15 Home remedies in Don Quixote

Park Chul Hankuk University 01 Foreign Studies

The importance of medicine in the life and work of Miguel

de Cervantes is still a les s studied chapter in the huge bibliography devoted to the author of Don Quixote. Even if it is recognised that Miguel de Cervantes, because of the medical profession of his father Rodrigo de Cervantes, carne in contact from an early age with a doctor's life, and language and knew of the latter's role in society, he did not take up any science nor did he practise in any college.1

Medicine during the time of Cervantes was based on

Renaissance knowledge with cIear influences of the older

traditions of Hippocrates and Galen. 2 What then was Cervantes'

knowledge of the medical science of his times? Did he have a

detailed knowledge of the medical advances of his times? Lain

1 See Luis Comenge, "Cervantes y la medicina", in Anales Cervantes, Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Barcelona, Madrid, 1905; Antonio Correa Femandez, Las ciencias médicas en tiempo de Miguel de Cervantes, Madrid, 1905; López Mendez Harold, Terminología medico anatómica del Quijote, Doctoral diss., Unviersidad Central de Madrid, Madrid, 1958; Francisco Martínez González, Cervantes en Medicina del Estudio del Quijote, Baena Hermanos, Madrid, 1905; Luis Cavanillas Avila, La medicina en el Quijote, Madrid, Gráficas Martín, 1958.

2 López Méndez. 1969, p.45

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Entralgo is of the view that Cervantes had this knowledge, because

knowledge of medicine makes one want to prevent disease. The

preoccupation with keeping good health and improving it is a

constant in his works and in Don Quixote there are valuable facets

related to medicine.3

The author was well disposed to the study of genius. As

Cervantes himself tells us in Chapter IX of Don Quixote, he was so

fond of reading that he even read the scraps of paper that he picked

up from the ground.4 He acquired all his erudition through constant

work, studying quietly, using his own powers of observatíon and

the contact and examples of the most learned persons of his age.

We believe that books were the real teachers for Miguel de

Cervantes, and not the professors who taught in colleges.

In Chapter XVIII of the First Part of Don Quixote we can

see that Cervantes knew the classical work of Dioscorides, the

Medical Treatise, translated and annotated by the famous Spanish

professor Andrés Laguna, the doctor of Kings Charles I and Phillip

II, one of the most eminent men of his time and who brought

maximum glory to Spain and whose works were known in all the

teaching centres of Europe.5

Similarly Cervantes' knowledge of the classical work of

Hippocrates, the father of medicine is also evident. As Cervantes

3 López Méndez, 1969, pp.45-63 4 "desde sus más tiernos años era muy aficionado a la lectura y leía hasta

los papeles que encontraba por la calle ... " (Don Quijote 1, Cap. IX) 5 Moraga Ramos, 1991, p. 346.

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mentions the medical aphorism of Hippocrates in Chapter XLVII

of the Second Part of Don Quixote:

" ... our master Hippocrates, the polestar and light

of medicine says in one of his aphorisms: <Omnis

saturatio mala, perdicis autem pessima>. Which means:

'A full stomach is bad but a stomach full of partridges

is worse."

During Cervantes' time, various compendiums with collections of maxims on health in the fonu of aphorisms attributed to Hippocrates, the author of medical Aphorisms, which doctors used for their notes, were widely disseminated.6 It is not surprising

that Cervantes, who undoubtedly liked reading Hippocrates and other medical writers of ancient times, should solemnly reassure in

the words of Don Quixote that "he who sings drives away his woes".

In Don Quixote, we can find various household remedies presented by Miguel de Cervantes. In this article, 1 will limit myself to studying a few medicines and curative substances of that period: lint and ointment, rosemary and oil, music and drama, water and wine, Fierabrás balsam, sangría, rhubarb, etc.

Lint and Ointments

Although there is reference in Don Quixote to various kinds of medicines, generally speaking the word "medicine" is mentioned in a poem that appears written in the book found in the Sierra Morena:

"Soon 1 musí die, of thaí 1 can be sure:

6 Cervantes, Don Quijote de la Mancha, ed. F. Rico, voLl, p. 1005.

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when the cause of the sickness is unknown

only a miracle can find the cure." (Chapter. XXIII)

The innkeeper before gi ving the sword thrust of knight errant to Don Quixote, advises him to get a squire who always

carries "bandages and unguents with which to heal" (Chap. III) Bandages were commonly used for healing during the period when the novel is set, and were made up of threads taken from a piece of

used linen and which once soaked in various curings covered the wounds.

