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Revised 2009 • 5246

Levels 1-3

Montana 4-H Horse Program

Horsemanship

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Montana State University and the Montana State University Extension Service prohibit discrimination in all of their

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital and family status. Issued in furtherance of cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Douglas L. Steele, Vice Provost and Director, Extension Service, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. Copyright © 2010 MSU Extension

Authors Codi Sorensen, Flathead CountyMontana 4-H Horse Committee Member

Barbara Bouma, Teton County Montana 4-H Horse Committee Member

Juanita Rodriquez, Pondera County Montana 4-H Horse Committee Member

Shaun Sorensen, Flathead CountyMontana 4-H Horse Committee Member

Todd Kesner, 4-H Center for Youth Development Montana 4-H Program Coordinator for Ag and Natural Resources

Reviewed by Montana 4-H Horse Committee Codi Sorensen (Flathead County Volunteer)Shaun Sorensen (Flathead County Volunteer)Andora Tutvedt (Flathead County Youth)Coral Maxwell (Ravalli County Volunteer)Michele McGuigan (Sanders County Volunteer)Missy Miller (Missoula County Volunteer)Peggy Verploegen (Hill County Volunteer)Juanita Rodriquez (Pondera County Volunteer)Barb Bouma (Teton County Volunteer) Joani Kissock (Silver Bow County Volunteer)Michelle Sykes (Park County Volunteer)Barb Brewster (Gallatin County Volunteer)David Pool (Lewis and Clark County Volunteer)Dixie Osborne (Yellowstone County Volunteer)Kristi Trupka (Yellowstone County Volunteer)McKensie Keller (Yellowstone County Youth)Nicole Wheeler (Fallon/Carter County Volunteer)Lexyn Walker (Fallon/Carter County Youth)Jalyn Walker(Fallon/Carter County Youth)Virginia Knerr (Broadwater County Agent)Sharla Sackman (Prairie County Agent)

DesignDavid Ashcraft MSU Extension Communications

Cover ArtworkSharon Reynolds

Horse and Saddle Diagram IllustrationsSandee Endahl

Table of ContentsMontana 4-H ............................................................................. 1Experiential Learning Model ...................................................... 1Introduction .............................................................................. 2

Level 1Goals and 4-H ............................................................................ 4Horse Knowledge ..................................................................... 5Helpful Tools ............................................................................. 7Horse Safety ............................................................................11Horse Well-being ..................................................................... 12Horse Terminology and Trivia .................................................. 13Skills with My Horse ................................................................ 15

Level 2Goals and 4-H .......................................................................... 16Horse Knowledge ................................................................... 18Helpful Tools ........................................................................... 21Horse Safety ........................................................................... 24Horse Well-being ..................................................................... 25Horse Terminology and Trivia .................................................. 26Skills with My Horse ................................................................ 28

Level 3Goals and 4-H .......................................................................... 29Horse Knowledge ................................................................... 30Helpful Tools ........................................................................... 32Horse Safety ........................................................................... 38Horse Well-being ..................................................................... 39Horse Terminology and Trivia .................................................. 40Skills with My Horse ................................................................ 42

Horsemanship Project Equipment Inventory Sheet ............. 43

1

The 4-H Youth Development Program promotes the five steps of the experiential learning model as essential to all educational experiences. This experiential process engages learners by encouraging them to think more and work harder, as they ultimately learn more thoroughly than with traditional non-interactive teaching methods.

Experiential Learning Model

MONTANA 4-H IS...4-H is a part of the Montana State University Extension Service cooperating with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and your local county government. 4-H members are those boys and girls who participate in Extension-sponsored educational programs which are open to all youth regardless of race, creed, color, sex, handicap or national origin.

The mission of Montana 4-H is to educate youth and adults for living in a global and ever-changing world by using the resources of Land-Grant Universities and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Montana 4-H uses educational, learning-by-doing projects, club meetings, community service projects, events, and activities for young people and adults as they work toward attaining these five general LIFE SKILLS

• Fostering positive self-concept

• Learning decision-making and responsibility for choices

• Developing an inquiring mind

• Relating to self and others

• Acquiring a concern for communities—local and global.

The emblem of the 4-H program is a green four-leaf clover with a white “H” in each leaf. The four “H’s” stand for Head, Heart, Hands, and Health and represent ways to develop the five life skills.

HEAD: Learning to think, make decisions, understand the “whys,” gain new and valuable insights and knowledge.

HEART: Being concerned with the welfare of others, accepting the responsibilities of citizenship in our local and global communities, determining values and attitudes by which to live and learning how to work with others.

HANDS: Learning new skills, improving skills already developed, instilling pride in work and respect for work accomplished.

HEALTH: Practicing healthful living, protecting the well-being of self and others, making constructive use of leisure time.

This four-fold development is vital to every individual. All four of the “H’s” should be an important part of the goals youngsters identify as they participate in 4-H sponsored programs and educational activities. Achieving these goals will result in helping youth develop as competent, caring, confident, connected, compassionate contributors of high ethical character.

Specific Life Skills & Science StandardsYou will learn a lot about horses through this project, but you’ll learn a lot about yourself too. Many of the things you’ll learn are skills you can use in other areas of your life, like: goal setting, critical thinking, learning to learn, record keeping, and personal safety.

U.S. Educational Standards for Science: • NS.5-8.1 Science As Inquiry — Abilities necessary to do

scientific inquiry.

• NS.5-8.3 Life Science — Structure and function in livings systems, reproduction and heredity, regulation and behavior.

• NS.5-8.6 Personal and Social Perspectives — Personal health, risks and benefits.

