holt call to freedom chapter 8 forming a government 1777-1791 1777-1791

Holt Call to Holt Call to FreedomFreedomChapter 8Chapter 8Forming a Forming a

GovernmentGovernment 1777-17911777-1791

ObjectivesObjectives Describe the ideas and Describe the ideas and

documents that shaped American documents that shaped American beliefs about government.beliefs about government.

Evaluate how state constitutions Evaluate how state constitutions contributed to the development contributed to the development of representative government.of representative government.

List the powers held by the List the powers held by the central government under the central government under the Articles of Confederation.Articles of Confederation.

Explain what the Northwest Explain what the Northwest Ordinance accomplished.Ordinance accomplished.

8.1 The Articles of Confederation8.1 The Articles of Confederation

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 2

I. Ideas about GovernmentI. Ideas about Government


A. Sources of Inspiration for the A. Sources of Inspiration for the GovernmentGovernment


1.1. English law, particularly Magna Carta English law, particularly Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rightsand the English Bill of Rights

2.2. Enlightenment ideas, such as John Enlightenment ideas, such as John Locke’s belief that a social contract Locke’s belief that a social contract existed between political leaders and existed between political leaders and the people they ruledthe people they ruled

Source: http://www.princeton.edu/~lawjourn/images/Magna%20Carta.jpg

Source: http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/locke-john.jpg

B. American Political TraditionsB. American Political Traditions


1.1. Representative government, Representative government, including the New England town including the New England town meeting and legislative assemblies meeting and legislative assemblies such as the Virginia House of such as the Virginia House of BurgessesBurgesses

2.2. Religious traditions, such as the Religious traditions, such as the Great Awakening, which may have Great Awakening, which may have led colonists to question political led colonists to question political institutions and look for more local institutions and look for more local controlcontrol

C. Documents Supporting Self-GovernmentC. Documents Supporting Self-Government


1.1. Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact

2.2. Fundamental Orders of Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, an example of a Connecticut, an example of a written written constitutionconstitution – set of – set of basic principles and laws that basic principles and laws that states the powers and duties of states the powers and duties of the governmentthe government

3.3. Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Source: http://www.imustread.com/assets/images/Mayflower_Compact.jpg

Source: http://ddl.dyc.edu/~kappadelta/Declaration%20of%20Independence.gif

II. The State ConstitutionII. The State Constitution


II. The State ConstitutionsII. The State Constitutions


A.A. Showed belief in Showed belief in republicanism-republicanism-support for a system of government support for a system of government in which citizens elect in which citizens elect representatives responsible for the representatives responsible for the peoplepeople

II. The State ConstitutionsII. The State Constitutions


B.B. CreatedCreated limited government –limited government – government in which leaders must government in which leaders must obey laws and no one has total obey laws and no one has total powerpower

C. Most state constitutions protected C. Most state constitutions protected citizens’ individual rights, such as trial by citizens’ individual rights, such as trial by juryjury


1.1. Virginia Statute for Religious Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomFreedom promised separation of promised separation of church and state to protect religious church and state to protect religious freedomfreedom

2.2. Many state constitutions expanded Many state constitutions expanded suffrage,suffrage, or voting rights. or voting rights.

3.3. Voting rights for men varied from Voting rights for men varied from state to state.state to state.

Source: http://legis.state.va.us/CapitolTours/graphics/Statute.jpg

III. Forming a UnionIII. Forming a Union


A. National GovernmentA. National Government


1.1. Created Created Articles of Confederation,Articles of Confederation, which defined the national which defined the national governmentgovernment

2.2. Articles created a Confederation Articles created a Confederation Congress, which had limited powers.Congress, which had limited powers.

Source: http://www.authentichistory.com/images/antebellum/maps_and_charts/1787_articles_of_confederation.jpg

http://www.izaak.unh.edu/dlp/Stark/StarkGallery/images/STK1777_U58.jpg

B. ApprovalB. Approval


1.1. Second Continental Congress Second Continental Congress passed Articles of Confederation and passed Articles of Confederation and then sent document to each state then sent document to each state legislature for legislature for ratification,ratification, or official or official approval.approval.

2.2. Final state, Maryland, ratified Articles Final state, Maryland, ratified Articles of Confederation in March 1781.of Confederation in March 1781.