"the knights of yore deemed it proper for their

squires to be provisioned with money and other

necessities, such as linen bandages and unguents to heal

their wounds; and if it happened that these knights had

no squire which was arare and uncommon thing- they

themselves carried everything in saddlebags so finely

made they could barely be seen on the haunches of their

horses ... "

The innkeeper also refers to ungnents when he advises Don Quixote to carry a small chest full of ungnents to cure all probable wounds in the fields and deserts. The innkeeper says:

"the knights errant carried shirts and a small chest

stocked with unguents to cure the wounds they received,

for in the fields and clearings where they engaged in

combat and were wounded there was not always

someone who could heal them ... "

Sancho Panza carries the bandages when Don Quixote is wounded in the ear and he says:

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"What 1 beg of your grace is that we treat your

wounds, a lot of blood is coming out of that ear; and 1

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have sorne lint and a little white salve 7 here in the

saddlebags o o o" (Capo X)

Sancho takes from the saddlebags the "lint and salve" with

which he will cure his mastero And the same Don Quixote, in the

discourse on Arms and Letters recommends to the knight errant

"bandages to heal a bullet wound"o (Chapo XXXVIII)

In Chapter XI of the First Part Don Quixote again

complains of his ear ache: "Even so, Sancho, it would be good if

you tended this ear again, for it is hurting more than necessaryo"

The therapist will not be Sancho but a goatherd:

"and when one of the goatherds saw the wound,

he told hirn not to worry, for he would give hirn a

rernedy that would heal it right awayo And after picking

sorne rosernary leaves, which grew there in abundance,

he chewed thern and rnixed thern with a little salt and

applied thern to Don Quixote's ear and bandaged it

carefully assuring him that no other medicine was

needed which was the trutho

Household medicine seems natural, simple and efficient.

The ingenious knight suffers blows fighting with the Yanguesans

in Chapter XV and when he reaches the inn the innkeeper and his

daughter rub Don Quixote with a curative cream from top to bottomo

"the ínnkeeper' s wife and daughter applied

poultices from head to toe, while Maritornes, which

was the Asturian girl's name held a light for them, and

as she applied the plasters, the innkeeper's wife saw

7 White unguent i8 protective and healing pornadeo

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Don Quixote so bruised and black and blue in so many

parts that she said it looked more like abeating than a

falI."

Sancho Panza also suffers blows and his body hurts all over. For this reason he asks the lady at the inn for a few bits of cloth.

"Señora see if your grace can arrange to have a

few pieces of cloth left over, since there's somebody

else who'll need them, my ribs are hurting a little too."

(1. Cap. XVI)

Here the bits of cloth refer to rhe 1inen threads that are left on the ground after wool combing. The poultices or dressings were prepared by soaking the threads in medicinalliquid.8

Rosemary and Oil

Don Quixote states that the knight errant must know many of the secrets of medicine, how to cure as well as the knowledge of herbs, as he will not always have a doctor to heal him. Cervantes emphasizes that the knight errant should be a doctor· with knowledge of herbs in order to be able to discover in desolate places and deserts the herbs that can cure wounds. (1. Chapo XVIII) and he could have gone on to explain to us his knight1y ideas on herb medicines, as he must have known of the healing properties of rosemary and hierba callera, the emollients of cana herb and the tranquilizing effects of brown herbs, which were all commonly used by the herbal doctors of the XVI Century. This means that Cervantes is referring to the description of Dioscorides and his

8 Cervantes, Don Quijote de la Mancha, ed. Rico, vol.1, p. 169.

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book on the herbs 10 Chapter XVIII of the First Part of Don

Quixote.

The goatherd has bandaged Don Quixote's ear wounded

by the Basque, after the application of ground rosemary and salt.9

The therapeutic method is as old as the existence of cloth in the

world. Bandages are repeatedly cited in Don Quixote. Altisidora

bandaged Don Quijote's face that a cat had wounded by soaking

the bandages in oil of Aparicio. (Chap. XLVI). And Leonela

bandages Camila' s self inflicted wound after washing it with wine.

