housing scenario and urbanization : india

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Building Materials & Technology Promotion CouncilMinistry of Housing & Urban Poverty AlleviationGovernment of India

Dr.Shailesh Kr.AgrawalExecutive Director

10th National Convention on Affordable Housing

8 January 2011, New Delhi

Innovative Building Materials Innovative Building Materials and Technologies for Low and Technologies for Low Cost HousingCost Housing

28% urban population (Census 2001).

40% by 2020 (Vision 2020 – Planning Commission).50% by 2041 (draft Urban India Report).Growing urbanisation has led to :a) pressure on the availability of land and

infrastructure b) deterioration of housing conditions of the

weaker sections of society c) increased number of slums and squatter

settlements. 61.87 million persons residing in slums (Census 2001).

Housing Scenario and Urbanization : India

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Conventional Building Materials Conventional Building Materials Finite Resource BaseFinite Resource Base Demand of MaterialsDemand of Materials

CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS

Brick, cement, steel, stone, timber, Brick, cement, steel, stone, timber, glass, plastics, ceramics and other glass, plastics, ceramics and other

metalsmetals

DIRECT CONSEQUENCEDIRECT CONSEQUENCEcost escalation leading to cost escalation leading to increased cost of shelterincreased cost of shelter

ININ--DIRECT CONSEQUENCEDIRECT CONSEQUENCERapid & irrationally managed Rapid & irrationally managed

utilization of finite natural utilization of finite natural resourcesresources

POSSIBLE MANIFESTATIONS POSSIBLE MANIFESTATIONS Environmental degradation; Enhanced use of fertile topEnvironmental degradation; Enhanced use of fertile top--soil, Deforestation, soil, Deforestation,

LimeLime--quarrying, Surface working in stone beltsquarrying, Surface working in stone beltsFactory made products like cement, steel etc. calls for high eneFactory made products like cement, steel etc. calls for high energy inputrgy input

Enhanced cost on account of transportationEnhanced cost on account of transportation

SHO

RT

SUPP

LYSH

OR

T SU

PPLY

• Use of renewable resources for building materials

• Use of raw materials resources based on waste products

• Efficient use of existing conventional materials by producing factory made (pre-cast) building components

• Industrialization of housing sector

• Affordability and sustainability

Need of the HourNeed of the Hour

COST COST EFFECTIVENESSEFFECTIVENESS

QUALITYQUALITY

TIM

ETI

ME

ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

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Construction Systems in India

• Vernacular systems• Based on local materials & skills• Refined over centuries • Calls for fair degree of maintenance & varying

degree of durability

• Conventional systems• Based on mass produced items having pre-

determined properties• Modern civil engineering practice• Lesser maintenance & long durability

Construction Systems in India• Industrialized systems

• Based on factory produced components (partial/total)

• Less labour intensive• High performance specifications

• Alternative systems• Middle of the road approach• Acknowledges local materials and skills • Rationalises use to suit specific needs • Adopts rational engineering practices• Cost effective and eco-friendly

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Foundation3%

Brickwork upto Plinth5%

Superstructure-brickwork25%

Roofing20%

Flooring6%

Woodwork-doors & wind.15%

Internal finishes6%

External finishes3%

Water supply4%

Sanitary work8%

Electrification5%

Approximate Break-up of total Construction Cost for different element of building

Cement18%

Iron & Steel10%

Bricks17%

Timber13%

Sand7%

Aggregate8%

Labour27%

Approximate Break-up of total Construction Cost in Materials and Labour

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Various aspects for alternative systems

Optimisation of land use

Functional design of buildings

Optimum use of building materials

Rationalisation of specifications

New construction materials and techniques

Alternate Housing SystemsAims to reduce the cost of construction and at the same time not sacrifice any element of safety or serviceability of the house over the life cycle.

• strong, • durable,• functional, • aesthetic,• environment friendly, • ecologically

appropriate,

• energy efficient• affordable and

adaptable• cost-effective

materials • appropriate

technologies in construction.

