hong kong. where is hong kong? up close climate subtropical, tending towards temperate for nearly...
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Hong Kong
Where is Hong Kong?
Up Close
Climate
Subtropical, tending towards Temperate for nearly half of the year.
Temperate
“Climates with distinct winter and summer seasons, usually equal in length.”
Subtropical
“Having eight or more months with mean temperatures of 10 °C (50 °F) or warmer but with at least one month averaging colder than 18 °C (64 °F).”
- Climatologist Glenn Trewartha
Translation for MBA Student:
“Hot and humid, with a chance of thunderstorms in the afternoon.”
- Anonymous
Temperature
Rainfall
EXTREME WEATHER!!!
• Severe weather phenomena that can affect Hong Kong include tropical cyclones, strong winter monsoon winds, and thunderstorms with associated squalls that are most frequent from April to September.
• Waterspouts and hailstorms occur infrequently, while snow and tornados are rare.
Don’t Worry – There’s a Website
Tropical Cyclone Warning System
• Starting in 1884, a system of drum, ball, and cone was employed to give information to the mariners in the harbor on the existence and approximate location of a cyclone.
• In 1907, explosive bombs replaced the typhoon gun as they made more noise. The last one was exploded in 1937.
• In 1917, a numbered signal system began.
• Warnings are issued whenever a tropical cyclone is within 800 km from Hong Kong and poses a threat to the area.
Early Days
• Life has existed in Hong Kong since approximately 4000 BC. • Fishing and farming has taken place for at least 2000 years.
• Many Dynasties came and went, with the Mongols chasing many to Hong Kong after their conquest of the Song Dynasty.
• Area was relatively barren and had to rely on salt, pearl, and fishery trades.
• It’s position near mouth of Pearl River, however, made the area strategically important and favored by trading vessels.
“Trade” with Britain Begins
• British East India Company made the first successful British sea venture to China in 1699 AD.
• China thought trade with foreigners was distasteful, but “allowed” the British to establish a trading post in 1711.
• As European demand for tea/silk grew, trade became unfavorable because the British paid with silver.
• In 1773, the British unloaded 70,000 Kg of Bengal Opium and the Chinese taste for “foreign mud” grew exponentially.
• Alarmed by the drain of silver from his country and number of addicts in the streets, the emperor banned the drug trade.
• Thanks to some corrupt Chinese government officials, the trade continued until 1839, when the emperor stamped it out for a final time – requiring British traders to hand over the Opium which was publicly burned.
A Happy Emperor!
The Brits mean business!
• The Anglo-Chinese War (“Opium War”) ensued (1839-1842)
• On January 20, 1841, Commodore Gordon Bremmer claimed Hong Kong Island for Britain.
• In 1842, China ceded Hong Kong island to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking and the area became known as the Crown Colony.
• British and American merchants returned and Hong Kong was on its way to becoming the “nexus of trading in the east”.
More bullish Brits…and some French
• In 1859, Britain and FRANCE invaded China which led to the Convention of Peking, whereby the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter Island (90% of total Hong Kong area) were handed over to British control.
• In 1898, Britain gained the New Territories which they felt essential to protecting their interests in Hong Kong Island. This gain was contained within a 99 year lease agreement.
1859 1898
The 20th Century – Many flee to Hong Kong
• In the early 1900s, Hong Kong commerce moved away from trade and into manufacturing/services.
• In the 1920s, Civil War broke out in China and many capitalists left for Hong Kong.
• In 1937, Japan invaded China and many more Chinese fled to Hong Kong. Population skyrocketed from 878,000 to 1.6 million.
• In 1941, Hong Kong was captured by the Japanese, but reoccupied by British in 1945.
• From 1949-1950, many Chinese fled the Communist takeover and relocated to Hong Kong.
Transition to Chinese Rule
• In 1984, The Joint Declaration was signed between The Peoples Republic of China and Britain.
• It stated that on July 1, 1997, the entire British colony (not only the New Territories, but Kowloon and Hong Kong Island as well) would be handed over to Chinese leadership.
• It would become a Special Administrative Region (SAR) whereby it would have complete autonomy with the exception of Diplomatic Relations and National Defense.
• Leader Deng Xiaoping coined the phrase:
“One Country, Two Systems.”
But not much has changed…yet
• The SAR still utilizes English Common Law.
• The SAR is a separate customs territory with freer trade than mainland China.
• Hong Kongers still drive on the left.