(Chap. XXXIV)

In Chapter XLVI of the Don Quixote of 1615, Altisidora

heals the wounds of the knight caused by the cat:

"Oil of Aparicio was sent for, and Altisidora

herself with her snow white hands put bandages over all

his wounds ... "

The remedy invented by Aparicio de Zubia in the XVI

Century, is the following: "mellowed oil, fir tree turpentine,

mellowed and white wine, incense, clean wheat, hiperico, valerian

and holy thistle."jQ This cure was widely used during the time of

9 In The Little Gypsy Girl of the Exemplary Novels the old gypsy woman goes to heal the wounded man as the dogs had lunged at the leg of the page -poet, and she takes a few dog hairs, fries them in oil, and after washing first the bites that he had in his leg she puts the hair and later on top a bit of green ground rosemary. Here we glimpse the popular knowledge and home remedies of that society. (See Park Chul, Conocimientos médicos en las Novelas ejemplares, Paper presented at the XV Congres of the Association of Hispanistas, Monterrey, 2004)

10 López Méndez, 1969, p.89.

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Cervantes, but very expensive, so much so that there was a

sentence: "As expensive as the oil of Aparicio". 11

Aparicio's oH was a medicinal and vulnerary composition

of the XVI Century, the main ingredient of which was hipe rico.

The vulnerary is the same medicine for the healing of wounds, i.e.

it has curative properties for sores and wounds. 12

Music and Drama

On two occasions there are allusions to music as a curative

remedy, an old remedy in the history of the world, as King David

composed psalms accompanying the music of his harp to fight the

melancholy of King Saul.

In Aristotle's Politics, Aristotle says that music on

influencing man, "purifies to a certain extent, that it is a kind of relief mixed with pleasure". Aristotle talks of catharsis 13 or the

purgation of the humours, referring to the cathartic action of

certain chants like those of action. Aristotelian catharsis is the idea

of individual satisfaction through a better harmony of the humours a relief mÍxed with pleasure that music gives.

In Don Quixote, Dorotea says:

"to get my spirits back. .. 1 took to reading a holy

book or playing the harp beause experience has shown

11 Reverte Coma, La antropología médica y el Quijote, 1980, p. 177 12 Luis Cavanillas Avila, La Medicina en el Quijote, 1958, p. 68 13 Catharsis is a word taken from medicine, and Aristotle put lt m

circulation giving it the ethical-aesthetic significance it has at present. The Aristotelian principie of catharsis says that tragedy (its representation in drama) i8 very useful because the spectators see their base passions projeeted on to actors and in this way they experience a purficatory effeet. The spectators while viewing a tragedy make their soul undergo profound torment and this helps in purging i1.

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me that music mends broken spirits and relieves the

tedium of the spirit..."

Knowing how to play the harp and sing were qualities appropriate of the education of women of leisurely classes. The idea of the cathartic effect of music was typical of the Golden Age.

In Chapter XXII, Don Quixote says when he meets the galley sI aves "he who sings drives away his woes". In Spain there

is a saying: "Troubles take wing for the man who can sing."

In Chapter XL VIII of the First Part of Don Quixote the priest talks of the effect of catharsis on the representation of drama

in well ordered republics:

"the principal intention of weH ordered states in

allowing public performance of plays is to entertain the

common folk with sorne honest recreation and distract

them from the harrnful humours bom in idleness."

From this point of view it is significant that on September 1580, when a plague epidemic is sweeping Castile, there is a debate in the Administration of Valladolid because the famous actor of the comedia dell arte, Ganassa is holding performances with his group in the city for more than six months and there are sorne who want him to leave. Dne of the administrators Alonso de Verdesoto intervenes in the debate, defending the performances of the comedian: 14

"he said that in times of bad health. aH

entertainment and solace is sought in order to help

entertain people to be of better spirits and put aside all

melancholy, and in this manner the govemors of all

14 Agustín Redondo, 1998, pp. 130-131.

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republics in olden days tried to entertain them wíth

comedy andjoyfulness to make them happy ... "

Laughrer thus allows for the purgation of bad humours that is a eatharsis in the terminology of the Aneients referring to eomie speetacles.