(www.educationworld.com/standards/national/science/5_8.shtml)

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So you want to be a 4-H Horse Program member! This can be an exciting and worthwhile experience both for you and for your horse. Many people, young and old, are discovering the satisfaction and pleasure that horses can bring them.

The five main objectives of the Montana 4-H Horse Program are to:

• learn what makes a good horse and how to select one

• learn to properly care for horses

• learn to safely use your horse

• learn to train and handle horses

• enjoy a healthful outdoor recreational lifetime activity

The Montana 4-H Horse Program is made up of ten separate horse project areas. Members are eligible to participate in the Horse Projects according to their ability and skill level. These skill levels, however, do not necessarily correspond to years. It is possible to complete several levels in a year, or youth may take several years to complete one level. Assessment sheets are provided for leaders to determine when a member has completed a level and is ready to move on.

Montana 4-H Horse Projects include:

Horseless Horse: If you don’t own a horse, some of the activities in this project will help you decide whether you really want to raise or learn more about horses. A Horseless Horse project member may also participate in Horse Judging and Horse Careers projects without owning a horse.

Horsemanship: There are seven levels of horsemanship where members develop riding skills, increase their horse knowledge, and learn horse care and safety. 4-H members must at least complete Level 3 to enroll in additional horsemanship projects, unless specified differently.

Colt to Maturity: Training a young horse from weanling stage through five-year-old. Members must be 12 years old or older during the current 4-H year and have completed Horsemanship Levels 1, 2, and 3.

Green Horse: Training a green broke horse, of any age. Members must be 12 years old or older during the current 4-H year and have completed Horsemanship Levels 1, 2, and 3.

Horse Judging: Learn to judge horse conformation and also performance classes. Members may enroll in this project simultaneously with any Horsemanship Level.

Driving: Learn driving skills and train your horse to drive, either single, teams or large hitches. Members may enroll in Driving Level 1 in any level of Horsemanship. To advance to Level 2 and beyond the 4-H member must have completed Horsemanship Level 3.

Packing: Learn how to pack a horse, how to organize a pack trip and how to complete a several day pack trip in the mountains. Members must have completed Horsemanship Levels 1, 2, and 3.

Ranch Horse: Learn basic horse and ranch work skills including learning how to fix fence, rope, pen cattle, learn brands, give shots, and more. Members must have completed Horsemanship Levels 1, 2, and 3.

Horse Showing: Learn skills necessary to compete in and organize various horse show events. Members must have completed Horsemanship Levels 1, 2, and 3.

Horse Careers: Learn what opportunities await those desiring a career in the horse industry. Members may enroll in this project simultaneously with any Horsemanship Level.

These are very brief descriptions of the projects. There are opportunities to learn about all different types of horses and horse-related activities. The skills you learn through your 4-H Horse Projects will be skills that you will use throughout your life, as a hobby or, perhaps, as a career.

All of the Horse Projects are progressive in nature, and most are divided into levels. It is necessary to master the skills in the first levels in order to continue safely and successfully through each project.

As you complete each of the project workbooks and your project assessment, you may go on to the next level. Once you have completed all three basic levels, you may enroll in the other project areas of the Montana 4-H Horse Program, unless specified above.

In the three basic horsemanship levels, you will have hands on experience in riding and caring for your horse. You will talk with veterinarians and horse trainers, visit places where horses are raised and read about horses.

You may enroll in each level as many times as you like, and may progress according to your interest and ability. The goal is to eventually advance through to level 7 and complete all levels. You may complete the project assessments for the first three levels on horses other than your own. It is very important to use a gentle, well-trained horse while you are learning the basic skills. It is a very difficult and frustrating experience for both member and horse, if both are inexperienced.

Before beginning each level, it is important to glance through the entire workbook. You may want to work on several parts of a level at the same time. Check with your County 4-H Extension Agent to find out which leaders may carry out the project assessments at the end of each level. Each county may handle this a little differently, and it is your responsibility to learn your county’s policy. You must get assessed by a registered horse leader who will go through the Skills With My Horse section with you and sign off that you can do and understand each skill. Your County Agent has the discretion to decide who can assess the 4-H member.

There are some guidelines which should be followed when you enroll in the various projects.

Introduction

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1. Horses being used in the Colt to Maturity or Green Horse Project may not be enrolled in the Horsemanship Project, and vice versa. However, a Colt to Maturity horse that is five and can then cross enter in Level 7.

2. 4-H members may not use stallions as project horses.

3. 4-H members enrolling in the Colt to Maturity or Green Horse project must be 12 years old prior to the end of the project year.

Each project may have specific guidelines. It is a good idea to think about the projects in which you would like to enroll, and while you are still in the basic levels, read through the project materials for those projects to note specific requirements, so that you will be prepared when the time comes.

Project Materials for the First Three Basic Levels:

Montana Horsemanship Projects Manual (#1160)Horsemanship Levels 1-3 Workbook (#5246)

Project Objectives: Levels 1-3

• Learn basic horse safety skills

• Learn basic horse care and nutrition

• Learn what equipment is needed to care for your horse

• Learn basic horse terminology

• Learn about horse breeds

• Learn about coat colors/markings

• Become familiar with businesses and professionals that are a part of owning a horse

Project Work: Levels 1-3

• Participate in the 4-H program

• Complete project workbook for each level, in progression

• Participate in the project

Montana State University Extension: 4-H Horse Helmet PolicyA certified equestrian helmet with safety harness fastened in place is required in over fence classes and gymkhana events, activities, and practice sessions. Gymkhana refers to horseback speed events (timed or un-timed) that do not use livestock. Events that usually fall in this category include, but are not limited to: barrel racing, pole bending, keyhole races, stake races, rescue races, pony express race, etc. Events that are not intended to be included in this policy are events such as calf roping, team roping, goat tying, and team penning that may be timed but use livestock.