• The SAR maintains its own immigration controls. Mainland visitors need visas. It’s actually easier for Hong Kongers to visit Europe than mainland Chinese to do the same.
• SAR citizens continue to have more political freedom than mainland citizens, such as freedom of the press and freedom of expression.
Something Cool: Hong Kong Airport
Chek Lap Kok Airport
• Voted BEST AIRPORT IN THE WORLD (2001-2005).
• One “super-terminal” that is claimed to be the largest enclosed space on planet earth.
• 70 moving walkways which travel the 2 mile length of the terminal
• 1100 room hotel
• The Discovery Channel recently did a special on the construction of the airport and compared it to the Panama Canal and Hoover Dam.
The first thing you’ll see:
A Map of China
Beijing
Shanghai
Geographic Facts about China
• World’s 4th largest country (based on land mass)
• China covers 7% of the world’s land area• Most populous country in the world (1.3 billion)• Himalayas in Western China (Mt. Everest in
Tibetan region of China)• Major Rivers: Amur (borders Siberia), Huang He
(N. China), and Yangtze (S. China)
China - Climate and Temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Beijing
Temp33 38 50 67 78 86 87 84 77 66 49 36
Beijing
Precip0.1 0.2 0.3 0.8 1.4 2.9 8.0 7.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1
Shanghai
Temp47 48 56 66 76 82 90 90 82 74 63 52
Shanghai
Precip1.8 2.4 3.3 3.6 4.3 6.4 5.5 5.6 0.1 2.2 2.0 1.5
• Climate is extremely diverse. Tropical in south, Subarctic in north. Humid in east, Dry in west.
Brief History of China - Timeline
Brief History of China
Major Eras in Chinese History
• Ancient Dynasties (? – 220 BC)
• Imperial Era (221 BC – 1840 AD)
• Modernization (1841 – 1911)
• Republican China (1912 – 1949)
• People’s Republic of China (1949 – present)
History - Ancient Dynasties (? – 220 AD)
• Early E. Asian civilizations originated along the Huang He (Yellow) River
• Shang Dynasty – first civilized dynasty– Formation of cities, writing, occupational specialization,
bronze age
• Zhou Dynasty – longest lasting dynasty (1027 – 221 BC)– Introduction of “Mandate from Heaven” political theory– Contained Age of Philosophers (Confucianism, Daoism)
History – Imperial Age (221 BC – 1840 AD)
• Qin Dynasty unified China after Warring States period during the last part of the Zhou dynasty.– Westerners named China after the Qin (Ch’in) dynasty– Connected walls of various warring states to create the
basis for the Great Wall– Commissioned army of life-sized terracotta warriors for
his burial site at Xi’an
History – Imperial Age (221 BC – 1840 AD)
• Imperial Age characterized by territorial expansion followed by periods of disunity
• Constant pressure from barbarians from the north• Gunpowder, porcelain, paper, block printing, and
wheelbarrow were invented during the early imperial dynasties
• Buddhism came to China during late period of Han Dynasty
History – Imperial Age (221 BC – 1840 AD)
• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1279 – 1368)– Mongols invaded China and moved their capital
to Beijing from Mongolia– Marco Polo visited China during this period– Arts such as Chinese opera flourished
History – Imperial Age (221 BC – 1840 AD)
• Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644)– Last Chinese dynasty to rule China– Modern Great Wall of China fortified and
lengthened– Short-lived naval exploration– Focus on agriculture deemphasized trade
History – Imperial Age (221 BC – 1840 AD)
• Qing Dynasty (1644 – 1911)– Invaders from Manchuria (North of Korea)– Expanded the empire to its greatest size ever– Established foreign trade through the Canton
system.• Foreign trader could only deal with a small group of
licensed Chinese merchants in Canton.• Foreigners were not allowed direct interaction with
the Chinese government
History – Modernization (1841 - 1911)
• Opium War (1839 – 1842)– Humiliating defeat of Chinese by the British– China ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain and opened
ports up to foreign residence and trade
• China continued to provide political and territorial concessions to foreign powers– Lost two wars (Sino-French War and Sino-Japanese
War) further shrinking its territory
• Chinese attempts to modernized during this time were continually thwarted by the ultraconservatives within the Qing government.