Water and Wine

Water is also used as a medicinal cure by Don Quixote like when he drinks a piteher of eold water to cure the wounds inflieted in the battle in the library as the nieee says in Chapter V, and he

drinks it as a cure given by his leamed friend Esquife, the great wizard.

Don Quixote turos the wine into a marvellous drink that the leamed wizard offers him.

"and then he would drink a whole pitcher of cold

water and become cured and calm again, saying that the

water was a precious drink brought to him by Esquife

the Wise, a great wizard and a friend of his." (1, Chapo V)

Cold water is also a cure for fainting fits. When there is the battle with the giant Pandafilando, water is not just a beneficial

drink but a means for the knight to come to his senses:

"with it aH, the poor knight did not awaken until

the barber brought a large jug of cold water from the

weH and threw it at him all at once, which roused Don

Quixote." (1. Chapo XXXV)

AIso when Dorotea faints on seeing Don Fernando, water

is used as a cure for the fainting fit:

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"The priest then went to take off her scarf to throw

water in her face." (1, Chapo XXVI)

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The curative properties of wine come to the fore in Don

Quixote when Leonela washes Camila' s wounds with wine, an earlier version of antiseptics. The use of wine as an antiseptic is very clear in Don Quíxote (Chap. XXXIV) and does not leave room for doubt. The use of wine as an antiseptic was common.

Leonela knew as Cervantes knew that infection comes

from the outside and penetrates through open wounds and so it is necessary to "wash them with wine" (Chap. XXXIV) in order to avoid infections:

"Leonela staunched her mistress's blood ... and

washing the wound with a little wine, she bandaged it

the best she could, and as she treated her she said words

that would have been enough ... "

After his tossing in a blanket what saves Sancho is his lo ve for wine. Wine definitely gives force and energy to Sancho Panza.

" ... but at the first swallow he saw that it was

water and didnt wish to continue, and he asked

Maritornes to bring him wine and she did so very

willingly ... "

Wine will be used later in another occasion to make the healthy Fierabrás Balm that can cure the best of knights errant (Chap. XVII).

In Spanish literature wine was traditionally considered a kind of medicine. For example in Lazarillo de Tormes the blind man washes Lázaro' s wounds with wine telling him "this wine made you ill and now it will make you healthy."

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The Balm of Fierabrás

Cervantes refers in detail to curative medicines as well to the composition and preparation of the Balm of Fierabrás used by Don Quixote to cure his wounds. The natural ingredients - a bit of rosemary, oil, salt and wine - remind one of the goatherd's remedy (1. Chapo XI).

Don Quixote, all ready to act like the knight errant of yore, decides to make the Balm of Fierabrás through a mixture of wine, oil salt and rosemary15 which he puts in a bottle and says "more than eighty Holy Fathers and many more A ve Marias, and creeds and with each word he made the sign of the cross, as a kind of blessing."

This done, he drinks the balm and after vomiting and emptying his stomach, he falls asleep and three hours later is completely cured of his ills.

The effects of the balm are immediate: apart from the vomits, Don Quixote has a few cold sweats and after three hours of sleep, a surprising recovery: "his body felt much relieved and so much better after his beating that he considered himself cured."(1. Chapo XVII)

According to the legend, the balm with which the body of Jesus was rubbed can cure the wounds of one who takes it. Don Quixote takes the balm, but the way, in which he does so, its effects cannot be real but purely imaginary.

"It is a balm replied Don Quixote- the recipe for which 1 have memorized, and with it one need

15 A popular saying of the XVI and XVIlth centuries: "If we have oil, salt, wine and rosemary we have a medicine chest."( Reverte Coma, 1980, p.179.)