There is need for adoption of :

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Alternative Systems

• Foundations• Walls• Roofs / slabs• Door frames and

panels

Alternative Systems : Foundations

• Brick masonry footing over lean cement concrete (1:4:8)

• Lean concrete mix of 1:8:16 for the base with brick masonry in 1:6 cement mortar footing

• Over burned brick footings in lime cement mortar (1:2:12) with lean concrete base

• Random rubble masonry in mud mortar over sand bed (50 mm)

• Arch foundations in place of spread foundation

• Pile foundations / under reamed piles

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Alternative Systems : Walls• 230 mm thick brick work with FPS bricks (224x114x70mm) in

1:6 cement mortar in English / Flemish bonds• 200 mm thick brick work with modular bricks

(190x90x90mm) in 1:6 cement mortar• 190 mm thick brick work with FPS bricks in 1:6 cement

mortar in CBRI bond• 115 mm thick waffle walls with FPS bricks in 1:4 cement

mortar• 230 mm thick brick work with FPS bricks in 1:2:12 cement

lime mortar in rat trap/Rowlock bond• 200 mm thick masonry with reconstituted stone blocks in 1:6

cement mortar• 200 mm thick precast hollow concrete block masonry in 1:6

cement mortar• Fal-G sand block masonry

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Building Materials and Technologies Building Materials and Technologies IDENTIFIED, ASSESSED AND PROMOTED by BMTPCIDENTIFIED, ASSESSED AND PROMOTED by BMTPC

Sand Lime/ Sand Lime/ Calcium Silicate Calcium Silicate Bricks Bricks

Developed by Working specification by BMTPC including manufacturing method

National standard framed

CBRI, Roorkee CFRI, Dhanbad

BM 01 IS 12984:1990

Sand Lime/Calcium Silicate Bricks are being manufactured by large no. of private entrepreneurs

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Fly Ash Lime Fly Ash Lime Bricks Bricks



CBRI, Roorkee BM 02 IS 12894:2002

Being produced by various Building Centres and private entrepreneurs.


Clay Fly Ash Clay Fly Ash Brick Brick



CBRI, Roorkee BM 03 IS 13757: 1993


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Precast Solid Cement Concrete Precast Solid Cement Concrete BlockBlock



CBRI, Roorkee BC 01 IS 2185

Number of machines developed. Very popular walling technology. Being produced by various Building Centres and private entrepreneurs.


Precast Concrete Stone Masonry Precast Concrete Stone Masonry Blocks Blocks



CBRI, Roorkee BC 02 IS 12440: 1985 IS 14213: 1994

Good options where stones are available. Being produced with good exterior textures.

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Hollow and Solid Light Hollow and Solid Light Weight Concrete Block Weight Concrete Block



CBRI, Roorkee BC 03 IS 2185: (Pt 2)1983

Number of machines developed. Very popular walling technology. Being produced by various Building Centres and private entrepreneurs.

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Alternative Systems : Roofs• 120 mm thick reinforced concrete slab• 120 mm thick brick filler slab• Brick jack arches over RCC joists• Brick funicular shells with RCC joists• Precast RCC cored unit• Precast RCC channel unit• Partially Precast RCC joists and planks system• Partially Precast RCC/brick joists and brick panels• Precast RV curved panels• RCC joists and sand stone patties• Ferrocement channel roofing

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Building Materials & Technologies Building Materials & Technologies DEVELOPED, EVALUATED AND COMMERCIALISED by BMTPCDEVELOPED, EVALUATED AND COMMERCIALISED by BMTPC

Ferrocement Roofing Ferrocement Roofing Channels Channels

Suitable for earthquake/cyclone prone areas

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperWelded wire mesh, chicken mesh, cement, sand, fine aggregate, steel bars (8 to 12 mm dia) depending upon the span (upton 6.1 mtrs.)

Product is being produced at several Building Centres.BMTPC is taking up with BIS to prepare the Indian Standards

Development Alternatives, New Delhi

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Precast RC Planks Precast RC Planks and Jointsand Joints



CBRI, Roorkee CT 02 IS 13990:1994 (SP) IS 13994:1994

Extensively used for cost-effective housing. Machine available. Being produced by various Building Centres.

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Prefabricated Brick Panel for Prefabricated Brick Panel for Floor/RoofsFloor/Roofs



CBRI, Roorkee CT 09 IS 14142: 1994

IS 14143: 1994

Building Centres are capable of casting. It could be cast at site. Found to be good option where bricks are cheaper.

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Precast Waffle Unit Precast Waffle Unit for Floors/Roofs for Floors/Roofs



CBRI, Roorkee CT 04 IS 10505:1983

Building Centres have facilities to cast the waffle unit. It could also be cast at site. Have been used in several construction works.