History – Republican China (1911 - 1949)
• Revolution of 1911 led by Western educated Sun Yat-sen.– Monetary support came from overseas Chinese.– Kuomintang (KMT) the National People’s Party established by Sun
Yat-sen’s associate, Song Jiaoren– The last Qing emperor, a child, abdicated on Feb. 12, 1912.
• Regional warlords fought for control of Beijing.• Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established in 1921.• CCP and KMT cooperated to retake control of China.
– KMT turned against CCP.– Hostilities were interrupted in order to fight Japanese occupation
during WWII.
History – Republican China (1911 - 1949)
• End of WWII brought about return of civil war between CCP and KMT.
• Allied agreement at Yalta Conference requested Soviet Union assistance in hastening the defeat of Japan allowed USSR to gain a foothold into Northeast China
• With assistance from Soviet Union, the People’s Liberation Army overran the KMT and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.
History – People’s Republic of China (1949 -)
• October 1, 1949 People’s Republic of China established with Mao Zedong as leader.
• During Korean War, China provided troops and aid to North Korea.
• First 5 Year Plan (1953-1957)– Effort to industrialize China in the Soviet model– Collectivized farming and nationalized banking, industry and trade
• Great Leap Forward (1958)– Launched to increase the pace of economic and technical
development– The Second 5 Year Plan (1958-1962) caused the largest man-made
famine in history.
• 30 million people starved to death• Chinese government blamed it on bad weather
History – People’s Republic of China (1949 -)
• China distanced itself from USSR• Amidst a weakening of power due to the failure of
the Great Leap Forward, Mao stepped down from his position as leader of the Chinese government– Mao maintained his role as chairman of the CCP
• As chairman of CCP, Mao initiated Cultural Revolution (1965 – 1969)– Believing the government had become too capitalistic
and complacent, he called upon students (Red Guards) to rebel against authority
– Red Guards fought against the military– Mao finally ordered army to restore order
History – People’s Republic of China (1949 -)
• After Cultural Revolution, Mao’s wife continued to control the media and cultural affairs
• Upon Mao’s death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping rose to power.
• Deng initiated economic reform toward a market economy
• Tiananmen Square (May 1989)– Students demonstrated in Beijing– Compelled by soaring inflation and lack of democratic
reforms– The military suppressed the student uprising killing
more than 200 demonstrators.
History – People’s Republic of China (1949 -)China’s recent history• Country has seen unprecedented economic growth.• Gained membership into WTO in 2001 amid calls for
human rights reforms• Beijing awarded 2008 Summer Olympics• Major gap between progress of rural areas (some still pre-
industrial) and urban areas (well into information age)• Widespread corruption and counterfeiting in manufacturing • Low wages bringing foreign investment in manufacturing• Growing levels of disposable income among Chinese• Cold war continues with Taiwan
– Recent Chinese law to act militarily if Taiwan progresses towards independence
The History and Geography of JAPAN:
An Overview
East Asia GATE – Spring 2005 – Fuqua School of Business
Japan: Quick Geography
FAST FACTS!
• An archipelago nation formed from strato-volcanic activity off the pacific coast of Asia
• Total area of 145,883 miles2 – slightly smaller than the size of California
• 73% of the land is mountainous, with Mt. Fuji as the peak at 12,388 feet
• Total population of 130MM, with 13MM in Tokyo and 1.5MM in Kyoto.
• Tokyo has 96 miles2 of reclaimed land in the harbor
Japan: Regions
1. Hokkaido in the north (Sapporo, Hakodate)2. Tohoku - northeastern Honshu (Sendai,
Fukushima)3. Kanto - the coastal plain (Tokyo, Yokohama)4. Chubu - mountainous middle region
dominated by the Japan Alps and the 4th-largest city, Nagoya
5. Kansai - ancient center of culture and commerce (Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, Kobe)
6. Chugoku (Hiroshima and Okayama)7. Shikoku - smallest of the main four islands, a
destination for Buddhist pilgrims. (Matsuyama, Takamatsu)
8. Kyushu - southernmost of the four main islands (Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Nagasaki)
9. Okinawa - semitropical southern island chain reaching out to Taiwan. The only major city is Naha
Japan consists of four main islands and a plethora of smaller islands. Honshu, the largest and most populated island, is typically divided into five regions, while the other islands comprise one region each.
Japan: Climate Zones
• Hokkaido has long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands develop deep snowbanks in the winter.
• Sea of Japan: The northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In summers, it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures due to the Foehn wind phenomenon.
• Central Highlands (Chuo-kochi): A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summers and winters and between days and nights.