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not fear death, nor think that one will die of any wound. When I prepare it and give it to you, all you need do, when you see in sorne battle that they have cut my body in two (as is wont to happen), is to pick up the part of my body that has fallen to the ground, and very artfully, and with great cunning, before the blood congeals, place it on top of the other half in the saddle, being eareful to fit them together precisely and exaetIy. Then you will give me only two mouthfuls to drink of the balm I have mentioned, and you will see me sounder than an apple. (1, Chapo X)"

BJoodJetting

Blood, the essenee of the mystery of life is probably its most obvious manifestation. Blood, when it is shed is synonymous with death and when it is fIowing through the body is a sign of life. Aecording to Galen's theory, inspired by the coneepts of Hippocrates, blood is one of the four humours. 16 The disequilibrium of the humours can endanger health; in order to purify them reeourse is taken to purgation and bloodletting. Here we are studying therapeutic bloodletting.

Bloodletting or the extraetion of blood was one of the two or three cornmon features of aneient therapy. Doctors blame most of the diseases on an excess of blood or due to the presence of malign humours in blood. Thus, their remedies for almost any disease are often limited to the practice of bloodletting. It is also applied in cases where the results tum out to be harrnful. The great

16The four humors: phlegm or pituitary, blood, choler or yellow bile, melancholy or black bile.(See Agustín Redondo, 1998, p. 127.

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prevalence of it gave rise to the bIood letters profession that barbers usualIy took up.l7

GeneralIy, the barber bIood Ietter was the person to whom

this job was entrusted, and this was so either because he was

accessibIe or usualIy due to doctors orders. Thus the barber became

the surgeon of those times, or today's assistant, a kind of doctor's

assistant to whom various tasks like bloodletting were entrusted. 18

According to Juan Haldudo, a resident of Quintanar, who

Don Quixote met when he was whipping bis servant Andrés who

was tied to a tree, we can read in the paragraph in Chapter IV that

the owner paid one real for two bIoodlettings to be able to cure the

illness of the servant:

"because from that amount one had to subtract and

take into account three pairs of shoes that he had given

his servant and a real for the two bloodlettings he had

provided him for when he was sick".

From here we can calculate the price of a bloodletting at

that time and in Spain sick people were made to recover through

bloodlettings.

In Chapter XXI of the First Part of Don Quixote there is

mention of the bloodletting that the barber ha" to perform on a sick

person of a neighbouring place. Thus the barber goes with

"Mambrino's helmet" in order to bleed the sick person and also to

shave the beard of another.

17 L6pez Méndez, 1969, p.352. 18 Reverte Coma, 1980, pp. 194-195.

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"and so the barber in the large one served the

smaller, where aman happened to be sick and needed to

be bled, and another needed to have his beard trirnmed,

and consequently the barber was traveling there

carrying a brass basin".

This explains to us the dual work of the barbers of that time. The brass basin was used to collect the blood when barbers practised bloodlettings.

Rhubarb

From the medical point of view the passage when the priest referring to Don Belianis, during the scrutiny of Don Quixote's bookshelves says in Chapter VI:

" ... need a little dose of rhubarb to purge their excess of choler ... "

Rhubarb is a preparation of general use in the writings of the Golden Age and earlier. The literary reading public of today will know of it through their readings, ignoring nevertheless what it was exactIy.19 Rhubarb root infusions were used in medicine to purge choleric and phlegmatic humours.20

The purging action of rhubarb was known since ancient times.

Cervantes, very elegantIy advises through the priest the administering of rhubarb to the author of Don Belianis, "to purge this excess choler" (1, Chapo VI) that is in order to purge the bile stored in his book on knight errantry as well as in the author' s passage on bile.

19 López Méndez, 1958, p. 99. 20 Cervantes, Don Quijote de la Mancha, ed. F. Rico, voL 1, p. 82.

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Since the times of Hippocrates and Galen it is known that bad humour or the spite that certain people have towards others has a very direct re1ation to the slowness of the evacuation of their bile passage. 21 For them, the old remedy of rhubarb that the priest advised continues to be relevant. Cervantes knows that bad humour is related to the liver, and as he was such an excellent observer, he gives us this passage that we now analyze and that has such medical importance.