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Reinforced Brick and Reinforced Reinforced Brick and Reinforced Brick Concrete Slab/Floor/Roofs Brick Concrete Slab/Floor/Roofs



CBRI, Roorkee CT 08 IS:10440-1983

Cast in-situ.

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Precast Reinforced Concrete Precast Reinforced Concrete LL--Panel for RoofsPanel for Roofs



CBRI, Roorkee CT 05 IS 14241:1994 (Specification) IS 14242:1994 (Code of practice)

Machine developed. Being produced by various Building Centres and private entrepreneurs.


Precast Reinforced/ Prestressed Precast Reinforced/ Prestressed Concrete Ribbed/Cored Slab Units Concrete Ribbed/Cored Slab Units for Floors/Roofs for Floors/Roofs



CBRI, Roorkee CT 07 IS 10297: 1982

Can be cast at Building Centres. Earlier it has been used in many buildings but now other roofing options like planks and joists are being used.

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Micro Concrete Roofing Micro Concrete Roofing TilesTiles

Technology validated by BMTPC.

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperCement, sand, Fine Aggregate

Around 200 entrepreneurs are producing MCR tiles. Indian Standard is under preparation.

Development Alternatives, New Delhi


Bamboo Mat Corrugated Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing SheetsRoofing Sheets

Indian Standards (IS:15476:2004) formulated with BIS

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperBamboo mat, Phenol formaldehyde resin, Polyurethane coating

A Pilot Production Unit for manufacture of sheets has been set up in Meghalaya with production capacity of 3000 sheets per month.

Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute, Bangalore

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Bamboo Mat Ridge Cap Bamboo Mat Ridge Cap

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperBamboo mat, Phenol formaldehyde resin, Polyurethane coating

Product Tested Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute, Bangalore

Developed the technology with IPIRTI, Bangalore for replacement of the present practice of using flat boards to avoid perforations.


Two Storey Bamboo Two Storey Bamboo Housing System Housing System

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperBamboo coloumns, Bamboo grid walls, BMCS for Roofing, bamboo composite beams with steel and bamboo and bamboo composite slab

Prototype including testing completed at IPIRTI Campus Bangalore


Development of this technology will enable construction of two storey houses in the bamboo growing regions.

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PrePre--fab Double walled fab Double walled Composite HouseComposite House

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperBamboo Mat Board for walling, BMCS for Roofing with steel framed structure

Prototype including testing completed at IPIRTI Campus Bangalore


Salient features are ease in transportation, speedy erection at a reasonable cost. Most suitable for emergency structures during post disaster events.

Alternative Systems : Door Frames & PanelsDoor Frames• Wooden frame• Mild steel sections• Pressed steel sections• RCC frames with wooden inserts• Pivot system• Embedded wood pieces as framePanels• Particle board inserts in wooden doors• Ferrocement door panels• MDF board door panel• Cement bonded particle board door

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RCC Doors and Window RCC Doors and Window Frame Frame



CBRI, Roorkee BC 04 IS 6523:1983

Machine developed. Good substitute for wooden frames. Being produced by various Building Centres and private entrepreneurs.

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Ferrocement Doors Ferrocement Doors ShuttersShutters



SERC BC 05 -

Used in various Construction Projects. But due to various options available it has not become popular.


Fibrous Gypsum Fibrous Gypsum Plaster BoardPlaster Board

Working specification by BMTPC including manufacturing method


BM 06 IS 8272:1994

Being produced by various private entrepreneurs.

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Flyash/Red Mud Polymer Flyash/Red Mud Polymer Door ShuttersDoor Shutters

Tested as per IS:4020.

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperRed Mud/Flyash, Sisal fibre, Phenol formaldehyde resin

Product also tested and approved by CPWD, IIT Chennai and Delhi.

Regional Research Laboratory, Bhopal


Rubber wood Flush Door Rubber wood Flush Door ShuttersShutters


Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperRubberwood, Phenol formaldehyde resin(Use of rubber-wood for 1st time in India as building material)

Product also tested and approved by CPWD

Jambhekar Management Consultant Pvt.Ltd., Thane

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Poplar wood Flush Door Poplar wood Flush Door ShuttersShutters


Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperPoplarwood, Phenol formaldehyde resin

Product also tested and approved by CPWD

Jambhekar Management Consultant Pvt.Ltd., Thane


Finger jointing & shaping Finger jointing & shaping technologytechnology

Earlier this machine was to be Imported from Scandinavian countries at a cost of Rs.40 to 45 lakhs. With the development of machine by BMTPC, the cost is now reduced by 1/3rd.