Participants in the 4-H Horse Project are required to attend a helmet education workshop and/or view the video “Every Ride Every Time” once as a junior 4-H member (9-13)

and once as a senior 4-H member (14 and up). It is the responsibility of the parent or guardian of the 4-H member to see that the headgear worn complies with such standards and is in good condition. The Montana 4-H Center for Youth Development encourages the use of ASTM certified/SEI approved safety helmets in all equine events. Protective headgear may be used in all classes and shall not be discriminated against. Helmet use is encouraged in all 4-H horse activities any time a 4-H member is around a horse. Counties may establish more stringent policies regarding helmet use.

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Level 1

ExhibitsGoing to the fair or county project day? Here are some suggestions:

• Poster or notebook documenting project experiences

• Demonstration

• Interview

• Walk/Trot/Lope class using a gentle horse

• Education Display

Project GoalsKeeping good records is an important part of your 4-H work. Accurate records will tell others about your work and progress and will help you to become a better horseman. Some of the questions will ask you to establish goals for your project. Each 4-H horse project member is encouraged to set goals which he or she plans to attain while enrolled in the project.

• I have read the introduction and understand the Montana 4-H Horse Program and I have obtained the Montana Horsemanship Projects Manual.

Date: ______________________________________

State your county’s policy on project assessments and helmet usage.

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

Goals and 4-H

The 4-H motto is “To Make the Best Better”. Tell me about 3 goals you have for Horsemanship Level 1.

1)

2)

3)

What do the 4 H’s on the 4-H clover represent?

1)

2)

3)

4)

What 4-H horse activities do you plan to participate in?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

Tell me about your horse.

Name of horse: ______________________________________

Breed: ______________________________________________

Age: ________________________________________________

Sex: ________________________________________________

Color and Markings: __________________________________

How long have you had your horse? ____________________

Who feeds him most of the time? ______________________

Do your share this horse with any one else? _____________

____________________________________________________

Leader Initial and Date:________________

Horse Project Skill: Setting goalsLife Skill: Keeping Records, Goal SettingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.6 Personal and Social PerspectivesSuccess Indicator: Goals Identified, Helmet Policy Understood,

Described Personal Horse

5

Horse Knowledge

Know your horseUsing the word boxes below, fill in the corresponding name to the part on the horse and hoof, next to the arrow.

Horse Parts

poll

neck

withers

back

knee

hock

cannon bones

shoulder

barrel

thigh

mane

tail

foretop

Hoof Parts

hoof wall

coronet band

Horse Project Skill: Learning about the parts of horses and gaitsLife Skill: Critical thinking, learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.3 Life Science

Success Indicator: Parts of the horse and horse gaits identified


6

lope

walk

gallop

trot

canter

back

Gaits of the HorseMatch the gait to its correct definition.

_______________ A two beat diagonal gait, with an average speed of 7 – 10 miles per hour.

______________ A three beat gait, with an average speed of 6-10 miles per hour.

_______________ A four beat gait with a moment of suspension, the fastest gait of the horse.

_______________ A two beat gait where the horse moves backwards.

_______________ A lateral four beat gait, with an average speed of 3 ½ - 5 miles per hour.

_______________ A three beat gait, with an average speed of 6-10 miles per hour. This gait is called a canter in the English riding discipline.


7

Western Saddle

English Saddle

horn

seat

stirrup

saddle string

cinch

seat

stirrup leathers

irons (stirrup)

girth

knee roll

Helpful ToolsHorse Project Skill: Learn the proper terms to identify horse tack

Life Skill: Critical thinkingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry

Success Indicator: Designated parts of horse tack identified

Using the word boxes, name the designated parts on these helpful horse tools.

8

Bridle Parts

crown piece

cheek piece

bit

reins

Halter Parts

crown piece

cheek piece

nose band


9

Write the name of the described tool under the corresponding picture.

stiff brush — this brush has stiffer bristles to reach a little deeper into the hair and get out the dirt.

finishing brush — this is a softer shorter bristled brush that works well to remove the fine dust off your horse

mane/tail brush — round brush with handle.

mane/tail comb — a hard plastic material with sturdy teeth on it that’s used to remove tangles

rubber curry — is made of flexible, jelly rubber, waterproof, is gentle and can be used to massage your horse

metal curry — used deep down to get out caked on mud and dirt; not to be used on the face

Grooming Your HorseHorse Project Skill: Learn about horse grooming tools and where to buy them

Life Skill: Learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry

Success Indicator: Grooming tools and professionals associated with horses named

10

Visit a tack store or read a tack catalog.

• Date: ___________________________________________

• List equipment and tack items you will need to ride and care for your horse:

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Make a list of the businesses and professionals you will use in connection with your horse. (Include veterinarian, farrier, feed store, tack store, etc.)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


11

Horse Safety

What two parts of the horse let you know how a horse is thinking?

1)

2)

Explain how to safely approach a loose horse.

Give two examples of safety rules you should always use while leading and tying your horse?

1)

2)

What are two safety precautions you should practice while riding your horse?

1)

2)

What can happen if you don’t wear a helmet and fall off?


Horse Project Skill: Learn horse behavior and personal safetyLife Skill: Personal safetyEducational Standard: NS.5-8.6 Personal and Social Perspectives

Success Indicator: Horse safety, behavior, and well-being discussed

12

Horse Well-being

Answer the following questions regarding the health of your horse.

• What are two indications that your horse may be not feeling well?

1)

2)

• Parasites that live on the outside of a horse are called external parasites. Name 1 external parasite.