IV. The Northwest TerritoryIV. The Northwest Territory


A. Western LandsA. Western Lands


1.1. Confederation Congress planned Confederation Congress planned to sell western lands to raise to sell western lands to raise money.money.

2.2. Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785 set up set up system for surveying and system for surveying and dividing public lands.dividing public lands.

Source: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/landordinanceof1785large.jpg

B. Northwest Ordinance of 1787B. Northwest Ordinance of 1787


1.1. Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 created created Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory – included what – included what is now Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, is now Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin - and its Ohio, and Wisconsin - and its political system.political system.

2.2. Created a system for adding new Created a system for adding new states, banned slavery in the states, banned slavery in the Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory

Source: http://www.sd4history.com/Unit1/beginningslesson3.htm

ObjectivesObjectives Describe how other nations Describe how other nations

treated the new U.S. treated the new U.S. government.government.

Examine the economic Examine the economic problems that arose under problems that arose under the Articles of Confederation.the Articles of Confederation.

Analyze the causes and Analyze the causes and consequences of Shays’ consequences of Shays’ Rebellion.Rebellion.

8.2 Problems in the New Nation8.2 Problems in the New Nation


I. A Lack of RespectI. A Lack of Respect


Respect



A.A. Under Articles of Confederation, Under Articles of Confederation, Congress could not force states to Congress could not force states to provide an army, which made it provide an army, which made it difficult to protect citizens or enforce difficult to protect citizens or enforce international treaties.international treaties.



B.B. Britain had not yet abandoned forts Britain had not yet abandoned forts on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes, on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes, as required by the Treaty of Paris of as required by the Treaty of Paris of 1783.1783.



C.C. Spain closed lower Mississippi River Spain closed lower Mississippi River to U.S. shipping, which hurt western to U.S. shipping, which hurt western farmers.farmers.

http://sportsmed.starwave.com/i/page2/photos/030908missmap.gif

II. Trouble with TradeII. Trouble with Trade


A. British Economic PolicyA. British Economic Policy


1.1. Closed many ports in the British Closed many ports in the British West Indies to American shipsWest Indies to American ships

2.2. Placed high duties on U.S. Placed high duties on U.S. exports, such as rice, tar and exports, such as rice, tar and tobaccotobacco

B. Effects on American EconomyB. Effects on American Economy


1.1. American exports dropped, while American exports dropped, while British imports rose.British imports rose.

2.2. British merchants could sell British merchants could sell manufactured goods in the United manufactured goods in the United States at much lower prices than States at much lower prices than manufactured goods made locally.manufactured goods made locally.

C. ResponsesC. Responses


1.1. Confederation Congress could Confederation Congress could not set tariffs – taxes on imports not set tariffs – taxes on imports or exports.or exports.

2.2. American merchants sought new American merchants sought new foreign markets, such as in foreign markets, such as in China and France.China and France.

III. Economic Problems at HomeIII. Economic Problems at Home


III. Economic Problems at HomeIII. Economic Problems at Home


A.A. Confederation Congress could not Confederation Congress could not regulate regulate interstate commerceinterstate commerce – trade – trade between two or more states – so between two or more states – so trade laws differed from state to trade laws differed from state to state.state.

B. InflationB. Inflation


1.1. Some states printed large amounts Some states printed large amounts of paper money, creating of paper money, creating inflationinflation – – increased prices for goods and increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced services combined with the reduced value of moneyvalue of money

2.2. Inflation helpsInflation helps debtors debtors – people who – people who owe money – because they can pay owe money – because they can pay back their debts with money that is back their debts with money that is worth less that what they borrowed.worth less that what they borrowed.

IV. Debt in MassachusettsIV. Debt in Massachusetts




A.A. Instead of printing paper money, Instead of printing paper money, Massachusetts collected taxes on Massachusetts collected taxes on land.land.



B.B. Farmers who could not pay debts Farmers who could not pay debts lost their land and sometimes went lost their land and sometimes went to prison.to prison.

V. Shays’ RebellionV. Shays’ Rebellion


Source: http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/curriculum/socialstd/MH/Shays_Rebellion.GIF

A. RevoltA. Revolt


1.1. Some Massachusetts farmers Some Massachusetts farmers angry over land taxes carried out angry over land taxes carried out a revolt that became known as a revolt that became known as Shays’ Rebellion.Shays’ Rebellion.