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperPlantation timber (rubber, poplar, eucalyptus etc.) Cutting & joining of slender pieces to make longer pieces

Being manufactured at Ahmedabad by M/s Laxmi Engineers.

HBR Consultants, Bangalore (2001) and for further developing machine with Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute, Bangalore

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Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer doors and door framesdoors and door frames

Tested as per IS:14856. Being used in demonstration housing under VAMBAY.

Raw Material Status Joint DeveloperGlass fibre, Phenol formaldehyde resin, secondary species of timber

Technology transferred to 40 entrepreneurs in the country jointly by NSIC, RV-TIFAC and BMTPC. Plan to have more 100 units in next 2 years.

RV TIFAC Composite Design Centre, Bangalore

Alternative Systems : Miscellaneous

• RCC lintels and lintel cum chajjas• Precast thin lintels and lintel cum chajjas• Arches • Corbelled openings• Sand stone slabs• Ferrocement precast staircase steps• Ferrocement shelves• Ferrocement panels• Precast ferrocement tanks and drains

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Granite Slurry Blended Floor Tiles and Paver Granite Slurry Blended Floor Tiles and Paver Blocks Blocks

Raw Material Status Joint Developer

Granite Slurry waste Product tested. A pilot plant is being set up in Ongole District in Andhra Pradesh.

Andhra Pradesh Technology Development and Promotion Centre

The products have been developed after conducting field experiments by substituting sand with granite slurry.


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Burnt Clay Burnt Clay Flooring Tiles Flooring Tiles



CBRI, Roorkee BM 04 IS 1478:1992



•• Working specifications on 22 Items prepared by BMTPC Working specifications on 22 Items prepared by BMTPC and covered by Indian Standards. and covered by Indian Standards.

•• Helped CPWD in incorporating them in their Schedule of Helped CPWD in incorporating them in their Schedule of Specifications. Specifications.

•• All these technologies have been tested for their All these technologies have been tested for their performance and after successful use in many projects performance and after successful use in many projects have been adopted for cost effective housing. have been adopted for cost effective housing.

•• Where Indian Standards are available on many material Where Indian Standards are available on many material and product, quality control is maintained voluntarily by and product, quality control is maintained voluntarily by manufacturers through BIS Certificate Mark, operated by manufacturers through BIS Certificate Mark, operated by BIS. BIS.

•• Where Indian Standards are not available, Performance Where Indian Standards are not available, Performance Appraisal Certification being operated by BMTPC is Appraisal Certification being operated by BMTPC is applicable. applicable.

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Standardization of Standardization of TechnologyTechnology

Working Specifications formulated on Innovative and Cost-effective Materials and Techniques

BUILDING MATERIALS BIS CODEBM01 Specifications for Calcium Silicate Bricks IS:4139-1989BM02 Specifications for Fly ash-Lime Bricks IS:12894-1990BM03 Specifications for Clay-Fly ash Bricks IS:13757-1993BM04 Specifications for Clay Flooring Tiles IS:1478-1992BM05 Specifications for Burnt Clay Flat Terracing Tiles IS:2690-1993BM06 Specifications for Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards IS:8273-1984BM07 Specifications for Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheets IS:15476-2004

BUILDING COMPONENTSBC01 Specifications for Precast Solid Cement Concrete Blocks IS:2185-1979 (Part I)BC02 Specifications for Precast Concrete Stone Masonry Blocks IS:14213-1994BC03 Specifications for Hollow & Solid Light Weight

Concrete Masonry Units IS:2185-1983 (Part II)BC04 Specifications for Precast Reinforced Concrete Door

and Window Frames IS:6523-1983BC05 Specifications for Ferrocement Door Shutters -BC06 Specifications for Precast Ferrocement Water Tanks IS:13356-1992BC07 Specifications for Precast Concrete Manhole IS:12592-1988 (Part I)

Covers & Frames IS:12592-1991 (Part II)

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Working Specifications formulated on Innovative and Cost-effective Materials and Techniques CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES BIS CODECT01 Specifications for Precast Channel Unit for IS :14201-1994

Flooring/Roofing IS:14215 –1994CT02 Specifications for Precast Reinforced Concrete Plank IS:13990-1994