1)

• Horses can become infested with internal parasites (worms) through their everyday environment. What can we give them to

help them get rid of internal parasites? .

• Name one disease a horse can get? How can we help prevent our horses from getting diseases?

1)

• How can you tell if your horse is lame? .

• Horse feed can be divided into 5 types of nutrients, name 1 of these nutrients.

1)

• What are 2 qualities you should look for in the hay you feed to your horse?

1)

2)

• What is 1 undesirable condition you should always watch for in hay when feeding your horse?

1)

• What does your horse eat everyday and describe how you feed your horse?


Horse Project Skill: Learn horse health and nutritionLife Skill: Critical thinkingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.3 Life Science

Success Indicator: Identified a sick horse, horse health and nutrition defined

13

Read a horse magazine.

• Name of magazine and name of article: _______________

________________________________________________

• What was your favorite part of the magazine? __________

________________________________________________

Your Dream HorseInclude pictures you have cut from magazines or that you have drawn to show what your dream horse would look like.

• What breed would it be? ___________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

• What color, size and gender? _______________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

• What would you do with it? ________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Horse VocabularyUnscramble the words to complete the sentences.

A newborn horse (male or female) is called a

________________. (olfa)

The area behind the horses’ poll where the mane is often

clipped is the ______________________. ( ldibre hatp)

Horses are measured in increments called _________

(dahns), which are four inches.

The height of the horse is measured at the

_______________ (heswirt)

A ______________ (rirefra) is a person who specializes

in the care of the horses’ feet.

The permit you should have whenever you haul your

horse across a county line is called the _____________

______________________ ( adnrb cniptnsieo).

Horse Terminology and TriviaHorse Project Skill: Expanding resources, learning

horse terminology and characteristicsLife Skill: Critical thinking, learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry Success Indicator: Dream horse described, horse

vocabulary defined, colors identified

14

Color of HorsesFind each of the following words going up, down, diagonal, backward or forward.

BAY BUCKSKIN GRULLO SORREL BAY ROAN CHESTNUT PALOMINO WHITE BLACK CREMELLO PERLINO BLUE ROAN DUN RED DUN BROWN GRAY RED ROAN

R B U C K SWY N C H E S T N U N RWS I B N I R D U R E D RO A N I R T R H T MN D D K H HWP I R E A L I U N E I P O A O L N B C R EM E L L ONOU D T L L O L U RGD D R B U E N S R E D D U N A RG L L U RG T BM L E UG E S H T D P Y K BWH I T E E E HW L T R L NO B A Y P E R L I N RWC Y B L A CON K I N A OD D L E C T U N T S E H C I Y I P I B UON I MO L E P O E RO L L RO E K U N E N A R R S OR U R N R B ROWN S G B U B N UGR L I E A E N I R L G I K P R D D Y T U C R E O P A M B R L N N C A N U L E R RO S R ROOO K D A OW U L T R L E B N K E U R R ROC E T R C B OR R E L A E U H Y R Y A O A R E B O NM L E Y B O L O A A A N B S L B N B L S I R S A A B R B O B O I A N B R A L U R N B H R B B B L U E RO A B GGR Y B OOR HG I L A E T E OC A T E P B E L


15

Skills with My HorseCircle for assessment: English / Western

LEVEL 1 Date Leader

Completion of bookwork

Record book up to date

Project Assessment

1. Catch and properly fit a halter on a horse.

2. Explain and demonstrate how to safely and properly lead a horse.

3. Safely back the horse from the ground.

4. Demonstrate where and how to tie a horse safely. Give some examples of what are unsuitable (unsafe) places or objects to tie a horse to.

5. Demonstrate a pre-riding grooming and explain why it is important to always groom your horse before saddling him/her.

6. Help safely bridle and unbridle a horse (members may need assistance).

7. Help safely saddle and unsaddle a horse (members may need assistance).

8. Show how to check the tack before mounting and explain the reasons for doing so.

9. Safely mount and dismount (some members may need assistance).

10. Explain and show proper body position when riding.

11. Show how to correctly hold the reins.

12. Show turns to the left and to the right while your horse is walking.

13. Show turns to the left and to the right while your horse is trotting.

14. Back your horse while mounted, 5 steps.

15. While guiding your horse around the arena move from a walk to a trot and back to the walk. Demonstrate both directions of the arena.

16. Stop your horse from a walk.

17. Stop your horse from the trot.

18. Ride your horse in a figure 8 pattern at the walk.

19. Ride your horse in a figure 8 pattern at the trot.

20. Explain and demonstrate what you would do if your horse were running away with you.

21. While watching a horse being ridden at the trot, identify whether the rider is posting (rising) the trot or sitting the trot.

22. While watching a horse at a lope(canter) identify which lead it is in.

16

Level 2 ExhibitsGoing to the fair or county project day? Here are some suggestions:

Goals and 4-H

The slogan for 4-H is to “Learn by Doing”. Tell me about 2 of the skills you have learned in your 4-H Horsemanship project.

1) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

2) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

What are 3 goals that you have for Horsemanship Level 2? How will you work toward achieving them?

1) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

2) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

3) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

How many levels of Horsemanship does Montana 4-H offer?

1) ____________ Levels.

What are 2 other horse projects Montana 4-H offers?

1) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

2) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

Tell me about your horse.

Name of horse: _______________________________________

Breed: _______________________________________________

Age: _________________________________________________

Sex: _________________________________________________

Height: ______________________________________________

Color and Markings: ___________________________________

Horse Project Skill: Setting goalsLife Skill: Keeping records, goal settingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.3 Personal and Social Perspectives

Success Indicator: Goals identified, horse projects described, personal horse discussed


• Demonstration

• Interview




17

Montana 4-H Horse Program Projects

Match the project to the correct definition.

