NO3(s) --->2N2(g) + 4H2O(g) + O2(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) --> 2SO3(g) C12H22O11(aq) C12H22O11(s) CO2(g) + H20(g) ---> CO2(g) + H2(g)
![Page 34: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Hess Law States that if the reaction occurs in
two or more steps, the enthalpy for the reaction is the sum of the enthalpies of the individual steps
Why is it useful? because it allows us to calculate heats
of reaction that are difficult or inconvenient to measure in a calorimeter
![Page 35: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gibbs Free Energy thermodynamic entity that takes into
account both entropy and enthalpy Useful for determining whether a
process is spontaneous or not Defined as G = H – T SWhere: H enthalpy T temperature S entropy
![Page 38: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
For a process at constant temperature the change in free energy is
G = H - T S G -> represents the maximum energy
that is free to do useful work to the surrounding.
- G means that the system does useful work to
the surrounding
means spontaneous process
Ex: movement of water in a water fall is spontaneous
Why? Because it does a useful work in turning the wheels of a
turbine
![Page 39: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
+ G indicates that work has to be done on the system for the process to take place means that energy will have to be absorbed from the surrounding means non spontaneous processEx: maintenance of life It requires sustained input of work or energy that we
get from food If G = 0 The reaction is at equilibrium
![Page 40: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Example
CoCl2(g) CO(g) = Cl2(g)1. Calculate the delta G at 1270C.
2. Calculate the temperature when the above reaction is at
equilibrium Solution: G = H – T SSolve for H using standard enthalpies of formation (See
Thermodynamics Table) H = [ sum Hfproducts ] – [ sum Hf reactants] = [ 1mol x (-110.5kJ) + 1mol ( 0kJ) ] – [ 1mol x 220kJ ] mol mol mol = -110 kJ – (-220kJ) H= + 110kJ
![Page 41: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Determine delta S for the reaction using standard molar entropies and Hess Law of Summation ( See Thermodynamics table)
S = [ sum S products] – [ sum Sreactants]
= [1 mol x 197.5 J + 1 mol x 223J] – [1 mol x 283.7 J] mol.K mol.K mol.K = 420.5J/K - 283.7J/K = 136.8J/K ( convert this to kJ) 136.8J/K x 1kJ = 0.1368kJ/K 1000J S = 0.1368kJ/KSolve G G = 110.5kJ – 400K ( 0.1368kJ/K G =+55.78kJ
![Page 42: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
2) When delta G = 0, solve TSolution G = H - T S 0 = 110.5kJ – T ( 0.1368kJ/K) (0.1368kJ/K)T = 110.5kJ T = 110.5kJ 0.1368kJ/K T = 807.7K
![Page 43: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Calculating Energy Changes:Solid to Liquid ( Chapter14: Solids and Liquids)
Calculate the energy required to melt 8.5g of ice at 00C. The molar heat of fusion of ice is 6.02kJ/mole
Solution: 8.5gH2O x 1mol H2O x 6.02kJ = 2.8kJ 18gH2O 1molH2O
![Page 44: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Calculating Energy changes( Liquid to Gas) Calculate the energy in kJ to heat 25g of liquid water from 25oc
to 100oc and change it to steam at 100oC. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.184J/goC and the molar heat of vaporization of water is 40.6kJ/mol.
Solution:Q = ms T (25g)(75oC)(4.184J) = 7.8x103J x 1kJ = 7.8kJ(to boil) goC 1000J25gH2O x 1molH2O =1.4mol H2O x 40.6kJ = 57kJ( vaporization) 18gH2O 1mol H2OThe total energy is the sum of the two steps 7.8kJ + 57kJ = 65kJ
![Page 45: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Heating and Cooling Curve
![Page 46: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fig 20.3 Heating curve for water
125 F.100 D . E . E-FWater vapor
75 Liquid-gas C-D50 B-C- melting25 .B .C0 -25 A.
![Page 47: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Cooling Curve
Describes the change in temperature and the amount of heat during the cooling process
The slope of the curve is decreasing when heat is removed from the material
![Page 48: How heat Is Measured](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56813a14550346895da1ed24/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Fig 20.4 Cooling Curve of water
1 2 3 4 5
100 Liquid 75 Gas
50 Gas-liquid 25 Liquid-solid solid
0 HoVap
-25 Hofus
Stage1:Gaseous water cools. Stage 2: Gaseous water condenses
Stage3: Liquid water cools. Stage4: Liquid water freezes Stage5: solid water cools