2.2. Led by Led by Daniel ShaysDaniel Shays, a poor , a poor farmer and Revolutionary War farmer and Revolutionary War veteranveteran

Source: http://babialfonso.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/shays_daniel.gif

B. OutcomeB. Outcome


1.1. Rebels were defeated in January Rebels were defeated in January 1787; many soon surrendered or 1787; many soon surrendered or were arrested.were arrested.

2.2. National government did not have National government did not have power to offer much help during the power to offer much help during the revolt.revolt.

3.3. Revealed weakness of the U.S. Revealed weakness of the U.S. central government and Articles of central government and Articles of ConfederationConfederation

VI. A Push for ChangeVI. A Push for Change




A.A. Five states sent delegates to the Five states sent delegates to the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to Annapolis Convention in 1786 to discuss changing the Articles of discuss changing the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

In the fall of 1775, the British were occupying Boston and the young Continental Army was holed up in Cambridge, woefully short on arms and ammunition. At the Battle of

Bunker Hill, Washington's troops had been so low on gunpowder that they were ordered "not to fire until you see the whites of their eyes.“ In October, a merchant ship called The Black Prince returned to Philadelphia from a voyage to England. On board were

private letters to the Second Continental Congress that informed them that the British government was sending two ships to America loaded with arms and gunpowder for the

British troops. Congress decided that General Washington needed those arms more than the British. A plan was hatched to capture the cargo ships. They authorized the creation of a Continental Navy, starting with four ships. The frigate that carried the information from England, the Black Prince, was one of the four. It was purchased,

converted to a man-of-war, and renamed the Alfred. To accompany the Navy on their first mission, Congress also authorized the mustering of five companies of Marines. The

Alfred and its sailors and marines went on to achieve some of the most notable victories of the American Revolution. But that's not the story we're interested in here. What's particularly interesting for us is that some of the Marines that enlisted that month in

Philadelphia were carrying drums painted yellow, emblazoned with a fierce rattlesnake, coiled and ready to strike, with thirteen rattles, and sporting the motto

"Don't Tread on Me." Source: http://www.gadsden.info/history.html



B.B. Delegates planned a Constitutional Delegates planned a Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in May Convention at Philadelphia in May 1787.1787.

Maryland State House, where the Annapolis Convention met in September 1786. (Engraving (undated) by an unknown artist, in Columbian Magazine

(1789).Library of Congress

Source: http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/constitution/introb.htm

ObjectivesObjectives Explain why delegates met at Explain why delegates met at

the Constitutional the Constitutional Convention.Convention.

Examine the main issues Examine the main issues debated and the compromises debated and the compromises that were reached at the that were reached at the Constitutional Convention.Constitutional Convention.

Describe how the federal Describe how the federal government is balanced government is balanced under the U.S. Constitution.under the U.S. Constitution.

8.3 The Constitution8.3 The Constitution


I. The Constitutional ConventionI. The Constitutional Convention


A. The MeetingA. The Meeting


1.1. Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention held held at Philadelphia’s State House in at Philadelphia’s State House in May 1787.May 1787.

2.2. Called to discuss ways to Called to discuss ways to improve the Articles of improve the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

Source: http://www.constitution.org/img/christy_wash.jpg

Washington presiding over the Constitutional Convention, by Howard Chandler Christy, 1940

B. The DelegatesB. The Delegates


1.1. Every state but Rhode Island Every state but Rhode Island sent delegates, for a total of 55.sent delegates, for a total of 55.

2.2. Included Included James Madison,James Madison, who who took good notes and joined in took good notes and joined in many discussionsmany discussions

http://www.americanpresident.org/history/jamesmadison/biography/resources/images/PortraitMadison.image.jpg

II. The Great CompromiseII. The Great Compromise


II. The Great CompromiseII. The Great Compromise


A.A. Several issues divided Several issues divided delegates, particularly along delegates, particularly along state and regional linesstate and regional lines

B. The Virginia PlanB. The Virginia Plan


1.1. The The Virginia Plan,Virginia Plan, or large-state or large-state plan, was written mainly by plan, was written mainly by James MadisonJames Madison..

2.2. Called for new constitution that Called for new constitution that gave supreme power to central gave supreme power to central governmentgovernment

Source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/madison/images/vc6p1.jpg

Here is George Washington's copy of the Virginia Plan, the blueprint for a new government introduced into the Philadelphia Convention (May 29, 1787) by Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia. The Virginia Plan contained Madison's ideas for the new government, which he had proposed to both Washington and Randolph in the weeks preceding the Convention. It was refined by the Virginia delegation in Philadelphia before being introduced.