COLT TO MATURITYLearn the skills of driving a horse and teaching a horse to drive.

DRIVINGLearn what opportunities await those desiring a career in the horse industry.

GREEN HORSETraining a horse from a weanling thru five year old horse.

HORSE CAREERSTraining a green broke horse of any age.

HORSE JUDGINGNumber of levels of horsemanship offered.

HORSEMANSHIP Learn basic skills for ranch work.

HORSE SHOWINGLearn how to pack a horse and how to organize a pack trip.

PACKINGLearn how to judge horse conformation and also performance classes.

RANCH HORSELearn how to organize and compete in various horse show events.

SEVENDevelopment of riding skills and communication with your horse.


Horse Project Skill: Learning about 4-H Horse projects and the parts of a horseLife Skill: Critical thinking, learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.3 Life ScienceSuccess Indicator: Horse projects defined, parts of horse and hoof identified, hoof

knowledge demonstrated, gaits described, markings identified

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Horse Knowledge Know your horseUsing your knowledge from Level 1 (pg. 5) and the new words below, fill in the corresponding name to the part on the horse next to the arrow.

Horse Parts

forehead

bridge of nose

muzzle

throat latch

chest

forearm

girth

chestnut

pastern

flank

gaskin

croup

loin

crest

19

Hoof Parts

toe

quarter

heel

wall

whiteline

sole

point of frog

Correctly label the parts of the hoof. Using your knowledge from Level 1 and the new words below, fill in the corresponding name to the parts of the hoof

Answer the following questions:

• How much does a healthy hoof grow each month? _______________________________________________________________

• Why do you sometimes have to use corrective trimming? _________________________________________________________

• How do you keep a hoof moist? 1) _____________________________________________________________________________

2) __________________________________________________________________________

Tell me how many beats are there in each gate below..

Walk - _________ beats. Trot - _________ beats. Lope - _________ beats. Gallop - _________ beats.


20

Markings of a Horse Complete the following exercises by adding the appropriate markings to the illustrations below:

A B C D

Star. Strip. Snip. Star and Strip. Snip. Star. Blaze and Snip Faint Star. over Nostril to Lip.

Sock Stocking Pastern Partial Fetlock Coronet Band

E F G H I

Helpful Tools

Using the word boxes and the words you learned in Level 1 (pgs 7-8), name the designated parts on these helpful horse tools.

Western Saddle

English Saddle

cantle

fender

skirt

fork

latigo

seat jockey

cantle

flap

skirt

pommel

billets

seat jockey

21

Horse Project Skill: Learning the proper terms to identify horse tackLife Skill: Critical thinkingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry

Success Indicator: Parts of saddle, halter, and bridle identified

22

Bridle Parts

throat latch

brow band

curb strap /curb chain

Halter Parts

throat latch

connector strap

• Basically there are 2 types of bits, a snaffle or a curb. One of the bits works using leverage between the bars of the mouth and the curb strap on the bridle and the other works on the corners and bars of the mouth.

What is the bit that uses leverage? _______________________________________________________________________________

• Saddle blankets or saddle pads are used under the saddle to help keep the lining of your saddle clean.

What is one other purpose of a saddle blanket or saddle pad? ________________________________________________________


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Grooming Your Horse


face brush — small soft bristle brush designed to be used on the head and legs.

hoof brush — round paint brush style tool that is used to apply hoof dressings.

shedding blade — looped metal banded, serrated tool that removes loose hair and dirt.

bot knife — serrated knife that is used to remove bot eggs.

hoof pick — this item is used to pick out your horses feet and has a point on one end.

Level 1 Review*

A hard plastic material with sturdy teeth on it that’s used to remove tangles:____________________

Made of flexible, jelly rubber, waterproof, is gentle and can be used to massage your horse:____________

Used deep down to get out caked on mud and dirt; not to be used on the face:_________________________

This brush has stiffer bristles to reach a little deeper into the hair and get out the dirt:___________________

Round brush with handle: ______________

A softer shorter bristled brush that works well to remove the fine dust off your horse:_________________

*Need some help? Refer to pg 9 for word choices.

Horse Project Skill: Learn about horse grooming tools and how to use themLife Skill: Learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as InquirySuccess Indicator: Grooming tools identified Leader Initial and Date:________________

24

Horse Safety

When working around a horse you should always be calm and confident. Give two safety rules you should always use while grooming or saddling a horse.

1)

2)

Why do you discipline a horse only at the instant of its disobedience?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When saddling a horse which cinch should always be tightened first? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give two safety rules you should always practice while riding with or around other horses.

1)

2)

Explain where a horse’s blind spots are and why it is important to know this.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain how to safely turn a horse loose in a pasture.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Horse Project Skill: Learning about horse safetyLife Skill: Personal safetyEducational Standard: NS.5-8.6 Personal and Social Perspectives

Success Indicator: Proper horse safety and discipline practices described

25

Horse Well-being

Visit a veterinarian’s office.

• Date: _____________________________________________

• List two things you learned during your visit:

1)

2)

Watch a farrier shoe a horse.

• Date : _______________________________________________

• What size of shoe does your horse wear?

__________________________________________________

• List one other thing you learned.

__________________________________________________

Parasites that live on the outside of a horse are called external parasites. Name two external parasites.

1)

2)

All horses are subject to internal parasites, an internal parasite lives and feeds off the inside of a horse. Name one internal parasite.

1)

Diseases such as Strangles (distemper) and Rhinopneumonitis can be passed from one horse to another. What is one way you can help to prevent the spread of these diseases?