• Seto Inland Sea (Seto-naikai): The mountains of the Chugoku and Shikoku regions block the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year.
• Pacific Ocean: Experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers due to the southeast seasonal wind.
• Nansei-shoto (Ryukyu) or Southwest Islands: Subtropical climate with heavy precipitation, especially during the rainy season. Typhoons are common; in 2004 a record number of 10 typhoons reached the main islands.
Japan’s great length from north to south causes the climate to vary from temperate in the north to subtropical in the south.
The country’s richly varied geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:
What does this mean for us?Records and Averages - Tokyo Tokyo Forecast
View: English | Metric Daily Records and Averages at weather.com
Month Avg. High
Avg. Low
Avg. Precip.
January 49.1° F 34.2° F 1.80 in
February 49.5° F 35.1° F 2.40 in
March 54.9° F 39.9° F 3.90 in
April 64.9° F 50.0° F 4.90 in
May 73.0° F 58.6° F 5.40 in
June 77.4° F 65.5° F 7.30 in
July 83.8° F 72.1° F 5.00 in
August 87.6° F 75.2° F 5.80 in
September 80.1° F 68.4° F 7.10 in
October 70.2° F 57.6° F 6.50 in
November 61.9° F 48.0° F 3.50 in
December 53.8° F 39.0° F 1.80 in
Tokyo
What does this mean for us?Records and Averages - Kyoto Kyoto Forecast
View: English | Metric Daily Records and Averages at weather.com
Month Avg. High
Avg. Low
Avg. Precip.
January 47.3° F 32.5° F 2.00 in
February 48.6° F 33.3° F 2.60 in
March 55.0° F 37.4° F 4.40 in
April 67.3° F 47.7° F 6.00 in
May 75.9° F 56.1° F 6.10 in
June 81.1° F 64.8° F 9.80 in
July 88.3° F 72.9° F 9.20 in
August 91.2° F 74.7° F 5.60 in
September 82.9° F 67.1° F 8.00 in
October 72.1° F 54.9° F 4.40 in
November 62.2° F 44.6° F 2.70 in
December 52.3° F 36.1° F 1.60 in
Kyoto
Japan: Pre-history
• Archaeological research shows that Japan was already settled by early humans at least 600,000 years ago, during the Lower Paleolithic period.
• During the many ice-ages during the last million years, Japan was regularly connected by land bridges to the Asian mainland, helping animals, plants, and people cross onto the island from what is now China and Korea.
Origins of an ancient culture
• Around 11,000 BC the Jomon culture of hunting and gathering emerged. These people, considered to be ancestors of the “proto” Japanese, manufactured some of the earliest known pottery in the world.
• This era transitioned to the Yayoi period around 900 BC, named an influx of settlers thought to have originated from from Korea. Artifacts reveal the use of important technologies such as rice farming and irrigation.
Japan: A Nation Emerges
• Traditional Japanese mythology states that Japan was founded in the 7th century BC by the ancestral Emperor Jimmu, who started a line of emperors that remains unbroken to this day.
• Research suggests that the true origins trace to the end of the third century AD, when the Yamato clan brought a number of small states around present-day Osaka under unified rule and introduced the term tenno (emperor).
• In 604, Prince Shotoku laid down Japan’s first constitution and began a move away from Shinto and towards Buddhism.
• In 645 AD, Emperor Kotoku issued the Taika Reform Edicts, sponsored by Confucian scholars, which formalized the Emperor's power over a centralized bureaucracy and intensified the adoption of Chinese government and cultural practices
• At the end of the 8th century, Emperor Kammu moved the imperial court from Nara to Heian (now Kyoto), and the Heian period began, a blossoming of classical Japanese literature and art.
The country begins to take shape.
Japan: The Classical Era
• Peace came to Japan as Kammu conquered various warring tribes and supported the development of Japanese Buddhism.
• The nation returned to a “ritsuryo” style of government, in which the emperor was both head of state and “High Priest” for the people. This justified a policy under which all land was considered public and taxed for the benefit of the ruling clan.
Peace, prosperity, and the beginnings of a warrior class:
• In response, while the aristocracy enjoyed relative luxury from tax proceeds, the samurai class began to take shape. Lower-ranking, unhappy aristocrats would take up posts as local officials in the provinces, where they settled permanently, acquired land, and established their own military power.