B. The Virginia PlanB. The Virginia Plan


3.3. Created three branches, Created three branches, including bicameral legislature including bicameral legislature in which representation was in which representation was based on state populationbased on state population

4.4. Opposed by small states, Opposed by small states, because larger states would because larger states would have more representativeshave more representatives

C. C. New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan was offered by New was offered by New Jersey delegate Jersey delegate William Paterson.William Paterson.


1.1. Created a unicameral legislature, Created a unicameral legislature, with each state receiving equal with each state receiving equal representationrepresentation

2.2. Opposed by larger states, Opposed by larger states, because smaller states would because smaller states would have more influencehave more influence

Source: http://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/biog-pics/paterson-william.jpg

D. A CompromiseD. A Compromise


1.1. Delegates eventually passed Delegates eventually passed what has become known as the what has become known as the Great Compromise.Great Compromise.

2.2. Created a bicameral legislature, Created a bicameral legislature, in which each state received in which each state received equal representation in the equal representation in the upper house and population-upper house and population-based representation in the based representation in the lower houselower house

Source: http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/constitution/images/fig25.jpg

Secretary Jackson recorded the Great Compromise of July 16, 1787, on two pages of the official Convention Journal. This is the first page. (National Archives.)

III. The Three-Fifths CompromiseIII. The Three-Fifths Compromise


A. Slavery and RepresentationA. Slavery and Representation


1.1. Southern delegates wanted Southern delegates wanted slaves to be counted for slaves to be counted for purposes of representation.purposes of representation.

2.2. Northern delegates thought Northern delegates thought slaves should not be counted to slaves should not be counted to determine representation but determine representation but should be counted to determine should be counted to determine taxes.taxes.

A. Slavery and RepresentationA. Slavery and Representation


3.3. Under so-called Under so-called Three-Fifths Three-Fifths Compromise,Compromise, each slave would each slave would be counted as three fifths of a be counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of person for purposes of representation.representation.

Source: http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/government/three_fifths_comp2.gif

B. Foreign Slave TradeB. Foreign Slave Trade


1.1. Southern and northern delegates Southern and northern delegates disagreed over ending the foreign disagreed over ending the foreign slave trade.slave trade.

2.2. Under another compromise, northern Under another compromise, northern delegates would wait 20 years before delegates would wait 20 years before attempting to end foreign slave attempting to end foreign slave trade; southern delegates would not trade; southern delegates would not ask that laws in Congress require a ask that laws in Congress require a two-thirds majority vote to pass.two-thirds majority vote to pass.

IV. Our Living ConstitutionIV. Our Living Constitution




A.A. Constitution is based on Constitution is based on popular popular sovereigntysovereignty – the idea that – the idea that political authority belongs to the political authority belongs to the people.people.



B.B. Also based on Also based on federalismfederalism – the – the sharing of power between a sharing of power between a central government and the central government and the states that make up a countrystates that make up a country

V. A Delicate BalanceV. A Delicate Balance


Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/J0110221/

A. Three Branches of GovernmentA. Three Branches of Government


1.1. Legislative Branch,Legislative Branch, or Congress, or Congress, proposes and passes laws.proposes and passes laws.

2.2. Executive Branch,Executive Branch, which which includes the presidency and the includes the presidency and the departments that help run the departments that help run the government, makes sure that government, makes sure that laws are carried out.laws are carried out.

A. Three Branches of GovernmentA. Three Branches of Government


3.3. Judicial Branch,Judicial Branch, which includes which includes all national courts, interprets all national courts, interprets laws.laws.

Source: http://bensguide.gpo.gov/3-5/government/branches.html

V. A Delicate BalanceV. A Delicate Balance


B.B. System of System of checks and balanceschecks and balances keeps any branch from keeps any branch from becoming too powerful by becoming too powerful by allowing each branch to limit the allowing each branch to limit the powers of the other branches.powers of the other branches.

Source: http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_13_Notes.htm

ObjectivesObjectives Explain why some people were Explain why some people were

against the new Constitution.against the new Constitution. Examine the Examine the Federalist Papers’Federalist Papers’

arguments for the Constitution.arguments for the Constitution. Describe when and how the Describe when and how the

Constitution was ratified.Constitution was ratified. Identify the reasons some people Identify the reasons some people

wanted a bill of rights, and wanted a bill of rights, and explain how it was added to the explain how it was added to the Constitution.Constitution.