Flooring/Roofing IS:13994-1994CT03 Specifications for Thin R.C. Ribbed Slab for Floors and Roofs -CT04 Specifications for Construction of Floors and Roofs using

Precast Concrete Waffle Units IS:10505-1983CT05 Specifications for Prefabricated Reinforced IS:14241-1994

Concrete L Pans for Roofs IS:14242-1995CT06 Specifications for Precast Doubly-Curved Shell Units for

Construction of Floors and Roofs IS:6332-1984CT07 Specifications for Precast Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete

Ribbed or Cored Slab Units for Floors & Roofs IS:10297-1982CT08 Specifications for Reinforced Brick and Reinforced Brick

Concrete Slabs for Floors and Roofs IS:10440-1983CT09 Specifications for Prefabricated Brick Panel for Floors/ Roofs IS:14142-1994

IS:14143-1994Note: With the efforts of the Council all these items have been inducted in the CPWD

schedule of specifications of CPWD, and housing agencies in Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.

More than30 machines are available for

producing cost-effective, energy-efficient, environment-friendly building components

which are easy to operate.

Employment generation varies from 4 to 14 per machine.

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Mechanization of TechnologiesMechanization of Technologies

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Technology Options and Technology Options and Approximate Cost Saving on using Approximate Cost Saving on using Innovative / Cost Effective Building Innovative / Cost Effective Building

Materials/TechnologiesMaterials/Technologies

Estimated Cost Saving on using Innovative Building Technologies

Cost-Effective Technologies In place of Conventional options

% of Saving

I. FOUNDATIONS1. Pile foundation (under reamed) Traditional stone/bricks 152. Brick Arch foundations Footings 25II. WALLING (SUPER STRUCTURE)

1. 230 mm Thick wall in lower floors

330 mm brick walls 5

2. 180 mm Thick wall in bricks 230 mm brick walls 133. 115 mm thick recessed walls 230 mm brick walls 204. 150/200 mm Stone block

masonryRandom rubble masonryAshlar masonry

3020

5. Stabilised mud blocks Burnt brick walls 206. FaL-G Block masonry Clay brick walls 207. Fly ash brick walls Clay brick walls 258. Rat trap bond walls English/Flemish bond 259. Hollow blocks walls Solid masonry 20

40


% of Saving

III. ROOFING

1. 85 mm thick sloping RCC 110 mm RCC 302. Tiles over RCC rafters Tiles over timber rafters 253. Brick panel with joists RCC 20-254. Cuddapah slabs over RCC rafters CS over timber rafters 205. L-panel sloping roofing RCC 106 RCC planks over RCC joists RCC 107. Ferrocement shell roofing RCC 408. Filler slab roofing RCC 229. Waffle roofing RCC 1510. RCC channel units RCC 1211. Jack arch brick roofing RCC 1512. Funicular shell roofing RCC 1813. Brick funicular shell roofing RCC 30

Estimated Cost Saving on using Innovative Technologies …contd.


% of Saving

III. ROOFING…contd.

14. Precast blocks over inverted T-beams

RCC 25

15. Micro-concrete roofing tiles Clay tile roofingAC sheet roofing

2015

IV. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS

1. RCC door frames Timber Frames 302. Frameless doors (only inserts) Frames and shutters 503. Ferrocement door shutters Timber shutters (second

class timber)30

4. RCC window frames Timber frames 305. RCC jallies Timber

windows/ventilators50

6. Precast thin lintels RCC lintels 257. Precast sunshades Cast sunshades 30


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% of Saving

IV. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS…contd.

8. Ferrocement sun shades-cum-lintel

RCC lintel-cum-sunshades

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9. Brick on edge lintels RCC lintels 5010. Corbelling for lintels RCC lintels 4011. Brick arch for lintels RCC lintels 3012. Precast RCC shelves units Timber/concrete 20-3513. Precast Ferrocement shelves Timber/concrete 35-4514. Ferrocement manhole covers Casion/concrete 50-4015. Ferrocement water tank Rigid PVC 60


COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICSItem Conventional Cost Effective Savings

Foundation Dead Load Dead Load10.15 T/M 8.13 T/M 20%

Walls English Bond Brick wall Rat-trap Bond Brick wall1450/- per cum 1150/- per cum 20%

Roofing Cast-in-situ RCC Precast RCC578/- per sqm. 456/- per sqm. 21%+ 37/- per sqm. (plastering) 6%

Door & Window Frames Wooden frame Precast R.C. Frames

135/- per RM 100/- per RM 35%MS Tee frame

Door Shutters Wooden Shutter F.R.P. Doors1200/- per sqm. 950/- 20%

Stair case, RCC Cast in situ Precast FerrocementSunshades, 560/- 450/- 25%Lintels

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Field Level Application of Field Level Application of cost effective technologiescost effective technologies

Demonstration Houses under VAMBAY in

BANGALORENo. of Dwelling Units

252

Unit covered area 25.56 sq.mt.