• Gradually, the samurai gathered around the capital, where they served as the military for the state and the bodyguards for the great noble houses and held the true power of the nation.
Sidebar: Development of Written Japanese
• During this Heian period, the “kana” syllable characters emerged, which was one of the most important events in the history of native Japanese culture!
• Until the 10th century, Japan had no writing of its own; Chinese characters were used to represent the Japanese language, even though it was grammatically different from Chinese.
• Scholars created two writing scripts that simplified and abbreviated Chinese characters, called hiragana and katakana, which finally made it possible to write the national language with accuracy and nuance.
• This opened the floodgates to Japanese prose and poetry, which served as a hallmark of this age.
Japan: The Medieval Era
• Finally, in the year 1185, general Minamoto Yoritomo broke the the tradition of ruling alongside the Emperor in Kyoto and took power in Kamakura, just south of present-day Yokohama.
• After his death, the Shogunate held stable until 1281, after which Japan soon fell into warring factions and suffered through what became known as the Warring States or Sengoku period.
• As the warlords fought, traders and missionaries from Europe reached Japan and started the "Nanban" or "Southern barbarian" period of trade between Japan and the West.
• Tokugawa Ieyasu united the country by defeating his enemies at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. He moved the capital to Edo (now Tokyo) and started the Tokugawa shogunate.
• He was extremely suspicious of the influence of Catholic missionaries and moved to end all relations with Europeans (except for restricted contacts with Dutch merchants at the island of Dejima), and the country dropped into isolation for the next two and a half centuries.
Infighting and isolation
Japan: The Modern Era
• Finally, in 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived and, with US Navy support, forced Japan to open to the West.
• The samurai saw this event as demonstrating the weakness of the shogunate and revolted, leading to the Boshin War of 1867-68.
• As a result, the shogunate resigned and the Meiji Restoration returned the Emperor to power.
• In the Meiji (“Enlightened”) period, Japan abolished feudalism and adopted a number of Western institutions in the quest to modernize, including a modern (British-styled) government structure, legal system, and military.
• These reforms, along with the aggressiveness of heavily government-subsidized manufacturing firms (“Zaibatsu”) such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Yamaha, changed the Japan into a world economic and military force.
• The country defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (The first time an Asian country defeated a European nation!). By 1910, Japan controlled Taiwan, half of Sakhalin, and Korea.
• Japan declared war on Germany in World War I, and was rewarded with control of German colonies in the Pacific
Restoration, Trade, and War
Japan: The Modern Era
• During the Great Depression of the 1930s, a growing sense of nationalism developed in the nation, based on a belief of military expansion.
• Militarists argued that Japan's rapid population growth (the country had 65 million people in 1930) required large food imports, which Japan could only fund through exports.
The road to World War II
• However… Western countries used tariffs to limit exports, and anti-Eastern legislation in many countries barred emigration. The efforts of the Japanese to gain racial equality in the League of Nations covenant had been rejected. Many saw no recourse but to use force.
• Leaders with these beliefs maneuvered to power and executed on their expansionistic ideas, leading to the invasion of Manchuria and the second Sino-Japanese War (1937).
Japan: The Empire
Japan: The Modern Era• The Western Allies had become resistant to
Japan’s forceful ambitions: their fear of losing economic advantages in China and the brutality of Japan’s Manchurian presence, particularly in Nanking, led to the imposition of sanctions.
• In September of 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan had allied under the Tripartite Pact. Meanwhile, American economic support to China began to increase.
World War II
• In 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor, bringing the US into World War II. After a brutal campaign in the Pacific, the United States began strategic bombing of Tokyo and Osaka, eventually dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• Soon afterwards, Japan eventually agreed to an unconditional surrender to the United States on August 15, 1945.
Japan: The Modern Era
• During the Post-War occupation by the US, which lasted until 1952, Japan adopted a new constitution that established the country as a pacifist constitutional monarchy.
• Under a program of aggressive industrial development, protectionism, and deferral of strategic defense to the United States, Japan's gross national product rose to become the second-highest in the world.
• Today, Japan remains by most measures the world’s second-largest economy, despite almost flat growth since the stock market crash of 1989. It is home to many of the world’s largest and most well-known corporations.
• As the military resources of the US have been taxed, and China and North Korea have emerged as nuclear powers, Japan has begun to reconsider its strategic role in world affairs.
• The country has lent non-combat support to the Gulf War, the UN efforts to rebuild Cambodia, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Post-War