how do you say…? a critical discourse analysis of intercultural language learning in...
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How do you say…? A critical discourse analysis of
intercultural language learning in
wordreference.comElizabeth DeifellAkiko Hagiwara
University of IowaLanguage Learning in Computer Mediated Communities
NFLRCUniversity of Hawai’i October 11-13, 2009
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Outline
I. Language Learning, Culture(s) and Power
II. Language Learning Community
III. Wordreference.comIV. Quantitative ApproachV. Qualitative ApproachVI. Findings
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Language Learning, Culture(s) and Power
• Kramsch and Whiteside (2007)
• Showstack (2009)
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Language Learning Community
• Language Learning=Language Use
• Multilingual
• Cross-Cultural
• Shifting identities
• Power relations
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Wordreference.com• Provides cyber online dictionaries and
forums
• Topics of forums: translation, word usage, terminology equivalency and other linguistic topics
• Must register and agree to the rules of participation before being able to post
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MembersModerator• There were around 50 moderators• Invited by the administrator• Each has authority to
- Merge or delete duplicate posts and threads;
- Edit posts as necessary;- Ban members, when necessary
Senior member (more than ?? posts)Member (more than 30 posts)Junior member (1 post or more)
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The Study
Research Questions1.What are rhetorical strategies
members employ?2.How do members create and
refute authority while explaining the meaning of words?
Mixed Methodologies: Quantitative and qualitative approaches
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Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis
• Food related topics
• Data Collection – 10 topics from
Spanish and Japanese forums
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Functional moves categories (Adapted from Paulus & Phipps, 2008)Factual Participatory Reflective Lear
n
Ask Greet/Close/Joke Agree Learn
Support/extend (examples; reasons)
Name Disagree (restatement of other’s post)
Answer Acknowledge/ Encourage
Challenge (asking Qs. e.g. Is that true? )
Claim (no connectionto the prior post)
Invite/Mitigate Respond to challenge
RestateTransition/temporal (Directing the conversation to a previous post)
Emotion
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Examples of “functional moves”
• Are you sure X means Y?
• Perhaps it‘s not advisable to use it as the Japanese translation for sake. For disambiguation, use nihonshu.
• I found that people do use 塩切り as an
independent noun. It seems to be a terminology in cooking.
Challenge
Disagree
Learn
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Functional moves
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Subcategory: Factual
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Subcategory: Participatory
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Claiming authority categories
Dictionary (cyber and hardcopy)
Textual citations from other sites (e.g. Wikipedia, Hyperlinks to other websites)
Textbook
Reference to Wordreference (inter reference)
Photos
Linguistic knowledge (e.g., use of Latin (the root of Spanish)
Witness (e.g., “I saw…” “I’ve never heard...”
Claim without authority
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Examples of “claiming authority”
• 馳 (chi) originally means "to ride a horse" and 走 (sou) "to run", in other words, "to ride to a market and buy best food to prepare excellent cuisine."
• If someone invites you, ごちそうさまでした is a mandatory social protocol. One may tell this to the restaurant staff if the food is really good.
Linguistic knowledge
Claim without authority
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Claiming Authority
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Qualitative
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Critical Discourse Analysis
• Power
• Legitimacy
• Authority
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Critical Discourse Analysis
Fairclough (1989, 1992)
• Explores link between language and social practice
• Empirical approach to discourse analysis
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Three level approach to CDA
• Textual
• Discursive
• Sociocultural
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Findings
• Questions of legitimacy are complex in asynchronous multilingual, multicultural language communities.
• Particularity (Ellis, 2005).
• Linking local to global. Fractal metaphor (Agar, 2005).
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• The majority of the participants do not cite an outside text to support their claims of legitimacy.
• A closer look at those claims that we deemed “claims without authority” in fact challenge authority in perhaps more subtle ways.
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What is(are) the right answer(s)?