1)

Horse feeds can be divided into five main types of nutrients. Name two of these nutrients.

1)

2)

You should always provide your horse with good clean water. What percentage of the horse’s body is water? _________%

Hay and pasture are considered what type of feed?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

When cleaning a horse’s foot, which direction should you use the hoof pick?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

When a horse is lame sometimes we will examine the leg closely, this is called palpation and manipulation. What is one thing we may see or feel that could make the horse lame?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________


Horse Project Skill: Learning about horse healthLife Skill: Critical thinkingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.3 Life ScienceSuccess Indicator: What was learned while visiting with a veterinarian and farrier described, parasites and diseases identified, nutritional

requirements named, proper care demonstrated

26

Horse Terminology and Trivia

Read a horse book.

• Date completed : _____________________________________

• Title of book: ________________________________________

• Briefly describe: ______________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Across1. The left side of the horse (two words).

3. A slow trot used in the western discipline of riding.

9. This draft horse is often Bay in color with high white stockings on their legs and big blaze faces.

12. The right side of a horse (two words).

13. Abdominal pain in horses.

14. An injury or genetic problem that affects the usefulness of the horse

Down2. A horse length (two words).4. A conformation fault where the top jaw protrudes over

the lower jaw (two words).5. A horse under 14.2 hands in height.6. This pony comes from the Shetland Island off

Northern Scotland7. A scar or unsightly mark on a horse that does not affect

his usefulness.8 Inflammation of the sensitive laminae in the hoof of

the horse.10. The mother of a horse.11. The father of a horse

Crossword Puzzle1 2 E

3

G4 5

4

7 4

9

L Y 10 D E 11 S A E12 O E

13

I

14

S

LAMINITIS SHETLAND PONY SIRE UNSOUNDNESS EIGHTFEET COLIC JOG CLYDESDALE NEARSIDE OFFSIDE PARROTMOUTH BLEMISH

Horse Project Skill: Expanding resources and learning horse termsLife Skill: Critical thinking, learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry

Success Indicator: Chosen horse book discussed, horse terms identified

27

Word FindFind each of the following words going up, down, backward or forward.

ANKLE FLEABITTEN GRAY SNIP BALD FACE

HALF PASTERN SOCK BLANKET LEOPARD

STAR BLAZE OVERO STOCKING

CORONET PASTERN STRIP DAPPLED

PIEBALD TOBIANO DARK SPOTS SKEWBALD

PEBECAAFD LABOVEROBPE I YPCORON I TSBANDALT I Y EASLAAOROCLLSPNKE INB BRTZEEELKNAOO I ALCOSA A GOBALDFSHBFCREEZALB LNPLSKEWBALDKTAAEHRP DESTSTOCK IOE I SSWEARN FTKSBLAZZEDLNKTSELBA ATALEOPARDAPGAOREFLL C IDSKEWBALAPK ICPPPAA EBKNRETSAPLAHBK INANA DARKSPOTSKBDFO I TOSKN TENDOTKAKCOSFTNSNTEK OLRDNESTENOROCGSAETL BFLKNATTAPRSFRBT IRAA ALABWEKSPASTERTRBNES I AWPASTERNOANOP IOKNN NNDDLEBWEKSRAETBTRAG OKLEOPPARDLABE I PPTLK LEBYNDNAERPOELGTTABS


28


LEVEL 2 Date Leader



Project Assessment

1. Explain and demonstrate the proper riding position while sitting on your horse and at the walk.

2. While guiding your horse around the arena move from a walk to a trot and to a lope (canter), back to a trot than a walk. Demonstrate both directions of the arena.

3. Demonstrate a posting (rising) trot, showing the posting rhythm, both directions of the arena.

4. Describe and demonstrate how to correctly cue for a lope on the left lead.

5. Describe and demonstrate how to correctly cue for a lope on the right lead.

6. Lope (canter) a circle to the left, without breaking gait. (Horse may be on either lead.)

7. Lope (canter) a circle to the right, without breaking gait. (Horse may be on either lead.)

8. Show a balanced stop from a walk.

9. Stop from a jog/trot.

10. Stop from a lope. (Rider may need to trot a couple steps when stopping.)

11. Back 6 steps while mounted.

12. Turn 90 degrees to the left on the hindquarter.

13. Turn 90 degrees to the right on the hindquarter.

14. Turn 90 degrees to the left on the forehand.

15. Turn 90 degrees to the right on the forehand.

16. Demonstrate how properly to neck rein your horse to the left and to the right.

17. Demonstrate how to pick up the front feet on a horse.

18. Demonstrate how to tie a quick release knot.

29

Level 3

ExhibitsGoing to the fair or county project day? Here are some suggestions:


• Demonstration

• Interview



Goals and 4-H

What are three goals you have for Horsemanship 3? How will you work toward achieving them?

1)

2)

3)

After completing Horsemanship Level 3 what other 4-H horse projects would you like to enroll in?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tell me about an accomplishment you and your horse achieved in Level 2? What makes your horse special to you?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What are the five life skills taught in 4-H?

1) 2)

3) 4)

5)

Recite the 4-H Pledge.

Horse Project Skill: Setting goalsLife Skill: Keeping records, setting goalsEducational Standard: NS.5-8.6 Personal and Social Perspectives

Success Indicator: Goals identified, life skills identified, 4-H pledge recited


30

Know your horse

Using your knowledge from Level 1 and 2 (pg 5,18) and the new words below, fill in the corresponding name to the part on the horse next to the arrow.