Cost per Unit Rs.60,000

Cost per sqft.Rs. 220

Technologies UsedConcrete BlocksFiller Slab Roof

Wood alternate Doors

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NAGPUR, MaharashtraNo. of Dwelling Units

70

Unit covered area 181 sq.ft.


Technologies used•Under-reamed piles for foundation

•Solid/Hollow blocks using flyash/gypsum for Masonry

•Filler slab for floor/roof•Precast RCC door frames

•Door shutters from wood substitutes•RCC lintel and tie beams at ground level

for earthquake resistance


DEHRADUN, UttrakhandNo. of Dwelling Units

100

Unit covered area181 sq.ft.


Technologies used•Precast RCC planks and joists for

roofing.•Solid concrete blocks for walling

•RCC door frames•Precast elements like Chajjas,

shelves etc.

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Demonstration Houses under VAMBAY in Kudalu, Bangalore,

Karnataka

No. of Dwelling Units 70


Cost per UnitRs.60,000

Technologies being Used•RR masonry in foundation and plinth•Solid concrete block masonry using

flyash bricks in superstructure•Precast R.C. planks and joist system

for ground and first floor slab •RCC door frames

Demonstration Houses under VAMBAY in Trichy, Tamil Nadu

No. of Dwelling Units100


Cost per UnitRs.40,000

Technologies being Used•RR masonry in foundation and

plinth•Concrete block masonry using Flyash bricks in superstructure

•Filler slabs •RCC door frames

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BILASPUR, Chhatisgarh

No. of Dwelling Units 100



Technologies being Used•Flyash Bricks for walling

•Precast RCC Beam and curved planks for roofing.

•Ferrocement Stair Case•RCC Door Frames

•Precast RCC chajjas etc.

(U.P.)

Demonstration Construction

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Community Centre at Naggal-Khojkipur, Ambala, HaryanaSalient Features:

• Covered Area : 635 sq.mt (approx) –G+1

• Provision of a Multi-Purpose Hall with male/female toilets and greenrooms, two Multi-Purpose Rooms, crèche with toilets, Library-cum-Reading Room, Office, Colony Health Centre.


Demonstration Houses at Pinjore, Haryana

SALIENT FEATURES

• No. of houses : 24 Nos. • Built up area of each unit : 38.22 sq.mt.• Each Unit consist of : one living room, one

bedroom, kitchen, oneseparate bath and WC.

TECHNOLOGIES PROPOSED:

Structure • Stepped footing in brick masonry for sub-structure• Rat Trap Bond in Bricks• RCC lintel band and roof level band for earthquake

resistance.

Roof/Floor• RCC Filler Slabs with bricks• IPS flooring.

Doors/Windows • Pre-cast RCC door/window frames in place of

traditional frames to achieve cost effectiveness.• Wood substitute door/window shutters.

Finishing• Internal & external plastering.• Enamel painting on doors/windows.


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Informal Markets at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh


Technical Support for Mass Housing Projects like Bawana & Baprola, Delhi by DSIIDC

This is the first example of large housing project based on cost effective and environment friendly technologies.

The Materials used are : flyash bricks in rat trap bond, RCC planks & joists, ferrocement shelves, sunshades and steps.

DSIIDC has sought technical support for another 40,000 houses.

Chandigarh Housing Board, Chattisgarh Housing Board, Greater-NOIDA and Omnibus Industrial Development Corporation, Govt. of Daman have also requested for technical support.

