hongjun wang - nc biotech
TRANSCRIPT
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Hongjun Wang
1 Duke University Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90333, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
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T
Moss Shrub/Tree
Rus
sia
Can
ada
Wes
tern
Eur
ope
Mid U
SA
SE U
SA
Louisian
a
Florid
a
Kalim
anta
n
0
100
200
300
400
C a
ccum
ula
tion (
g m
-2 y
r-1)
Bakker et al., 1997
• Fate of boreal peatlands?
• Why do non-boreal peatlands exist?
• Carbon sink or source under climate change?
Scientific Questions
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Myers-Smith et al., 2011
Climate change-induced plant succession
Drought + Warming
Moss Shrub Tree
? Carbon stock
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What controls C decomposition?
Generally, low C quality decreases C decomposition
Not only anoxia, other factors, substrate or buildup chemical resistance must exist to reduce decomposition under drought
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Natural site Restored site Drained site Pocosin Bog Study sites in coastal NC
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Long-term treatments in field
Natural Drained Restored
Biomass: 71.9 Mg C ha-1 20.1 Mg C ha-1 4.8 Mg C ha-1
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Field and Lab Experiments
Gas chamber
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Phenolic inhibitory effect is defined as a negative value of Pearson’s r between soil respiration and soluble phenolics in the surface soil.
Lower water level, higher phenolic inhibitory effect
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
r = 0.8965
p = 0.015
Ph
eno
lic in
hib
itory
eff
ect
Water level (cm, below ground surface)
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Phenolics inhibit SR
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
C
O2 e
mis
sio
n (m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
Log (Soluble phenolics(g g-1 dry soil))
r = 0.833
p < 0.0001
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Highest available and total phenolics found in shrub leaves
Sphagnum Herbs Shrubs Trees0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 Pocosin
Boreal peatlands
To
tal
ph
eno
lics
(m
g C
g-1
dw
)
Plant community
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 Ratio (available/total)
Ratio (
%)High
resistance
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Summary 1
Short-term
drought
Short-term
drought
Long-term
moderate
drought
Long-term
moderate
drought
Phenol
oxidase
Plant
community Phenolics Phenolics
Peat
decomposition
Peat
decomposition
_
+
+
+
_
Wang, H., C. J. Richardson and M. Ho, 2015. Dual controls on carbon loss during drought inpeatlands. Nature Climate Change, 5: 584–587.
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Phase 2
Wang et al., under review
Shrubs Sphagnum
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Re
lative
ab
ou
nd
an
ce
of fu
ng
i (%
)
Dominant plant community
Unknow Fast-growing Slow-growing
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Slow-growing microbes with low carbon
turnover rate in shrub peatlands
0
200
400
600
800
2200
2400
2600
dd
c
Sp.Sp.
Sp.Sh.
Sh.Sh.
CO
2 e
mis
sio
n (
mg h
r-1 g
-1 M
BC
)
Treatment (soilinoculum
)
d
a
b
Sh.Sp.
Min.Sh.Min.
Sp.0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0
20
40
60
80
100
Slow-growing fungi Fast-growing fungi
Re
lative A
bun
da
nce
(%
)
Phenolics (g C /g dry soil)
Wang et al., under review
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Peatlands can adapt to climate change by gradually shifting microbial & plant communities to maintain essential carbon sequestration functions and processes.
Phenolics linked plant-microbe symbioses
Summary 2
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Can we enhance phenolic or phytochemical linkage in farmlands?
Right crops, right fertilizer, right
inoculants, right-plant-induced chemicals ?
Application in Soil Health
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Phytochemicals
Diversity
Nutrients
Water
Biome health
Soil carbon
Pathogen
Pest
Soil erosion
Beneficial microbe
Phytochemical Linkage to Health of Soil, Plant, Animal and Human
• How human activities and climate change have changed the linkage in natural ecosystem and farmlands wetlands?
• How can we fix and enhance this linkage to improve ecosystem sustainability and resilience?
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An example―Organic Farming
Barański et al. 2014. Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. British J. Nutrition. 112:794-811.
• Phenolic acids 19%
• Flavenones 69%
• Stilbenes 28%
• Flavones 26%
• Flavonols 50%
• Anthocyanins 51%
• Cadmium -48%
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Questions?
Acknowledgements: Prof. Curtis J. Richardson, Dr. Mengchi Ho, Dr. Neal Flanagan and other members at Duke University Wetland Center
US DOE Office of Science, Terrestrial Ecosystem Sciences, Coastal Carolina/ Southeastern Virginia Strategic Habitat Conservation Team, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service-Region 4, The Nature Conservancy of North Carolina and the Duke University Wetland Center Endowment provided financial support