Horse Knowledge

Horse Parts

nostril

upper lip

lower lip

under lip

jaw

cheek

point of shoulder

elbow

abdomen

ergot

ankle

fetlock

stifle

buttock

dock

point of hip

Horse Project Skill: Learning about the parts of a horseLife Skill: Critical thinking, learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.3 Life Science

Success Indicator: Parts of the horse and hoof named, gaits illustrate

31

Answer the following questions:

• What is the purpose of the frog? _______________________________________________________________________________

• What is the name of the hoof shaped bone inside of the horse’s hoof? ______________________________________________

• Draw and number each beat of the foot sequence of a horse at a walk. The first beat has been drawn for you.


Hoof Parts

buttress of the heel

bar

commissure

seat of corn

cleft of frog

Correctly label the parts of the hoof. Using your knowledge from Level 1 and 2 (pg 19) and the new words below, fill in the corresponding name to the parts of the hoof

1

32

Helpful Tools

Using the word boxes and the words you learned in Level 1 and 2 (pgs 7-8, 21-22), name the designated parts on these helpful horse tools.

Western Saddle

gullet

rear housing

connector strap

back billet

stirrup leather keeper

sheep skin lining

latigo keeper

off side billet

D-ring

Horse Project Skill: Learning the proper terms to identify horse tackLife Skill: Critical thinkingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry

Success Indicator: Parts of the saddle and bridle identified, bit differences illustrated.

33

English Saddle

stirrup hanger

panel

sweat flap

gullet

twist

stirrup leather keeper

billet guard

Halter Parts

34

When riding a horse there are different ways and tools we can use to communicate our commands to them. When the command comes from parts of our body it is called a natural aid. When we use tools that reinforce the commands we give with our body they are often called artificial aids.

• What are two natural aids? 1) ____________________________________ 2) ________________________________________

• What are two artificial aids? 1) ____________________________________ 2) ________________________________________

Bridle Parts

cavesson

keepers

runners

one ear headstall

sliding ear peice

Describe a snaffle bit (nonleverage)? _____________________

_____________________________________________________

Draw a picture of a snaffle bit.

Describe a curb bit (leverage)? __________________________

_____________________________________________________

Draw a picture of curb bit.

35

Why are snaffle bits most often used when starting a horse?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain how you to adjust and place a curb strap on a leverage and non-leverage bit on your horse.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain what is meant by light hands, and how this would be helpful to your horse.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the difference between a running martingale and a standing (tie-down) martingale?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Proper care of tack is important, both for the comfort of the horse and for the longevity of the tack. Explain how to keep your

tack in good working condition. __________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Complete two of the following activities:

Attend a horse sale.

• Date: ____________________________

Location: ________________________

Visit with a horse trainer.

• Date: ____________________________

Trainer: __________________________

• Give two questions you asked and what were the trainer’s answers?

1)

2)

Visit a horse trailer sales lot

• Date: ____________________________

Location: _________________________

• Name two horse trailer makes that were on the lot.

1)

2)


36


jelly brush — soft double-sided scrubber with knobs used for bathing and grooming.

sponge — artificial or natural open cell material that soaks up water and used to wipe down your horse.

washing mitt — rubber mitt used in a circular motion to cleanse the hair and massage the skin.

sweat/water scraper — contour shaped tool used to remove excess water or sweat.

plastic curry comb w/ water attachment — used to curry and wash your horse at the same time.

Horse Project Skill: Learning about horse grooming tools and how to use themLife Skill: Learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry

Success Indicator: Grooming tools identified

Grooming Your Horse

37

Level 1 & 2 Review*

A hard plastic material with sturdy teeth on it that’s used to remove tangles:____________________

Made of flexible, jelly rubber, waterproof, is gentle and can be used to massage your horse:____________

Used deep down to get out caked on mud and dirt; not to be used on the face:_________________________

Round paint brush style tool that is used to apply hoof dressings: ________________________

Serrated knife that is used to remove bot eggs:_____________________

Small soft bristle brush designed to be used on the head and legs: _________________________

This brush has stiffer bristles to reach a little deeper into the hair and get out the dirt:___________________

Round brush with handle:______________

A softer shorter bristled brush that works well to remove the fine dust off your horse:_________________

Looped metal banded, serrated tool that removes loose hair and dirt: ___________________________

This item is used to pick out your horses feet and has a point on one end: _____________________

*Need some help? Refer to pg 9 and 23 for word choices. Leader Initial and Date:________________

38

Horse Safety

Horses are easily frightened by unfamiliar objects and noises. If you are riding your horse and he becomes frightened and starts to run, what should you do?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give three safety guidelines you should follow when riding in a group of horses.

1)

2)

3)

When riding on a highway which direction does the Montana Highway Patrol recommend you ride, facing traffic or with traffic?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give three safety guidelines you should follow when trailering horses?

1)

2)

3)

Give three safety tips for tying a horse.

1)

2)

3)


Horse Project Skill: Learning about horse safetyLife Skill: Personal safetyEducational Standard: NS.5-8.6 Personal and Social Perspective

Success Indicator: Safety guidelines defined and identified

39

Horse Well-being

Horse feeds can be divided into five main types of nutrients.• Name three of these nutrients.

1)

2)

3)

Approximately what size (in gallons) is the stomach of a horse?

______________ gallons.

Hay and pasture are classified as a roughage. • What are the other two types of feed?

1)

2)

On average a horse will eat two percent of his body weight in feed per day. If you needed to purchase enough hay to feed a 1000 pound horse for a year (365 days) how many pounds of hay would you need to buy?

_____________________________________________________

Give three qualities a good pasture should have.

1)

2)

3)

Name two internal parasites.

1)

2)

Give two examples of how we can help to limit parasites (external or internal) in or on horses.

1)

2)

Name three of the diseases that we should immunize or vaccinate our horses against.