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Construction of one block EWS Houses– 4 storied, 16 DUs

Conventional Specification With Cost Effective Technologies

RC Framed structure in RCC 1:1.5:3 Load bearing structure with modular bricks

Independent column footings Stepped footing

Filler walls using FPS CD-75 bricks RC plinth, lintel and roof bandVertical reinforcement at corners and junctions of walls

Cast in situ RC Slab in RCC 1:1.5:3 Precast RC planks and joists in CC 1:1.5:3

Cast in situ RC stairs in CC 1:1.5:3 Precast ferrocement steps

40 mm thick CC flooring in CM 1:2:4 25 mm thick CC flooring in 1:2:4

12 mm thick internal plaster CM 1:6 12 mm thick internal plaster in CM 1:6

18 mm thick external plaster in CM 1:6 with water proof cement paint

Exposed brick work including a coat of silicon treatment

Ceiling plaster in CM 1:6 No ceiling plaster because of recast RC roofing elements

T/L iron frames for doors/windows T/L iron frame for doors/windows

Soil waste vent pipe and : SCI fittings Soil waste and vent pipes and fitting.

Dual system of plumbing Single stack system of plumbing

G.I.pipes and fittings for water supply PPR pipes and fittings for water supply

Brass bib cock and stop cock PTMT bib cocks and stop cocks

COST : Rs.3,15,663/= (Rs.878 /sq.ft.) Rs.2,44,855/= (Rs.693 /sq.ft.) - 22% SAVINGS

Seismic Strengthening Arrangements for Precast Systems

• IS 4326 gives recommendations regarding strengthening measures for precast systems such as bands at different levels, vertical reinforcement at corners, framing of thin load bearing walls by columns and column beams etc.

• Code recommends tie beams to be provided all around the floor or roof to bind together all the precast components to make it diaphragm. The beam shall be to the full width of the supporting wall less the bearing of precast components. The depth of beam shall be equal to the depth of precast component plus thickness of the precast components.

• Tie beams shall be provided on all longitudinal and cross walls.

• Structural deck concrete of minimum M15 grade shall be provided over precast components. Minimum thickness 35/40mm reinforced with 6mm dia bars @ 150mm both ways anchored into tie beams.

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‘‘Bamboo Bamboo -- A material for cost A material for cost effective and disaster resistant effective and disaster resistant

housing used for construction of housing used for construction of demonstration buildings and demonstration buildings and

structuresstructures’’

Use of Bamboo in Housing & Building Construction

BMTPC has transferred the technology to an entrepreneur for setting up a Bamboo

Mat Corrugated Sheet and Bamboo Particle Board Manufacturing Unit at

Byrnihat, Meghalayawith production capacity of 3000 sheets per month

Providing livelihood and employment to nearly 10000 workers (mostly women).

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Construction of demonstration structures using bamboo materials in Mizoram and Tripura

Salient Features of the Structures• Bamboo posts • Bamboo grid ferrocement walls• Bamboo trusses and purlins• Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheet Roofing

Construction of Demonstration Buildings using Bamboo Based Technologies in Mizoram

School Building at Aizawl. - COMPLETEDType II house at Lunglei. - COMPLETED

Picnic Hut at Tiangnuam, Aizawl - COMPLETEDType II house at Luangmual, Aizawl - COMPLETED

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Construction of Demonstration Buildings using Bamboo Based Technologies in Tripura

Type II house at Circuit House Agartala -COMPLETED

Type II house at Rajbhawan Agartala -COMPLETED

Picnic Hut at Nehru Park, Agartala- COMPLETEDType II house at Circuit House Udaipur -

COMPLETED

Construction of Demonstration School Building using Bamboo based Technologies in Tripura

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Emerging TechnologiesEmerging TechnologiesRapid Wall systems

Monolithic Concrete Construction Technologies

Mortar less Masonry (Interlocking)

Confined Masonry

Light Weight Construction Methodology

Technologies based on Agro-Industrial Waste

Bamboo based Technologies

Pre Engineered form work systems

Fibre Cement Board, Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) blocks and concrete

Fibre cement board, expanded polystyrene(EPS) blocks, light gauge steel studs & concrete

Light weight interlocking sandwich panelsFacing sheets: 4mm Thick Fibre Reinforced Cement boards. Core: Aerated Cement, Silaceous & Micaceous Material aggregate.

3-S Prefab system with hollow structural components connected using SCC

Emerging TechnologiesEmerging Technologies

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Thank you for your kind attention

““Creating Enabling Environment for Affordable Housing for AllCreating Enabling Environment for Affordable Housing for All””

www.bmtpc.org

housing scenario and urbanization : india

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