8.4 Ratification of the Constitution8.4 Ratification of the Constitution


I. Federalists and AntifederalistsI. Federalists and Antifederalists


A. OppositionA. Opposition


1.1. People who opposed the new People who opposed the new Constitution were called Constitution were called Antifederalists.Antifederalists.

2.2. Some Antifederalists thought the Some Antifederalists thought the Constitutional Convention had Constitutional Convention had overstepped its bounds; others overstepped its bounds; others that the new Constitution gave that the new Constitution gave central government too much central government too much power.power.

A. OppositionA. Opposition


3.3. For some Antifederalists, such For some Antifederalists, such as convention delegate as convention delegate George George Mason,Mason, the lack of a bill of rights the lack of a bill of rights was also a problem.was also a problem.

Source: http://www.constitution.org/img/george_mason.jpg

B. SupportersB. Supporters


1.1. Supporters of the new Constitution Supporters of the new Constitution were called Federalists.were called Federalists.

2.2. Included George Washington, Included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.Jay.

II. The II. The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers


A. Defending the ConstitutionA. Defending the Constitution


1.1. The Federalist Papers were a The Federalist Papers were a series of essays defending the series of essays defending the Constitution.Constitution.

2.2. Alexander Hamilton, James Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were the Madison, and John Jay were the authors.authors.

Source: http://students.washington.edu/tgadfort/Federalist-Papers.jpg

B. ArgumentsB. Arguments


1.1. New central government would not New central government would not overpower the states.overpower the states.

2.2. Many groups of U.S. citizens, with Many groups of U.S. citizens, with their many points of view, would their many points of view, would prevent any single group from prevent any single group from controlling the government.controlling the government.

3.3. Fixed many of the problems that Fixed many of the problems that existed under the Articles of existed under the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

II. The II. The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers


C.C. Widely read and reprinted, and Widely read and reprinted, and influential in gaining support for influential in gaining support for the Constitutionthe Constitution

III. The Ratification FightIII. The Ratification Fight


A. Debate over ApprovalA. Debate over Approval


1.1. Needed only nine states to passNeeded only nine states to pass

2.2. Every state except Rhode Island Every state except Rhode Island held special conventions to held special conventions to discuss the Constitution.discuss the Constitution.

B. Process of RatificationB. Process of Ratification


1.1. Delaware ratified the Delaware ratified the Constitution first, in December Constitution first, in December 1787.1787.

2.2. Went into effect after ninth state, Went into effect after ninth state, New Hampshire, ratified it in New Hampshire, ratified it in June 1788June 1788

3.3. Four remaining states all ratified Four remaining states all ratified the Constitution by May 1790.the Constitution by May 1790.

IV. Demanding a Bill of RightsIV. Demanding a Bill of Rights


Source: http://www.indymedia.org.uk/images/2005/09/322452.gif

IV. Demanding a Bill of RightsIV. Demanding a Bill of Rights


A.A. Several states ratified the Several states ratified the Constitution on the condition Constitution on the condition that a bill of rights would be that a bill of rights would be added.added.

B. Creating the Bill of RightsB. Creating the Bill of Rights


1.1. James Madison made a bill of rights James Madison made a bill of rights a national priority.a national priority.

2.2. Suggested Congress create a bill of Suggested Congress create a bill of rights and then add it to the rights and then add it to the Constitution as Constitution as amendmentsamendments - - official changes, corrections or official changes, corrections or additionsadditions

http://www.americanpresident.org/history/jamesmadison/biography/resources/images/PortraitMadison.image.jpg

B. Creating the Bill of RightsB. Creating the Bill of Rights


3.3. Article V of the Constitution detailed Article V of the Constitution detailed the amendment process.the amendment process.

4.4. Congress proposed 12 amendments.Congress proposed 12 amendments.

5.5. States approved 10 amendments, States approved 10 amendments, which became the which became the Bill of Rights.Bill of Rights.

Source: http://www.harbornet.com/rights/billrite.jpg

holt call to freedom chapter 8 forming a government 1777-1791 1777-1791

Documents

freedom lecture notes

state constitutions

national government

state constitution holt

limited government government

articles of confederation

approval holt

jury holt