It is without doubt that Cervantes read to his benefit the cited work of Dioscurides, translated and with illustrations by Laguna. The eminent botanist Miguel Colmeiro, who was for many years director of the botanical gardens of Madrid, published in 1895 a brochure where he avers that there are more than hundred names of animals and almost the same number of vegetables mentioned by Cervantes in the story of the knight errant. 22

Thus he frequently cites: oak, cork tree, oak apples, elm tree , bay tree, ash tree, walnut, hazel nut tree, almond tree, olive bushes, fig tree, pear tree, apple tree, quince tree, orange and pomegranate, and many ornamental and fragrant plants, like rose bushes, jasmines, lilies, rosemary, oregano and others that might have sorne medicinal value like grass, esparto, mustard, burdock and tobacco and what is called in Andalucia, the carding of Castilians, and those used for food are also mentioned like wheat, rice, malt, pulses, carobs, beans, chickpeas, onions, garlic, cabbages, brinjals, melons, turnips and carrots.

For vegetables used in medicine and of pharmaceutical value he cites rhubarb as a medicine.

21 Reverte Coma, 1980, p. 192. 22 Olmedilla y Puig, 1905, pp. 15-20

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Conclnsion

We reach the end of this paper and Cervantes, we see, was without doubt interested in medicine. In Don Quixote we see the author' s knowledge of the subject. This is the result of a strange

conjunction: on the one hand the son of a doctor knows well the medical practices of his age; as a good humanist and voracious reader he was in touch with the famous medical texts that

flourished at that time; and on the other his complex life joumey of

which his mílitary career and captivity are not lesser episodes gave him those lessons that only life can give. We find in Cervantes

ideas of sophisticated as well as basic and popular medicine and we can state without hesitation that he knew first hand the effects

of the application of both. His works are thus a good indicator of the reality of that time.

As concems the first kind of medicine, the academic, kind with echoes of Hippocrates we can confirm how there are combined even sometimes in a single sentence advice that is the result of common sense "all idleness is bad ... " with others of more obscure origin " ... but those of partridges is worse.". The second kind have of course been transmitted through the centuries, thanks to the respect for the classics that in the Golden Age substitute the frrst timid moves that are being made in the experimental field and that will lead to medical science in the future.

A third medical practice and perhaps the most widely followed is that of bloodletting, as universal as useless and harrnful.

lts premise based on the theories of Hippocrates, is a reminder of

the long road that medicine still had to cover and of the great ignorance surrounding the human body. The many references to these in Don Quixote throw light on Golden Age re ali t y .

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At other times Cervantes puts forward simple curative remedies like bandages, unguents, ground rosemary and wounds washed in wine. We can here intuit simple methods that were in their turn the most popular and widely used. Music and drama make possible the purging of bad humours or a catharsis in the terminology of the Ancients.

A final category would be those recipes that were halfway towards the fantastic, like the balm of Fierabrás or Aparicio's Oil, for whose preparation many simple elements are necessary like vinegar, salt ... prayers and blessings. It should be pointed out that at that time the dividing line between the rational and the magical was not so clear as it is to uso We find again reflected here the medical usages of the Golden Age.

We see that Cervantes in Don Quixote had advanced ideas of household medicine, and he knew of it a little better than through hearsay; that his knowledge of it was more profound than that of an enlightened person of his times and more than he could possibly have gained, despite his many journeys dealing and relating with so many people of all kinds.

Cervantes did not study in any of the uníversities of that time. Nevertheless when we read Cervantes' novels we see that the author did not just have sorne general ideas on Medicine but that he knew of Medicine more than from hearsay and his know ledge was more profound than that of a mere cultured and enlightened person of his times.

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-Riquer, Martín de, Para leer a Cervantes, Barcelona, Acantilado, 2003.-Reverete Coma, José Manuel, La Antropología Médica y el

Quijote, Madrid, Fur, 1 980.-Rodríguez-Luis, Julio, Novedad y

ejemplo de las Novelas de Cervantes, Madrid, ed. José Porrúa Turanzas, 1980, Tomo 1

-Romanos, Me1chora, Para leer a Cervantes, Estudios de literatura española Siglo de Oro, Vol. 1, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1999.

-Royo Villanova, Ricardo, (Don Quijote, licenciado en

Medicina~ ,en la conferencia pronunciada en el círculo de

obreros católicos de Zaragoza el DIA 13 defebrero de 1916, Zaragoza, Tipografía de G. Casañal, 1916.

-Salazar Rincón, Javier, El Mundo social del Quijote, Madrid, Gredos, 1986.

261

Reception of Don Quixote