1)

2)

3)

Horses will often have a higher body temperature (fever) than normal if they are trying to fight an infection or sickness. What is the normal (average) temperature of the horse?

______________ degrees.

Abdominal pain in horses is called colic. • What are two symptoms of colic in a horse?

1)

2)


Horse Project Skill: Learning about horse health and nutritionLife Skill: Critical thinkingEducational Standard: NS.5-8.3 Life ScienceSuccess Indicator: Nutrients in feed identified, parasite control

described, vaccinations and symptoms identified

40

Horse Terminology and Trivia

Select a breed of your choice or use your own horse and gather all the materials you can. You may send to breed associations for materials, use library reference books and talk with those who raise that breed. Attach a picture or photo of the chosen breed.

• Breed:

• Characteristics:

• Primary uses:

Words from the Horse WorldUnscramble the word (words) to complete the sentences.

A (eudlob) ___________ (grdige) ____________ saddle is one that has two cinches.

Snaffle bits come in many varieties. Some of the different types are the (geg) _____ (tubt) _______, the D-ring, the (eloso)

_________ (irng) ________ and the (lulf) ________ (hkece) ___________.

Moving from one gait to another is called a (nisrtaonti) __________________.

The ideal horse of any breed is the (erdeb) __________ (atdrsnda) ___________.

A (egner) _________ (heros) __________ is one whose training is just beginning.

Montana Department of Livestock recognizes a hot iron brand or a (rezefe) ___________ (danrb) ____________ as legal

identification for horses.

Life Time Inspections for horses can only be issued by a (eSatt) _______ (Bdnra) __________ (snrotcIpe) _____________.

Correction bits and curb bits come in many different designs the severity (leverage) of these bits is in part determined by

the (nkahs) ____________ length.

The part of the bit that rises up in the horses’ mouth is called the (rotp) ___________ of the bit.

Horse Project Skill: Learning about horse breeds and termsLife Skill: Critical thinking, learning to learnEducational Standard: NS.5-8.1 Science as Inquiry

Success Indicator: Horse breed and characteristics identified, proper horse terms defined

41

Color Breeds and Natural and Artificial AidsFind each of the following words going up, down, backward or forward.

CURB BIT PINTO FEET PALOMINO

VOICE MARTINGALE CORRECTION BIT BUCKSKIN

PAINT BREED STANDARD SEAT

LEGS SNAFFLE ALBINO CROP

APPALOOSA HACKAMORE HANDS BOSAL

SPUR

B N A P R A C L A S O B OH E A L E G S O S D N A H U R EMC I P A CO V A P T K E D A K OR T P T R B S C A A H P I I P P H B L T B L N I P R E K B E A I O S C T T O F M B I O N T A A A A ON N N A R E O S T A I MC D UM T M SM P T M E O E R I A N T T T R C COOO A S OO E P F MNM B I C B A F T A RO K O B N E M S S B U C K S K C A B R E L CON I G A COR R E C T I O N B I T A A L N K A R R P S C I I O R E B R T L P H A I SM T L P D A R L N B I S U T P PM P B K A I NM T A U A I OO E C RM A B P L C R N R N N D PMM A P P A L OO E A A U C G E C I O V COR R E C T I O N N A B R A N P A B I A L T P I S S P U R C P B I I CO P C S N A F F L E B H B P A R U T E L L P OON P T A E L A GN I T R A M A L B I NOD R A D N A T S D E E R B C B A A O B I S N E R C I L R U T T S N A


42


LEVEL 3 Date Leader



Project Assessment

1. Demonstrate proper riding position at the walk and trot.

2. While guiding your horse around the arena demonstrate the difference between a jog and a trot.

3. At the jog/trot ride your horse in a straight line, turn left around a marker and return in a straight line, without breaking gait.

4. At the jog/trot ride your horse in a straight line, turn right around a marker and return in a straight line, without breaking gait.

5. While guiding your horse at the trot in a circle to the left demonstrate a posting (rising) right diagonal.

6. While guiding your horse at the trot in a circle to the right demonstrate a posting (rising) left diagonal.

7. Demonstrate how to correctly cue your horse to lope (canter) on the left lead. While maintaining roundness of the circle, lope 2 circles to the left on the left lead, without breaking gait.

8. Demonstrate how to correctly cue your horse to lope (canter) on the right lead. While maintaining roundness of the circle, lope 2 circles to the right on the right lead, without breaking gait.

9. Lope (canter) a figure 8 pattern showing a drop to trot lead change in the center of the pattern.

10. From a trot demonstrate a balanced stop.

11. While mounted, back your horse in a straight line for 10 steps.

12. Turn 180 degrees to the left on the hindquarter.

13. Turn 180 degrees to the right on the hindquarter.

14. Turn 180 degrees to the left on the forehand.

15. Turn 180 degrees to the right on the forehand.

16. Sidepass to the left 6 steps (or three crossovers).

17. Sidepass to the right 6 steps (or three crossovers).

18. Demonstrate how to pick-up the hind feet of a horse.

19. Explain how to tell if a horse needs to have its feet trimmed.

43

Horsemanship Project Equipment Inventory SheetKeeping record of what you buy for your horse is important to keep track of what items cost and how long you have them for. Below is an inventory sheet for you to keep track of these items. Some examples have been given and you can add additional items as you purchase them.

Item Purchase Price Life Expectancy of Item Equipment Cost Per Year

Saddle

Bridle

Saddle pad

Halter

Lead rope

Lunge line

Running martingale

Winter blanket

Soft brush

Hard brush

Curry comb

Mane/tail comb

Sweat scraper

Shedding blade

Splint boots

Bucket

Clippers

Girth/Cinch

Whip

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