hominid evolution - cameron universitybmcdonal/course_description/homonid evolution/humanev… ·...
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HOMINID EVOLUTIONHOMINID EVOLUTION
In aIn a nutshellnutshell
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The Stage:The Stage:The Great Rift ValleyThe Great Rift Valley
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K-K-ArAr Dating DatingDates new rock formationDates new rock formation
lavas, tufts, pumicelavas, tufts, pumicePotassium (K) - great abundance in earthPotassium (K) - great abundance in earth’’s crusts crust
K-39 93.2%K-39 93.2%K-41 6.8%K-41 6.8%K-40 0.0118% (radioactive)K-40 0.0118% (radioactive)
K-40 decays to Ca-40 (89%) and Ar-40 (11%)K-40 decays to Ca-40 (89%) and Ar-40 (11%)long half-life, 1.3 billion yearslong half-life, 1.3 billion years
Ar-40 Ar-40 –– inactive gas, diffusion during rock form. inactive gas, diffusion during rock form.Ratio of K-40 to Ar-40 denotes the moment ofRatio of K-40 to Ar-40 denotes the moment ofrock formationrock formation
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Lines of EvidenceLines of EvidenceFossilsFossils DNADNA
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DNADNA
Nuclear DNA
mtDNA
Y Chromosome
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FossilsFossils
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PongidsPongids and Hominids and Hominids
PongidaePongidae ( (pongidspongids))Modern Modern pongidspongids include: include:Gorillas (Gorillas (Gorilla gorillaGorilla gorilla))Common chimpanzee (Common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)Pan troglodytes)BonoboBonobo chimpanzee ( chimpanzee (Pan Pan paniscuspaniscus))Orangutan (Orangutan (PongoPongo pygmaeuspygmaeus))
HominidaeHominidae (hominids) (hominids)Modern hominids are representedModern hominids are representedby a single species:by a single species:Homo sapiens Homo sapiens sapienssapiens
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PongidPongid/Hominid Split:/Hominid Split:The Fossil PerspectiveThe Fossil Perspective
There are no fossil remains of There are no fossil remains of pongidspongidsor hominids between 15-6mya.or hominids between 15-6mya.Paleontologists theorize that thePaleontologists theorize that thehominid lineage evolved from thehominid lineage evolved from thepongidpongid lineage 15-17 lineage 15-17 myamya. This. Thiswould provide hominids enough timewould provide hominids enough timeto evolve from the to evolve from the pongidspongids observed observedat 17 at 17 myamya::
RamapithecusRamapithecus, , SivapithcusSivapithcus, , GigantopithecusGigantopithecus, Proconsul, , Proconsul, DryopithecusDryopithecus
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PongidPongid/Hominid Split:/Hominid Split:The Fossil PerspectiveThe Fossil Perspective
Possible Hominid Ancestors:Possible Hominid Ancestors:RamapithecusRamapithecusGigantopithecusGigantopithecusProconsulProconsulSivapithecusSivapithecusDryopithecusDryopithecus
Physical Characteristics:Physical Characteristics:large-bodied, typical primatelarge-bodied, typical primatecharacteristics, not wellcharacteristics, not wellunderstoodunderstood
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PongidPongid/Hominid Split/Hominid SplitDNA PerspectiveDNA Perspective
Nuclear and Nuclear and mtDNAmtDNAevidence from modernevidence from modernhumans and humans and pongidspongidsindicates that they areindicates that they arevery similar geneticallyvery similar genetically–– chimps are 99% the chimps are 99% thesame as humanssame as humansTherefore, not muchTherefore, not muchtime is needed for thetime is needed for thehominids to evolvehominids to evolvefrom the from the pongidspongids ––estimate is 6-7 estimate is 6-7 myamya
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First HominidsFirst Hominids
ArdipithecusArdipithecusMaeveMaeve Leakey LeakeyLake Lake TurkanaTurkana4-6 4-6 myamyaPongidPongid Physical PhysicalCharacteristics:Characteristics:
small brainedsmall brained
curved phalangescurved phalangesprognathicprognathiclarge canineslarge caninesdivergent toedivergent toe
BipedalBipedalpelvis, femur, footpelvis, femur, foot
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AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines
Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensisafarensis; 3-4 ; 3-4 myamyacranial capacity 450-530cc,cranial capacity 450-530cc,““LucyLucy””, bipedal,, bipedal,primitive conditionprimitive conditionRobust lineageRobust lineageGracileGracile lineage lineage
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Robust AustralopithecinesRobust AustralopithecinesAustralopithecus Australopithecus robustusrobustusA. A. boiseiboisei ( (ZinjanthropusZinjanthropus))A. A. aethiopicusaethiopicus(The Black Skull)(The Black Skull)1.8-3mya1.8-3mya
SagittalSagittal crest crestLarge brow ridgeLarge brow ridgeHuge cheeksHuge cheeksPrognathicPrognathicLarge molars/small Large molars/small incissorsincissors
(herbivorous)(herbivorous)Cranial capacity 500-700ccCranial capacity 500-700cc
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GracileGracile Australopithecines AustralopithecinesAustralopithecus Australopithecus africanusafricanus1.5-3mya1.5-3mya
No No saggitalsaggital crest crestSmall, dish-shaped faceSmall, dish-shaped faceSmall molars/larger Small molars/larger incissorsincissors
(omnivorous)(omnivorous)Cranial Capacity 500-750 ccCranial Capacity 500-750 cc
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Early Early HomoHomo Lineage LineageHomo Homo habilishabilisHomo Homo rudolfensisrudolfensisHomo Homo ergasterergaster1.8-1mya1.8-1myaEvolved fromEvolved fromAustralopithecus Australopithecus africanusafricanusWhat makes this speciesWhat makes this speciesHomoHomo and not and notAustralopithecusAustralopithecus??Cranial CapacityCranial Capacity750-850cc750-850ccTools: Tools: OldowanOldowan
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Homo erectusHomo erectus
1.5-.3mya1.5-.3myaLarge brainedLarge brained(1000-1250 cc)(1000-1250 cc)Out of AfricaOut of AfricaFireFireTools: Tools: AcheulianAcheulian
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Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
““ArchaicArchaic”” Homo sapiensHomo sapiens400,000-100,000 400,000-100,000 yaya
Modern Modern Homo sapiens Homo sapiens sapienssapiens150,000-present150,000-present
Neanderthals, 120,000-32,000yaNeanderthals, 120,000-32,000yaHomo Homo neanderthalensisneanderthalensis??
ORORHomo sapiens Homo sapiens neanderthalensisneanderthalensis
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NeanderthalsNeanderthals
Europe andEurope andMiddle EastMiddle EastLarge bonedLarge bonedLarge faceLarge faceLarge brow ridgeLarge brow ridgeLarge molarsLarge molarsLarge nasal cavityLarge nasal cavityOccipital bunOccipital bunMousterian tool traditionMousterian tool tradition
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Modern Modern Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Diverse Paleolithic ToolDiverse Paleolithic ToolTraditionTraditionFossil EvidenceFossil Evidence
Different SpeciesDifferent SpeciesMultiregional HypothesisMultiregional Hypothesis
DNA EvidenceDNA EvidencemtDNAmtDNAY ChromosomeY Chromosome
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Fossil EvidenceFossil EvidenceModern Modern Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Separate Species: Separate Species: H. sapiensH. sapiens evolved from evolved fromH. erectus 400-500,000H. erectus 400-500,000yaya
MultiregionalMultiregionalHypothesisHypothesis
H. habilis H. erectusH. sapiens
H. sapiens neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
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DNA EvidenceDNA EvidenceModern Modern Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
mtDNAmtDNA, modern populations, modern populations120,000 years ago out of Africa120,000 years ago out of Africa
Y Chromosome, modern populationsY Chromosome, modern populationsTwo lines of migration out of Africa:Two lines of migration out of Africa:
50,000 and 40,000 BP50,000 and 40,000 BP
Neanderthals,Neanderthals,mtDNAmtDNA of fossils of fossilsNot in direct lineageNot in direct lineagewith humanswith humans
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Hominid Evolution:Hominid Evolution:The Simplified VersionThe Simplified Version
Ardipithecus sp.
Pongidae Hominidae
Australopithecus afarensis
A. robustus
A. boisei
A. aethiopicus
A. africanus
Homo habilis
H. erectus
H. sapiens
H. neanderthalensis?
10-15mya
7mya
5mya
3mya
1mya
100,000 ya
Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangs