histry - first pages ed - nie · viii tuyhw f.ngh.j. cau;juk; - juk; 13 r%ftpq;qhdj;jiw njrpa fy;tp...

viii

tuyhW

f.ngh.j. cau;juk; - juk; 13

r%ftpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yq;if

2010

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

i

tuyhW

c Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjyhk; gjpg;G :- 2009

ISBN

gjpg;G: murhq;f mr;rff; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

ghdYt> ghJf;f.

ii

KfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiu

iii

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b 2009 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 13 Mk; juj;jpw;Fupa

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwia Mrpupau;fs; xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gadspg;gjhFk;.

,e;j topfhl;b E}iyj; jahupg;gjw;F mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk;

,Jtiuapy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ghlj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. ,J Nju;r;rpfismbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lkhf mike;jpUg;gNj mt;NtWghlhFk;. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sNju;r;rpfis ,j;juj;jpNyNa mila Kbahky; Nghf ,lKz;L. rpyNtis mjw;fhfePz;l fhyk; vLf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisAk; me;je;j Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd;fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;ww;NgWfisAk; ,j;juk; Kbtjw;Fs; miljy; mtrpak; MFk;.vdNt> ,j;juj;jpw;Fupa ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;F> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; fw;ww;NgWfSk; JizahFk;. ,f;fw;ww; NgWfis fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tFj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giw kjpg;gPl;L fUtpfisj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd epajpfshf gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;Jk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkdvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapYk; NghJ crhTtjw;Fupa NkyjpfE}y;fs; ,izaj;jsq;fs; (web site) vd;gd Fwpj;J khztu;fSf;F mwpT+l;Ltjw;Fk;

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b Jizahf mikAk;.

,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s cj;Njr nraw;ghLfs; ePq;fs; Mf;fG+u;tkhd Mrpupau;fshf

nraw;gLtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L khjpupr; nraw;ghLfshf jug;gl;Ls;sJ vdf;fUjpf;nfhs;f. Fwpg;ghf Mrpupau; ika tFg;giwr; nrad;Kiwia khw;wp> khztu;ikar; nrad;Kiwahf khw;wp mikj;jNy ngupJk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> khztiuE}y; crhTif> ,izag; gad;ghL Kjyhd Njly;fspd; ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;yj;jf;fthWfw;wy; tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtJ Fwpj;J kpfTk; ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ kuG uPjpahd Kiwapy; Fwpg;G toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf ftu;r;rpfukhd tifapy;Gj;jwpT> Nfhl;ghLfs; Kjyhdtw;iw Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf ,g;GjpatFg;giwapy; njhopy;El;gj;ij cr;r mstpy; cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg;gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> Gjpa njhopy;El;g rhjdq;fis

,ad;wsTf;F Mf;fG+u;tkhf gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.

13Mk; juj;jpy; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;fj; njhlq;Fk; cq;fs; khztu;fSf;F

,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;J njspTgLj;JtJ gaDilajhFk;. tUlk; KOtJk;eilKiwg;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; cq;fsJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;tjhy;fw;wypd;ghy; mk;khztu;fspd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;lyhk;. NkYk;> KOg;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk;fw;gjw;F khztu;fs; ghlrhiyapd;ghy; <u;f;fg;gLtjw;Fk; mJ JizahFk;. Gjpafiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; Clhf tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapy; njspthdkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy;

jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;jp cq;fsJ Mf;fj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;SkhW Ntz;Lfpd;Nwd;.

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j

fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vdJ tpNrled;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gzpapy; topfhl;ly; toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Nguhrpupau;yhy; ngNuuh mtu;fSf;Fk; ,e;E}iy mr;rpl;L ghlrhiyfSf;F tpepNahfpf;Fk; nghWg;igVw;Ws;s fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk; cl;gl Vida gzpahsu;fSf;Fk;vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,e;E}ypy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ

Mf;fG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis vdf;F mDg;gp itg;gPu;fshapd; ed;wpAilatdhNtd;.

tpky; rpak;gyhnfhlcjtpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;QhdgPlk;

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

iv

MNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhrid : : : : : - Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh - gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

- fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl - cjtpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

(nkhop> khdpltpay;>

r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;)


fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk; - Kd;dhs; gzpg;ghsu;

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw


,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ----- jpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghy

nraw;wpl;lj;jiytu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:

- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk - - - - - = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

(Xa;T ngw;wtu;)

- Nguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfu - - - - - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

- Nguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;j - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

- Nguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;th - U`{Z gy;fiyf;fofk;

(Xa;T ngw;wtu;)

- Nguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;f - nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

(Xa;T ngw;wtu;)

- Nguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuh - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- Nguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;f - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jp - - - - - U`{Z gy;fiyf;fofk;

- jpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z Fkhu - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

(Kd;dhs; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup)

nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :

- jpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghy - - - - - nraw;wpl;lj;jiytu;>

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

----- jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd- cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup>

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>


- jpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dp - cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup>

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>


vOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FO

- tz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrp - kj;jpa fy;Y}up> N`hkhfk.

- jpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;d - = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

- jpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyh - j nk]dd;l; fy;Y}up> fe;jhd.

- jpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuis - ,uh[fPa fy;Y}up> n`huid.

v

- jpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;th - K];ypk; kfspu; fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G 4

- jpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuh - ru;Nthja gpuptpd> Njthsfk.

- jpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUk - nrd;l; N[hrg; ngz;fs; fy;Y}up> Nffhiy.

- jpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdp - Foe;ij NaR fd;dpau; klk;> ,j;jpdGup.

- jpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfy - cf;fy;gl kfh tpj;jpahyak;> cf;fy;gl

(Xa;Tngw;wtu;)

- jpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;kh - ]h`puh fy;Y}up> khtdy;iy.

- jpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kp - ghGy; `rd; kj;jpa fy;Y}up> tufhnghy

- jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd; - my; - p[h kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;nyypa

- jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk; - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu; (Xa;T ngw;wtu;)

- jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu; - [ky; M]hu; kj;jpa fy;Y}up> clj;jtpd;d

nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :

- jpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkh - `{Unty `kPjpah fy;Y}up> khj;jis

fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :

- jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh]; - my; {ik]uh kj;jpa fy;Y}up> NgUtis

- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk; - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:

- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;` - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vi

cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;

,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW08. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW

09. fz;b ,uhr;rpak;

10. ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJk;

xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rp

11. gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUif

12. gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;if

13. ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgd;fSk;

14. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; rka fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rp

15. etPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp

16. Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fSk;

17. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if

,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW06. nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;

tiuapyhd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW

07. Fg;jg; NguuR

08. gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;.

09. Fg;j Afj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,Ue;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G

tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w tl,e;jpa tuyhw;Wj;

jpUg;gq;fs;.

10. rhSf;fpa ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;f murpay;

tuyhW.

11. Nrhog; NguuR

INuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhW09. tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;

10. fp.gp. 1815 ,d; gpd;du; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk; Njrpa thjf;

nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jp.

11. Kjyhk; cyfkfh Aj;jk;

12. u\;ag; Gul;rp

13. ghrprKk;> ehrprKk;

14. ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jk;

15. ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; cyfk;

cyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhW07. Gjpa NguuR thjk;

08. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;

09. If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj;Jk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp

ngwy;.

10. NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpa Nghuhl;lq;fs;.

11. ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jk;

12. ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du;

13. ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL

gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;

01 - 08

09 - 19

20 - 25

26 - 31

32 - 36

37 - 40

41 - 45

46 - 49

50 - 59

60 - 69

70 - 77

78 - 88

89 - 92

93 - 105

106 - 113

114 - 121

122 - 126

127 - 133

134 - 140

141 - 144

145 - 148

149 - 156

157 - 163

164 - 169

170 - 176

177 - 183

184 - 198

199 - 205

206 - 213

214 - 227

228 - 237

vii

,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW

1tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

myF 8.0myF 8.0myF 8.0myF 8.0myF 8.0

16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gy;NtW fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,lk; ngw;w murpay;

epfo;Tfis gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l Kd;khjpupfis

epfo;fhyk;> vjph;fhyk; vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpfukhff; nfhz;L nry;yg;

gyd;jUk; tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthh;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:

8.1 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW gw;wpa

jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.

8.2 Ml;rpapy; fhzg;gl;l gytPdq;fs; me;epa Mjpf;fk; vOr;rpngWtjpy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; ,yq;if

tUifapid Mjhukhff; nfhz;L gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.

ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 25

fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• 16 mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs;

gw;wpa jfty;isr; Nrfupj;jy;.

• Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa

njhlh;Gfis ,dq;fhZjy;.

• 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; gpd;dzp Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau;

jkJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpahf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jpa tpjj;ij

Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij aho;g;ghzj;jpy; epiyehl;ba

tpjj;jpid tpsq;Fjy;.

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf RNjr rf;jpfs; vOr;rp ngw;w

tpjj;jpid rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L

fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ifg;gw;w KbahjpUe;jikapy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfis ,dq;fhZjy;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; epytpa murpay; gpd;dzpapD}lhf Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;

jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gj;ij Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ij

ifg;gw;Wtjd; %yk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. njhlh;e;J aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ijAk;

je;jpNuhghaj;jpdhy; ngw;w Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> NkYk; jkJ Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; jkJ murpay;

gyj;ij epiyepWj;j Kad;wdu;. vdpDk;> epidj;jthW mth;fshy; mjid

epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy. vd;whYk; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mf;fhy ,yq;ifapd;

murpay; #o;epiyfNs VJthf mike;jd. ,t;thW 16Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhiw Muha;tNj ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;

fz;b ,uhr;rpaKk; td;dp

gpuNjrKk;

Nfhl;ilAk; fz;b

,uhr;rpaq;fspd; mjpfhupfspd;

fPo; ,Ue;j gpuNjrk;

td;dpg;gpuNjrk;

jpUNfhzkiy

khj;jis

fz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpak;

ePu;nfhOk;G

fSj;Jiw

fhyp

khj;jiw

Cth

nty;y];]

kl;lf;fsg;G

jkd;fLt

fw;gpl;b

Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;

gpd;njd;d

.....:::.....:::.....:::::.....:::.....:::.....:::

.....:::.....:::.....:::

.....:::.....:::

.....:::

:::.:::

Nfhl;il

Nfhl;il

Nfhl;il

Nfhl;il

Nfhl;il

rPjhthf;;if

,uhr;rpak;

,uhr;rpak;

,uhr;rpak;

,uhr;rpak;

,uhr;rpak;

nfhOk;G

,iufk

16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if


ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.

• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; ,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w gpujhd

,uhr;rpaq;fSs; xd;whFk;.

• ,yq;if Mwhk; guhf ;f pukghF kd;ddpd; f Po ; ,Wjpahf>

If;fpag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; mur FLk;gj;jpd; Ie;J ,sturh;fspd; fPo; Ml;rp

nra;ag;gl;lJ. (Nguurh;fspd; eph;thfr;nraw;ghLfSf;F cjTtjw;F

jkJ kf;fisg; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsh;fshf epakpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,lk;

ngw;wNj md;wp ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; gpupj;J Ml;rp elj;jg;gl;lnjd ,jd;%yk;

fUjg;gltpy;iy)

• 1521 ,y; tp[aghF nfhs;is epfo;Tf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.

• 1521 tp[aghF nfhs;is ,lk;ngw;wJld; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; %d;W

gpupTfshf;fg;gl;likAk; rpk;khrdj;jpd; cupikf;fhf Vw;gl;l

Fog;gq;fSk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptiljYk; tPo;r;rpailjYk;

(moNf];tu Nghh;> uh[htypa> ke;jhuk;Gu nra;jpfs;> Mfpa

%yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; rpwe;jJ)

rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;

– rPjhtf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vy;iyfSk; mjw;Fupa gpuNjrq;fSk;.

– eph;thf ikak; Jiz ,uhr;rpakhf tsh;r;rpiljy;.

rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.

• rPjhthf;ifapd; vy;iyfs; tpuptiljy;.

• ,iwfk ,uhr;rpaj;ij cupikahf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf tpsq;Fjy;.

• je;jjhJitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.

– rPjhthf;if Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;.

– Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fupa gpuNjrq;fs; rPjhthf;iff;F cupj;jhf;FjYk;

rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak; murpay; uPjpapy; vOr;rpailjYk;.

– rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpapy; murpay; tsh;r;rp.

• rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

Nghh;.

• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupa gpuNjrq;fs; rPjhthf;if

,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupj;jhFjy;.

• fz;b ,uhr;rpak; rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gLjy;.

• rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDk; mtdJ nraw;ghLfSk;.

rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp

• ,uh[rpq;fdpd; gpd;dh; rpk;khrdj;Jf;F cupikahsd; xUtd;

,y;yhjpUe;jik.

• ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; ngsj;j tpNuhjf; nfhs;ifAk; jhd;Njhd;wpj;

jdkhd eltbf;iffSk;.

• epu;thf xOq;fpd;ik.


• ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ghJfhg;G gytPdkiljy;.

• ePz;l Nghh; eltbf;ifshy; kf;fs; tpuf;jpAWjy;.

• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;ddhy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gLjy;.

fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;

– Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fj; jpiw nrYj;Jk; ,uhr;rpakhf ,Uj;jy;.

– 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vy;iyfs;> mjw;Fupa

gpuNjrq;fs;.

– fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Rahjpgj;jpak; ngw vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;. (Nrdhrk;kj

tpf;fpughFtpd; fPo;)

– fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay; tsh;r;rp ([atPugz;lhu kd;ddpy; ,Ue;J

Kjyhk; tpky jh;k#upa kd;dd; tiu)

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;

– ,uhrul;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;dh; aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;ij

mz;br; Rje;jpu ,uhr;rpankhd;W cUthFjy;.

– 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;.

– guuh[Nrfud;> Kjyhk; rq;fpyp MfpNahupd; fPo; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;

murpay; jfty;fs;.

– aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu gpd;dzp

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; tPo;r;rpailjy;.

td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;

– tlf;Nf aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;> njw;Nf Nfhl;il> fz;b ,uhr;rpak;

vd;gtw;wpd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;s

fhllu;e;j gpuNjrk; td;dp ,uhr;rpak; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. Etufyhtpa>

jkd;fLt> ahy> ghdk> Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l

gpuNjr Ml;rpahsh;fs; ,Ue;jJld; mth;fs; td;dpah;> my;yJ td;dp

kd;dh;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;. td;dpah;fs; aho;g;ghzk;> Nfhl;il>

fz;b Mfpa ,uhr;rpaq;fSf;F jpiw nrYj;jpdh;. Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF

kd;dd; ehl;il xd;wpizj;j gpd;dh; td;dpah;fspd; Mjpf;fk;

gytPdKw;wJ.

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; tUifAk; mth;fs; RNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fSld;

nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;GfSk;.

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;j

fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:

• nghUshjhu ,yhgk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• rkag; gpurhuk;.

• rh;tNjrstpy; Gfoiljy;.

Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;

• tpahghuk;

• Nghh;

• rkak;


Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;

• jh;kghy kd;didj; jkf;F ,irthf khw;wpf; nfhz;lNjhL ed;nfhil

rhrdk; %yk; Nfhl;ilapd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;.

• 1597 ky;thid xg;ge;jk;.

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G

• Kjyhk; rq;fpyp kd;ddpw;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapy;

Kuz;ghLfs; mjpfupg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzq;fs;.

• aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghh;.

• Kjyhk; rq;fpypapd; gpd;dh; Vw;gl;l cWjpaw;w murpay; epiyikfSk;

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gLjYk;.

• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; (1619-1658)

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;.

• [atPu ghz;baDf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G.

• rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fz;L Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b

,uhr;rpak; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaik.

• fz;b fyfq;fSf;F cjtp toq;Fjy;.

• jkf;F Mjuthdth;fis epakpg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jy; (akrpq;f

gz;lhu> Njhdh fjupdh)

• je;JNu Nghh;

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F gpd;gw;wpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;

nfhs;iffs;.

• n[udp Nkhb m]ptpNlhtpd; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rp

Njhy;tpailjy;.

• nrduj; kd;dd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gk;

Nghh ;j ;Jf;Nfah; fz;b ,uhr;r paj;Jf;F vjpuhfg; gpd;gw ;wpa

eltbf;iffSk;.

• 1617 cld;gbf;ifAk; mjd; xg;ge;jq;fSk;.

• nfhd;];jhe;jpDb rh fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlh;ghfg; gpd;gw;wpa

nfhs;iffs;. fz;b ,uhr ;r paj;jpd; (Rje;jpuk ;) Rahjpf ;fk;

ghJfhf;fg;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa rpwg;gk;rq;fs;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glk ;; ;; ;


fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; epiyehl;lg;gLtjw;Fr;

rhjfkhf mike;j fhuzq;fs;.

• cs;ehl;by; epytpa Fog;gq;fSk; gpuptpidthj murpay; epiyikfSk;

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd epiyikfisj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

• Vohk; GtNdfghF> jh;kghy kd;dd; MfpNahupd; nraw;ghLfs;.

• rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp.

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ,Ue;j flw;gil typik.

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiug; Nghy ,yq;if kd;dh;fsplk;; Nghh; MAjq;fs;

,y;yhjpUe;jik.


,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

Etufyhtpa

fw;gpl;b

rpyhgk;

ePu;nfhOk;G

nfhOk;G

fSj;Jiw

fhyp

,uhr;rpak;

fz;b

kl;lf;fsg;G

jpUNfhzkiy

td;dp

Cth

jkd;fLt

nty;y];]

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F

cl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;

fz ;b ,uhr ; r paj ; j pd ;

Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gpuNjrk;

gpd;njd;d


fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01

• 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; epytpa gpuNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fs; gw;wpa

Njrg;glk; xd;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jid xU FOr;nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.

• G+uzkhf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;il tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp kjpg;gPl;Lf;F

cl;gLj;Jf.

• gpiofisj; jpUj;jp xU Njrg;glj;ij khzth;fis Fwpf;fr; nra;f.


• ',yq;ifAk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUk;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;F

xU fl;Liu tiujy;.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; xg;gilahfg; gad;gLj;Jf.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf; $ba %yhjhuq;fis khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.

• khzth;fSf;Fj; jukhd fl;Liuia mikg;gjw;F topfhl;Lf.

• khzth;fSf;F tpsf;fkpy;yh tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghfg; gpd;D}l;ly;

toq;Ff.

• vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufspy; kpfr;rpwg;ghdijj; njupT nra;J ghlrhiyr;

rQ;rpifapy; gpuRupf;Ff.


myF 09myF 09myF 09myF 09myF 09

fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu epo;Tfis

gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;w Kd;khjpupfis epfo;fhyk;>

vjph;fhyk;> vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf;fpf;nfhs;s gad;jUk; tpjj;jpy;

gad;gLj;Jthh;.


9.1 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij tsg;gLj;Jtjpy; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; gq;fspg;igg;

gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.

9.2 fz;b ,uhr;rpak;> Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh; MfpNahUld;

nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;gpid eLepiyahf ,Ue;J gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.

9.3 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshhu> fyhrhu epiyikfs;

gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;J jkJ ghuk;gupaq;fisg; ghJfhf;f

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thh;.

ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: 30


• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murh;fs;> murpay; tuyhW vd;gd gw;wpa

tplaq;fis mwpjy;.

• fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh; MfpNahUld;

nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfis ,dq;fhZjy;.

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau; xy;yhe;ju; njhlu;gpy;

• RNjr Ml;rpahsh;fs; nraw;gl;l tpjj;jpid fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpD}lhf

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay; nghUshjhu r%f fyhrhuj; Jiwfs;

gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.


fz;bfz;bfz;bfz;bfz;b

,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G muz;fs; epiwe;j fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy;

filrp RNjr ,uhr;rpakhFk;. Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k #upa kd;ddpd; fPo;

epiyahf;fg;gl;l ,e;j ,uhr;rpak; gy;NtW murh;fspd; murpay;> nghUshjhu>

rkaf; nfhs;iffs; %yk; XusT tsh;r;rp ngw;wJld; rpy fhyg; gFjpfspy;

gpd;dilitAk; fz;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.


,e;j epiyikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld;

njhlh;gpidg; Ngz Kaw;rpj;jdh;. vdpDk; mth;fspd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. njhlh;e;J jkJ mjpfhuj;ijf; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;

epiyehl;ba xy;yhe;jUk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdh;.

vt;thwhapDk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;dh;fs; jkJ ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijg;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lJld; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu>

fyhrhu Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lijf; fhzf;$bajhf

cs;sJ.

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; njhlf;fk; = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f

kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp tiuapyhd murpay; tuyhW.

• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fhyg; gpupTfs;.

• ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupj;jhd gpuNjrq;fs;.

• Ml;rpia elj;jpa Kf;fpa muru;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.


,izg;G

gpuNjrq;fs;

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;G(fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; gpupTfs; jprhitfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ld)

jprhit vy;iygpuNjr vy;iy

fq;if

Jk;gu

tpaYt

tyg;gid

N`th`l;l

clgyhj

nfhj;kiy

clGyj;fk

g`yGyj;fk

cLDtu

abDtu

Jk;gNd

`hup];gj;J

aho;g;ghzk;

jpUNfhzkiy

Etu fyhga

jkd;fLit

khj;jisVO Nfhuisfs;

ehd;F

Nfhuisfs;

nfhOk;G

fhyp

Cth

nty;y];]

rg;ufKt

gpd;njd;d

fz;b

gupkhzk;

fp.kpfp.kp

t


• Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)

– tPu Re;ju gz;lhudpd; kfd; Nfhzg;G gz;lhu Mthd;.

– Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjutpd; fPo; M];jpupahtpd; njhd;[{thd; vd;w

ngaupy; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;W Nghh; El;gq;fs; gapd;W te;jhd;.

– Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag; gilapdUld; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpaijj; njhlh;e;J>

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiuj; Juj;jpabj;J 1592 ,y; Kjyhk; tpkyjh;;k#upad;

vd;w ngaupy; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;ddhfg; gjtpNaw;whd;.

– FRkhrd Njtpia jpUkzk; nra;J ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;fhd cupikia

epiyehl;bdhd;.

– Gjpa mur guk;giuia Muk;gpj;J itj;jhd;.

• Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;

– fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; rPjthf;if

,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; tpLg;gpj;J RahjPd ,uhr;rpaj;

Jf;Fupa epiyahd murpay; mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;jpaik.

– ,uhr;rpaj;ij tpupthf;fpaik.

– Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; khj;jpuk;

vy;iyg;gl;bUf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fr; rthyhfr;

nraw;gl;lik.

• rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;

– je;j jhJitf; ifg;gw;wpajhy; KO ehl;bdJk; Ml;rpahsdhfpaik.

• ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;

- ,Uk;Gf; ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jp. ,jw;nfd 170 Ntiyg;gl;liwfs;

mikj;jik.

- tptrhaf; ifj;njhopYf;F muR MjuT toq;fpaik.

- tlf;F Cth> ke;jhuk; Gu Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; tay;fisAk;

Fsq;fisAk; mikj;jik.

- gUj;jpr; nra;ifia mgptpUj;jp nra;jik.

• nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)

- Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDldhd cwT Kiw.

- Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;ddpd; tpjitahd ,uhzp FRkhrd

Njtpiaj; jpUkzQ; nra;J muRupikia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.

- Ml;rpapd; Kw;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l cs;ehl;Lf; fytuj;ij mlf;fpaik.

- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fg; gutr; nra;jik.

- fz;b ,uhr;rpak; 3 gFjpfshfg; gpup;f;fg;gl;L Gjy;tu;fs; %tUf;Fk;

toq;fg;gl;lik.

• ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687)

- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; rf;futh;j;jpahf

my;yJ Kf;fpa kd;ddhff; fUjg;gl;lik.

- jpup rpq;fshjP];tuh; vd;w tpUJg;ngaiug; gad;gLj;jpaik.

- Nkw;Fj;jpiirapy; NghyNt fpof;Fj;jpirapYk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;

vy;iyfis tpupTgLj;jpaik.


- 1664 ,y; mk;gd;ntyuhy vd;gtupd; jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w epy;yk;g

fyfj;ij mlf;fpaik.

- ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; rkag; gzpfs;.

• ,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706)

- mikjpahd Nghf;Filatuhff; fhzg;gl;lik.

- cgrk;gjh Kiwia Vw;gLj;j gh;kh ehl;by; ,Ue;J gpf;Fkhiu

tutioj;jik.

- murdhfg; gjtpNaw;w NghJ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupj;jhf ,Ue;j

gpuNjrq;fis mt;thNw ghJfhj;J itj;jpUe;jik.

• = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)

- ,Wjpr;rpq;fs kd;dd;

- mur rigapy; ehaf;fh; tk;rj;jth;fspd; Mjpf;fk; tsh;r;rpaila

cjtpaik.

• = tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)

- Gjpa mur tk;rj;jpd;; muR cupik gw;wpa Gjpa ghuk;gupankhd;W

Muk;gkhfpaik.

- ehl;L kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWtjw;fhf ngsj;j rkak; gw;wp

mf;fiw nrYj;jpaik.

- mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.

- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; rpq;fs gpujhdpfSf;Fk; (gpuGf;fs;) kd;dDf;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfs;.

- ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rahjpgj;jpaj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpaik.

- tpahghu eltbf;iffs;

- rkag;gzpfs;

• fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)

- mjpfhuj;ij epiygLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F gy;NtW eltbf;iffisg;

gpd;gw;wpaik.

ngsj;j rka eltbf;iffspy; fhl;ba Mh;tk;.

ngsj;j kjj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhz;lik.

- murDf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l #o;r;rpapd; %yk; murdpd; mjpfhuk; epiy

Fiyjy;.

gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuk; mjpfupj;jy;.

rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)

- gpf;Fkhh;fSf;fhd xOf;fnewpf;Nfhitia mikj;jik.

- tpfhiufisg; GdUj;jhgdQ; nra;jik (ntyptpw;w rhuzq;fu Njuupd;

MjuT)

• ,uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798)

- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp Muk;gkhfpaik.

- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpah; trkhfpaik.


• = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)

- kd;dDf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fs;.

- murdpd; mlf;F Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;.

- gpuGf;fspd; xw;Wikapd;ik.

- murdpd; nfh^uk;.

- muridf; ifg;gw;wpaJld; ,yq;ifapd; Kbahl;rp Kiw Kbtile;jik.

• fz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;j

njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:

fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.

- [atPu> fuypaj;Nj gz;lhu MfpNahu; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j

njhlh;Gfs;.

- 1594 ,y; Kjyhk; tpky jh;k #upad; je;JNu Nghupy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;

midtiuAk; nfhiy nra;jik.

- vjpupuhytpd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhd NghUf;F tpkyjh;k#upad;

cjtp mspj;jik.

- 1602 ,y; njhd; n[udpNkhb m]ptpNlhtpd; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wk;

Kaw;rp gyd (gyd Nghh;) vDkplj;jpy; Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadhy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik.

- nrduj; kd;dd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; mikjpahd Nghf;fpidf;

filg;gpbj;jik.

- Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa vy;iyg;

gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; mj;JkPwpg; gpuNtrpj;J mjid ehrk; nra;jik.

- epfgpl;ba gz;lhutpd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhd NghUf;F nrduj;

kd;dd; cjtp Gupe;jik.

- nrduj; kd;dDf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; 1617 ,y; rkhjhd

cld;gbf;if xd;W Vw;gl;lik.

- 1630 ,y; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;bapd; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; nrduj;

kd;ddpd; kfdhd kfh m];jhd ,sturUld; ,ize;J

ue;jdptiyapy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag; giliaj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;J

nfhd;W Ftpj;jik.

- 1638 ,y; fd;ndhUitg; Nghupy; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhy;

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; Kw;WKOjhfj; Njhy;tpaile;jik.

- xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpiag; ngw;W 1658 ,y; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiu fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J tpul;babj;jik.

• xy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;j

njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.

- xy;yhe;jUld; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpaikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;.- fPioj;Nja tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; Mh;tk; fhl;ba xy;yhe;jh;

fpof;fpe;jpa th;jjff; fk;gdpapd; fg;gy; FOtpdh; ,yq;iff;F te;jik.- Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;by; ,Ue;J tpul;babg;gjw;F tYkpf;f flw;gil

Njit vd;gij mwpe;J nfhz;l ,uz;lhk; uh[rpq;f kd;dd; jdJNehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mj;jifa flw;gyk; nghUe;jpaxy;ye;jupd; cjtpia ehbaik.

- fz;b kd ;dh ;fSld; xy ;yhe ;jh ; njhlh ;Gfis Vw ;gLj ;jtpUk;gpaikf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk; thridj; jputpaq;fspd; th;j;jfj;jpy;>

Fwpg;ghf fWth th;j;jfj;jpd; jdpAupikiag; ngWtjw;fhfNtahFk;.


xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;

xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;

- ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDld; xy;yhe;jh; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.

- ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapy; 1638

,y; cld;gbf;if xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaik.

- cld;gbf;ifapy; cs;s tplaq;fspy; (Clauses) njsptpd;ik

fhzg;gl;ljhy; kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; mJ njhlh;gpy; fUj;J

NtWghL Vw;gl;lik.

- 1658 ,y; xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpAld; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiu Juj;Jtjpy; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; ntw;wp fz;lik.

- 1658 tiu Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; trkpUe;j fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspd; ngUk;

gFjp fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fs; ,izf;fg;gl;lik. ,jdhy; xy;yhe;jUf;F

cupj;jhd gpuNjrq;fs; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F cupj;jhf ,Ue;j

gpuNjrq;fis tpl FWfpajhff; fhzg;gl;lik.

,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhdnjhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.

• fz;b kd;dh;fSf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfspdhy;Gjpa fhyg;gFjpnahd;W cUthdik.

• fw;gpl;b nfhl;bahuk;> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa JiwKfq;fs;.- kd;dh;fspd; fg;gy; gpuahzq;fSf;Fk; jpwe;J tplg;gl;lik.- ,U gf;fj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,uh[je;jpu njhlh;Gfs; cUthdik.- 1688,y; xy;yhe;jUf;F ed;ik mspf;Fk; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; fz;b

kd;ddpd; ifnahg ;gj ;ijg ; ngw vLf ;fg ;gl ;l Kaw ;r pNjhy;tpaile;jik.

- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfspdhy; rhjfkhdepiyikfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s xy;yhe;jh; vLj;j midj;JKaw;rpfSk; Njhy;tpAw;wik.


tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;j

njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.

- ,U gf;fj;jpdUk; tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; mjpf Mu;tk; fhl;baik.

- ,jdhy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfs;.

- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F mUfpypUe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf

Vw;gl;l fyfq;fs;.

- MSeh; kd;diur; re;jpg;gjw;Fj; J}Jf; FOit fz;bf;F mDg;gpaik.

- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf ,lk; ngw;w

fyfq ;fSf ;Fk ; kd ;dDf ;Fk ; njhlh ;G ,y ;iynad ;gij

ntspg;gLj;JjYk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf

vOe;j vjpu;g;gpid mikjpg;gLj;j cjtpaikAk;.

- ,k;n`hg; MSeh; el;Gwthd njhlh;ig cUthf;f kpFe;j Mh;tk;

fhl;baik.

fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;j

njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.

- fWth cupg;gth;fspd; fpsh;r;rpfSf;F kd;dd; cjtp toq;fpaJld;

`d;ty;y Nfhl;il khj;jiw jprhitia ifg;gw;wpaik. mjD}lhf

,Ugf;fj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfs; eyptile;jik.

- td; vf; vd;gtupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;G Njhy;tpaile;jik.

1766 - fz;b - xy;yhe;jh; cld;gbf;if

cld;gbf;if tplaq;fs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fg; ghjfkhdjhf

mike;jik. ,t;Tld;gbf;if fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlh;gpy; xy;yhe;jupd;

Mjpf;fg; guk;gypd; cr;r mstpdjhf mike;jik.

,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu

tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.


xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;

iky;fs;iky;fs;iky;fs;iky;fs;iky;fs;

1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G

vy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iy

1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G

vy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iy

gUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiw

aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;

Cu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;Wiw

td;dptd;dptd;dptd;dptd;dp

kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;

mupT

MW

mupT

MW

mupT

MW

mupT

MW

mupT

MW

mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;

fw;gpl;bfw;gpl;bfw;gpl;bfw;gpl;bfw;gpl;b

Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;

jpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiy

jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;

nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;

jkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLt

kfhtyp

fq;if

kl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;GnjJWXah

FUzhfy;FUzhfy;FUzhfy;FUzhfy;FUzhfy;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;

g pl ; bfyg pl ; bfyg pl ; bfyg pl ; bfyg pl ; bfy

ePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;G

fsdpfsdpfsdpfsdpfsdp

nfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;G

ghze;Jiwghze;Jiwghze;Jiwghze;Jiwghze;Jiw

fSj;JiwfSj;JiwfSj;JiwfSj;JiwfSj;Jiw

nge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;il

fhypfhypfhypfhypfhyp ntypfk

khj;jiw

tyNttyNttyNttyNttyNt

ahyahyahyahyahy

ghzkghzkghzkghzkghzk

nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;

fy;yhWfy;yhWfy;yhWfy;yhWfy;yhW

fy;Kidfy;Kidfy;Kidfy;Kidfy;Kid

rk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiw

mf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wnty;y];]nty;y];]nty;y];]nty;y];]nty;y];]

Fk;Gf;fd

; MW

khz

pf;f fq;if

fpupe;jp X

ah

khfk; gj;Jt

`f;kz

fLthj;jh

[pd;fq;if

nge;Njhl;lfq;if nkhwtf;if

FFY

etJd;

FUr;rp

fsdp fq;if

N`thfk

ry;gpl;b

,iwfkmq;FUthf;nfhl;l

fSfq;if

gpgpypafk

xgehafk

mlfyq;

nfhyd;id

fltj;ij

njdtf;f

rg;ufKt

gdhtpy;FUghtpy mj;JSfk

r Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;if

nj pfk;gymSj;FU

ngypfy;

kh Xa

h

fLfk;gymyt;tfpdpnfhl

`hup];gj;JmSj;Etu

cLEtu Jk;giw

N`th`l;l

kJul;lgJis

epyk;NgguzFU

Utd;ntyprpadh

`e;jghd;Jdclgyhj


ky;thid

gpd;njd;d


fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.

Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk; ----- murDld ; mtDf ;F cjtp toq ;Fk ;

mjpfhupfs;> murdJk; mjpfhupfspdJk;

flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.

- epu;thfg; gpupTfs;> epu;thf myFfSf;F

nghWg;ghd mjpfhupfs;.

rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs; ----- Gj;j rkak;:- cgrk;gjh kPz;Lk; eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;gl;lik. ntyptpw;w = ruzq;fu Njuupd;

gzpfs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL

gpupNtdhf; fy;tp.

,e;J rkak;:- ehaf;f tk;r muRfspd; %yk;

,e;J rkak; gutpaJ.

,e;J rka eltbf;iffs; r%fj;jpy; gutpaJ.

,];yhk; rkak;:- kj;jpa kiyehl;by; tu;j;jf

tpahghupfs; %yk; ,];yhk; kjk; gutpaJ.

fj;Njhypf;f rkak;:- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;

,Ue;J kj;jpa kiyehl;Lf;F gutpaJ.

r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; - fhzp cupik> gpujhd ,uhrfhupa tFg;gpdh;>

rhjp Kiwik> njhopy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;bUe;jik. tptrhak; nghUshjhuj;jpy;

Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWjy;.

tpahghuk;tpahghuk;tpahghuk;tpahghuk;tpahghuk; ----- ntspehl;L> tpahghuk;> cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;.


fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:


fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jfty;fis Mjhukhff; nfhz;l tpdhf;fs; mlq;fpa FW

E}ypidj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf xOq;fikf;Ff.

• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jiyg;gpid

toq;Ff.

• nraw;ghl;Lf;fhfj; jfty;fs; ngwf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp

mwpTWj;Jf.

• FOf;fspdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; gw;wp Vida FOf;fSld;

fye;Jiuahb tpdhf;fisj; jahhpf;Ff.

• vy;yhf; FOf;fSlDk; ,ize;J tpdhf;nfhj;ijj; jahhpf;Ff.

tFg;gpYs;s midtUk; gad;gLj;jf; $ba tpjj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd

,lj;jpy; mt;tpdhf;nfhj;jpid itf;Ff.


fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jfty;fis Mjhukhff; nfhz;L tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b

epfo;r;rpia elhj;Jjy;.

• ,e;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpYs;s FW

tpdhf;fisj; njupT nra;f.

• tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tFg;gpidj;

jahh;gLj;Jf.

• ,e;epfo;r;rpia khzth;fspD}lhfNt elhj;Jf.



,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;

xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rp

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : ,yq;ifapy; Nkiyj;Njrj;jtupd; Mjpf;fk; gutpaJld; Vw;gl;l r%f>

murpay;> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; gw;wpg; gFg;gha;T nra;J jkJ

ehl;bd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhj;J gyk; tha;e;j ,dj;ij cUthf;fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thh;.


10.1 ,yq;ifapy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rp gw;wpa

jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.

10.2 Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jpa nghUshjhuk;> rkak; njhlh;ghd nfhs;iffis

Ma;T nra;thh;.

10.3 Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; r%f> fyhrhu nry;thf;Ffs;

gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.



• ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;

xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpf;fl;likg;Gg; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;.

• Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpf; nfhs;iffs; nghUshjhu

Nehf;Ffs; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jik gw;wp EZfp

Muha;jy;.

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh; MfpNahupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs; RNjr

kf;fspilNaAk; fy;tp KiwikapYk; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Fg; gw;wp

mwpjy;.

• Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpapdhy; r%fj;jpYk;

fyhrhuj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l nrythf;fpidg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngWjy;.


tu;j;jfj;ijAk; rkaj;ijAk; gug;Gtjw;fhfNt FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;

Nehf;NfhL ,yq;iff;F te;j Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; ,e;ehl;bd; Ml;rp

epu;thfk;> rkak;> nghUshjhuk;> fyhr;rhuk; vd;gdtw;wpYk; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpAs;sdu; vd;gij ,e;j myfpd; %yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j

,dj;jth;fspdhy; ,e;ehL ngw;Wf; nfhz;l ePz;l fhy FWfpafhy gyd;fs;

gw;wpAk; ,e;j myF tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwJ.


ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;

Ml;rpMl;rpMl;rpMl;rpMl;rp

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rp.

- tpahghuk;> rkak; vd;gtw;iw Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Kiwia

xOq;FgLj;jpaik.

- Ml;rpapy; cah;gjtp Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa ,dj;jtUf;F kl;LNk cupajhff;

fhzg;gl;lik.

- cj;jpNahfG+h;t mjpfhu Kiw eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lik.

- eph;thff; fl;likg;G

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfakd;dd; - NfhthtpypUe;j Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa kd;ddpd;

gpujpepjp

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjr Nghh;Jf;Nfa fgpj;jhd;

n[duy;

mj;J Nfhwis

Nfhwis

jprhit

fpuhkj; jiytd;

- Ml;rp epu ;thfj;jpd; Kjd;ikaplk; fgpj ;jhd; n[duhYf;F

cupj;jhapUj;jy;.

- Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F cl;gl;bUe;j fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;ehl;L

epu;thf eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa KO mjpfhuKk; fgpj;jhd; n[duhy;

ngw;wpUj;jy;.

- Nghh;g;gpufldk; nra;jy; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gd gw;wpa

mjpfhuKila fl;lis ,Lk; mjpfhupahd fgpj;jhd; n[duy; rptpy;

eph;thfj;jpYk; Kjd;ikahdtuhf tpsq;Fjy;.

- epu;thf ikakhf nfhOk;G mike;jpUj;jy;.

gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;

• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; epytpa eph;thf Kiwik mt;thNw

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• ehd;F jprhtdpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;. (khj;jiw> rgufKt> ehd;F

Nfhwis> VO Nfhwis)

• jprhtdpfs; NfhwisfshfTk;> Nfhwisfs; gw;Wf;fshfTk; gw;Wf;fs;

fpuhkq;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;L eph;thff; Nfhyk; xOq;fikf;fg;

gl;bUe;jik.

- aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;ljd; gpd;dh; mjd;

epu;thfk; fg;gpj;jhd; n[duhyplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; mtDf;fhf

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s fg;gpj;jhd; xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lJld;

mtDf;F fPo;kl;l mjpfhupfs; midtUk; eph;thff;fl;likg;Gk;

mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; epytpa RNjr eph;thf Kiwikf;Nfw;wthNw

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

- jprhtdpfs; jprhit xUtupd; fPopUe;j NghJk; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;

mg;gjtpf;Fg; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa ,dj;jtiuNa epakpj;jik.

- RNjr tup xOq;fikg;Gk; Kd;dpUe;jijg; NghyNt gpd;gw;wg;gl;lik.

fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rp

- nfhkhz;lhp Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

- nfhOk;G> fhyp> aho;g;ghzk; vd %d;W nfhkhz;lh;fSk; mit

nfhkhz;lh;fspd; %yk; eph;thfpf;fg;gl;likAk;.


- th;j;jff;fk;gdpapd; jiyikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l eph;thff; Nfhyk;.

• kpf cah;rigahf fPioj;Nja th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; gzp;g;ghsh; rig

tpsq;fpaik.

• gj;Njahtpd; kfh NjrhjpgjpAk; mtuJ MNyhridr; rigAk;

fhzg;gl;lik.

- cah; gjtpfs; xy;yhe;jUf;F kl;Lk; cupj;jhapUe;jik.

- fhzp cupikAk; tup KiwAk;

- fhypapd; MSeUk; mtupd; MNyhridr; rigAk; gpuNjr eph;thfj;jpy;

RNjr mjpfhupfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;

- Fiwe;j nrytpy; nghUshjhu vjph;ghh;gGf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F

gioa eph;thf xOq;fikg;igg; gad;gLj;jpaik.

- gad; jUk; tup tiffs; gw;wp kl;Lk; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jpaik.

- fWth jpizf;fs tup> fWth tup> fiyQu; tup> epytup> ahid tup

Nghf;Ftuj;J tup.

- ntspehl;L tpahghuk; tpuptile;jik.

- RNjr fl;lha Nritahd ,uh[fhupa Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp fWth

Nrfupj;jik.

- tptrha eltbf;iffspy; ftdkpd;ik.

- czTg; nghUl;fspy; Fwpg;g;ghf muprp ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp

nra;ag;gl;lik.

- Njq;fha;> ghf;F Nghd;w th;j;jfg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp tpUj;jpaile;jik.

- gzg;Gof;fk; kpf gpugy;akile;jikAk; tu;j;jfk; tpuptile;jikAk;.

xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;

- RNjr fhzp cupik Kiw> rhjp Kiw vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l r%ff;Nfhyk;> ghuk;gupa gof;f tof;fq;fSf;Nfw;g Fiwe;j

nrytpy; mjpf ,yhgk; ngw;wik.

- tptrha eltbf;iffis tpupthf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lik.

(Kj;Juh[ntyia gaph;r;nra;iff;F cl;gLj;jy;)

- Fsq;fs; GdUj;jhuzk; (jp];]kfhuhktpd; Nahj fz;ba> fpof;Fg;

gFjpapd; fe;jsha;f; Fsk; vd;gd GdUj;jhuzk; nra;ag;gLjy;.

CWnghf;if mizf;fl;L mikf;fg;gl;L fpWthg;gj;Jttpy; Mapuf;

fzf;fhd Vf;fh; tay;fspy; new;gaph;r;nra;if ,lk; ngw;wik.

- ngUe;Njhl;lg ; gaph ;r ;nra;if Muk;gpj ;jy; fWthj;Njhl;lk;>

Nfhg;gpj;Njhl;lk;> vd;gd Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

- ntspehl;L th;j;jfk; murpd; cupikahf eilngw;wik.

- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspd; fWth tpahghuj;jpd; VfNghf cupikia

xy;yhe;jh; ngw;wpUe;jik.

- fWthit tpl ahidfs;> rq;F> rpg;gp> Kj;J MfpadTk; fuhhk;G>

kpsF> Mfpa thridj;jputpaq;fSk; Kf;fpa tpahghug; nghUl;fshf

tpsq;fpaik.

- ghf;F tpahghuk; tpuptile;jik.

- cr;r msT ,yhgk; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; NghUf;fhd nryitf;

Fiwj;jik.


- tup mwtpLk; cupikfis> gfpuq;f Vyk; %yk; tpw;gid nra;Ak;

Kiwia Muk;gpj;jik.

- fUk;G> ePyr; rhak;> gUj;jp Mfpad gaph; nra;J rPdp cw;gj;jp> Jzp

nerT> Jzp rha%l;ly;> Mfpa ifj;njhopy;fis tpuptilar;

nra;jik.- nkhul;Litapy; jr;Rj;njhopiy tpuptilar; nra;jik.- tup mwtpLjiy xOq;fikg;gjw;fhf Njhk;G Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpaik.

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;- cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpidg; gug;Gjy;.- ghlrhiyfspD}lhf rkak; fw;gpj;jYk; gug;GjYk;.- ,e;ehl;by; epytpa rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ik gpw rkaq;fis kjpf;Fk;

gz;G vd;gd tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jy;.- ngsj;j epiyaq;fis fj;Njhypf;f ];jyq;fshf khw;wpaik.

xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;- Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;jpidg; gug;Gjy;.- 1656 ,y; rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F gpypg; gy;jpa]; vd;w kjFU

,yq;iff;F tUif je;jik.- rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;. (c.k;) gpnul;fd;l;

rkag; gpurhufh;fs;.- rka eph;thf rig- cah; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; toq;Fk; NghJ xy;yhe;jh; Gul;l];jhe;J

kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpNahUf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fpaik.- cNuhkh; fj;Njhypf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd fLk;Nghf;iff; filg;gpbj;jik.- ghlrhiyfis ikakhf itj;J rkak; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lik.- xy;yhe;j Gul;l];jhe;J Njthyak; tpNrl r%fg; gpuptpdUf;F kl;Lk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.- gpwkjf; Foe;ijfs; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;w gpd;dNu ghlrhiyfSf;F

mDkjpf;fg;gl;lik.- fy;tp eltbf;iffs; rignahd;wpd; %yk; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lik.- Mrpupah;fSf;fhd gapw;rp toq;f nfhOk;G efupy; Nehky; ghlrhiy

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:- r%fg;gof;f tof;fq;fs;.- Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag; ngah;fs;: irkd;> nkd;b];> rpy;th> ngNuuh> N[hthd;.- Miltbtikg;Gf;fs;.

ngz;fs; ePz;l ifAila rl;il mzpjy;. rl;il> ePsf; fhw;rl;il>fk;ghak;.

- ,yf;fpaKk; fiyfSk;: Nkil ehlf Kiwfs;> fg;gpupQ;Qh igyh.- nkhop- czT tiffs;: rk;gy;> mr;rhW> tpdhfpup> ryhJ- tptrhaj; Jiw : md;dhrp> uk;Gl;lhd;> <ug;gyh- fl;llf;fiy El;gk; : tisTfSld; $ba fl;llq;fs;.- rhjpKiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%fj;ijf; fUj;jpy;

nfhs;shikahy; Njrpa r%f Kiw khw;wj;Jf;Fs;shdik.


xy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;F

• RNjr fhzp cupik> rhjp Kiw> vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l

r%fk;> ghuk;gupa gof;f KiwfspD}lhf cUthd rpq;fs eph;thff;

fl;likg;ig khw;wpaikf;fhJ fl;lha Nritahd ,u[fhupa Kiwapd;

%yk; ,yhgk; ngWjy;.

- cNuhkd; lr;Rr; rl;l Kiw.

- ePjpkd;w Kiw - Njrtoikr; rl;lj;njhFg;G

- 1739 ,y; mr;Rf; $lq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

- Nkiyj;Nja itj;jpa Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

- njhONeha;gutpaikAk; njhONeha; kUj;Jtkid fl;lg;gl;lik.

- xy;yhe;jupd; fl;llf; fiy El;gj;Jf;F Vw;g fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik.

c-k;: Ml;Lg;gl;bj;njUtpy; cs;s NjthyaKk; ghlrhiyAk;.




Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpapd; tpisthf ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l Gjpa mk;rq;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiz xd;iw jahupj;jy; ,jw;F ,yq;ifr;

r%fj;jtupilNa Vw;gl;l Gjpa gof;f tof;fq;fs;> czT tiffs;> Milazpfs;>

nkhop ,yf;fpak;> fiy> Mfpa mk;rq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jp ml;ltiz

jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.

• ,jid FO nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; r%fk; vd;w uPjpapy;

xt;nthU Jiwf;Fk; Vw;g ml;ltiz jahupf;f khzth;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jfty; Nrfupg;gjw;F jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

• fUk;gyifapy; my;yJ nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; khzth;fs;

ghh;f;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; r%f nry;thf;Ffs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiziaj;

jahupf;f ,lkspf;Ff.

• xt;nthU FOTk; jkf;F toq;fg;gl;l jiyg;Gf;F Vw;g ml;ltizf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd milg;gpidg; G+h;j;jp nra;a MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• ml;ltiziag; G+h;j;jp nra;j gpd;dh; khzth;fspd; Fiw epiwfs;

gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jp Nghh;j;Jf;NfahpdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;

nry;thf;Ffis xg;gpl;L ml;ltiziar; nrk;ikahf;Ff.


Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffis xg;gpl;L nra;jpg;

gj;jpupiff;F fl;Liu vOJjy;.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.

• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yq;fs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

• Nrfupj;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOJtjpy; khzth;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

• midtupdJk; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf.

• rpwe;j jfty;fs; mlq;fpa fl;Liufisj; njupT nra;J tFg;G

khzth;fs; mtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gk; toq;Ff.



gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fk; gutpaik gw;wp EZfpMuha;e;J

gFg;gha;T nra;J jkJ ehl;bd; Rahjpf;fj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjd; Njit

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;Tld; nraw;gLthh;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :

11.1 gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij

epiyehl;ba tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.

11.2 gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa tpjj;ijg; guprPyid

nra;thh;.


fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:

- gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tuyhw;W epiyikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

- ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F

cl;gl;l tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

- th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;w fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thf

Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;.

- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa

mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

- gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w vLj;j Kaw;rpfis

,dq;fhZjy;.

- gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa Kiwapid tpkh;rd

uPjpapy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.


rkak; gug;Gjy;> th;j;jfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jy;> FbNaw;w ehLfis cUthf;Fjy;

vd;gdNt ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;iff;F te;j

Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij Ml;rp nra;j xy;yhe;jiu

Njhw;fbj;J mg;gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;. njhlh;e;J mth;fs;

mg;gpuNjrk; KOtJk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij cWjpahf;Ftjw;Fupa eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. mj;Jld; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rahjpf;fj;ijg; ghJfhf;ff;

fhuzkhd tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa

Kiwapid ,e;j myF tptupf;fpd;wJ.

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:- fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpah; Mjpf;fk; Vw;gLjy;.

- gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPioj;Nja tUif.

- INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa murpay; gpd;dzp.


- rkfhy ,e;jpahtpd; FWfpa murpay; gpd;dzp.

• Kfyha Nguurpd; Mjpf;fk; eyptiljy;.

• gpuhd;]; fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; kj;jpa epiyak;

mikf;fg;gLjy;.

- gpupj;jhdpa fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp Muk;gpf;fg;gLjy;.

• gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk; gpuhd;rpaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,e;jpahtpy; Mjpf;fk;

ngWtjw;fhd gpzf;Ffs;.

• fPioj;Njaj;jpy; xy;yhe;jupd; Mjpf;fk;.

gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

- jpUNfhzkiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

- ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; th;j;jf Mjpf;fk; ngWjy;.

- ,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfg; nghUl;fspd; ngWkjp (Fwpg;ghf fWth)

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l

tpjk;.tpjk;.tpjk;.tpjk;.tpjk;.

Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;

- nrd;idapypUe;j MSeupd; fPo; eph;thfk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; gpupf;fg;gl;L fr;Nrupfs; mikj;jYk; eph;thf

Nehf;fq;fSk;.

- RNjr mj pfhu pfSf ;Fg ; gj pyhf nrd ;id mjpfhu pfis

epakpj;jjhNyw;gl;l epiyikfs;.

- Gjpa tupfs; mwtplYk; mjd; tpisTfSk;.

- 1797 -1798 tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapy; fk;gdpf;F vjpuhd fpsh;r;rpfs;.

- kpA+ud;Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gLjYk; mjd; MNyhridfSk;.

,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw

- ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa INuhg;gpa

gpd;dzp.

- nrd;id eph;thf Kiwapd; FiwghLfSk; ,jdhy; vOe;j

gpur;rpidfSk;.

- ,e;j Ml;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;.

- Kbg; gpujpepjpahf Nehu;j; MSeh; epakpf;fg;gl;lik.

- ,ul;il Ml;rpapd; FiwghLfs;.

fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;

- gphpj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo; FbNaw;w ehlhf;fg;gl;lik.

- MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; MNyhridr; rigfSk;.

- gpul;upf;Nehj; MSeupd; eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.

• gpuj;jhdpa ,dj;jtiuf;nfhz;l rptpy; Nritia Muk;gpj;jik.

• gf;fr; rhh;Gila mjpfhupfs; th;f;fk; Muk;gkhdik.

• RNjr mjpfhupfspd; Mjpf;fk; Fiwtile;jik.


• ,uh[fhupa Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lik.

• ePjpkd;w rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk; jpizf;fsq;fSk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.

Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;

- eph;thfg; gpuNjrq;fs; gw;wp tpopg;Gzh;Tld; nraw;gl;lik.

- N[hd; nlha;yp Nghd;wth;fs; %yk; jfty;fisj; jpul;baik.

- RNjr eph;thf xOq;fikg;ig KOikahf epuhfupf;fhJ cj;jpfs;

%yk; RNjr mjpfhupfspd; mjpfhuj;ij mlf;fpaik.

- fl;lha Nritahd ,uh[fhupa Kiwia kPz;Lk; mwpKfQ; nra;jik.

- rptpy; Nritiar; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;jik.

- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mikjpg; Nghf;Ff;nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaik.

• mikjpf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpr; nraw;gl;lik.

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j VJthd fhuzpfs;:

- INuhg ; g pau ; fs plk pUe ;Jk ; kiyaf kf ;fs plk pUe ;Jk ;

gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;Fupa gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhf;f ,uz;L ghJfhg;G

tyaq;fs; mtrpag;gl;lik.

- nfhOk;G> jpUNfhzkiyf;fpilNa jiukhu;f;fg; ghijnahd;iw

mikg;gjpy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;.

- mij kiyafj;Jf;$lhf mikf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik.

- nfhOk;gpypUe;J gilfis jpUNfhzkiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjpy;

Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;.

- mt;thW nry;tjpy; Vw;gl;l nryTfs;.

- kiyafg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l fWth> ghf;F Vida thrid

jputpaq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; Vw;gl;l rpukq;fs;.

kiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jik

- N[hd; igg]pd; J}Jg; gazk; (1762)

- `pAnghapl;bd; J}Jg; gazk; (1782)

- gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; fPo; kiyafj;Jldhd njhlu;Gfs;.

- fp.gp. 1803 ,y; gpul;upf; kiyafg; gilnaLg;Gk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;.

- 1803 gilnaLg;G Njhy;tpaile;jik.

- Njhk]; nkapl;yd;l; MSeupd; kiyafj; njhlu;Gfs;.

- ,tu; gpd;gw;wpa rkhjhdf; nfhs;iffs;.

- n[hd; nlhapyp Nghd;Nwhiug; gad;gLj;jp csTj;Jiw %ykhf

fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis tFj;jik.


aho;g;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;

kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;

jpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiy

1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;

mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;

Etu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpa

jkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLt

kiyafk;kiyafk;kiyafk;kiyafk;kiyafk;kl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;G


,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;

nfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;G

fhypfhypfhypfhypfhyp


nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;G

• 1815 ,y; fz;biaj; jhf;Ftjw;fhd gpd;dzp mike;j Kiw.

• fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf murDf;nfjpuhd ,af;fq;fs; nraw;gl;l

Kiwik.

• 1815 ,y; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;gpd; jd;ik.

• fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; fz;l ntw;wpAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;.

gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.

- fp.gp 1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Mq;fpNyah; trkhdJ.

- fz;b xg;ge;jk;> mjd; epge;jidfs;> mtw;wpd; eilKiw.

- mf;fhyj;jpy; fz;b tho; kf;fspd; r%fg;gpd;dzpAk; gpupj;jhdpah;

Ml;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l mOj;jq;fSk;.


fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL


1796 ,y; gphpj;jhdpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf;

fhl;Lk; Njrg;glj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.

• FO Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jf.

• ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F cupj;jhd fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fisAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijAk; epwe;jPl;bf; fhl;Lf.

• gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa fiuNahuj;

JiwKfq;fisAk; efuq;fisAk; Fwpj;Jg;ngaupLf.


fp.gp.1796 njhlf;fk; gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; tiuapyhd

tuyhw;W tplaq;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;F tpdhfnfhj;J xd;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.

• tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;Ff.

• gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;> fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ

Mjpf;fj;ij epiy ehl;Ljy;> gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf;

ifg;gw;Wjy; Mfpa jiyg;Gf;fis FOf;fspilNa gfph;e;jspf;Ff.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yq;fis khzth;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf.

• jkJ FOTf;F cupa jiyg;G gw;wp fUj;Js;s tpdhf;fis mikg;gjpy;

khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.

• jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis xUepwj;jpYk; tpilfis NtnwhU epwj;jpYk;

vOjp E}y; xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.



gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;if

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhz;l murpay; khw;wq;fs; RNjrpa

kf;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.


12.1 Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf RNjrpfs;

vOr;rp ngw;w tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thhh;.

12.2 ,yq;ifapd; r%f> nfhUshjhu murpay;> khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F

gpupj;jhdpah; mwpKfQ; nra;j murpay; ahg;G rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;; gw;wpg;

gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.

ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- 20

fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-

• gpupj;jhdpah; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf vOe;j Nghh; ,af;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghh;.

• fz;bapy; Vw;gl;l gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Kjy; Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia tptupg;ghh;.

• fz;b gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,uz;lhtJ Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzpia mwpe;J nfhs;thh;.

• Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridfs; gpupj;jhdpa Mjpf;fj;ij

cWjpahf;Ftjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.

• Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridfs; Clhf cUthd eph;thfr;

rPh;jpUj;jq;fis tptupg;ghh;.


1796 ,y; gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fis Kjypy; jkJ

Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jpdh;. mth;fs; jkJ cj;jpfspdhy; 1815 ,y; fz;b

,uhr;rpaj;ijAk; jkjhl;rpf;Fl;gLj;jpdh;. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; fz;b gpuGf;fSf;Fk;

,ilapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l 1815 xg;ge;jj;Jf;F Vw;g eph;thf eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;tjhf Mq;fpNyah ; xg ;Gf ;nfhz;ldh ; . vdpDk;> mJNghy

epiwNtw;wg;glhjjpdhy; fz;b tho; kf;fs; jiyth;fSk; rhjhuz kf;fSk;

xs;wpize;J 1818 ,y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; <Lgl;ldh;. Mq;fpNyah;

mjid mlf;fpaJld; kPz;Lk; 1848 ,y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ.

jkJ murpay; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Mq;fpNyauhy;

1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; - fkud; rPh;jpUj;jk; mwpKfk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyah;

,e;ehl;by; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;ba Kiw> gpupj;jhdpah; Ml;rp> ,yq;ifapd;

murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw ,e;j

myfpd; %yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.


ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:

1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;

- 1818 Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

- 1818 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

- Rje;jpu ,af;fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l tpjKk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;Gk;

guk;gYk;.

- KjyhtJ Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jikapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.

Rje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j

Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.

- 1818 ,d; gpufldk;.

murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.

- Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; (1833)

- Nfhy;GW}f; tprhuizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd gpd;dzp.

- Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;j rpghh;Rfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa jhuhz;ikthjf;

fUj;Jf;fs;.

- Nfhy;GW}f; rpghupRfs;.

xd;wpize;j eph;thf Kiwnahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

Ie;J khfhzq;fshfg; gpupj;jy;.


1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G

aho;g;ghzk;

tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;

kd;dhu;

mEuhjGuk;

Etufyhtpa

jpUNfhzkiy

fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;

jkd;fLt

gpd;njd;d

nty;y];]

kj;jpakj;jpakj;jpakj;jpakj;jpa

khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk;

fz;b

VO Nfhuisfs;

Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;

ehd;F

Nfhuisfs;

nfhOk;G

njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;

fhyp


• rl;lrigAk;> rl;l eph;thf rigAk; jhgpf;fg;gLjy;.

• rptpy; Nritapy; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.

- tupr;rPh;jpUj;jk;.

- epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk;

- fl;lha ,uh[fhupa Nrit ePf;fg;gLjy;.

- ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F trjpfs; toq;fg;gLjy;.

- fkudpd; ePjp rPh;jpUj;j MNyhridfs; nraw;gLj;jg;gly;.

fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;

gpupj;jdpah; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpa ,Wjp MAjg;Nghuhl;lkhd ,uz;lhtJ

Rje;jpug; NghUf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j fhuzq;fs;.

• Nfhy;GW}f; -fkud; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;.

• nlhupq;ud; gpuGtpd; tupr;rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.

• ngUe;Njhl;lg;nghUshjhu Kiwapdhy; cUthd r%f nghUshjhu

gpur;rpidfs;.

• 1840 ,d; jupR epyr;rl;lk;.

• ePyg; Gj;jfj;jpw;fhfj; jfty; Nrfupf;fg;gLjy;.

• Rje;jpu ,af;fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l tpjk;> jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;Gk;

mjd; guk;gYk;.

• 1848 Rje;jpu ,af;fk; xLf;fg;gLjy;.

• Rje;jpu ,af;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikAk;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;.

1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.

• eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jk; (khfhzq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;fg;gLjy;)

• cs;ehl;L tptrhaj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

• ghJfhg;G nrytpdq;fs; gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs;.

• rl;lthf;f rigapd; tsh;r;rp (1883-1910 tiu)




fp.gp.1818 - 1848 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; gpd; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjph;g;G gw;wpa Ngr;R

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwr; nraw;gLj;jy;.

• FO Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jTk;.

• tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;

• 1818 - 1848 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; gpupj;jhdpa vjph;g;G ,af;fk; njhlh;ghd

jiyg;Gf;fis FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• mur vjph;g;G ,af;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;> gutpa

gpuNjrq;fs;> jiyth;fs;> tpisTfs;> Mfpait njhlh;ghd tplaq;fis

Kd;itg;gjpy; khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.

• khzth;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jtwpa tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jp ghlj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLf.


1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;j MNyhridfSk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfSk;

gw;wp vz;zf;fUg;glk; xd;iw cUthf;fy;.

• tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yq;fis khztUf;F toq;Ff.

• vz;zf;fUg; glj;ij cUthf;Fk; tpjk; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.

• Njitahd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• khzth; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.



ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : gpupj;jhdpauhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

,yq;ifah; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij xg;gpl;Lg;

gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.


13.1 ,yq;ifapd; ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp gw;wpa jfty;fis

tpsf;Fthh;.

13.2 gpupj;jhdpaup;d; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis

xg;gpl;Lg;gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.


fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:

• ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhuk; Njhd;Wtjw;F mbg;gilahd tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzpia tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;.

• ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopypd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> vd;gd gw;wp tpgupg;ghh;.

• ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopy; Nfhyj;ijAk; RNjr tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;

tPo;r;rpaile;j tpjj;ijAk; tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;.

• Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nghUshjhuf; Nfhyk; cUthd tpjj;ij mwpe;J

nfhs;thh;.

• ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;Jld; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fis ,dq; fhz;ghh;.


Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifapy; jkJ nghUshjhu eltbf;ifis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;

Nehf;Fld; ngUe;Njhl;lf;ifj;njhopiy Muk;gpj;jJld; Kf;fpa gaph;fs;

gytw;iwAk; ,e;ehl;bw;F mwpKfQ; nra;jdh;. ,J RNjr tptrhaj; njhopy;

tPo;r;rpAwf; fhuzkhdJ. vdpDk; ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopypdhy; ,e;ehl;bd;

r%f Kiw gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;l tpjj;jpid ,g;ghl myfpd; %yk;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.

ngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtW

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.

- Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; nry;thf;F fl;lha Nritahd ,uh[fhupa

Kiw xopf;fg;gLjy;> th;j;jfj; jdpAupikia ePf;Fjy;> epyq;fis

tpw;Fk; nfhs;if Muk;gkhjy;> jdpahh; KjyPLfSf;F Cf;;fkspj;jy;

Mfpa tplaq;fs; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;;r;na;ifapd; Njhw;wj;Jf;Fk;

tsh;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhapd.


Nfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;if

- fWthr; nra;ifapd; tPo;r;rpAk; Nfhg;gpg;

gaph;r;nra;ifapd; Njhw;wKk;.

- Nfhg;g pr ; nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpapy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.

- Nfhg;gpr;nra;ifapd; tPo;r;rp.

Njapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;if

- rpq;Nfhdh> nfhf;Nfh Mfpa gaph;r;

nra;ifapd; tpisjpwd; Fiwtiljy;

- Njapiyr; nra;ifapd; Njhw;wKk;

guk;gYk;.

- Njapiyr ; nra ;if tPo ;r ;r pf ;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk;

njq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;if

- njq;Fr; nra;ifapd; guk;gy;

,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if

- ,wg;gh; nra;ifapd; Njhw;wKk; guk;gYk;.

- ,wg;gh; nra;ifapd; tPo;;r;rp

epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.

- tq;fpr; Nrit> fhg;GWjp> epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; vd;gd Njhw;wk;

ngWjy;.

- ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jy;.

- ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapujg; ghijj; njhFjpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;.

- nra;jpg;gupkhw;wk; mQ;ry; Nrit tpUj;jp.

kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;

Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy;


Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;

- cs;ehl;L tptrhaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp

- ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpfs; iftplg;gl;lik.

- n`d;wp Nthl; %yk; Muk;gkhd ePu;g;ghrd Gduikg;G

r%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;F

- Gjpa r%f tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;> Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLjy;.

- Fiwe;j $ypapy; Ntiyapy; <LgLj;j nfhz;Ltug;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa

jkpoupdhy; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

- epy cupikapoe;j $l;lj;jpdh; Njhw;wk; ngWjy;.

- efukakhjYk; Rfhjhu eltbf;iffspy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wKk;.

,e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907)




- 'gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r; nra;ifAk;

mjd; tpisTfSk;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liu

vOJjy;.

- ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.

- ngUe;Njhl;lr;nra;ifapd; Muk;gk;> mjd; tsh;r;rp> mjdhy; Vw;gl;l

tpisTfs; vd;gd gw;wp khzth;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf.

- cupa jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOj khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.

- khzth;fspd; Mf;fq;fspy; kpfr;rpwe;jijj; njupT nra;J ghlrhiyr;

rQ;rpifapy; ,lk;ngwr;nra;f.


- gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; r%fkhw;wq;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa Ngr;R

epfo;r;rpnahd;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.

- ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.

- FOtpy; Ngr;Rj; jpwDs;s khzth; xUtiuj; njupT nra;f.

- FOtpy; cs;s VidNahupd; xj;Jiog;Gld; Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;G gw;wp

tFg;gpy; Ngr;R xd;iw epfo;j;j xOq;F nra;f.

- jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;F FOtpy; cs;s

midtupdJk; xj;Jiog;G Njit vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

- nra;jpwDld; ,aq;Fjy;> rpwg;ghf Kd;itj;jy;> vd;gd gw;wpf; ftdk;

nrYj;jp FOf;fSf;Fg; Gs;sp toq;fTk;.

- khzth; Kd;itj;j tpjk; gw;wp mtjhdpj;J mit gw;wpa

gpd;D}l;ly;fis toq;Ff.



19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : gpupj;jhdpaupd; rkag; gpurhu ,af;fk;> mjw;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l RNjrrka tpopg;Gzh;T vd;gd gw;wpf; fw;wy; %yk; jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ijg;ghJfhf;Fk; Njitf;Nfw;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thh;.


14.1 ,yq;ifapy; kp\dupkhh; ,af;fk; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij Muha;thh;.

14.2 kp\dup ,af;fj;jpdhy; ngsj;jk;> ,e;J> ,];yhk; Mfpa rkaq;fspy;

Vw;gl;l tpopg;Gzh;T gw;wp Mua;thh;.

ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : 14

fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:

- kp\dup ,af;fk; cUthd tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

- kp\dup ,af;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l fy;tpapd; ,ay;gpid tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

- kp\dupkhupd; fy;tpapd; tpNrl mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;.

- ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpf;F jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fpath;fis

,dq;fhZjy;.

- ,e;J rkak;> fhyhrhuk; vd;gtw;wpy; kWkyh;r;rp Vw;gl;l tpjj;ij

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

- ,];yhk; fyhrhu tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;l tpjj;jpid ,dq;fhZjy;.


,yq;ifia jkJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gLj;jpa gpd;dh; Mq;fpNyah; jkJ kp\dup

,af;fk; %yk; RNjr fyhrhu rkaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;j

Kw;gl;ldh;. ,jd; tpisthf ngsj;j jiyth;fs; kp\dup ,af;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfg;

gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpdh;. ,Nj Ntis ,e;J> K];ypk; rkaj;

jiyth;fSk; vjpuhff; fpsk;gpdh;. kp\dup ,af;fk; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ijAk;

mjw;F vjpuhf vOe;j RNjr rkar; nry;thf;F gw;wpAk; ,e;j myF tpgupf;fpd;wJ.

ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:- kp\dupkhuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkag; gpurhuk;.

- rkag; gpurhuj;jpw;fhff; fy;tpiag; gad;gLj;jpaik.

- gy;NtW kp\dupf; FOf;fSk; mth;fs; jkJ rkag; gpurhuq;fs;

Nkw;nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fSk;

- fpwp];jt rkaj;jth;fSf;F tpNrl rYiffs; toq;fpaik.

- ,jd; tpisthf RNjr rkaq;fSk; mjDld; ,ize;j RNjr

fyhrhuq;fSk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik.

- fp.gp 1860 Mk; Mz;lstpy; jkJ rkaq;fisAk; fyhrhuq;fisAk;

vOr;rp ngwr; nra;tjw;F ngsj;j> rpq;fs> K];ypk; kf;fs; gy;NtW

,af;fq;fis Muk;gpj;jik.


ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp

ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;

• ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;F tYT+l;ba gpf;Fkhh; tyhNd rpj;jhh;j;j Njuh;>

Gsj;fk jk;khyq;hu Rkzjp];] Njuh;> `pf;fLt Rkq;fs Njuh;>

kPnjl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j Njuh;.

• Ik;ngUk; tpthjq;fs;.

• xy;nfhl;bd; rka eltbf;iffs;.

• ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpapy; nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;G.

• mefhupf jh;kghy.

• xy;nfhl;

• typrpq;fs `up];re;jpu

• gpajhr rpupNrd.

ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.

• ngsj;j gpuk;kQhd rq;fk;.

• kfh Nghjp rq;fk;.

• ngsj;j ,isQh; rq;fk;

fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp

- nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs;> ngUkstpy; mr;rplg;gl;lik.

- gpupNtdhf;fs; Njhd;wpaik.

- QhapW rka ghlrhiyfs; (mwnewp) Vw;gl;lik.

- rka tpohf;fs; elhj;jg;gl;lik.

,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp

• ,e;J rkak;> fyrhuk; vd;gtw;iw vOr;rpngwr; nra;tjpy; =y= MWKf

ehtyh; =kj; nghd;dk;gyk; mUzhryk;> =kj; nghd;dk;gyk;

,uhkehjd; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;G.

• aho;g;ghzk; tz;zhh;g;gz;izapy; ,e;Jg; ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

• irt gpufhr rig vd;w epWtdk; Njhd;wpaik.

• irt tpj ;j pahrhiy - Mq;fpy nkhop%yg; ghlrhiyia

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

Gj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd;duKd;duKd;duKd;duKd;du ; (1780); (1780); (1780); (1780); (1780)rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;


• tz;zhh;g;gz;izapy; mr;rfk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;J ,e;J rkak;

njhlh;ghd E}y;fs;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; vd;gdtw;iw

ntspaplg;gl;lik.

nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;

,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:

- ,];yhk; rka kWkyh;r;rpf;fhf rpj;jpnyg;ig mth;fspd; jiyikj;Jtk;

- nfhOk;G K];ypk; rq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;.

- rh`puh tpj;jpahyk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik. (1892)

- muG nkhop fw;gpj;jy; gutpaik.

- K];ypk; Nerd; nra;jpg; gj;jpupifia Muk;gpj;jik.

- Mq;fpy nkhopf;fw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lik.

- uP.gP [hah mth;fs;> 1914 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ~rpNyhd; ,];yhk;

uptPt;| rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liufis toq;fp fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tpsf;fpaik.

- kj;u]h vDk; ngaupyhd K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspd; Njhw;wk;.

kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;

r Ph ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F

,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.

- murpd; kJf; nfhs;if

- kJ xopg;G mikg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaik.

mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.

- vg;. Mu;. Nrdhehaf;fh> uP. gp. [ajpyf;f> B. v];. Nrdhehaf;fh

MfpNahupd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; ,lk; ngw;wik.


nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.

- yf;uptp fpuz> yf;kpdp g`z> mUNzhja> rurtp re;nur> rpq;`y

ngsj;jah> rpq;fs; [hjpa> jpdkpd> Mfpa nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffspy; ntspahd

gpuRuq;fs;.

- kJ xop;g;G eltbf;iffis kf;fSf;F mwptpg;gjw;fhd gpurhu eltbf;ifahf

nrhw;nghopTfisAk;> ehlfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpaik. (gpajhr rpupNrd>

N[hd; B rpy;th)

- 1915 ,y; rpq;fs; K];ypk; fytuKk; kJ xopg;G ,af;f jiyth;fs;

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gLjYk;.


fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:

naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01

19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rkak; fyhrhuk; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyh;r;rp gw;wpa

tpdhf;nfhj;njhd;iw jahupj;jy;.

• FO Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;Jf.tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;

FOf;fshf;fp xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; tpdhf;fs; jahupg;gjw;Fupa

jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff. (ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp;f;F ,e;J rka

kWkyh;r;rpf;F ,];yhk; rka kWkyh;r;rp vd;wthwhf)

• xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; jahupj;j tpdhf;fis xU epwj;jpYk; tpilfis

,d;ndhU epwj;jpYk; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• xt;nthU FOTk; jahupj;j tpdhf;fisj; jpul;b E}y; tbtkhf;fp

tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; xOq;fikf;Ff.


• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzh;Tf;Fg; gq;fspg;G ey;fpa

jiyth;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; jahupj;jy;.

• FO Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jf. nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tFg;igf;

FOf;fshf;Ff.

• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jfty; Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; jahupg;gjw;fhd

jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff.

• tho;f;if tuyhW> rka fyhrhug; gzpfs;> vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fs;

cs;slf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• khzth; jahupj;j jfty; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fisr; Nrfupj;J Rth;g;gj;jpupif

jahupf;Ff.



etPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp

Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp tsh;r;rp gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;thh;


15.1 ,yq;ifapd; etPd fy;tp tpUj;jp gw;wp tpkh;rpg;ghh;.


fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:

- Njrpa gpupNtdhf; fy;tp Kiwapd; Kf;fpa ,yl;rzq;fisj; njupe;J

nfhs;sy;.

- Nfhy;GW}f; FOtpd; rpghuprpdhy; fy;tpapy; cz;lhd NtWghl;il

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

- Raghi\f;fy;tp tsh;r;rpaile;j Kiw gw;wp tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sy;.

- Nkhh;fd; Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhrid fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa

gq;F gw;wp mwpjy;.

- nlhd%h; murpaypd; fPo; ,ytrf; fy;tp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Kiwiaf;

fw;wy;.

mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :

Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifiaj; jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jjd; gpd;dh;

kp\dup mikg;ig ikakhff; nfhz;l fy;tp Kiwia mwpKfQ; nra;jhh;fs;.

gpd;dh; gytpjkhd rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; Clhf ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpia tsh;r;rpailar;

nra;tjw;F ,th;fs; Cf;fnkLj;jhh;fs; vd;gijj; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.

Nkiyj;Nja rpe;;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; cUthd ,e;jf; fy;tp Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf

Njrpaj;Jtj;jpw;F rhh;ghd fy;tp Kiwiaf; fl;b vOg;Gtjw;F ,yq;ifah;

gyjrhg;jq;fs; vLj;j Kaw;rpapd; ngWNgwhf ,ytrf; fy;tp Kiwia ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,t;thW etPd fy;tp tpUj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l Kiw njhlh;ghff;

ftdk; nrYj;JtNj ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

gpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tp

- Njrpa fy;tp Kiw

• gpupNtdhf;fy;tp Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;.

• gpupNtdhf; fytp Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp.

- Nghh;j;Jf;NfauJk; xy;yhe;juJk; fhyj;jpy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; tpUj;jp.

- gpupj;jhdpah; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp Kiw.

- gy;NtW tifahd ghlrhiyfs; cUthdik.

• guP]; ghlrhiy> kp\dup ghlrhiy> jdpahh; ghlrhiy.

• %d;W nkhopfspYk; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lik.

• rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;.


kprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiy

Nfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhrid

- ghlrhiy eph;thfj;jpw;Fg; ghlrhiy Mizf;FOf;fis epakpj;jy;

- Mq;fpy nkhopg;ghlrhiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;.

- RNjrnkhopg; ghlrhiyfs; eyptiljy;.

- nfhOk;G Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiy Njhw;wk;.

- nfhOk;G mf;flkpia jhgpj;jy;.

1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.

- ghlrhiy Mizf;FOit ePf;fp tpl;L kj;jpa ghlrhiy Mizf;FOit

epakpj;jy;.

- mur rhh;gw;w ghlrhiyfSf;F cjtp nra;jy;.

- Njrpa guPl;ir Kiwia Muk;gpj;jy;.

- ghlrhiyj;njhFjp tpuptiljy;.

Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.

- fy;tp eph;thfj;jpw;F nghJf; fw;gpj;jy; jpizf;fsk; jhgpf;fg;gly;.

- Muk;gf; fy;tpiaj; jha;nkhopapy; ngWtjw;F mtfhrk; nfhLj;jy;.

- ngz;fs; fy;tpia jha;nkhopapy; ngWtjw;F mtfhrk; nfhLj;jy;.

- kp\dupg; ghlrhiyfSf;F murhq;fj;jpd; MjuT mspj;jy;.

- gytifahd ghlrhiyfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• njhopy; ghlrhiy.

• ,U nkhopg;ghlrhiy.

• kj;jpa ghlrhiy.

• Mrpupah; gapw;rpg; ghlrhiy.

- mur Mjutpd; fPo; ngsj;j> ,e;Jg; ghlrhiyfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

- 1920 fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk; epWtg;gl;lik.

- 1921 gy;fiyf;foff;fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lik.

,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp

1931 nlhd%u; Mizf;FOtpy; fy;tp eph;thff; FOtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j

C.W.W. fd;dq;fuh mth;fspd; nraw;ghL ,e;ehl;bd; ,ytrf; fy;tpf;F top

NfhypaJ.

• Ra nkhopf; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lik.

• fl;lhaf; fy;tp mwpKfk;.


• ghyh; tFg;G njhlf;fk; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiu ,ytrf;fy;tpia

nraw;gLj;jpaik.

• Mrpupiafspd; gapw;rpf;fhf tpNrl jhgdq;fis epWtpaik.

• Mrpau;fSf;F murhq;fr;rk;gsk; toq;fpaik.

• fpuhkpaf;fy;tp Kiwf;F tYT+l;lg;gl;lik.

• ghlrhiy khzth;fSf;F kjpa czT ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jik@

ghlrhiyr; Rfhjhu Nritia Muk;gpj;jik> KjpNahh; fy;tp

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jik

• cs;ehl;Lg; guPl;ir Kiwnahd;iw muk;gpj;jik.

• Ie;jhk; tFg;gpYk; vl;lhk; tFg;gpYk; khzth;fisg; guPl;rpg;gjw;fhd

Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik.

• ,uz;lhk; nkhopahf Mq;fpyj;ij toq;fpaik.

• ghlrhiyf;Fs; Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lik.

• kj;jpa ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

• Njhl;lg; ghlrhiy khzth;fspd; fy;tp eltbf;iffs; Njhl;l

eph;thfpfsplk; tplg;gl;lik.

C.W.W fd;dq;fuh mtu;fs;




gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; gj;jpupiff;F

Xh; mwpf;if jahupf;fr; nra;jy;.

• jdpr;nraw;ghlhfr; nraw;gLj;Jf.

• jfty; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.

• Njitahd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; khzth;fSf;F topfhl;b khzth;

nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.


,yq;ifapd; ,ytrf; fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; mlq;fpa mwpf;if

xd;iw xOq;FgLj;jy;.

• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.

• jfty;fs; jpul;lf; $ba topKiwfis khztUf;F

mwpKfg;gLj;Jf. (E}w;whz;L fy;tp kyh; Nghd;wit)

• Nrfupj;j jfty;fis fhy xOq;fpy; tupirg;gLj;j khzth;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

• nghUj;jkhd jiyg;nghd;wpd; fPo; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J mwpf;if

xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.



Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : Njrpa Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhstjw;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf

mwpe;J me;j Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;thh;.


16.1 kj;jpaju th;f;fj;jpdupd; vOr;rp Njrpa ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fpaik

vd;gd njhlh;ghd jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.

16.2 murpay; ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa Rje;jpuj;ij miljy;

njhlh;ghf xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; tplaq;fis tpsf;Fthh;.



• Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;wpaik gw;wp tpgupg;ghh;.

• Njrpa ,af;fk; murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis ngWtjw;fhfg;

gq;fspj;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.

• murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid njspT

gLj;Jthh;.

• ,yq;ifapd; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;r;rpia tpgupg;ghh;.

mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa ,yq;ifapd; murpay; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd;

fhuzkhf Njrpa ,af;fk; Muk;gkhdJ. Mq;fpyk; fw;w Njrpa kj;jpaju tFg;ghupd;

jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhz;L jk;

Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jdh;. 1919 ,y; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Njrpa rq;fk; murpay;

rPh;jpUj;jg;Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpa tpjk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; nry;thf;F

fhuzkhf 1948 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Kiw Fwpj;J

,t;tyfpD}lhf fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.

ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:

kj;jpa tFg;ghUk; Njrpa ,af;fKk;

• kj;jpa tFg;ghupd; Njhw;wk;.

• Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; fhuzkhf gioa Njrpa gpuG tFg;gpdUf;Fg;

gjpyhf nrhj;JupikAk; fy;tpiaAk; mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l kj;jpaju

tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.

• Mq;fpyf;fy;tpapd; gutyhf;fk;.

• kJ> tpw;gid cupikia tpiy nfhLj;J thq;FtNjhL ngUe;Njhl;lj;

Jiwf;F Nrit toq;Fk; NghJk; gzk; <l;Ltjw;F re;jh;g;gk;

fpilj;jik.


• nfhOk;G> rpyhgk;> FUehfy; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; njd;de;Njhl;lq;fs;

,yq;ifah; trkhdik.

• INuhg;gpa gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F mbikahdik.

• gzk; gilj;j Njrpa gpuGf;fs; jq;fs; gps;isfis gpupj;jhdpa

gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;F mDg;gpaik.

• ,jd; fhuzkhf Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu; cUthfpdh;.

• ,th;fSf;F murpaypy; mjpfhuk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

• Nkw;fj;jpaj;jpw;Fr; rhh;ghd ,tu;fs; GjpanjhU r%f mikg;ghf

Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.

• ,th;fs; murpay; gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;NjhL murpay;

Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;.

,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;

Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;

- Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngwy;:

- Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L midj;J kf;fSld; Nrh;e;J xNu

Fwpf;NfhSld; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Nghuhl;lNk Njrpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;.

- 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpYk;

,j; Njrpag; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhdJ.

• murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fspdhy; cz;lhd Nghuhl;l

,af;fq;fs;.

• ,yq;ifr; rPh;jpUj;jr;rq;fk;.

• rpyhgr;rq;fk;.

• aho;g;ghzr; rq;fk;.

• ,yq;if tptrhar;rq;fk;.

• kJ xopg;Gr;rq;fk;.

• ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;.

Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.

• Njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilf; fl;b vOg;Gjy;.

• rka fyhrhuj;jpy; GdUj;jhuzj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;.

• murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jjpUj;jj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

• FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngwy;.

- murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Njrpa

rq;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G.


• ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jik.

• vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;;lq;fs;.

• nghWg;NghL $ba murpay; mikg;G xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F

toptiffs; nra;jik.

- Njrpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; mikg;Gr;

rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs;.

• Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1833)

• F& kf;fyk; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1910)

• kdpq; murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1920)

• kdpq; btd;rpah; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1924)

• nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk;. (1931)

• Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1947)

rl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rp

• Nfhy;GW}f; rPh ;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; rl;lthf;f fofk; xd;W

mikf;fg ;gl ;lik. mJtiu nraw;gl ;l MNyhridr; rig

xopf;fg;gl;lik.

• rl;lthf;f rig 15 mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJld; Njrhjpgjp

mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.

• F& kf;fyk; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; rl;lthf;frigapy; 21 mq;fj;jth;fs;

,Ue;jdh;.

• kdpq; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f rigapy; 37 mq;fj;jth;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.

• mJ cj;jNahf rhh;gw;wth;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikapdiuf; nfhz;l xU

murpay; Kiwahf ,Ue;jik xU Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.

• 1924 kdpq; btd;rpah; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f rigapd; mq;fj;jth;fs;

49 Ngh;.

• thf;Fupik %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;lth;fNs ngUk;ghd;ikahf

,Ue;jik xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.

• eph;thff; FOKiw nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; %yk; cj;jpNahfg;

gw;ww;wth;fspd; eltbf;iffs; tpuptile;J Ml;rp eltbf;iffspy;

gq;FngWtjw;fhd gapw;rpAk; fpilj;jJ.

• 1931 nlhd%u; murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f rigahd

muRf;fofj;jpd; mq;fj;jth; vz;zpf;if 61 MFk;.

• Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f fofk; ghuhSkd;wk; vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,ul;ilr; rig Kiw vdg;gLk;.

• kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

• nrdw; rig vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.


nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;G

nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;ig mwpKfk; nra;tjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.

• mg;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j kdpq; murpay; Kiwapd; mjpfhuKk;

nghWg;Gk; gpupe;J fhzg;gl;l gytPdkhdnjhU Ml;rp Kiwahff;

fhzg;gl;lik.

• Njrpa kf;fspd; vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lq;fs;.

nlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FO

• 1927 nlhd%h; gpuGtpd; jiyikapy; n[g;up gl;yh;> kj;A+ Nejd;

l;ukz;l yPy;]; vd;Nghh; mlq;fpa FO.

nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;

- murhq;f rig

- Njrhjpgjp

- eph;thf rig

- rh;trd thf;Fupik.

muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;

- ,J murhl;rp Kiwapd; Kf;fpa epWtdkhFk;.

- mq;fj;jth; njhif 61 MFk;.

- gpuNjrthup Njh;jy; njhFjp mbg;gilapy;.

• kf;fs; thf;Ffspdhy; 50 Ngh;;.

• Njrhjpgjpapd; epakdk; %yk; 8 Ngh;

• cj;jpNahf G+h;tkhf 3 Ngh;

ahg;G mbg;gilapy; epWtg;gl;l vy;iy eph;za Mizf; FOtpdhy;

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l Njh;jy; njhFjpfs;.

Nfhy;GW}f;


khfhzk; Mrdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

1. Nky; khfhzk; 14

2. kj;jpa khfhzk; 08

3. njd; khfhzk; 07

4. tl khfhzk; 04

5. fpof;F khfhzk; 02

6. tlNky; khfhzk; 06

7. tl kj;jpa khfhzk; 01

8. Cth khfhzk; 03

9. rg;ufKt khfhzk; 05

Mrdq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 50

rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rp Kiw

fhzg;gltpy;iy.

- muR fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; mjd; nraw;ghLfSk;.

• rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.

• tUlhe;j tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy;.

• eph;thf MNyhridfis Kd; itj;jy;.

• eph;thff; FOtpd; mwpf;ifiag; gupNrhjpj;jy;.

NjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjp

- kd;duhy; njupT nra;ag;gLgtuhthh;.

• ghJfhg;G tptfhuk;.

• ntspehl;L tptfhuk;.

• cs;ehl;L tptfhuk;

• fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J tptfhuk;

• th;j;jf cld;gbf;if

• epjpAk; NritfSklq;fpa tptfhuk;.

• ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;.

,e;j tptfhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf MSeu; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsUf;F Neubahfg;

nghWg;G $w flikg;gl;bUe;jik.

eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.

• cs;ehl;L mYty;fs; njhlh;ghd nghWg;Gf; FO.

• tptrhaKk; fhzpAk; njhlh;ghd FO.

• Rfhjhuf;FO.

• gpuNjr Ml;rp eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd FO.

• fpuhk> ifj;njhopy;> th;j;jfk; njhlh;ghd FO.

• fy;tp njhlh;ghd FO.

• njhlh;ghlYk; nghJ Ntiyfs; njhlh;ghd FO.


- rghehafu; mur mjpfhupfs; %tu; jtph;e;j Vida 57 NgUk;; (7)

VO eph;thff; FOf;fshf njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;fs;.

- eph;thff; FO mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if xd;gJf;F (9) $lhkYk;

(6)MWf;Ff; FiwahkYk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJ.

- xt;nthU eph;thf nghWg;Gr; rigapd; jiytUk; mr;rigapd;

ngUk;ghd;ik tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

- mtu; mg;nghWg;gpd; mikr;ruhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.

- eph;thff; FOj;jiyth;fs; 7 NgiuAk; murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jh;

%tiuAk; nfhz;lNj mikr;rh; mitahFk;.

- mur mjpfhupfs;.

• nghJr; nrayhsh;

• epjpr;nrayhsh;

• ePjpr;nrayhsh;.

- nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;

ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L tptfhuKk; mur eph;thf tplaq;fis Nkw;ghh;it

nra;jy; vd;gdthFk;.

- epjpr;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;

tUlhe;j tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;> epjpf;nfhs;if

vd;gdthFk;.

- ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;

ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j tplaq;fisg; eph;tfpj;jy;;> murhq;fj;jpw;F rl;l

MNyhrid toq;fy; vd;gdthFk;.

Njh;jy;fis elhj;Jjy; vd;gdthFk;.

rh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupik

- Mz;> ngz;> rkak;> ,dk; Mfpa vJtpj NtWghLfSk; ,d;wp 21

tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l rfyUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;l thf;FupikiaNa ru;trd

thf;FupikahFk;.

- nlhd%h; MNyhridapd; fPo; rh;trd thf;Fupik mspf;fg;gl;lNjhL

,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

- gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehl;L Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ehLfSs;

KjyhtJ thf;Fupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Mrpa ehL ,yq;ifahFk;.

- murpay; eltbf;iffspy; nghJkf;fSk; gq;F nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gk;

Vw;gl;lJ.

- Gjpa murpay; ,af;fq;fs; cUthfpd.

- r%f eyd;NgZk; murpay; nfhs;iffs; Muk;gkhapd.

nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;

- ahg;G Kiw XOq;fikg;G ntw;wp ngw;whYk; nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJeilKiwg; gytPdq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sikf;fhd fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gl;lik

- MSeuplk; fhzg;gl;l $ba mjpfhuk; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;gpa


,yq ;ifaUf ;F ntWg ;ig Vw ; gLj ; j pAs ;sJ vd ; gJVw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.

- eph ;thff; FO Kiwik Ml;rp eltbf;iffspy; jhkjj;ijVw;gLj;Jtjw;F fhuzkhf mike;jik Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)

Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.

- nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs;.

- ,yq;ifah;fspd; Nghuhl;lk;.

Nrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FO

- 1944 Nrhy;gup gpuG> ngl;upf; uP];> ngl;upf; gNuh]; Mfpa %tiuAk;

nfhz;l %tu; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.

- kfh Njrhjpgjp.

- gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpup rig.

- ghuhSkd;wk;.

- rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;jpaik.

kfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtp

- gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; gpujpepjpahthu;.

- ,yq;ifg;gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb gpupj ;jhdpa ,uhzpahy;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.

- gpujkiuAk; mikr;rh;fisAk; epakpj;jy;.

- gpujk ePjp murh;> cah; ePjpkd;w ePjaurh;fis epakpj;jy;

- gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;. gpw;NghLjy;>

fiyj;jy;.

- rpk;khrdg;gpurq;fj;ij epfo;j;Jjy;.

- r%f eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fnfhs;sy;.

gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)

- kfh Njrhjjpgjpia gpujpepjpj;JtgLj;Jk; ke;jpuprigapy; ngUk;ghd;ik

tpRthrj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l egh; gpujkuhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

- gpujkiuAk; mikr;rh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.

- gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; Njrhjpgjpahy; mikr;rh;fs; njupT

nra;ag;gl;lhu;fs;.


ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;

- ,J ,U rigfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jJ.

• gpujpepjpfs; rig

• nrdw; rig

- gpujpepjpfs;rig

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd epWtdk;.

• mq;fj;jth;fs; 101 Ngh;.

gpuNjr Njh;jy; njhFjp %yk; 95 Ngu; epakpj;jik.

epakdk; %yk; 06 Ngu; epakpj;jik.

• Nritf; fhyk; Ie;J tUlq;fs;.

mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.

- rpy tiuaiwfSf;F cl;gl;l tpjj;jpy; rl;lthf;fk; nra;Ak; cupik

fpilj;jik.

- epjp eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa KOikahd mjpfhuk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

- epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;.

- tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; gw;wpa eltbf;iffs;.

- murpay; ahg;igj; jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; Gjpa ahg;ig cUthf;Fjy;.

nrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rig

- ,jpy; 30 mq;fj;jth;fs; ,lk; ngWth;.

- ,jpy; 15 Ngh; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; ,Ue;Jk; mLj;j 15 NgUk;

gpujkupd; MNyhriapd; Ngupy; kfh NjrhjpgjpahYk; epakpf;fg;gLth;.

- ,th;fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fshFk;.

- mq;fj;jth; njhifapd; %d;wp;y; xU gq;fpdh; ,U tUlq;fSf;F xU

jlit ePf;fg;gLtNjhL mt;tplj;jpw;F GJ mq;fj;jth;fs; epakpf;fg;gLth;.

- murpaypy; Eioa tpUk;ghj mwpthspfspd; Nritiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sy;.

- rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;

- epjpr; rl;l%yk; (kNrhjh) xd;iw 6 khj fhyk; jhkjpf;fyhk;.

- rhjhuz rl;l%yk; xd;iw xU tUl fhyk; jhkjpf;fyhk;.

rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.

- ke;jpup rig rl;l%yj;jpdJk; Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridfspd;

ClhfTk;; rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;Gf;nfhs;if tFf;fg;gl;lJ.

- gy; Mrdj; njhFjp Kiw.

- gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F epakd mq;fj;jth;fs; mWtiu epakdk; %yk;

njupT nra;jy;

- nrdw; rigia Vw;gLj;jy;.


murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.

nlhd%h; fhyg;gFjpapy; mur Nrit rpf;fyhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.

mur Nrit Mizf;FOTk; epjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOTk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.

- Njrpa Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

- Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpy; cs;slq;fpa rpy rl;l tpjpfSf;F mika

,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wk; ,iwik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

- ,jdhy; 1948 ,y; fpilj;j Rje;jpuk; miur;Rje;jpuk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

- 1972 ,d; FbauR ahg;gpd; %yNk ,yq;iff;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk;

fpilj;jJ.




• ',yq;ifapd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; gq;fspg;G"

rk;ge;jkhf mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidr; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;tpj;jy;.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis khzth;fSf;F mwpag;gLj;jTk;.

• khztuJ nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jTk;.


• 1833 Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;j MNyhridfspy; ,Ue;J 1947 Nrhy;gup rPh;jpUj;jk;

tiu rl;l rigapy; ,J rk;ge;jkhf fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

• tFg;giwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.

• xU FOTf;F xU murpay; rPh;jpUj;jk; tPjk; gfph;e;jspf;fTk;.

• jkJ FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd

,yl;rzq;fs; Kf;fpa gFjpfs; mjd; Fiwfs; vd;w jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;

jfty; jpul;l MNyhrid toq;fTk;.

• jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fis FOj;jiyth; %yk; fye;JiuahlYf;F Kd;itf;fr;

nra;jy;.

• khzth;fspd; gak;> gytPdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L gpd;D}l;ly;fis

toq;fTk;.



Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : Njrpa RahjPdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

gpuaj;jdq;fis tpkh;rdk; nra;tjd; Clhf rpwe;j eph;thfj;jpw;F

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thh;.


17.1 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l

nfhs;iffs; njhlh;ghf tpsf;Fthh;.

17.2 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; epiy gw;wp Muha;thh;.


fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:

• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jp njhlhghf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;thh;.

• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wp Muha;thh;.

• 1972 Mk; Mz;L FbauR ahg;gpd; gpujhd ,yl;rzq;fis

mwpe;Jnfhs;thh;.

• ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; %yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa mk;rq;fs;

gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;thh;.


Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,yq;ifapd; murpaypYk;> murpayikg;Gj; JiwapYk; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gy;NtW tifapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpAs;sijf; fhz KbfpwJ. Nrhy;gup Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;iff;Fr; Rje;jpuk;

fpilj;jNjhL 1972 ,Yk; 1978 ,Yk; Gjpa ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

mNj Nghy; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,e;ehl;bd; nghUshjhu> r%f> fy;tp> Mfpa

Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J ,t;tyfpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gLk;.

ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if

• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gy. mJ

,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ.

• 1947 Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifah; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l

ghuhSkd;w [dehaf Ml;rp Kiw gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy; gytpjkhd

khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfp ,Ue;jJ.

• murpay; fl;rp Kiw.

• mikr;ruit Ml;rp Kiw.

• 1972 Mk; 1978 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; FbauR ahg;G Kiw.

• Njrpa mgptpUj ;j pf ;fhfg ; g pd ;gw ;wg ;gl ;l nfhs;iffSk;

eltbf;iffSk;.


1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;khfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;G

tl

khfhzk;

1833

aho;g;ghzk;

jpUNfhzkiy

tl kj;jpa khfhzk;

1873

mEuhjGuk;

tlNky;

khfhzk;

1845

FUehfy;

kj;jpa

khfhzk;

1833

fz;b

fPo;

khfhzk;

1833

Cth

khfhzk;

1886

gJis

rgufKt

khfhzk;

1889

njd; khfhzk;

1833

Nky;

khfhzk;

1833

nfhOk;G

fhyp

kl;lf;fsg;G

,uj;jpdGup


tptrhak;tptrhak;tptrhak;tptrhak;tptrhak;

• 1948 ,y; ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ ,yq;ifah; gpupj;jhdpag;

Nguurpd; Njitapd; Ngupy; tu;j;jf tptrhag; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak; epiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jdh;.

• ,e;ehl;L kf;fs; mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czTfis ntspehLfspy;

,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;J ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfSf;F %yg;nghUl;fis

Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; epiyf;F cl;gl;bUe;jdh;.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

- tptrhaf; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lk;.

- epyk; mw;NwhUf;F epyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jik.

- gpujhd Fsq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ePh; tpepNahfj; jpl;lk;.

• gyNehf;F mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; fy;Nyhahj; jpl;lk;.

• tptrhapfSf;fhd eyd;Gupj;jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• fkey Nritfs; rigapd; %yk; ney;Yf;F cj;juthj tpiyia

mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• ney; re;ijg;gLj;Jk; rigapd; nfhs;iffisr; nraw;gLj;jy;.

• ney; Muha;r;rp mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; Clhf Gjpa ney; ,dq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

yGJt

kfh ,Yg;gy;yk.

Nghk;Gty

`pq;Fuz;nfhl

- kfhtypj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cyh;tya mgptUj;jp cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

- cltsit kw;Wk; Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;F mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;

- ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwia kf;fs; kag;gLj;jy;

- fhzpfis kf;fs; kag;gLj;jy;

- fld; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.

• fhzp Mizahsh; jpizf;fsk;

• czTj; jpizf;fsk;

• fkey Nritfs; jpizf;fsk;

- fld; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.

• 1961 kf;fs; tq;fp epWtg;gly;.

• $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

• ,yq;if tq;fp.

- tptrha eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;fhf 1972 ,y; tptrha Muha;r;rpg;

gapw;rp epWtdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jp

• Njapiy> njd;id> ,wg;gh;> kw;Wk; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gaph;fs;.

• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; kiy ehl;bYk; md;rkntsp jho;epyq;fspYk;

Nkyjpfg; gaph;fs; gapuplg;gl;ld.

• ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpdhy; Nkyjpfg; gaph;fspd; cw;gj;jp

tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.

c+k;: tlf;F> kj;jpa> Cth khfhzq;fspy; cUisf; fpoq;Fg;

gaph;r;nra;if tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.


- cs;ehl;L tptrhak; NghJkhd msT ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; Nfhg;gp>

nfhf;Nfh> fuhk;G> kpsF> rhjpf;fha;> Nghd;w gy gaph;fs;

tptrhaj;jpw;F gy;tifg; gaph;fisg; gapupLk; jpl;lj;jpw;fhf cyf

czT tptrha jhgdj;jpd; %yKk; I.eh. rigapd; mgptpUj;jp

Ntiyj;jpl;lk; %yKk; epjp cjtp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

• 1972 ,y; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gaph;fs; jpizf;fsk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;

gaph;fis guty; milar; nra;Ak; Kfkhf rpW Vw;Wkjp Muha;r;rp

epWtdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. (c.k;) khj;jis rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gaph;

Muha;r;rp epiyak;

Fz;lrhiy> njy;gpl;ba ehuk;ky> Kjypa ,lq;fspYk; Muha;r;rp

epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

- tptrha cjtp Kiwfs;

• tptrha epyq;fspd; msit mjpfupg;gjd; Clhf cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;G

vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

- mur mDruizAld; cukhdpak; kw;Wk; MNyhridfs; ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

- 1972 -1976 fhyj;jpw;fhd 5 Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gUj;jp> Nrhsk;>

#upa fhe;jp Kjypa gaph;fs; gapupl Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1972 ,y; fhzp rPu;j;jpUj;j Mizahsh; rig mikj;J jdpahh;

fhzpfspd; cupikf;F cr;r tuk;nghd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• jdp xUtUf;F cr;r mstpy; ney; tptrhak; nra;tjw;F 25 Vf;fh;

epyKk; NtW gaph;fs; gapupl 50 Vf;fh; epyKk; cupikahFk; epiy

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- 1975 fhzpr; rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Clhf ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;

nra;ifapy; <Lgl;bUe;j fk;gdpfSf;Fupa fhzpfs; kf;fs;

kag;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

- fhzpr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf Xu; Gul;rpfu mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghlhf

jdpahh ; Jiwf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpfs; mur Jiwf;F

nrhe;jkhdjhf khw;wg;gl;ld.

- mur Jiwf;F cupikahd fhzpfs;

• mur ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw

• kiyafj; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig.

• kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig

Kjypa epWtdq;fs; %yk; Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

- 1970 -1976 ,d; ,wf;Fkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if fLikahfg;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;ljdhy; ghy; cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

- tpyq;Fts mgptpUj;jpapd; tsh;r;rpf; fhy fl;lkhFk;.

- Njrpa ghw; rig epWtg;gl;lJ.

- mk;Ngnty ghw;njhopw;rhiyAk; nghyd;dWitf; fl;bg;ghw;

njhopw ;rhiyAk; Muk;g pf ;fg ;gl ;ljd; %yk; ghy; cw;gj ;j p

mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

- cah; jukhd tpyq;FzT jahupg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if vz;za;f; nfhOg;Gf;

$l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- mur Kaw;rpapd; fPo; 1953 ,y; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jy; Nritfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.


Nghf;Ftuj;J> JiwKfk; vd;gd kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL tq;fpfSk;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. c+k; : kf;fs; tq;fp.

- 1956 ,d; gpd;dh; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; murhq;fk; <Lgl;lJ.

- 1959 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wk; vf;fiyapy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1958 - 1968 tiuapyhd 10 Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghupa ifj;njhopy;

rpW ifj;njhopy; Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; vd;gd mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld.

- ntspehl;L cjtpfs; %yk; gPq;fhd; Nfhg;ig> uah;> rPnke;J fljhrp>

rPdp> xl;Lg;gyif> cUf;F> Kjypa ghupa ifj;njhopy;fs; mur

Jiwahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

fy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tp

- Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;dh; fy;tpf;nfhs;if nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- Nguhrpupah; C.W.W. fd;dq;fuh mth;fspd; jiyikapy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

- vy;yh khzth;fSf;Fk; fy;tpapy; rktha;g;igf; nfhLg;gNjhL rfy

trjpfSk; mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

- ,uz;lhk; nkhopahf Mq;fpyk; fw;gJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ.

- Mrpupah; gapw;rpf;F tpNrl epWtdq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

- 1956 Mk; Mz;L Ml;rpf;F te;j kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp fy;tp

tsh;r;rpapy; tpNrl ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ.

- fy;tpiaj; jha;nkhopapy; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ.

- ,ilapy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j kjpa czT toq;fiy kPz;Lk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s xOq;F nra;jJ.

- Vio khzth;fSf;F Gyikg;guprpy; toq;Ftij xOq;F Kiwahfr;

nraw;gLj;jpaJ.

- vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T $lk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;.

- cah;fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F 1958 ,y; tpj;jpNahja> tpj;jpahyq;fhu>

rh;tfyhrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;ld.

- tpj;jpNahja gy;fiyf; fofk; [ath;j;jd gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;Wk;

tpj;jpahyq;fhu> fsdpa gy;fiyf; fofk; vd;Wk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- 1962 Mk; Mz;L mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;w muR cjtp ngWk; ghlrhiyfis

mur cilikahf ;f paJ. Nguhjidg ;gy ;fiyf;fofj ;NjhL

,izf;fg;gl;bUe;j nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fiyg;gPlk; jdpahf

epWtg;gl;lJ.

- kjFUkhUf;Fj; jdpahd gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.

- nfhOk;gpy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1952 Nguhjidf;Ff;

nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ.

- 1960 ,y; Nguhjidapy; itj;jpa gPlKk;> nghwpapy; gPlKk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1972 fl;Lgj;j gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghzg;gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;gd

jhgpf;fg;gl;lJld; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjd; gpd;dh; cah;fy;tpAk; tsh;r;rp

ngw;wJ.


Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp

- 1948 ,y Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjd; gpd;dh; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J

tpyfpa v];. lg;ypA+. Mh;. B. gz;lhuehaf;fh mth;fs; 1951 Mk;

Mz;L = yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpiaj; jhgpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

- mfpy ,yq;ifj; jkpoh; rq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp v];. N[.tP. nry;tehafk;

mth;fspd; jiyikapd; fPo; 1749 rk\;bf; fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lik.

• 1956 kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp Njhw;wk;

• kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp Njhw;wk;.

• 1976 jkpoh; If;fpa Kd;dzp Njhw;wk;

• 1964 ,lJrhup If;fpa Kd;dzp Muk;gpf;fg;gly;.

- ,yq;if murpay; tuyhw;wpy; gyfl;rp Kiw nraw;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.

,Nj Kiwapy; epiyahd murhq;fk; xd;iw mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;FNghJkhd msT ngUk;ghd;ikj; njhFjpfisg; ngWtJ fbdkhf,Ue;jgbahy; rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gy fl;rpfs; $l;Lr Nrh;e;J $l;Lmurhq;fq;fis mikj;Js;sd.

- 1948 - 1972 tiuahd murpayikg;gpd; khw;wq;fs;.

gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;


b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)

1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G

- Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;Gk; ehl;by; 1946 Mk; Mz;bd; ,yq;if muR

fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPopUe;j Nrhy;gup ahg;Ng nraw;gl;lJ.- ,J 1972 Mk; Mz;L FbauR ahg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tiu

mKypy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;F Kd;dh; rl;l Mf;fk;> rl;l eph;thfk;> epjpMfpa midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; jiyaPL nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; gpupj;jhdpamurhq;fj;jpw;Nf cupajhf ,Ue;jJ.

1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.

• 1972 tiu ,yq;if vd miof;fg;gl;Lte;j vkJ ehL = yq;fh vd;w

ngaupy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• rpq;fs nkhop mur fUk nkhopahf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Kjyplk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

• kf;fs; ,iwik toq;fg;gl;lik.

• 1972 ,d; gpd;G ghuhSkd;wk; mt;tpiwikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik.

,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;

• rh;trd thf;Fupik

• kdpjdpd; mbg;gil cupikfs; murpay; ahg;G %yk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lik.

• kf;fspd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;.

• kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;;l mq;;fj;jth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Njrpa

muRg; Nguit %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.

- kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfspy; ,Ue;J epakpf;fg;gLk;

gpujkupd; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruitapd; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- kf;fspd; ePjpkd;w mjpfhuk;.

- cah; ePjpkd;wk; cs;slq;fpa ePjpkd;wj;njhFjp %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;

- kfh Njrhjpgjp / MSeh; ehafk; vd;w gjtpf;Fg; gjpyhf ngaustpyhd

[dhjpgjpg;gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

- Kbapd; mur jiyikj;Jtk; gjtp tfp;j;j fhyk; 1972 Mz;Lld;

KbTw;wJ.

- ,j;jiyikj;Jtk; gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.


,uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978)

- 1977 nghJj;Njh;jypy; $ba vz;zpf;ifahd njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp

ngw;w I.Nj.fl;rp ghuhSkd;w mjpfhuj;ij cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;lJ.

- 1972 KjyhtJ FbauR ahg;gpw;Fg; gjpyhf 1978 ,y; Gjpa murpay;

ahg;G xd;W Kd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1978 ,d; FbauR ahg;gpy;mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpg;

gjtp KOikahd mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l xU gjtpahFk;. murpay;

mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 30 MtJ ruj;jpw;F mika [dhjpgjp ,yq;if

murpd; jiytuhthh;. eph;thfj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; MAjg;gilfspd;

jiytUkhthh;.

- Neubahf kf;fs; thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whh;.

- gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fs;.

[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;

• epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;.

• ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;.

• ghuhSkd;w Kjy; mkh;Tfspy; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F cupik ngWjy;.

• ghuhSkd;wf; $l;lj;njhlh;fis KbTWj;jy;> $l;Ljy;> ghuhSkd;wf;

$l;lq;fis xj;jpitj;jy;> fiyj;jy;> rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.

• gy;NtW mikr;R eltbf;iffis xd;wpizj;jy;.

• ,ilf;fhy tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;

- mikr;ruitapd; jiytu;.

- mikr;rh;fis epakpj;jy;.

- gpujkiu epakpj;jy;.

- mikr;ruitapy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.

- ve;j mikr;irAk; jdf;Ff; fPo; nfhz;L tUk; mjpfhuk;.

- mikr;ruitapd; nrayhsiuAk; mikr;rh;fspd; nrayhsh;fisAk;

[dhjpgjpNa epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.

ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;

- gf;frhh;gw;w ePjpj;Jiwia epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy;

ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;.

- mth;fis ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpf;F ,y;yhik.

- gpujk ePjpauriu epakpj;jy;.

- cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;. ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;

MNyhridapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy; njupT nra;ag;gLthh;.

- [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;aKbahik.

gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)

- mikr;ruit [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLk;.

- gpujkh; gjtp xU ngausTg; gjtpahFk;.

- gpujkh; cl;gl mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F $l;lhfg; nghWg;Gf;

$wf; flikg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

- mikr;ruitapd; jiyth; [dhjpgjpahthh;.

- jdf;Fupa epiwNtw;Wf; flikfis mikr;ruit %ykhfr;

nraw;gLj;Jthh;.


ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;• Njrpa muRg; Nguit vDk; rl;lthf;f rig ghuhSkd;wk; vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ.• mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 225 MFk;.• Njh;jy; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiwapd; fPo; njupT nra;ag;gLth;.• ehl;L eph;thfj;ij ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd

rl;lq;fis Mf;Fjy; Kf;fpa flikahFk;.

nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.

• kf;fs; jk;Kila rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk; kw;WnkhU

KiwahFk;.

ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;• kP cah; ePjp kd;wk;• Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjp kd;wk;.• cah;ePjp kd;wk;.• khtl;l ePjp kd;wk;.• ePjthd; ePjp kd;wk;.

• Muk;g ePjp kd;wk;.

mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;- ,e;j ahg;gpy; mbg;gil cupikfs; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.- ghuhSkd;w Mizahsh; my;yJ xk;Gl;];kd; vDk; Gjpa tpjpia

cUthf;fp cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mtw;iw epth;j;jpnra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd rl;ljpl;lq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

khfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpgpuNjr rigfs;khefu rigfs;efu rigfs;




• 1972 ahg;gpy; ,Ue;J Nrhu;gup ahg;G Kiwapyhd NtWghLfis xg;gpl;L

Muha;jy;.

• ,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• khztu;fs; jfty;fs; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpDs; jfty;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

• fzpg;gPLfis kjpg;gPL nra;f.

• kjpg;gPl;bd; Kbtpy; gyk;> gytPdq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;b FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp

nra;f.


• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;Ds;s ,yq;ifapy; tptrhaj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp vDk; jiyg;gpy;

ghlrhiy rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liunahd;iw mikj;jy;.

• ,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• khztu;fs; jfty;fs; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• fl;Liu mikg;G gw;wp khztu;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Ff.

• rpwg;ghf njupT nra;j fl;Liunahd;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk;

mspf;Ff.

• Fiw epiwfis Rl;;bf;fhl;b mwpTiufis toq;Ff.


,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW



nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;

tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.

Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :- kj;jpa eph;thfj;jpd; gytPdk; fhuzkhf gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs;

gykilAk; tpjj;ij ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpD}lhf tpsf;Fthh;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-

6.1 tlNky; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif je;J nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ,dj;ijg;

gw;wpa tpguq;fisj; njhFg;ghh;.

6.2 kj;jpa eph;thfj;jpd; gytPdk; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpa gpuhe;jpa muRfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fisj; jpul;Lth;.

ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20

fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-

• njhy; nghUs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;J>

fpNuf;fh;> rhfuh;> F\hzu;> Rq;fh;> rhjthfzh; gw;wpa tpguq;fis

mwpjy;.

• nksupag;NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; murpay; xUikg;ghL ,y;yhj

fhuzj;jhy; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd vd;gjidg;

Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.

• ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh; ,e;jpahtpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa gpuNjrq;fis

,e;jpag; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy;.

• Nkw;gb ,dj;jth; ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> nghUshju> fyhrhuj; Jiwapy;

Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Fg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngWjy;.

mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-

,e;jpahtpy; kpfg; ghupa epyg;gug;gpy; gue;J fhzg;gl;l nksupag; NguuR

tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; cs;ehl;by; gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; RakhfNt

gykile;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlNkw;fpy; mike;jpUe;j fztha;fs; Clhf

ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs; ,e;jpahtpDs; gpuNtrpj;jdh;. Njrpa uPjpapy; Rq;fh;

kw;Wk; rhjthfzh; gykile;jJld; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fSs; ,e;J

fpNuf;f kw;Wk; rhfuh;fis tplTk; F\hzh; gykile;J tlNky; ,e;jpahtpy;

jkJ Ml;rpia epWtpdh;. Nkw;gb ,dj;jth; ,e;jpah kPJ nrYj;jpa nry;thf;if

mwpe;J nfhs;tNj ,t;Tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;

Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;


ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :

Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:

• Rq;f mur tk;rk; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;FjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;

%yhjhuq;fs;.

ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- `u;\ rupjk;> khstpfhfpdpkpj;jpu> kfhgh];a GUfjh;j;jid

nfhiy nra;J G];akpj;jpu Rq;fd; kfjj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ijf;

ifg;gw;wpaik. G];akpj;u Rq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyw;gl;l

tpNrl epfo;Tfs;.

ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- (I) jf;fzg; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

(II) fpNuf;f Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fis vjph;nfhz;lik.

(III) m];tNkjahfk; ,uz;il Nkw;nfhz;lik.

• G];akpj;jpu Rq;fDf;Fg; gpd;dh; mf;fpdkpj;jpu> R[T];j> tRkpj;jpu>

ghfgj;jpu> t[;[p> ghfkpj;jpu> NjtG+jp Mfpa Rq;ftk;r Ml;rpahsh;fs;

Ml;rp gPlk; Vwpaik.

• NjtG+jp kd;didf; nfhiy nra;J fd;t tk;rj;ijr; Nrh;e;j thRNjtd;

vd;gtd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL Rq;fAfk; KbTf;F te;jJ.

,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-

• ,e;J fpNuf;fiug; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;

%yhjhuq;fs;.

ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- mtjhdfy ;gyjhNtjk ; > kfhgh] ;a> AfGuhzk ; >

khstpfhfpdpkpj;jpu fhfpdpkpj;jpu> kpype;jgQ;`fhrp kw;Wk;

fy;ntl;Lfs;.

• nksupaUf;Fg; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa Fog;gfukhd murpay;

epiy fhuzkhf fpNuf;fh;fshy; ,yFthf ,e;jpahitf; ifg;gw;w

Kbe;jik.

• A+jp;lk];> bkj;jpupa]; vDk; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; fPo; tlNky; ,e;jpahtpy;

fpNuf;fh; Ml;rp gutyile;jik.

• kpndd;lh; kd;ddpd; murpay; ntw;wp.

• ,e;J fpNuf;fupd; fyhrhur; nry;thf;F.

• ,e;jpahTf;Fk; fpNuf;fj;Jf;FkpilNa fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

tsh;r;rpaile;jik.

• ,e;jpaf; fiykugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;F Vw;gl;ld.

• fhe;jhu fiy kugpd; Muk;gk;.

fhfhfhfhfhe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;F


kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;

rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:

• rhfuh; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;FjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;.

ccccc + k;:k;:k;:k;:k;: fpNuf;f Nuhk %yhjhuq;fs;> ,e;jpa mwpf;iffs;>

fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ehzaq;fs;.

• gy topfshYk; ,e;jpahtpDs; gpuNtrpj;j rhfuh; tlNky; ,e;jpahtpYk;

tl ,e;jpahtpYk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;bdh;.

• e`ghz> r];ld> Uj;uhjhkd;> KjypNahh; Kf;fpakhd rhfu

Ml;rpahsh;fshth;.

• Uj;uhjhkdpd; gpd;dh; rhfuh; Ml;rp tPo;r;rpaile;jJld; ghh;j;jpah;fs;

Ml;rpf;F te;jdh;.

F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-

• F\hz Ml;rpahsh; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;

%yhjhuq;fs;.

ccccc + k;:k;:k;:k;:k;: F\hz kd;dh;fs; ntspapl;Ls;s ehzaq;fs;> rPd

mwpf;iffs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfs;>

ngWkjpAs;s rpijTfs;.

• A+ - V - rPapdupd; ,e;jpa tUif

• F[{y nfl;igr];> gPk; nfl;igr];> fdp\;f> thrp];f> `{tp];f>

thRNjt Mfpa F\hz tk;r kd;du;fs; Ml;rpNaw;wik.

• fdp\;f kd;dd; F\hz Afj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Ml;rpahsdhthd;.

• F\hz Afj;jpy; fyhrhu tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lik.

F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;


• fdp\;f kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gj;j rhrdj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F mur

MjuT fpilj;jJ.

• ehd;fhk; ngsj;jg;Nguit elhj;jg;gl;lJ.

• kfhahd ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpAk; guk;gYk;.

(,e;jpahtpYk; ntspehLfspYk;)

• kJuh kw;Wk; fhe;jhu fiy kuGfs; tsh;r;rp fz;ld.

• ,yf;fpak; tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.

F\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l

Muk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;W

fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;

Nghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiy

kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;

Nghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiy


rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:

• rhjthfdu; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;

%yhjuq;fs;.

ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- Guhz fpue;jq;fs;> ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> njhykpapd;

mwpf;if> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ehzaq;fs;.

• rpKf> fpU\;z> Kjyhk; rhjfh;zP> nfsjkpGj;jpu rhjfh;zP> thrp];l

Gj;jpuGykha;> aQ;QrpwPrhjfh;zP MfpNahh; rhjthfd Ml;rpahsu;fshtu;.

• jf;rpdh gFjpapy; gyk;tha;e;j Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;gpaikahYk;

fyhrhu> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp fhuzkhfTk; rhjthfdu;fspd; Ml;rp

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ.

• rpKf kd;dd; Rq;fupd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;J kfhuh\;buh

gFjpapy; Ml;rpaikj;jhd;.

• nfsjkp Gj;jpu rhjfh;zP kd;dd; rhjthfdupd; mjpfhuj;ijg;

gutyilar; nra;J mt;tur tk;rj;jpy; kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.

• thrp];l Gj;jpu GYkha; kw;Wk; aQ;QrpwPrhjfh;zP vDk; rhjthfd

Ml;rpahsupd; nraw;ghLfs;.

• rhjthfdupd; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;.

- Gj;j rhrd tsh;r;rp

- fl;llf; fiy kw;Wk; fiyfspd; tsh;r;rp

- mkuhtjp fiy kugpd; tsh;r;rp

- ,e;J rkaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp

- ,e;jpaitj; jhz;b fyhrhuk; tpuptile;jik.

jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp

mku mku mku mku mkuhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuG


fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;

,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpahmDkhd vy;iy

F\hd NguuR

Nkw;F rj;ugu;fs;

Me;jpu ,uhr;rpak;ghz;ba

u;

Nruu;

Nrhou;

fpof;Ff; fly;Nkw;Ff; fly;mk

uhtjp

fypq;fk;

M e; jp u

,uhr ; r pak ;

Rg;ghufk;

gpujP];jhd (ig];jhd;)

[{d$Ntheu;kjh

rhQ;rp

ghUfr;ir

fr;ir

rpe;j;

Nkw;F rj;ugu;fs;

cNjdp

mtd;jp

jgp

gpuahf fhrp

rhu;ehj;aKid

kJiu fq;if

kfj

ghlyp Gj;jpuk;

,e;jpu gpu];;jh

kPuhj;

rpe;J

Ra; tp`hu;RJ

j;U

kpad;

mutdp

mrpf;;dptp

d];jh

fgpajf;\pyhGU

\Gu

Nrhlhd;

ahu;rd;b

fh\;fu;

fh\;kPu;fe;jhuk;


Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;

- rpq;f kw;Wk; ghdh;[papd; ,e;jpa tuyhW gFjp (I)

- jhgh; nuhkpyh - ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW

- fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; ,e;jpa tuyhW (Guhjd fhyk; Kjy;

fp.gp.1206 tiu)

fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1

• nksupa Afj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa muRfspd; guk;giy

,e;jpag; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLjy;.

• FOr; nraw;ghL :- tFg;G khzth;fis Ie;J FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J

xU FOTf;F xU mur tk;rk; vd;w uPjpapy; toq;Ff.

FO 1 - Rq;fu;

FO 2 - ,e;J fpNuf;fu;

FO 3 - rhfuu;

FO 4 - F\hzu;

FO 5 - rhjthfzh;

• ,e;jpag; GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; jkf;Fupa mur tk;rj;jpd; Ml;rpg; gug;ig

Fwpf;FkhW $Wf.

• Njitahd GwTUtg;glq;fs; tiuglg;Gj;jfq;fs;> epwg; ngd;rpy;fs;

vd;gtw;iw toq;Ff.

• FOr; nraw;ghl;il mtjhdpf;Ff.

• nra;J Kbj;j tiuglj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.

• Ie;J GwTUtg; glq;fisAk; xd;W Nrh;j;J xU GwTUtg;glj;ij

Mf;FkhW mwpTiu toq;fTk;.

nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2

• nksupa Afj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; cUthd muRfs; gw;wp khztupd; mwpit

tsh;f;Fk; Kfkhf fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw elhj;JtNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;

%yk; vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

- ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

- tFg;giw khzth;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J

xt;nthU FOTf;F xt;nthU jiyg;ig toq;Ff.

FO 1 - Rq;fu;

FO 2 - ,e;J fpNuf;fu;

FO 3 - rhfuu;

FO 4 - F\hzu;

FO 5 - rhjthfzh;

- xt;nthU jiyg;igAk; gw;wp fye;JiuahLk; NghJ jiyg;ig> gy

cg jiyg;Gfshfg; gpupj;J khzth; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F

top nra;f.

- jfty; jpul;lf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpT+l;lTk;.

- jpul;ba tuyhw;Wj; juTfis cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

- fye;Jiuahly; epfo;it Mf;fG+u;tkhd Kiwapy; elhj;Jtjw;F

khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

- jiyg;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk; fye;Jiuahba gpd;dh; mtw;wpd; gyk;>

gytPdk; vd;gtw;iwr; Rl;bf; fhl;b nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.


myF - 7myF - 7myF - 7myF - 7myF - 7

Fg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuR

Njh;r;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:- ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; guk;giyAk; gw;wpf; fw;gJld;

mjd; %yk; fPioj;Njak; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l ngWkjp tha;e;j

tplaq;fis Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Clhf tpsf;Fth;.


7.1 ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; gq;fspg;G gw;wpa

tpguq;fis tpsf;Fthh;.

7.2 Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njhFg;ghh;.

ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;: 2 42 42 42 42 4

fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:

• Fg;jg; Nguurpd; guk;giyg; GwTUg;glj;jpy; Fwpg;gjd; %yk; mwpe;J

nfhs;thh;.

• rKj;jpu Fg;j kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jd; Mfpa NguuRfSf;F

mth;fsJ Kd;Ndhupl;l gyk; tha;e;j Muk;gKk; tPujPu nraw;ghLfSk;

ngupJk; JizGupe;Js;snjd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;th;.

• Fg;j Afk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; nghw;fhyk; vd;gij me;j Afj;jpd;

fiy> fyhrhu mk;rq;fisf; fw;gjd; %yk; tpsq;Fth;.

• gyk; tha;e;j NguuR xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fr; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f

Kd;khjpupahd jiyikj;Jtk; fhzg;gLtJld; me;jg; Nguuir

ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd ,uz;lhk; epiyj;

jiyikj;Jtk; cUthf;fk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Fg;jg;

Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp %yk; cWjpg;gLj;Jth;.

• Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpapD}lhf munrhd;wp;d; tPo;r;rp;f;fhd fhuzq;fis

mwp;e;J nfhs;th;.


nksupag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l Fog;gfukhd

murpay; epiyikapypUe;J ehl;il kPl;L ,uz;lhtJ jlitahfg; NguuR xd;iw

fl;bnaOg;gpdu; Fg;j Ml;rpapy; =Fg;jd; %yk; Muk;gkhFk;. fNlhj;ftFg;jd;>

];fe;jFg;jd;> Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jd;> rKj;jpuFg;jd;> ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd;>

FkhuFg;jd;> ];fe;jFg;jd; Mfpa murh;fs; Kiwg;gbahf Fg;jg; Nguuir Ml;rp

nra;jdh;. Fg;j Afj;jpd; Muk;gfhy Ml;rpahsh;fspd; Kiwahd eph;thfk;

fhuzkhfg; nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fiyfs; vd;gd tl

,e;jpahtpNy ngUk; tsh;r;rp fz;ld. ,g;Nguurpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Ml;rp gPlNkwpa

gytPdkhd kd;dh;fspd; nraw;ghL fhuzkhfg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpaile;jNjhL

ghJfhg;Gk; gytPdkile;j fhuzj;jhy; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fshd

`_dh;fspd; gilnaLg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,f;fhuzj;jhy; Fg;jg; NguuR

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.


ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:

Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:

Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:

– fy;ntl;Lf;fs;:- myfhghj;> cjafpup> nk`uTyp> [dhfl;> gPj

fy;ntl;L> Nghd;w fy;ntl;Lf;fs;.

– ehzaq;fs;

– ,yf;fpaq;fs;

– NjrrQ;rhupfspd; mwpf;iffs;

– njhy;nghUs; rpijTfs;

Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;

Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;

– Muk;gk; gw;wp re;Njfq;fs; cs;sik.

– mjhtJ = Fg;j kw;Wk; fNlhj;jt Fg;j vDk; Muk;g Ml;rpahsh;fs;

,UtUk; ahjhapDnkhU Nguurpd; fPo; FWepy kd;dh;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;

vd;gjhFk;.

– fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; ehshe;j Kj;jpiu vd;gtw;wpd;gb Fg;j mur

guk;giuapd; gbKiw tUkhW:


=Fg;jd;

fNlhj;ftFg;jd;

Kjyhk;re;jpuFg;jd; + FkhuNjtp

rKj;jpuFg;jd; + jj;jhNjtp

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd;

FkhuFg;jd; + mde;jNjtp

];fe;jFg;jd; + GUFg;jd;

GjFg;jd; eurpq;fFg;jd;

Kjyhk; FkhuFg;jd;

tp\;ZFg;jd;

];fe;j Fg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;dh; te;j kd;dh;fs; gw;wpf; fpilf;Fk; juTfspd;

njsptpd;ik fhuzkhf murh;fspd; ngah;g ;gl;baiy xOq;FgLj;jy;

rpukkhfTs;sJ.

Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;

• fp.gp.320 ,y; Ml;rpgPlNkWjy;> ~kfh uh[hjpuh[h| vDk; gl;lj;ij

#bf;nfhz;lik.

• jpUkz cwT %yk; NguuRf;fhd mj;jpthuk; ,lg;gl;lik.

rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;

• my`ghj; Mtzj;jpd;gb rKj;jpuFg;j kd;dd; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

mjpfkhdit ntspg;gLfpd;wik.

• Ml;rpgPlNkWjYk; Ml;rpf;fhyKk;

• rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; Aj;;j ntw;wpfs; ed;F njspthfj; njupfpd;wd.

– Mupath;j;jdd; ntw;wp

– ml;ltpf ,uhr;rpa ntw;wp

– jf;fpzgj ntw;wp

– ,e;jpa vy;iyf;F ntspNa cs;s ,uhr;rpa ntw;wp

• rKj;jpuFg;j kd;dd; ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa vy;iyg;gpuNjr ehLfSld;


nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G: ,yq;if> rhfuh;> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> fhe;jhu

gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs;> F\h murh;fs;.

• ntspehl ;L Ml ;r pahsh ;fs pd ; mj pfhuj ;ij KOikahf

,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F Kbahkw;Nghdik.

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;

• Ml;rpf;F te;j tpjk;.

• Ml;rpf; fhyKk; gad;gLj;jpa gl;lg;ngah;fSk; : NjtFg;j> Njtuh[>

Njt=

• Fg;jg; Nguuir NkYk; tpupTgLj;jpaik.

• jpUkzj; njhlh;Gfs;: ehf tk;rk;> thfhl;l tk;rk;.

• rhfuiu ntw;wpnfhz;L fjpathh; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.

• f pof ;F > Nkw ;F > tlNky ; > g p uNjrq ;fs py ; mj pfhuj ;ij

epiyehl;Ltjw;fhfg; Nghuply;.

• ntspehl;L Mf;fpukp;g;Gf;fis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J Nguurpd;

mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpaik.


fh\;kPu;GU\Guk;

jpngj;

tpj];dh

Neghsk;

fq;fh

ejp

aKdh ejp

fhrp

mu;[{du;fs;rpe;J

re;jpughF

Rg;ghufk;

eu;kjh

kfhejp

fpU\;zd;

gy;yt

u;

fhQ;rpfhNtup

Nrhou;Nruu;

ghz;ba

u;

gy;ytu;

2Mk; re;jpuFg;jdpd; fPOs;s mDkhd vy;iy

rKj;jpuFg;jdpd; tlf;F Aj;j tpahghuk;

Jq;fgj;uh

thfhl;ltu;

Iuhtjp

fu;j;jpupGuk;

kj;utu;fs;

rhj;uu;fs;aFNjtu;fs;

,e;jpugpu];jh

fdhT[;

it\hyprhk;ghy;

khstu;fs;

kfhNfhriy

mgpuh]u;

ke;j#uu;

cNjdp

rhUth

fuu;Ru];ju;

thydp

rhQ;rp

gputhfu;fs;

Ge;jfu;

ghlypGj;jpuu;rk;gh

fu;zhRtu;zh

Gj;jfahrd;

jhkuypg;jp

ehd;fhk; jrhg;jj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;

Fg;jg; NguuR


Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;

• Ml;rpgPlNkwYk; Ml;rpf; fhyKk;.

• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jik.

• ,Wjpf;fhyg;gFjpapy; NguuR gy rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neh;e;jik:-

G];;]kpj;u Nfhj;jpuf; fpsh;r;rp> `{dupd; Mf;fpukpg;G.

];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;

• Kjyhk; FkhuFg;j kd;ddpd; ,Wjpf; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,sturdhf

,Ue;jNghJ vjpupfspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fis Kwpabg;gjw;fhfr;

nraw;gl;lik

• rpk;khrd cupik njhlh;gpy; cz;lhd fpsh;r;rp.

• Fg;jg;Nguurpd; mjpfhuj;ij ntw;wpfukhfg; ghJfhj;jik.

• Fg;jg;Nguurpd; ,Wjp; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j kd;ddhf ,Ue;jik.

];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy

• ];fe;jFg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;dh; Fg;j tk;r kd;dh;fspd; ngah;fs; njhlh;gpy;

njsptpd;ik fhuzkhf gpd;dh; te;j Fg;j kd;dh;fspd; ngah;g;gl;baiyj;

jahupg;gjpy; rpukNkw;gl;Ls;sik. (c+k;) : it\;ztFg;jd;> %d;whk;

FkhuFg;jd;.

• GjFg;j kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; NguuR ,sturh;fspilNa gpupe;J nrd;wik.

• GjFg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;dh; NguuR gpsTglYk; {dh;fspd; gilnaLg;Gk;.

Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;

• mur eph;thfj;jpd; jiytd; murdhthd;.

• murh;fs; gl;lg;ngah;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.

• mur eph;thfj;jpd; cjtpf;fhf 'ke;jpup gh;\j;" vDk; mikr;ruit

nraw;gl;lik.

• mur eph;thf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;l mjpfhupfs; :-

ghyhjp $h;jh;> kfhjz;lehaf> kfhgpujpfhu> mq;fhuf;\f>

(ghJfhg;gjp;fhup) kfhgpYgjp> re;jptpf;u`pf

• kj;jpa eph;thfk;:- ,sturh;fs;> MAf;jh;fs;

gpuNjr eph;thfk;:- Gf;jp> tp\a> fpuhkk;.

• ifg;gw;wpa ehLfspy; miu Rahl;rp elj;jpaik.

rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;

ePjpia epiyehl;Lk; cah;ePjp kd;wk; ~rgh| vDk; ngaupy;

miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; murd;> ePjpgjp> mikr;rh;fs;> GNuhfpjh;fs;>

vd;Nghh; mq;fk; tfpj;jdh;. ePjp kd;wj; jPh;g;Gfspd;NghJ jh;kk;> rl;lk;>

kuG> murhtzk;> vd;gd mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJld;

jz;lidfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.


nghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiy

tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-

• tptrhaj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

• tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpjk;> gapupdq;fs;> ePh;g;ghrd Kiw>

tupKiw.

c+k;: tufhukpfpuupd; GU`j;rq;`pjht> uFtk;rk;> mkuNfhrk;>

Kjypa E}y;fspy; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs;.

ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;

• Vw;Wkjpf;fhfTk; cs;ehl;Lg; ghtidf;fhfTk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

nghUl;fs;:- gl;L> k];ypd;> fk;gsp Jzp tiffs;> rPdp> cNyhf

cw;gj;jp> fg;gw;nwhopy;fs;.

cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;

• cs;ehl;L th;j;jfk; :- cw;gj;;jpAk; tpepNahfKk; FO mbg;gilapy;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

• cs;ehl;L th;j;jfg; ghijfs;

• th;j;jf efuq;fs;

• th;j;jfg;nghUl;fs;

fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-

• rkaj; jj;Jtq;fs;: gpujhdkhf %d;W rkaq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.

• ,e;J rkak;

• gpuhkz rkak; ,e;J rkakhfg; gupzkpj;jJ.

• irt kw;Wk; it\;zt ek;gpf;iffs; gpugykile;jik.

• rf;jp topghL.

• ,e;J rkaj;jpy; jrhtjhuf; nfhs;if gpugykile;jik.

• ngsj;j rkak;

• ,e;J rka nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf Gj;j rhrdk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

• kfhahd ngsj;jj;jpd; tsh;r;rp:- tRge;J> jpd;dhf> Fkhu[Pt vDk;

rka FUkhh; kfhahd ngsj;j jh;kj;ijg; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;lik.

• rkz rkak;rkz rkak;rkz rkak;rkz rkak;rkz rkak;

RNtjhk;gu> jpfk;gu> vDk; ,U gpuTfspd; mbggilapy; ,r;rkak;; cUthfpaJ.

nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-

• nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-

• rk];fpUj nkhopapd; tsh;r;rp.

• fy;tp tsh;r;rp

• mur mDruiz

fy;tp:-fy;tp:-fy;tp:-fy;tp:-fy;tp:-

• ehye;jh> tpf;fpukrPyh> ty`p gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;.

• ghlj;jpl;lk; tpuptile;jik> rJh;Ntjk;> tuyhW> nkhop> rkak;> vd;gd

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lik.


• fy;tp tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf fy;tpkhd;fs; gyh; cUthfpdh;. c.k;

fhspjhrh;> gtG+jp> Mupag;gl;lh;> tprhfjj;j> jz;bd;> jpd;dhf> etuj;d.

ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;

,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;

• myfghj; fy;ntl;L> #j;jpu fpue;jk;> Nfhr fpue;jk;

• JU];a fhtpak;> kfhfhtpak;> MNhridf;fhtpak;> myq;fhu; fpue;jk;>

jj;Jt E}y;fs;> jh;krh];j;jpu E}y;fs;> fpuf Nrhjpl E}y;fs; Kjypad.

fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-

• Fg;jh; Afj;Jf;Fupa fl;llf;fiy vr;rq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• Fiffs;> tpfhiur;rhiyfs;> rq;fhuhk> Njthyak;.

• Fif eph;khzq;fs; cr;rstpy; fhzg;gl;ld.

• fl;llf; fiyapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;.

• gyk; tha;e;j J}z; eph;khzq;fs;.

• by;yp cNyhfj; J}z;

• nk`uTypj; J}z;

m[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fif


rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-

• rpiyfs;

• rpw;gf;fiyapd; tpNrl mk;rq;fs;:

• ntspehl;Lr; nry;thf;fpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;bUj;jy;.

• rpiyfspd; %yk; cs;Szh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.

• cilfs; clYld; xl;bajhfr; rpiyfis tbj;jy;.

• jiykaph; kbg;Gf;fsf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUj;jy;.

• Gj;jh; rpiyapd; xsp tl;lk; nrJf;fy; fiyak;rkhf mikjy;.

• Gj;jh; rpiyfSk; nja;tr; rpiyfSk; gy;NtW Kj;jpiufspy;

tbf;fg;gly;.

Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;

Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-

• ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy;; Xtpaf;fiy gw;wp vOjg;gl;bUe;jik.

• m[e;jh Xtpak;> gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jth;> mtNyhfpNj];tu Nghjprj;jth;

rpiy> kuzj;jUthapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,sturpapd; rpj;jpuk;.

• vy;Nyhuh kw;Wk; ghf; Kjypa Fif Xtpaq;fs;.

• gjhkp Xtpak;> rptd; ghh;tjp rpj;jpuk;.


m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu;

Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-

• ];fe;j Fg;jdpd; gpd;dh; gytPdkhd kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpgPlNkwpaik.

• murFLk;g ,sturupilNaahd rpk;khrd cupikg; Nghuhl;lk;.

• gpuNjr Ml;rpahsh;fs; Rje;jpukile;jik.

c+k; - khs;thtpy; gukhuh;> tyh`papy; ikj;jpupah;> fNdh[j;jpy;

nksfupfh;> jhNd];tuj;jpy; G];aG+j;jpah;.

• ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;:- thfhlfu;fs;> `_du;fs;.

Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)

• Fg;jg; NguuR - gQ;Qhrpj;jp Njuh;.

• ,e;jpa tuyhW - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;.

• ,e;jpa tuyhW - vk;.uP. g];ehaf;f.


fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL


Fg;jg; Nguurpd; jiyrpwe;j kd;dd; rKj;jpu Fg;jdh my;yJ ,uz;lhk; re;jpu

Fg;jdh vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpthjnkhd;iw elj;Jf.

• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• tFg;giwia ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J nghUj;jkhd jiyth;fis

epakpf;FkhW MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• jfty; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp khztiu mwpT+l;Lf.

• tpthjj;jpw;Fupa ehisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• FOr; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;ghh;it nra;f.

• tpthjnkhd;wpd; NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba tpjpfisg; NgZf.

• tpthj Kbtpy; gyk; gytPdk; vd;gdtw;iwr; Rl;bf;fhl;b FiwghLfis

epth;j;jpf;Ff.


Fg;jg; Nguurpd; eph;thf Kiw vDk; jiyg;gpy; xg;gilnahd;iw jahupf;Ff.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• khzth; jfty; jpul;lf; $ba E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• jh;f;f uPjpahd tpsf;fq;fis Kd;itf;FkhW MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• nraw;ghl;il xg;gilf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• xg;gilia kjpg;gPL nra;f.



gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;

Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :- njd;dhrpa tyaj;jpy; gy;ytupd; murpay;> fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.


8.1 gy;ytupd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fth;.

8.2 gy;yt fyhrhuk; gw;wpa jfy;fis tpsf;Fth;.

8.3 gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwTfs; gw;wpAk; me;ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l gy;yt

nry;thf;Ffs; gw;wpAk; tpgupg;gh;.

ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- 12

fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-

• gy;ytupd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fisAk;

njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisAk; ,dk; fhz;gh;.

• gy;ytupd ;murpay; guk;giy GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpg;gjd; %yk;

mwpe;J nfhs;th;.

• gy;ytupd; eltbf;iffs; ntspehLfspy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s nry;thf;if

,yq;ififa mbg;gilahf itj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;th;.

• gy;ytupd; fyhrhu tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpkh;rd uPjpahfTk; Muha;tu;.

mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-

Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpAld; fp.gp. 6Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; jf;fzj;jpYk;

mjd; njw;fpYk; RahjPd ,uhr;rpaq;fs; gy cUthfpd. mtw;Ws; fhQ;rpia

jiyefuhff; nfhz;L cUthd gy;yt ,uhr;rpak; gyk; ngWtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jJ.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gutyile;j gy;yt fyhrhuk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk;

ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. mr;nry;thf;F njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;Fg; gutpr;

nrd;wikia me;ehLfspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> njhy; nghUl;fs;

%yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,e;J rkak; kWkyh;r;rp fz;lJ. fhQ;rpGuj;ij ikakhff;

nfhz;L gy;yt fl;llf; fiyAl;gl tsu;r;rp ngw;w Vida fiyfs; kw;Wk;

nkhop> ,yf;fpak; vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpiaAk; fw;gNj ,t;tyfpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.


ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-

gy;yt tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd ,yf;fpa> njhy; nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;:

• jz;bapd; jrFkhur; rupjk;> fhtpa juprdk;

• kNfe;jpurh;kdpd; kj;jtpyhr gpuge;ek;

• gjQ;rypapd; - ,yf;fz E}y;

• `pAd;rhdpd; mwpf;if

• my`hghj; fy;ntl;L

• ma;N`hy; fy;ntl;L

• jkpo; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; VLfSk;.

• rpijTfs; - Fiffs;> Njthyaq;fs;> J}z;fs;.

gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-

• fp.gp. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 9Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu gy;ytuhl;rp

epiyj;jik.

• tlf;Nf fpU\;zh ejp Kjy; njw;Nf fhNtup ejp tiu gy;ytuhl;rpapd;

vy;iyfshFk;.

• fhQ;rp efuNk gy;ytupd; jiyefukhFk;.

• rkfhy njd;dpe;jpa muRfSldhd Nghh;fs;.

• fpU\;zh> Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpfSf;fpilg;gll gpuNjrj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

mg;gpuNjrk; ePz;l fhy mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;bUe;j tpjKk;.

gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-

- rpq;f tp\;Z kd;dd; (f.gp. 575 -600) Nrho> Nru> ghz;ba kd;dh;fis

Njhw;fbj;J fhNtup ejp tiu gy;yt mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;baik.

- kNfe;jpu th;k kd;dd; (f.gp. 600 - 630) gy;ytupd; vOr;rp.

- gy;yt - rhSf;fpa mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Muk;gk;> rhSf;fpa

kd;ddhd ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp fhQ;rp efiu mopj;jik.

- Kjyhk; eurpq;th;k kd;dd; (fp.gp. 630 - 668) ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd;

Mf;fpukpg;ig Kwpabj;jik> rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik>

ghz;ba Njrj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik> ,yq;ifapy; khdtk;k kd;dDld;

nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G.

- Kjyhk; guNk];tuth;k kd;dd; (fp.gp. 670 - 695) gy;ytu; kw;Wk;

rhSf;fpau;fSld; Nghu; elj;jpaik.

- ,uz;lhk; eurpq;ftu;kd; (fp.gp. 695 - 722) kPz;Lk; mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ,yq;ifAw;gl Vida Mrpa ehLfSld; njhlh;ig

Vw;gLj;jpaik.

- ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; gy;ytky;y kd;dd; (fp.gp. 731 - 765) ghz;bah;

kw;Wk; NrhoUld; elhj;jpa Nghh;fs;> ,uh];bu$l mur tk;rj;Jld;

jpUkzj; njhlh;Gfis vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.

- %d;whk; ee;jptu;k kd;dd; (fp.gp. 844 - 866) ghz;ba ,uhr;rpaj;Jld;

Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;> Nrhoh;> ,uh];bu $lUld; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l

el;gwTld; ghz;baiu ntw;wp nfhz;lik.


gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-

• fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-

Fiff; Nfhapy;> NfhGuf;Nfhapy;> ,ujf;Nfhapy;> kz;lgk; vd;gtw;wpd;

tpN\l ,yl;rzq;fs;.

• Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-

RtNuhtpak;> $iu Xtpak; vd;gdtw;wpd; tpN\l gz;Gfs;.

• rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.

rptd;> tp\;Z> Jh;f;if rpiyfSk; mtw;wpd; tpN\l ,yl;rzq;fSk;.

kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;

gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-

- gy;yth; ntspehl;Lwitg; Ngzpa ehLfs; :- ,yq;if> gh;kh> rPak;>

Rkhj;jpuh> [hth> fk;G+r;rpah> rPdh.

- Mrpa ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l th;j;jfj; njhlh;Gfs;.

ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:

- ntspehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l rpwg;ghd th;j;jfk; fhuzkhf gy;yt

fyhrhuk; me;ehLfsp;y; gutpaJ.

- gy;yt nry;thf;fpw;Fl;gl;l ntspehl;Lf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;:

c+k; :- ehye;j rpiy kid

jpupahatl;l jhJkid

,RWKdpa kdpjDk; FjpiuAk; (nrJf;fy;)


fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;


gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.

• ,jid FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• FOf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; Njrg;glk; gw;wp khztiu

mwpT+l;Lf.

• tiuglj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• gpd;D}l;liy toq;FtJld; nghUj;jkhd epajpfSld; kjpg;gPL nra;f.


gy;ytupd; ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs; gw;wp gj;jpupiff;F Mf;fk; xd;W vOJf.


• Xg;gilf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fs; jpul;lf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp

khztUf;F mwpT+l;Lf.

• xg;gilia toq;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• xt;Nthh; xg;gilahf kjpg;gPL nra;J gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.

Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:

E}y;fs; - ,e;jpa tuyhW

nlhl;nty; vk;. vk;. - Nfk;gpup[; RUf;f tuyhW



Fg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G

tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;W

jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;

Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp> mjd; guty; njhlh;ghf Muha;e;J

mit %yk; fPioj;Nja cyFf;F fpilj;j ed;nfhilfs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fth;.


9.1 Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd

fhyj;Js; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;

njhlh;ghd jfty;fis tpsf;Fth;.

9.2 ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpy; K];ypk; gilnaLg;Gf;fs; gutyhd khw;wq;fis

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fth;.


• `h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fNdh[; typikaile;j tpjk; gw;wp njspit

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

• `h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; jpf;tp[a Nghuhl;lj;ij glk; Fwpj;jy; %yk;

,dq;fz;L nfhs;sy;.

• fNdh[; Mjpgj;jpaj;Jf;fhf $h;[u-gphPjp`hu> ghy> uh];bu$l Mfpa

%d;W gphptpdUk; gq;fspg;G nra;j tpjk; gw;wpa njspitg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sy;.

• tl ,e;jpa murpay;> fyhrhu tsh;r;rpf;fhf ghy kd;dh;fs; Mw;wpa

Nritfis tpsf;Fjy;.

ghlNtis - ghlNtis - ghlNtis - ghlNtis - ghlNtis - 22


Fg;j NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jNjhL tl,e;jpa murpaypy; Fog;gfukhdnjhU #o;epiy

cUthapw;W. gpuNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fs; gy cUthdNjhL> mitfspilNa jhNd];tu

G+];aG+jp murtk;rKk; fq;if ejpaUfpyhd fNdh[; nksfhp mur tk;rKk;

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$baitfshf mike;jd. ,e;j mur tk;rq;fs; ,uz;Lk;

xd;wpizej;jhy; tl ,e;jpahtpNy murpay; hPjpahf cWjpahdnjhU NguuR

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ. `h;\th;jddpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpNy fhNdh[pd;

Mjpgj;jpaj;ij epiy ehl;bf;nfhs;s %d;W rf;jpfs; Nghhpl;ld. $h;[u-g;ujp`hu>

uh\;bu $l kw;Wk; ghy Mfpa mur tk;rq;fspilNa %tk;rg; Nghuhl;lk;

Vw;gl;lJ. rrq;fdpd; gpd; tq;fhsj;jpy; Vw;gl;l murpay; gytPdk; fhuzkhf

ghy mur tk;rk; typikaile;j tpjj;ijAk; mth;fsJ Nritfspd; kjpg;G


kw;Wk; ,e;jpahTf;F Vw;gl;l muhgpa> JUf;fp K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G fhuzkhf

,e;jpahtpNyw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghfNt ,t;tyfpd; %yk; Muhag;gLk;.

ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:

Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;

tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.

`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp

- Fg;jg; NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jjd; gpd; tl ,e;jpah gy gpupTfshf

gpsTw;wik.

- tygpia kj;jpa];jhdkhf;fpf; nfhz;l ikj;ufh;fs;.

- fNdhi[ ikag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l nksfhP murtk;rk;.

- nfsl Njrk;-rrq;f kd;dd; (tq;fhs gpuNjrk;)

- jhNd];tuj;ij kj;jpa epiyakhf;fpf; nfhz;l G+\;aG+jp.

- G+\;aG+jp murtk;rk; - gpughfuth;jdd;.

- <]hdth;kdpd; fPo; typikngw;w nksfhP mur tk;rj;jpw;Fk; G+\;aG+jp

murtk;rj;jpw;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l tpthf njhlh;ghy; Vw;gl;l murpay;

njhlh;G.

- jhNd];tuKk;> fNdh[{k; ,izjy;.

- khy;thTf;Fk; (Njrk;) nfsl Njrj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjy;.

- jhNd\;tuj;ij kj;jpa epiyakhff; nfhz;l G+\;aG+jp mur tk;rj;jpd;

vOr;rpAk; typikailjYk;.

- `h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fNdh[pd; vOr;rp.

- tygp> $h;[u kd;dh;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;.

- rpe;J gpuNjrj;Jldhd Nkhjy;.

- fpof;fpe;jpa kfj> nfsl> mTj; kw;Wk; Nfhy;nfhz;lh ,uhr;rpaq;fSld;

Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;.

- `h;\th;jd kd;dd; gpuNjrq;fs; gytw;iwak; tlf;Nf gP hh;> tq;fhsk;>

mTj; Nfhy;nfhe;jh kw;Wk; xhp];]h cl;gl fpof;fpe;jpa gpuNjrq;fspy;

jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gutr; nra;jik.

- Ml;rp Kiw

- `h;\dpd; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs; -rPdhTldhd njhlh;Gk; - rka

rk;NksdKk;.

- Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd; tl ,e;jpa murpaypy; xUikg;ghl;il

Vw;gLj;Jjypy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.


`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp

fpfpfpfpfp g pg pg pg pg p

,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpahmDkhd vy;iy

ghz;ba

u;Nruu;

Nrhou;

fhNtup fhQ;rpgy;ytu;Jq

;fgj;jpuh

fpU\;zh

rhSf;fpau;

Nfhjhtupfy

pq;fk;

kfhejp

2k; GypNfrpapd;

fPo;

thy`pthy`pthy`pthy`pthy`p

cNjdpcNjdpcNjdpcNjdpcNjdpfr;irfr;irfr;irfr;irfr;irù;r NguuRù;r NguuRù;r NguuRù;r NguuRù;r NguuR

jhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jp

rkjj;jrkjj;jrkjj;jrkjj;jrkjj;jnfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;kf

jk;

kfjk

;

kfjk

;

kfjk

;

kfjk

; fu;zfu;zfu;zfu;zfu;zRtu;zRtu;zRtu;zRtu;zRtu;z

Ge;j;uhGe;j;uhGe;j;uhGe;j;uhGe;j;uhtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jd

fhk&

gk;

fhk&

gk;

fhk&

gk;

fhk&

gk;

fhk&

gk;Neghsk;

Neghsk;Neghsk;Neghsk;Neghsk;fNdh[;fNdh[;fNdh[;fNdh[;fNdh[;

aKdh

aKdh

aKdh

aKdh

aKdh

fq;if

fq;if

fq;if

fq;if

fq;if

jpngj;jpngj;jpngj;jpngj;jpngj;

,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh

[ye;juh[ye;juh[ye;juh[ye;juh[ye;juh

$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;

rpe;J ejp

rpe ;Jrpe ;Jrpe ;Jrpe ;Jrpe ;J

Iuhtjp

fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;

fhrpfhrpfhrpfhrpfhrpitrhyp

eu;kjh

thjhgp

IN`hy;

fpof;Fr;

fpof;Fr;

fpof;Fr;

fpof;Fr;

fpof;Fr;

rhSf;fpau ;fs;

rhSf;fpau ;fs;

rhSf;fpau ;fs;

rhSf;fpau ;fs;

rhSf;fpau ;fs;

nfhd;Nfhl

gpuahfau; Gj;;jfah

ghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuh

rj&f

;fs;

re;jpughfu;

GU\Guk;

NeNerhupNeNerhupNeNerhupNeNerhupNeNerhup

tpd];jh


fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.

- `h;\dpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd;Dk; fNdh[; tl,e;jpahtpNy gykhd kj;jpa

epiyakhf 10 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; tpsq;fpaik.

- `h;\dpd; kiwtpd; gpd;dh; fNdh[pd; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf %d;W rf;jpfs;

jiyaPL nra;jik.

- Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; uh[Gj;jhdhtpd; $h;[u gpujp`huh;fs;.

- fpof;Nf fq;iff; fiuapd; ghy mur tk;rk;.

- Nkw;F jf;fzj;jpd; ,uh\;bu$lh;fs;.

- Kg;gphpT Nghuhl;lj;jpy; $h;[u - gpujp`h;fspd; gq;F.

- Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; F[uhj;jpYk;> uh[Gj;jhdj;jpYk; typikailjy;.

- Muk;gfh;j;jh `hp\;re;jpu gpuhkzd;

- Kjyhk; ehfgl;l

- tj;ruh[ - tq;fhs jh;kghy kd;dDldhd Nkhjy;.

- uh\;bu$l Ml;rpahsd; l;NutTldhd Nkhjy;.

- ,uz;lhk; ehfgl;l - jh;kghy kd;dDld; Nghuhb fNdhi[

ifg;gw ;w paikAk; k Pz ;Lk ; uh\ ;bu$l Nfhtpe ;j %yk ;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;likAk;.

- Kjyhk; Ngh[ (kp`puNgh[) fNdhi[ jd;dbikg;gLj;jpaik.

- kNfe;jpughy

- k`Pghy - tl ,e;jpahitAk; jf;fzj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- ,uz;lhk; kNfe;jpu ghy - ,uz;lhk; k`Pghy tp[aghy Mfpa

kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; gpujP`huh;fspd; mjpfhuk; fNdhi[ Rw;wpa

gpuNjrq;fSf;F kl;Lk; vy;iyg;gly;.

- ,Wjp gpujp`hu kd;dd; jphpNyhr;rd ghyd; f[;dp K`kJtpd;

Mf;fpukpg;G cl;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf gpujp`huh;fspd; gyk;

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

- gpujp`huh;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

- xU E}w;whz;lsthd fhyg;gFjpapy; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpaiy

];jpug;gLj;jpapUe;jik.

- 10 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diuf; $w;wpy; K];ypk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fsplk;

,Ue;J tl ,e;jpahitg; ghJfhj;jik.

- Kg;gphptpdhpilahd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh\;bu$lh;fspd; gq;F.

- Muk;g Ml;rpahsd; je;jpJh;f.

- 8Mk; E}w ;whz;bd; eLf ;$w ;w py ; rhSf;f pah ;fsplkpUe ;J

k`huh\;buj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp mq;F uh\;bu$l gyj;ij tpahgpj;jik.

- fhQ;rp> fypq;fk;> njd;Nfhriy> khy;th kw;Wk; yhl Mfpa

gpuNjrq;fspy; Mjpf;fj;ij gug;gpaik.

- l;Nutpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; - gpujp`hu kd;ddhd tj;ruh[itAk;

tq;fhsj;jpd; jh;kghyitAk; Njhw;fbj;J fNdhi[f; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- %d;whk; Nfhtpe;j - gpujp`huh;fSf;Fk; ghyh;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf

Nghupl;lik.


----- gpujp`hu kd;ddhd ehfgl;litAk; mtdJ FWepy kd;ddhftpUe;J

fNdhi[ Mz;l ,e;uhAjitAk; Njhw;fbj;J fNdhi[ ,uh\;bu

$l Ml;rpapd; fPo; mbikg;gLj;jpdhYk; kPz;Lk; mJ ifeOtpaik.

- ,uz;lhtJ Kiw fNdhi[ Mf;fpukpj;j Nfhtpe;jd; fq;if> aKid

Mfpa ,UgFjpfisAk; KOikahf ifg;gw;wpaik.

- %d;whk; ,e;u - k`Pghy vDk; ghytk;r muridj; Njhw;fbj;J

fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpaik - kPz;Lk; k`Pghy typik ngw;wik.

- %d;whk; fpU\;zd; - k`Pghyit Njhw;fbj;J fNdh[pd; xU

gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- ,uh\;bu$lh;fspd; tPo;r;rp - ,Wjp kd;dd; IV Mk; mNkhfth;\.

- Kg;gphptpdhpilapyhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghy kd;dh;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; -

ghy kd;dh;fspd; murpay; fyhrhu NritfSk;.

- rrq;f kd;ddpd; kuzj;NjhL tq;fhs murpay; gytPdkile;jik.

- ghy murtk;rk;; Nfhghy kd;dDld; njhlq;fpaik.

- jh;kghy kd;ddpd; murpay; gq;fspg;G.

- jh;kghyDf;Fk; - gpujp`hu tj;ruh[Df;Fkpilapyhd Nghhpy;

jh;kghydpd; Njhy;tp

- gpujp`hu - ,uh\;bu$l Nghuhl;lk; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; jh;kghyu;

gykile;jik.

- fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpaikAk; mij rf;uhAj vDk; FWepy kd;dDf;F

Ml;rp nghWg;gspj;jikAk;.

- Nkw;F gQ;rhg;> kj;jpa gQ;rhg;> jhNd\;th;> n[a;g;G+h;> khy;th>

rpe;J ejpf;fiuapd; xU gFjpAk; jh;kghydpd; Mjpgj;jpaj;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lik.

- tq;fhsKk;> gP`hUk; jh;kghydpd; Neub fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo;

itf;fg;gl;lik.

- NeghsKk; mtdJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;lik.

- jh;kghyDf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; ehfgl;lTf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjypy; fNdh[;

gpujp`huh;fSf;Fl;gl;lik> %d;whk; Nfhtpe;j vDk; ,uh\;bu$l

Ml;rpahsd; gpujp`huu; ttypikia tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jikahy;

jh;kghy kPz;Lk; typik ngw;wik.

- ,uh\;bu $l tk;r ,sturpia jpUzk; nra;jjd; %yk; jdJ

typikia NkYk; cWjpgLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.

Njtghy - NkYk; Nguurpd; vy;iyfis tp];jhpj;jik Nkw;Nf fhk;Ngh[k;> njw;Nf

tpe;jpa kiytiuAk; xup];]h> mrhk; tiuapy; mjpfhuj;ij

gutyilar; nra;jik.

gpujp`huh;fSlDk; ,uh\;bu $lh;fSlDk; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;fs;.

- gpujp`hu Njtgl;l fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpaik.

- FWfpa fhyj;Js; kPz;Lk; Njtghy fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.

- gpujp`huNgh[ kd;dDld; Nghh; nra;jik.

- ghz;ba = khw = ty;ygDld; Nghu; nra;jik.

- Njtghyhtpd; gpd;dh; ghy kd;dh;fsJk; ghy mur tk;rj;jpdJk;

tPo;r;rp.

- Kjyhk; tahf;fpughy - ehuhad;ghy

- ,uh\;bu$l Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r kd;dd; ghy ,uhr;rpaj;ij

Mf;fpukpj;jik.


- gpuj;jp`hu Ngh[Dk; kNfe;jpu ghy kd;dDk; ghy ,uhr;rpaj;ij

Mf;fpukpj;J njw;F gP hh; tlf;F tq;fhsk; Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wpaik.

- mrhk;> xup];]h Ml;rpahsh;fs; RahjPdkile;jik.

- %d;whk; fpU\;zd; ,uh\;bu$l kd;ddhd ghy ,uhr;rpaj;ij

Mf;fpukpj;J nfsj Njrj;ij ifg;gw;wpaik.

- tpthf njhlh;ghy; ,uh\;bu $lh;fSk; ghyh;fSk; xw;Wikg;gl;ljd;

tpisthf ehuhaz;ghy kd;ddpd; ,Wjp Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;

tq;fhsj;jpYk;> gP`hhpYk; mjpfhuj;ij ghJfhf;f Kbe;jik.

- uh[;[paghy> ,uz;lhk; Nfhghy> ,uz;lhk; tahf;fpughy kd;dh;fspd;

fhyq;fspy; ghy ,uhr;rpak; gytPdkile;jJ.

- Kjyhk; k`Pghy - ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; %yk;Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik

ghy ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Kbthf mike;jJ.

- ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.

- jh;kghyh - Gj;jrhrdj;jpd; rpNu\;l Mjuthsdhf tpsq;fpaik.

- tpf;uk\Pyh fy;tp kj;jpa epiyak; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

- ngsj;j jh;kj;ij fw;gjw;fhf Ik;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fy;tp epiyaq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;lik.

- kfhahd ngsj;jj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; jpngj;jpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk;

gpugy;akile;jikAk;.

- fyhrhu eltbf;iffspy; rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tpUj;jp.

- ghtNjtgl;l> [pKj;jth`d Nghd;w mwpQh;fspd; Nrit.

- tq;fhs nkhopapd; tsh;r;rp

- ghy nrJf;fy; fiy El;gk;> Neghsk;> jpngj;> gh;kh> ,e;J> rPdh>

,e;NjhdP\pa fiyfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaik.

ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;

tpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyh


fh\;kPu;

jpngf;

mrhk;

gpuk;k Gj;uh ejp

gpuk;k Gj;uh ej

p

\h p];

Neghsk;

g`hu;Guk;kd;fpu;

ghyu;fs;

gune];

Ky;jhd;

muhgpau;

,e;J ejp

kd;Ruh`p

muhgpau;

fhu;dy;

,e;jpug; gpu];jh

9Mk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjpapy;

,e;jpah

fypq;fk;

kfh e

jp

cj;fyh

fpof;F

rhSf;fpau;fs

;;

Nrhou;fhNtup ejp

Nruu;

ghz;bau;

N[yk; ejp

N\dhg; ejp

uhtp ejp

rj;Ny[; ejp gpa]; ejp

aKdh e

jp

fdhT[;

fq;if ejp Gkpjp ejp

Nfhf;uh ejpejp

ghlg; fq;if

cNjdp

gukhu;fs;

eu;kjh ejp

j;gjp ejp

Nfhjhthup ejp

fpU\;z ejp

ejp

Jq;fGj;uh

fl hay

N[hj;G+u;

,uh\;l $lu;fs;

rk;gy;;

mDkhd vy;iy


muhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;G

- K`k;kJ egpapd; gpd;dh; ,];yhk; rkaj;jpdJk; K];ypk; NguurpdJk;

ghJfhg;ghsh;fshf tpsq;fpa fyPghf;fspd; fPo; rphpah> <uhf;> kp];h;>

ghur Pfk ; > Fuhrd;> vdNlhypah tiu K];ypk ;fspd; gyk;

tpahgpjkile;jNjhL vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L KbtilAk; fl;lj;jpy; tl

Mgphpf;fh> ];ghdpah> JUf;fp tiuapYk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; kj;jpa Mrpah

tiuf;Fk; gutp tprhy Nguurhf cUntLj;jJ.

- vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; muhgpah;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpah;fSf;filapYk;

,lk;ngw;w th;j;jfk; %ykhd rkhjhdj; njhlh;Gfs;.

- K];ypk;fspd; murpay; rka eltbf;iffspd; nghWg;G fyPghf;fspd;

iffSf;F khwpaNjhL rkhjhd cwTfspy; Vw;gl;l tPo;r;rp.

- fp.gp 636 njhlf;fk; 664 tiu Nkw;F ,e;jpaj; JiwKf gpuNjrq;fspd;

kPJ Vw;gl;l muhgpa nfhs;isf;fhuh;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;G.

fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;

- gYfp];jhd; gpuNjrKk; kf;uhd; fzthAk; muhgpau;fSf;Fl;gl;lik

<uhf; gpuNjr jsgjp `[;[h[; ,g;D A+]{g; %yk; ,e;jpah %d;W

Kiw Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F cl;gl;lik.

- mg;Nghija rpe;J gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdhd jh`piu Njhw;fbj;J

mg;gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- fp.gp. 715 ,y; Ky;jhidf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- rpe;J Ky;jhd; cl;gl;l Nkw;fpe;jpa gpuNjrk; KOtJk; Rkhh; xd;wiu

E}w;whz;Lfs; fyPghf;fspd; fPo; fhzg;gl;lik.

- ,e;jpah;fspd; gpsT> kd;dh;fspd; nghWg;gw;w jd;ik> K];ypk;fs;

KOf;ftdj;NjhL Nghuhbaik Nghd;w fhuzq;fNs Nkw;F ,e;jpahit

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s VJthf mike;jd.

- K`k;kJ ,g;D fh]pkpd; gpd;dh; mNugpa ghydj;jpd; tPo;r;rp.

muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;

- ,];yhk; rkaj;jpd; guty;.

- muhgpa murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu mk;rq;fspd; nry;thf;F

,e;jpahTf;F fpilj;jik.

- ,e;jpaf; fyhrhuk; muhgpa gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; gutpaik.

JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;G

- 11Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; tl ,e;jpah murpay; hPjpahf tPo;;r;rpAw;wpUe;jik.

- gy rpW ,uhr;rpaq;fshf gpsTw;wUe;jik (`pe;Jrh`p ,uhr;rpak;>

fh\;kPh;> fNdh[; (gpupjp`huh;fs;) ghy ,uhr;rpak;>re;njy;y> gukhw>

rhSf;fpa> uh[Gj;jpu Mfpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs; rpythFk;)

- 10 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpastpy; fyPghf;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J

tpLgl;l K];ypk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; Rje;jpu muRfisj; jhgpj;jik.


- ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fj; jpiraUNf mike;jpUe;j gpuNjrkhd

Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; JUf;fp K];ypk; ghydnkhd;W nraw;gl;lik.

- Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; 'f];dpia" ikakhff; nfhz;L mypGj;jPd; - vd;gth;

K];ypk; ,uhrjhdpnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaik.

- mypGj;jPdpd; gpd;dh; rGUj;jPd; NkYk; K];ypk;fspd; gyj;ij

tpahgpj;jik - fp.gp.990 mstpy; Nkw;Fj; jpirA+lhf ,e;jpahTf;Fs;

EioAk; gpujhd fztha; khh;f;fq;fs; gytw;iwAk; Rw;wpAs;s

gpuNjrq;fisAk; K];ypk;fs; jkf;F fPo; nfhz;L te;jik.

- f];dp K`kJ

- 17 jlit ,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;jik.

- fjpathh;> rpe;J> Ky;jhd;> gQ;rhg; gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfhuj;ij

gutyilar; nra;jik.

- K`kjpd; eltbf;iffs; tl ,e;jpahtpd; ,e;J ghydj;ij

gytPdkilar; nra;jJ.


f[;dp Kfk;kjpd; NguuR





fpyhd;

f\;tpd;

nj

uhd;

`kjhd

;

f\jhd;

,];gh`

hd;

gh];

g+gPu;

ghurPff; Flh

Xkhd; Flh

kf;uhd;

\puh]; fpu;khd

;

fpu;khd

;

na];jp

,];gh`

hd;

f\hd;

Nua;

jgup];jhd

;

f];gpad; fly;jp

p];jhd

;

[{u;[hd;

fp\hG+u;

Jp];jhd

;

f\; ghiytdk;

ikU

Gfhuh

l;uhd;]; xf;rpahdh

rku;fz

;Lrpu;ju;ah

muGf;fly;

F];jhu;

D];fp

rp];jhd;

rkpd;jthu;

rGyp];jhd

;

#u;

mKju;ah

gy;gp

[{\

;[jd;

rhup];jhd;

fhG+y; ejpfgpup];jhd

;fhG+y;

r];dh

fe;j`

hu;

f;Ntl;lh

k];Jd;f;

f];jp

F];jhu;rpe;J ejp

Ky;jhd

;%y;jhd

;;

jhu; ghiytdk; ;

n[hj;#u;

cijg;G+u;;

md;fpy;thu;

rhY

f;fpam[;Nku;;

cNjdp

n[a;g;G+u;

kJiu

by;yp

yh$u;

fh\

;kPu;

G+dk;;

fq;if

aKid

fyG+up

gukhu

gpuk;kGj;jpuh

Nrhkehj;


fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;

fhNtupejp

Nrhog;

NguuR

Jq;f gj;uhejp

f p U \ ; z

ejp

thuq;fy;ntq;fp

rhSf;fpau;

fypq;fk;Nfhjhtup

ejp

jpNahfPu;

jg;jp ejpNrhk;ehj;

eu;kjh ejp

cNjdp

kfh e

jprhSf;fpau;

(nrhyd;;fP]

;)

mepy; tu

Rk;uu;fs;

,e;J ejp

nrs`d;fs; Kj;juh

fhy#upfs;

re;jdu; Ml;rpahsu;fs;

gudh];

fr;rfu;fs;aKdh e

jp

guku;fs;

Njhkuu;fs;

gpuk;kGj;uhej

p

gpupahf;

by;yp

f];dp

Kfk;kJ NguuR

fh\;kPu;

fq;fh ejp

1030 ,y;1030 ,y;1030 ,y;1030 ,y;1030 ,y;

,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah

gpuk;kGj;uhejp


$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ

- f] ;d p K`kj pd ; g p wF f] ;d p Njrj ; j pd ; Ml ; r p $h ;

Ml;rpahsh;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ.

- $h; Ml;rpahsd; K`kjpd; ,e;jpa gilnaLg;G

- 1175,y; Nghyhd; fzthA+lhf Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;G

- 1192 mstpy; rpe;J> Ky;jhd;> gQ;rhg; tiuapy; gutp jiud; Aj;jj;jpy;

<Lgll;lik.

- tl ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiy ehl;Ltjpy; $h;K`kjpd;

eltbf;iffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

- tl ,e;jpa ,e;J ,uhr;rpaq;fis ifg;gw;wp Nkw;fpe;jpa vy;iyfspy;

ghJfhg;guz;fis epWtpaik.

FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;

- ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F FJGj;jPd; Igf;if Ml;rpahsdhf

epakpj;jik.

- jpy;ypia kj;jpa epiyakhf;fpf; nfhz;l FJGj;jPd; Igf;Fld; Muk;gkhd

mbik mur tk;rj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpah K];ypk; Mjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F

cl;gl;lik.

- K];ypk;fpspd; Mjpgj;jpak; mJ tiuapUe;j ,e;jpa ehfhPfj;jpy;

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpaik.

Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;

� fUzhjh] g;spA.vk; - kj;jpafhy ,e;jpah (rpq;fsk;)

� jhgh;> nuhkpyh - ,e;jpa tuyhW (rpq;fsk;)

� k[{k;jhh; - ,e;jpa tuyhW (jkpo;)




Kf;Nfhz Nghuhl;lk; njhlh;ghd ml;ltiznahd;iw jahhpj;jy;.

Kf;Nfhz Aj;jj;jpy; murh;fs; Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs; Aj;jj;jpy;

<Lgl;l mur tk;rq;fs; <Lgl;l

re;ju;g;gq;fs;

,jd;gb Kf;Nfhz Nghhpy; njhlh;Ggl;l mur tk;rq;fs;> kd;dh;fs;>

Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghhpw;fhd fhuzk; my;yJ re;jh;g;gk;

njhlh;ghf NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tifapyhd ml;ltiz jahhpj;jy;

,q;F vjph;ghhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

� ,jpy; FOr; nraw;ghlhf khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.

� jfty; jpul;Ltjw;fhf xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff.

1. FO - Kf;Nfhz Aj;jj;jpy; njhlh;Gw;w mur tk;rq;fSk;>

kd;dh;fSk;

2. FO - Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs;.

3. FO - <Lgl;l re;jh;g;gq;fs;.

� ml;ltiznahd;iw tFg;giwf;F njhpAk; tpjkhf fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jj;jkJ nraw;ghLfis G+uzg;gLj;j re;jh;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

� khztu; nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpg;gjD}lhf gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.


FOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghL

� tFg;G khzth;fis FOf;fshfg; gphpj;J xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; gpd;tUk;

jiyg;Gfspy; xt;nthd;iw toq;Ff.

1. FO - K`kJ ,g;D fh]pk;

2. FO - rGUj;jPd;

3. FO - f];dp K`kJ

4. FO - $h; K`kJ

� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jkf;F fpilj;j jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g jfty; Nrfhpf;f

cjTf.

� jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fisf; nfhz;L vOj;J my;yJ Ngr;R %yk; jkJ

jiyg;gpd; fPo; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f ,lkspf;Ff.

� khzth;fspd; Kd;itj;jiy mtjhdpj;J gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.



rhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;f

murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : jf;fpz Njrj;jpd; Kf;fpa gpuNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fspd; tuyhw;iw

tpsf;Fth;.


10.1 ,e;jpa jf;fpzj;Jf;nfjpuhd rhSf;fpah;fspd; eltbf;iffis Muha;th;.

10.2 ,uh\;bu$lh;fspdJk; ghz;bah;fspdJk; murpay; nraw;ghLfs;

njhlh;ghf ghprPyid nra;th;.


fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :

• thjhgp (gjhkp) rhSf;fpah;fspd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fth;.

• ntq;fpia ikakhff; nfhz;L fpof;Nf rhSf;fpah;fspd; mjpfhuk;

gutyile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.

• ghz;ba murpd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fth;.

• mjpfhukpf;Nfhh; gytPdkhdth;fis Njhy;tpailar; nra;Ak; tpjj;ij

,uh\;bu $lh;fspd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;jpD}lhf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;th;.


,uz;L E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf mjpfhuj;jpypUe;j ,uh\;bu$lh;fs; jf;fzj;jpy;

gykhd Nguunrhd;iw tpahgpf;f Kaw;rpj;jdh;. tl ,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;J

ghy mur tk;rj;NjhLk; Nghh;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. tpe;jpa kiyf;F njw;Nf

rhSf;fpah;fisAk; Njhy;tpailar; nra;J jf;fzj;jpy; gyk; ngw;wdh;.

rhSf;fpah;fs; fpof;F> Nkw;F vd ,uz;L tk;rq;fspd; fPo; gutyile;jdh;.

thjhgp my;yJ gjhkpia jiyefuhf;fpf; nfhz;l Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fSk;

ntq;fpia jiyefuhf;fpf; nfhz;l fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fSk; xt;nthU

Ml ;r pahshh ;fs pd ; f Po ; vOr ;r paile ;jNjhL g pw ;fhyj ;j py ; Nkw ;F

rhSf;fpah;fsplkpUe;J gpupe;j ijy vd;gtd; fy;ahzp vDk; gpuNjrj;ij ikakhff;

nfhz;L fy;ahzp murtk;rj;ij Muk;gpj;jhd;. Nrhouhjpf;fk; vOr;rpaile;jNjhL

rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs; tPo;r;rpaile;jd.

ghz;ba NguuR gpujhdkhf ,uz;L fhy fl;lq;fspy; tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. Kjyhk;

ghz;ba NguuR (fp.gp. 670 - 920) ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba NguuR (fp.gp. 1216 - 1310)

tiuapy; gutyile;jJ. Nrhoh;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gyk; ngw;wNjhL Kjy;

ghz;ba NguuR gytPdkile;jJ. ,e;j mur tk;rq;fs; %d;Wk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;

mbf;fb mjpfhuj;ij gug;gpa tpjj;ij ghprPypj;J ghh;g;gNj ,e;j myif

Muha;tjD}lhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.


ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;

- rhSf;fpa murtk;rk; Nkw;F> fpof;F vd ,uz;L tk;rq;fspd; fPo;

tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;F rhSf;fpa guk;giuapy; te;j

,uz;lhk; ijy vd;gtd; %yk; fy;ahzp gpuNjrj;ij ikakhff;

nfhz;l fy;ahzp murtk;rk; Muk;gkhdJ.

Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;

Nkw;F jf;fzj;jpy; thjhgp (gjhkp) efuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L gpujhd

rhSf;fpa murtk;rk; Muk;gkhfpaik mjd; Mjpf;fk; gutyile;j tpjKk;.

- rhSf;fpa murtk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Ml;rpahsd; [arpq;f vd;gtdhthd;.

vdpDk; mjd; Kjy; RahjPd Ml;rpahsd; [arpq;ftpd; Gjy;tdhd

uzuhf vd;gtdpd; kfdhd Kjyhk; GypNfrpahFk;.

- Kjyhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd; - fpof;Fj; jf;fzj;jpy; gyk; ngw;wik.

,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp

- rhSf;fpa Nguurpd; murdhjy;.

- ntspehl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gfis Kwpabj;jik.

- fjk;g> MYg> fq;if Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lik.

- [{hp jPitf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- tl ,e;jpa `h;\th;jd kd;dd; Nkw;nfhz;l F[uhj;> khy;th

gpuNjrq;fs; kPjhd gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;J mtdJ jpf;tp[a

Kaw;rpfis jLj;jik.

- fpof;Fj; jf;fzj;jpd; fypq;fk;> njd; Nfhryk;> fd;[k;> tprhfgl;bdk;>

ntq;fp> gp\;lGuk;> fhQ;rpia Rw;wpAs;s gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp

- ghfj;jpy; eurpq;fth;kd; vDk; gy;yt kd;dd; %yk; Njhy;tpf;Fs;shjYk;

ntq;fp gy;ytuhl;rpf;Fl;glYk;.

- ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp ghurPfj;Jld; th;j;jfj; J}J njhlh;Gfis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;> Nkw;F MrpahTld; th;j;jf njhlh;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

- ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kuzkile;j gpd; 10tUlq;fs; muh[f epiyf;Fl;gly;>

cWjpaw;wpUe;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; Rahl;rp Njhd;Wjy;. Gjy;th;fspilNa

mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngwy;.

tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;

- gy;yth;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J kPz;Lk; rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ij

typikailar; nra;jik.

tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;

- gy;yt> Nrho> ghz;ba> Nfus ig`a khy;th ,uhr;rpaq;fisj;

Njhw;fbj;jik.


,,,,,

e;e ;e ;e ;e ;

JJJJJ rrrrr

KKKKK

j;j;j;j;j;

j pj pj pj pj p

uuuuu

k;k ;k ;k ;k ;

ghz;baNrukJiutQ;rpGu

NrhojQ;rhT+u;

fq;if nfhz;l Nrho Guk;

fhNtupg;gl;bdk;

fq;ifau; ik#u;j;thutjp

NtY}u;

fhQ;rpGuk;

khky;yGuk;

fhyf];jpgy;ytu;

ney;Y}u;

fjk;gu;fs;

it[ye;jp

nfhfu;zP

fhdutp[a efu;

cjafpup

Me;jpugl;lzk;

mkuhtjp

tp[athbntq;fp

= iryk;

ehfu;[{dpnfhz;il[f;fa;ahN[lh

uh[ kNfe;jputhuk;

gp\;lGuk;

tuhq;fy;tprhfgl;lzk;

fypq;fk;nfhj;J}u;

kNfe;jpufpup fQ;rk;

xup]h

cj;fyh

tq;fk;

nfhilau;fs;;

` u; \ Ng u u R

khy;th

c[;i[dpF[uhj;Jthuif

nrsuh\;buh

fpupjhu;Nrhk;ehj ;

etrhupkfhuh\;buh mkuhtjp

gu;`hd;G+u;

\e;Njhu;ehrpf;

Njtfpupfy;ahzp

nksupau;G+ehfk; (G+dh)

nfhq;fzk;fy;ahzp

kj;aNfj

nfhy;`G+u;

thjhgp

jf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpak ;; ;; ;

rhSf;fpad; fl;bnaOg;gpa

kfh ,uhr;rpak;

rhSf;fpaDf;F mbikg;gl;L Rje;jpuk;

toq;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk;

`u;\ ,uhr;rpaKk; RthjPd ,uhr;rpak;


tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;

- thjhgp rhSf;fpah;fspd; ePz;l fhy ,uhr;rpakhf tpsf;fpaikAk;.

- nropg;Gk; mikjpAk; epytpaik.

,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;

- gy;yt gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;jik.

- muhgpa gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;jik.

,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;

- thjhgpapd; ,Wjp gykpf;f rhSf;fpa kd;ddhf tpsq;fpaik.

fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;

- ntq;fp gpuNjrj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L fpof;F rhSf;fpa murtk;rk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lNjhL mjd; Muk;g Ml;rpahsdhf Kjyhk;

tp\;Zth;jdd; tpsq;fpdhd;.

- mijaLj;J eNue;jpu KUfuh[; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jhd;.

gPkd;gPkd;gPkd;gPkd;gPkd;

- ,uh\;bu $lh;fSldhd Nghh;.

- gPkdpd; gpd; Ml;rpf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; Vw;gl;lik.

- 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;ghfkstpy; fpof;F rhSf;fpa ,uhrjhdp Nrho

Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gl;lJ.

fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;

- gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp ghfj;jpy; Nkw;F rhSf;fpa tk;rj;jpw;Fupa

ijy vd;gtd; %yk; fy;ahzpia ikakhff; nfhz;L kPz;Lk;

rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lNjhL mJ fy;ahzp

rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpak; vd toq;fg;gl;lJ.

- Kjyhk; ijy> ,uz;lhk; ijy> Kjyhk; NrhNk\;tu tpf;ukhjpj;jpa

Mfpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhu;fs;.

- 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; ghfj;jpd; NghJ fy;ahzp rhSf;fpa

murtk;rk; KbTw;wJ.

,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;

- ,U E}w;whz;Lfs; msT jf;fzj;jpy; epiy ngw;wpUe;j ,uh\;bu$l

Ml;rp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa fhyfl;lkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.

,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;

- je;jpJh;f - Muk;g Ml;rpahsdhdik.

- kfhuh[hjpuh[> guNk];tu> gukgj;jhuf Nghd;w tpUJfisg;

ghtpj;jik.

- rhSf;fpah;fspd; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdhftpUe;j ,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd;

rhSf;fpa kd;dd; Ml;rp nra;j kfhuh\;buj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp ,uh\;bu

$lh;fspd; Njhy;tpf;F tpj;jpl;lik.

- vy;Nyhuh gpuNjrj;ij ifg;gw;wpaik.

- khy;thtpd; Nfhriy> fypq;fk;> fpof;F F[uhj; kw;Wk; gy;ytp

gpuNjrq;fis ifg;gw;wpaik.


- tpthfj; njhlh;G %yk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpaik. (,uz;lhk;

ee;jpth;kDf;F jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;tpj;jik)

- nguhh; gpuNjrj;jpy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij tp];jhpj;jik.

Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;

- rhSf;fpa mjpfhuj;ij mopj;jik (,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd; Njhy;tpaile;jik)

kw;Wk; fq;fhthjp (fq;ifah;fspd; ,uhr;rpak;) njd; nfhq;fhzk;> ntq;fpapd;

fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs; mopf;fg;gl;lik.

,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;

- gytPd Ml;rpahsdhf tpsq;fpaik.

- jdJ rNfhjud ; NjTf ;F nghWg ;gs pj ;J t pl ;L t pNehjkhf

fhyq;flj;jpaikahy; Njt Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w Kide;jikAk;

mth;fSf;fpilNa mjpfhug; Nghl;b Vw;gl;likAk;.

,

e;

J

r Kj;

jp

u

k;

ghz;baNru

thQ;rpGuk;ghz;ba

it[ae;jp fq;ifau;

jQ;refu;Nrho

fhQ;rpGuk;khky;yGuk;ik#u;

J}u; rKj;jpuk;tdthrp

fjk;gu;tdthrp

gy;ytu;

nehyk;gthbrpj;jnfsuh

fz;lfiryk;uh[kNfe;jpuGuk;

gPj;j Guk;

fypq;fk;tf;ufhl

fQ;rk;

NfhyhG+u;

F[uhj;

,uh\;bu $l NguuR

,e;J Afk;

jf;fd uh\;bu$l Ml;rp

RahjPd Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs;

cWjpaw;w cj;Njr ,uhr;rpa

vy;iy

`py;rh

, uh b u $l

, uh r; rp a k;

je;jpGu

mtyGuk;

kfh,uh\;buk;

G+Nd fy;ahzpye;jy

fe;jhu


Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;

- fhNthp ejpapd; vy;iy tiu Nguurpd; vy;iyia tp];jhpj;jik.

- fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wy;> Kf;Nfhz Nghhpy; jiyapl;lik.

- mtd; rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;F fq;if aKid ,Ugf;fj;Jf;fpilg;gl;l

gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- gy;yt> ntq;fp Ml;rpahsh;fis gzpar; nra;jik.

%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)

- rNfhjuh;fs; %yk; Vw;gl;l rthy;fis Kwpabj;jik.

- fhQ;rpapy; gy;yth;fisf; fPo;g;gLj;jpaik.

- fNdh[pypUe;J Fkhp Kid tiuAk; thuzhrpapypUe;J ghUfr;r

tiuapYk; ,uh\;bu$l mjpfhuj;ij tp];jhpj;J mij ,uh\;buh$l

mjpfhu tp];jhpg;gpd; cr;rf; fl;lkhfr; nra;jik.

Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)

- ,uh\bu $l mjpfhuk; XusT gytPdkile;jik.

- jiyefiu i`juhghj;jpd; khdpaNfjtpw;F khw;wpaik.

,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;

- mq;fk;> kfjk;> fhypq;f gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;

- fNdhi[f; ifg;gw;wpaik.

%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;

- ,Wjp gykpf;f Ml;rpahsdhf tpsq;fpdhd;.

- fhQ;rp> jQ;rhT+iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.

- Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupik Nfhhpa ,uh[hjpj;a ,sturid

nfhd;whd;.

,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp

- gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsh;fs; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jik.

- kj;jpa ghydk; gytPdkile;jik.

- gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; Rahl;rpaile;jik.

- gukuhadpd; gilnaLg;G

,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl

fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.

ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;

- Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;ghfj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gpugy ,uhr;rpakhf

khwpaik.

- ghz;ba tuyhW ,uz;L fhyfl;lq;fSilaJ

Kjyhk; ghz;bag; NguuR (670 - 920)

,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR (1216 - 1310)


KjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuR- Muk;g Ml;rpahsd; fe;Jd;Nfhd;- khuth;kd; mtdp #yhkzp- Nre;jd;- mhpNfrhp khwth;kd;- nfhr;rilad;- Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;f khwth;kd;- Kjyhk; tuFz k`huh[h ([jpy guhe;jfd;)- ghz;ba muir NguuR epiyf;F nfhz;Ltu tpj;jpl;lik.- ,uhr;rpak; jQ;rhT+h; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gpuNjrq;fSf;F gutpaik.

= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;- njd;dpe;jpahTf;F ntspNa mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G- ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jik.- gy;yth;fSldhd Nkhjy;

,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.

guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.- ghz;bah;fspd; gyk; Fd;wp Nrhohfspd; gyk; epiyngw;wJ. ,uz;lhk;

,uh[rpq;f khwth;kd; gy;yt> Nrho> fq;if Mfpad xd;wpize;JNkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjypy; Nrhoh;fs; %yk; Njhy;tpaile;jik.

- mur Mguzq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,yq;iff;Fj; jg;gpNahbaik.ghz;ba Njrk; 10Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;ghfkstpy; Nrhouhjpf;fj;Jf;Fcl;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR- Nrhog; Nguurpd; rpk;khrdj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;ij VJthff;

nfhz;L cUthfpa gytPdk; fhuzkhf 12Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy;vOr;rpAw;w ghz;ba mjpfhuKk; mjd; NguuR tsu;r;rpAk;.

[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;- Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik.- [lhth;kd Re;ju ghz;bad;

- ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba Nguurpd; typikahd Ml;rpahsd;- n`ha;rhy> Nfus kw;Wk; Nrhoh;fis Kwpabj;jik.

- fhQ;rpapy; gy;yth;fis Kwpabj;jy;- Kjyhk; khwth;kd; FyNrfud;- jpf;tp[af; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpaik.

,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;- Kjyhk; kwth;kd; FyNrfudpd; gpd; Vw;gl;l cs;ehl;L Nghh;fs;.- jpy;yp Ry;jhdpa murpd; Njhw;wk;- tp[aefug; Nguurpd; vOr;rp


Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;• ePyfz;l rh];jphp - njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW• jhgh; - nuhkpyh - ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL


,uh\;bu$l mjpfhu tp];jhpg;Gf;fhf mth;fs; %yk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;

ve;jsTf;F rhj;jpakhdnjd;gJ njhlh;ghd tpkh;rdf; fl;Liunahd;iw vOJtNj

,jd; %yk; vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,ij jdpahs; nraw;ghlhff; nfhs;f.

• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yhjuhq;fs; njhlh;ghf khzth;fSf;F

mwpT+l;Lf.

• tpkh;rdhPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F khzth;fis

Cf;Ftpf;Ff.

• nraw;ghl;ilf; ifaspf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; $Wf.

• kpfr;rpwg;ghf vOjg;gl;l fl;Liunahd;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f

re;jh;g;gkspf;Ff.

• Fiw epiwfis Rl;bf;fhl;b Muha;T kdg;ghq;if tsh;g;gjw;fhd

mwpTiufis toq;Ff.


ghz;bag; Nguurpd; gutiy ,e;jpa tiuglnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nraw;ghL

,jD}lhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,ij FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;s top nra;f.

• tFg;G khzth;fis 3 FOf;fshfg; gph pj ;J nghUj;jkhd

jiytnuhUtiu njhpT nra;J nfhs;tjw;F re;jh;g;gkspf;Ff.

• xt;nthU FO %yKk; Kd;itf;f Ntz;ba tiu glk; njhlh;ghd

jiyg;Gf;fis gphpj;J toq;Ff.

FO 1 - Muk;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; ghz;bah;fspd; mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G

FO 2 - ghz;ba ,uhr;rpak; NguuR tiu gutyile;j tpjk;

FO 3 - ghz;bag; NguuR tPo;r;rpf;Fs;shFk; NghJ mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G

fhzg;gl;l epiy

• glk; Fwpj;jYf;F Njitahd tiug;glk;> fyh; ngd;rpy;fs; vd;gdtw;iw

toq;Ff.

• khzth;fis rhpahf glk; Fwpj;jYf;F topfhl;Lf.

• tiuglk; Fwpj;jiy G+uzgLj;j Ntz;ba jpdj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

• khzth; nraw;ghLfis kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gLj;Jf.

• tiuglj;ij tFg;Gf;F njhpAkhW Rthpy; khl;Lf.


myF-11myF-11myF-11myF-11myF-11

Nrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuR

Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpag; gz;ghl;bd;

nry;thf;if tpsf;Fthh;.


11.1 Nrho rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.

11.2 Nrhog;NguuR ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa gutyile;j tpjj;ij Muha;thh;.

11.3 Nrhog; NguuR cUthf;fg;gl;l tpjj;ijg; guprPypg;ghh;.

11.4 Nrhoh;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthh;.

glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- 20


• Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpf; fw;gjw;fhd E}y;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

• Nrhog; NguuR ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa gutpa tpjj;ij ,yq;ifA+lhfj;

njupe;J nfhs;sy;.

• gytPdkhd Ml;rpapd;NghJ NtW gykhd mur tk;rq;fs; vOr;rpAw;w

tpjj;ij Nrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpapD}lhf Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.

• Nrhoh; fhy r%f> nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; fyhrhu ,yl;rzq;fs;

njhlh;ghd mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.


ghz;baUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l Ml;rpahsndhUtdpd; fPopUe;j jQ;rhT+iu gy;yt

murpd; FWepy kd;ddhd tp[ahyad; %yk; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL Nrho ,uhr;rpak;

cUthdJ. Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpa %yk; Nrho ,uhr;rpak; gykhd murhf

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd; MfpNahh;

Ml;rpf;F te;jdh;. mj;NjhL Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Mfpa

kd;dh;fspd; fhyq;fspy; Nrho Mjpgj;jpak; ,e;jpahTf;F ntspapYk; gutpaJ.

Nrhouhl;rp Kiw kw;Wk; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu jfty;fis Muha;tJ

,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-

• gy;yt murpd; FWepy kd;ddhd tp[ahyad; %yk; Ml;rp

Muk;gkhdik.

• Nrhog; Nguurpd; tsh;r;rpAk; gutYk; Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpa> Kjyhk;

guhe;jfd;> ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;> Kjyhk;

,uh[hjpuh[d;> FNyhj;Jq;fd; Mfpa kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

tsu;r;rp.


• ghz;bah;fSf;Fk; gy;yth;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l = Guk;gpak;

Nghupy; gy;ytupd; ntw;wpf;F cjtpa Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpa kd;dDf;F

gy;yth;fs; %yk; jQ;rhT+iur; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fs; ifaspf;fg;gly;.

• Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; fqif> Nfusk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; jiyth;fspd;

cjtpNahL Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpaik.

• ghz;bah;fspd; mur Mguzq;fis (Kb#l;Lk; nghUl;fis) ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jik.

• jf;Nfhyk; Nghupy; Nrhoh;fspd; mjpfhu tsh;r;rp jw;fhypfkhfj;

jilg;gl;lik.

• Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; Nrhoh;fspd; gyk; vOr;rpAw;wik.

– jpUNte;jk; Nghupy; Nfusj;ij ntw;wpngw;wik.

– kJuhit ntw;wp nfhz;lik.

– cjf kz;ly Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpaik.

– ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J mDujGuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

– fq;if ghyd gpuNjrk; %d;iw mbikg;gLj;jpaik.

– tpthf njhlh;Gfs; %yk; fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fis ez;gh;fshf;fpf;

nfhz;lik.

– fypq;fj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

• Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; jdJ je;ij ifg;gw;wpa ,uhr;rpaq;fis

ghJfhj;J jpf;tp[ag; Nghuhl;lk; xd;iw nfhz;L nrd;wik.

• ,e;J rKj;jpu tya ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

• ,yq;ifapd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jidr; rpiwg;gpbj;J jPtpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpia

Kk;Kbr;Nrho kz;lyk; vdg; ngaupl;L fPo;g;gl;l ,uhr;rpakhf ghydk;

nra;jik.

• Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpy; Nrho rhSf;fpa Nghh;fspy; Nrhoh;fs;

gytPdkile;jik.

• ,uz;lhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;> Kjyhk; tPu ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahh;

gytPdkhdth;fshff; fhzg;gl;likahy; mjpuhN[e;jpuNdhL tp[aghy

mur tk;rk; KbTw;wik.

• Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;JrKj;jpuj;ijaz;ba ehLfs;

Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;lik.

• ,f;fhyj;j py ; Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dd; ,yq;ifiaAk;

Nrhouhjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;jik.

• FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhoh;fSf;Fl;gl;bUe;j gpuNjrq;fs;

Fiwtile;J fhNtup ejpf;fiuapd; Guhjd Nrho gpuNjrq;fSld;

khj;jpuk; Nrhoh;fsJ mjpfhuk; vy;iyg;gl;lik.

Nrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiw

– xw;iwf; Filapd; fPohd Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rpnahd;iw Kjyhk;

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Vw;gLj;jpaik.

– kd;duhl;rpKiw

– mikr;rh; kz;lyk;


,e;J Afk;Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR I

^fp.gp.fp.gp.fp.gp.fp.gp.fp.gp. 871-1118& 871-1118& 871-1118& 871-1118& 871-1118&

guhe;jfdpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l

Nrhog; gpuNjrk;FNyhJq;fdpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy;

fhzg;gl;l Nrhog; NguuR

etrhup

m[e;jhehrpf;

vy;Nyhuhfd;N`up

fhu;Nyvyp[d;lh

nt%ythjp

IN`hy;ghjhkp

gl;lf;fy; jpupGue;jfk ;

khy;Nfij

nfhy;ypg;gf;fy;

rf;fuNfhl;lk;

tprhfg; gl;lzk;

epu;tjpahg;Guk; uh[kNfe;jputhuk;jf;\uhk;

nfhz;lrhyhnahdhJ}u; iuT+u;

fk;gpspghf;G+u;cu;tf;F

gPlGuk;

Nfhyhu ;jyf;fhL

fUtd;igf;fyk;nfhLk;ghyu;

nty;Y}u;

jpUtde;jk;

Fkhup

Nej;jpuk;

kJiu

fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;

fhNtupg;gl;lzk;

cj;juNk&u;

jf;Nfhyk;khky;yGuk;

fhy `];jp

ney;Y}u;


gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;

– Ml;rpg; gpupTfs;

– kz;lyk;> tsehL> ehL> Fh;uhk;> [drig> vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

– ePjp xOq;fikg;G

• gQ;rhaj;J Kiw

• kd;dh;r; rl;lk;

• rhl;rpakspf;Fk; Kiw

• jz;lid toq;fy; Kiw

• tuptpjpj;jy; Kiw

Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.

– kd;dh; cl;gl;l gpuGf;fs; r%fk;.

– khspiffspd; md;whl eltbf;iffs;.

– Fy Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%f mikg;nghd;W Vw;gl;lhYk;

Aj;j> rptpy; Nrit cl;gl;ltw;wpy; jkf;F tpUk;gpa njhopiyr;

nratjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gl;lik.

– gpuhkzh;fs; r%fj;jpd; cah;e;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jik.

– gy;NtW Fyq;fSf;Fupa kf;fs; jkf;F xJf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;

tho;e;jNjhL jkf;NfAupa rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;

nfhz;lik.

– gilnaLg;G> th;j;jfk;> Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; tUifje;j kf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; gygpuptpdh; cUthdik (muhgpah;> A+jh;>

rPdh;> ghurPfh;)

fy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tp

• rk];fpUjk; jkpo; vd;gd fy;tpnkhopahdik.

• rk];fpUj nkhop gpuhkzh;fspdJ cupik nkhopahdik.

• njhopy;> fy;tp vd;gd je;ij kfd; vd;w guk;giuabg;gilapy; njhlUk;

jdpg;gl;l eltbf;ifahf mike;jik.

• fy;tpapd; gpujhd ghlq;fs;hf jj;Jtk;> murpay;> Ntjk;> nghUspay;>

tpQ;Qhdk;> vd;gd fhzg;gl;lik.

nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;

• khdpa Kiwapy; tptrhak; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;wik.

• ePh;g;ghrdKk;> tptrha eltbf;iffSk;.

• gynjhopy;fs; fhzg;gl;lik. (cNyhfk;> khzpf;fk;> Nghd;wd)

• ntspehl;L tpahghuk;

• fyhrhuj;Jf;Fg; NghyNt nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fk; kj;jpa epiyakhf

Nfhtpy; tpsq;fpaik.

• Rq;ftup> tPl;Ltup> cw;rt tup> JiwKf tup> flit tup> epytup>

cg;gsk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW njhopy;fs; %yKk; muRf;F Mjhak;

fpilj;jik.


Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:

rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak;

– Nrhoh;fs; fLikahd irt gf;jpahsu;fshf tpsq;fpaNjhL irt

rkaj;Jf;Fk; mDruiz toq;fpaik.

– ngsj;jk;> i[dk; vd;gd rpwpjstpy; fhzg;gl;lik.

nkhopnkhopnkhopnkhopnkhop

– rk];fpUjk;> jkpo; vd;gd tof;fpy; ,Ue;jik.

– fd;dlk;> jpuhtplk;> njYq;F nkhopfs;.

,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;

– jpuhtpl nkhopapy; E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;lik.

fl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiy

– NguuR KOtJk; Nrho rk;;gpujhaj;jpd;gb mikf;fg;gl;l Njthyaq;fs;

gy fhzg;gl;lik.

– ,uh[uhN[];tup Njthyak;.

– fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; Njthyak;.

– Nfhuq;fehj Njthyak;.

– cj;ju ifyhr Njthyak;.

fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;

jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;


rpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiy

– ,yl;Rkp rpiy

– eluh[u; rpiy

– nrJf;fy; J}z;fs;

– cNyhfr; rpiyfs;

– NfhGuq;fs;

eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;


Nrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rp

– ,e;jpahTf;Fs;Sk; ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNaAkhd gpuNjrq;fSld;

Nkw;nfhz;l ePz;l fhyg; Nghh;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;lnryTfs; Nrhog;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik.

– Nrhoh;fSf;nfjpuhf ghz;ba> rhSf;fpa> Nfus> fhypq;f kw;Wk;

gy;yth;fspd; vOr;rp.

– gytPdkhd kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpf;F tUjy;.

Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;

– ePyfz;l rh];jpup - ,e;jpa tuyhW

– jhgh;-nuhkpyh - njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW




Nrhog;Nguurpd; fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; njhlh;ghd tuyhw;W jfty;fslq;fpa rpwpa

ife;E}y; xd;iwj; jahupj;jy; ,r;nraw;ghL %yk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,r;nraw;ghl;il xU FOr;nraw;ghlhfr; nra;tpf;fTk;

• tFg;G khzth;fis 4 FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J jiyg;Gf;fisg; gfph;e;jspf;Ff.

FO 01 - rkak;> nkhop> ,yf;fpak;.

FO 02 - fl;llf;fiy

FO 03 - rpw;gf; fiy

FO 04 - rpj;jpuf; fiy

• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba %yhjhuq;fis khzth;fSf;F

mwpTWj;Jf.

• ,jDld; njhlh;G gLj;jf; $ba glq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> vd;gtw;iwg;

ngwf;$ba E}y;fs;.

• ,J jtpu fzpdp gad;gLj;jf; KbAkhd khzth;fSf;F ,izak;

njhlh;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.

• nrawhghl;ilg; G+uzg;gLj;j Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• xt;nthU FOtpdhYk; jahuf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg; gFjpfis xd;wpizj;J

ife;E}nyhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.

• khzth; nraw;ghLfis kjpg;gPL nra;f.


Nrhoh; Ml;rpf; fhyk; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Fj; njhlh;ghd

xg;gil xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,ij xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis ,dq;fhl;Lf.

• kpfr;rpwg;ghf xg;giliaj; jahupf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• khzth; xg;gilia kjpg;gPL nra;f


INuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhW



tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : kdpj ehfupf tsh;r;rpapy; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;F

mikf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wp Muha;thh;.


9.1 tpad;dh khehL nraw;gLtJ gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.

9.2 gpe;jpa fhyq;fspy; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjpy; tpad;dh khehl;bd;

gq;fsp;g;ig Muha;thh;.


fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :

• cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;Fg; gpd;gw;wpa nrad;Kiwfs; gw;wpa

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

• ,dq;fSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy;

tpad;dh khehl;il Kd;Djhuzkhff; nfhz;likia tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sy;.

• rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;F khehl;L Kiwapd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp gw;wp

tpkh;rd uPjpahf tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.


1815 ,y; Nthl;lh;Y} Nghupy; neg;Nghypad; nghdghl; Njhy;tpaile;J rpiwg;gLj;jg;

gl;ljd; gpd; gpuhd;rpy; neg;Nghypad; fhyk; Kbtile;jJ. gy;NtW gilnaLg;Gf;fs;

%yk; neg;Nghypadhy; rpf;fyhf;fg;gl;bUe;j INuhg;ghitr; rupahd epiyg;ghl;bw;Ff;

nfhz;LtUtijAk;> mq;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtijAk;

Fwp;f;Nfhshff; nfhz;L gyk; nghUe;jpa ehLfspd; jiyth;fs; fp.gp. 1815 k;

Mz;by; M];jpupahtpd; jiyefuhd tpad;dhtpy; xd;W $bdh;.

tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;Fj; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;> mjpy;

fye;J nfhz;l Kf;fpa ehLfs;> INuhg;ghtpy; rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;l

khehl;lhsh;fs; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;Wld;

tpad;dh khehl;bd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp Nghd;w fhuzpfisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

,t;tyfpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;NfhshFk;.

ghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b

• gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapdhYk;> neg;Nghypadpd; gilnaLg;Gf;fshYk; gw;wp

vupe;J nfhz;bUe;j INuhg;ghtpd; gyk; tha;e;j ehLfspd; jiyth;fs;

M];jpupahtpd; tpad;dh efupy; xd;W $b INuhg;ghTf;Fr; rkhjhdj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; mt;thW ngw;Wf; nfhz;l rkhjhdj;ijg;

NgzTk; Njitahd eilKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf eilngw;w

khehL tpad;dh khehL vdg;gLk;.


tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:

M];jpuah> gpurpah> u\;ah> ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;R

tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :

- INuhg;ghtpy; Aj;jj;ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuy;.

- rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk; mjidg; NgzTk;.

- gpuhd;rpd; kPnsOr;rpiaj; jLj;jy;.

- gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp kw;Wk; neg;Nghypadpd; gilnaLg;Gf;fs; vd;gd

fhuzkhf rpf;fyile;jpUe;j INuhg;ghit kPz;Lk; cupa epiyg;ghl;by;

cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;

- neg;Nghypadpd; eltbf;iffshy; rpf;fyhf;fg;gl;bUe;j INuhg;ghit

Kd;dh; ,Ue;j epiyikf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy; gw;wpa gpur;rpid.

- gpuhd;]; kPz;Lk; gykiltijj;jLg;gjw;F vLf;f Ntz;ba

eltbf;iffisj; jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik.

- gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F

gutf;$ba topfis milf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lik.

- INuhg;ghtpy; cs;s ehLfs; ahtw;wpYk; cWjpahd Ml;rpia mikf;f

Kad;wik.

tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;

- gpuhd;rpy; kPz;Lk; kd;duhl;rpia Vw;gLj;jy;. mjd;gb Y}apapd;

guk;giuapy; 18 Mk; Y}ap kd;duhf Kb #l;lg;gl;lik.

- gpuhd;Rf;F cupikahd rpy gpuNjrq;fis NtW ehLfSf;Fg;

gfph;e;jspj;jik.

- gpuhd;Rf;F mbgzpe;jpUe;j Nke;fpe;jpaj; jPTfspd; xU gFjp - Nkhy;lh

jPT

- Nfg; Kidia - gpupj;jhdpahTf;F xg;gilj;jik.

tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;


- gpuhd;R muir 1792 ,y; ,Ue;j vy;iyf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

gpuhd;rpd; may;ehLfisf; fl;bnaOg;gy;.

c.k;: • xy;yhe;Jf;F ngy;[paj;ijf; ifaspj;J xy;yhe;ijg;

gyk; nghUe;jpa ehlhf;fy;.

• ntdprpah> nyhk;ghb Nghd;w ,j;jhypa gpuNjrq;fis

M];jpupahTf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

• gpurpahitg; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F gpurpahTf;Fg; Gjpa gpuNjrq;fis;

ifaspj;jy;. nrf;n]dpapd; xU gFjp> nt];lNytpah kw;Wk; iwd;

ejpf;fiug; gpuNjrq;fs; rpy mt;thW xg;gilf;fg;gl;l ehLfshFk;.

• gpuhd;Rf;Fupa jz;lidfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

c+k;: 500 ,yl;rk; gpuhq;Ffs; nrYj;j Ntz;btuy;.

05 tUlq;fs; tiu ntspehl;Lg; gil xd;iwg; gpuhd;rpy; jq;f

itj;jy;.

tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;

- INuhg;gpa gpur;rpidfisf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;skhehl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpaik. c+k;: I-yh rg;ngy;iygf;.ntNuhdh> l;NuhNgh khehLfs;.

- Njhy;tpAw;w gFjpapdUf;Ff; fLikhd jz;lidfis Vw;gLj;jhik.- gpurpah gykile;jik.- mbik tpahghuk; jilnra;ag;gl;lik.- fye;J nfhz;l ehLfspy; epytpa tpNuhjkhd fUj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf

vjph;ghh;j;j NgWfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhik.- ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; rpWghd;ikapdh; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lik.- ypguy; Nghf;Fila fUj;Jf;fs; kiwf;fg;gl;lik. (c+k;) M];jpupah- Njrpa czh;T tpUj;jpaila topgpwe;jik. (c+k;) ,j;jhyp- INuhg;gpa rkhjhdk; 40 tUlq;fs; tiu Ngzg;gl;likAk; gpd;du;

,dq;fSf;fpilNaahd gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;jypy; Kd;DjhuzkhfvLf;fg;gl;lik. khehl;L Kiw 1917 ,y; rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpw;Fk; 1815,y; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl; ;l khehl;L Kiw Kd;Djhuzkhff;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.)


tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd; INuhg;gh -

1815


1815


1815


1815


1815

mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuk;

yp]

;gd;

kl;upl;

Nghu;j;J

f;Nfa

muR

];ghdpa muR

mau;y

he;J

lg;spd;

];nfhl;yhe;J

vbd;gNuh

ngupa gpupj;jhd

pah

gu;kpq;hk;

,q;fpyhe;J

yz;ld; gup];

yf;\;kgu;

gpuhd;rpa m

uR

kpyhd

;

ghu;rpNyhd

h

ngNyupf; jPTfs;

kjjpa jiuf; fly;

tlfly;

mk;];lu;

lhk;

ru;;Bdpa muR

nyhiud;

nyhk;ghb

Y}fh

Nuhk;

Negpy;];

ngNyu;Nkh ,

ulil rprpyp muR

ghg; m

uRx];upahg; NguuR

kpAdpr;

ngNyupah tpad;dh

nry;];tpf;

n`

hy;];bd;

nld;khuf; m

uR

n`k;gu;f;

gp

Nu

rpy;

Nfhg;gNefd;

Nehu;NtAk; RtPlDk;

gu;ypd;

Nghy;bf; fly

;

Nghy

e;J

`q;Nfup

Glhng];l;

fpuNfht

; FbauR

u\;a ty;yuR

Nkhy;Nltpah

kNyrpah

nfhd;];jhe;J Nehgpy;

xl;Nlhkd; NguuR

l];fdp

ntdp];

neju;yhe;J

muR




rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjpy; khehl;L Kiwapd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tpj; jd;ikfis

tpad;dh khehl;L thapyhf njspthf tpsf;fp Xh; Ma;T mwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;jy;.

,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhff; nfhs;f.

Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:

Gj;jfq;fs;> ntspaPLfs;> fhfpjhjpfs;> vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s MNyhrid

toq;Ff.

• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s top fhl;Lf.

• nraw;ghl;il xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F Neuj;ij toq;Ff.

• khzth; Mf;fj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;J Fiwepiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.


• INuhg;gpa Njrg;glj;jpy;> tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfisf;

Fwpf;f.

• 1815 ,d; tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd;dh; mikf;fg;gl;l INuhg;ghtpd;

tiuglj;ij tiuf.

• ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;tpf;Ff.

• ,U INuhg;gpa Njrg;glq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

• Njrg;glq;fis mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs; gw;wpa mwpit

toq;Ff.

• khzth; Mf;fj;ij kjpg;gpLf.



fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;

Njrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jp

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : cyf tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j murpay;

vOr;rp gw;wp ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; N[h;kd; ehLfspD}lhf xg;gPl;L tpsf;fk;

mspg;ghh;.


10.1 jhuhz;ik thj kw;Wk; Njrpa thj nfhs;iffspd; tpUj;jp cyf

tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j rf;jpfs; gw;wp

Muha;thh;.

10.2 ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;> kw;Wk; N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;

jhuhz;ik kw;Wk; Njrpathjk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfisg;

guprPypg;ghh;.


fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW

- INuhg ;ghtpy; Vw;gl ;l murpay;vOr;r pfs; cyf tuyhw;iw

cUthf;Ftjpy; jhf;fk; tpistpj;jJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

- 1815 ,d; tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd;dh; Gul;rpf; Nfhl;ghLfisj; Njhw;fbf;f

vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;> jhuhz;ik thjk;> Njrpa thjk; Mfpa vOr;rpfspd;

tpUj;jpapd; %yk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l Kiw gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.

- ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;

Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jhuhz;ik> Njrpathjk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lij tpsq;fy;.


gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpAk; neg;NghypadJ gilnaLg;Gk; fhuzkhf INuhg;ghtpy;

jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk; Njrpa thj ,af;fq;fs; Gj;Japh; ngw;wd. vdpDk; gioik

tha;e;j nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wk; tpad;dh khehl;Lf; FOtpdUf;F mt;ntOr;rp

,af;fq;fis Nknyo tplhJ jLg;gNj Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; 1815 ,d;

gpd;dh; mt;thwhd Kd;Ndw;wfukhd ,af;fq;fis eRf;Ftjw;F tpad;dh khehl;Lf;

FOtpdh; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffspdhy; mth;fs; vjph;ghh;j;j NgWfisg;

ngwKbahkw; NghdJld; vjph;ghuhj mstpy; Njrpa ,af;fq;fs; tYg;ngw;wd.

1815 - 1848 fhy fl;lj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; gy ehLfspy; me;epiyik ,Ue;jJld;

1848 Mk; Mz;L INuhg;gh KOikAk; Njrpa thjg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; epfo;e;j

tUlkhFk;. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; INuhg;ghTk; juhz;ik ,af;fk; tpUj;jpaile;j

Kiwiag; guprPypg;gJ ,t;tyfpd; Xh; vjph;ghh;g;ghFk;.


ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.

jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.

- Njrpaj;jd;ik vd;gJ Gtpapaw; gpuNjrnkhd;wpy; nghJthd ,d> nkhop>

kj> ghuk;gupa> kw;Wk; ew;gof;ftof;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; xUq;fpize;j

nghJthd nghUshjhuj; Njitfspd; kPJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

Xh; vz;zf;fUthFk;.

jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;

Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.

- ypguy; thj kw;Wk; Njrpa thj ,af;fq;fspd; tpUj;jp (1815 - 1848)

- 1820 ];ghdpahtpy; murUf;F vjpuhd kf;fs; vOr;rp.

- 1820 -21 fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,j;jhypa Negy;]; kw;Wk; gPl;nkhz;l

,uhr;rpaq;fspy; jhuhz;ik ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

- 1827 ,y; fpNuf;fk;> JUf;fpa Mjpgj;jpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw

vOe;jik.

- 1830 ,y; 10 MtJ rhs;]_f;F vjpuhf gpuhd;rpy; Njrpa thj jhuhz;ikf;

FOf;fspd; vOr;rpapd; ngWNgwhf [{yp Ml;rp (Y}ap gpypg;gpd; fPo;)

xu;ypad;]; murhl;rpia epakpj;jik.

- mjDld; rk fhyj;jpy; NtW INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Njrpathjg;Gul;rpfs;

eilngw;wik. (Xye;J> ngy;[pak;> ,j;jhyp> N[h;kd;)

- 1848 ,y; kPz;Lk; gpuhd;rpy; Njrpa kw;Wk; jhuhz;ikthj ,af;fq;fspd;

vOr;rpAk; Y}ap neg;Nghypad; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;jikAk;.

,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;

- ,j;jhyp If;fpakhtjw;F Kd;dh; ,j;jhypapd; epiyik.

- ,j;jhypapy; ,Ue;j murpay; gpsTfs;.

NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;

1. Negps;]; kw;Wk; rprpypj; jPTfs; gpuhd;rpd; G+h;nghd; mur guk;giuapdupd;

epUthfj;jpy; ,Ue;jik.

2. cNuhk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,j;jhyp ghg;ghz;ltupd; gupghydj;jpy; ,Ue;jik.

3. gh;kh> nkhnlah; M];jpupa mur guk;giuapdupd; fPo; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lik.

4. ntdp];> nyhk;ghh;b> vDk; gpuNjrq;fs; M];jpupa Nguurpd; fPo;

gupghypf;fg;gl;lik.

5. gPl;nkhz;l kw;Wk; rhh;bdpah cs;spl;l gpuNjrq;fs; ,j;jhypa mur

guk;giuapdupd; fPo; gupghypf;fg;gl;lik.

6. neg;Nghypadpd; gupghydj;jpd; ngWNgwhf ,j;jhypa kf;fsplk; If;fpak;

gw;wpa Xh; czh;T Vw;gl;lik.

7. ,duPjpahd czh;Tfs; tpUj;jpaile;jik.


,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.

- ,j;jhypa Njrpathjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;.- fhnghdup ,af;fk;.- fhnghdup ,af;fj;jpd; topelhj;jypy; 1820

,y; M];jpupa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdRje;jpug; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- krpdpapd; ,j;jhyp ,isa ,af;fk;.- [pNahghl;bapd; jiyikapy; Gjpa FNty;g;

,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.- xd;gjhk; gpA+g; ghg; Mz;lif mth;fs;

jhuhz;ik murpay; jpl;l kPs; tpUj;jpiaKd;itj;jy;.

- 1848 ,j;jhypa tpLjiy vOr;rpfs;.- vjph ;g ;Gr ; rf ;j pfs ; jiynaLj;jYk;

,af;fj;jpd; Njhy;tpAk;.

,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.- fTz;l; nfT+h;> gPl;kz;l; murpy; gpujkh;

gjtpNaw;wik.- ,j;jhypia nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy; tpUj;jp

nra;jik.- jhuhz;ikthjpfspd; cjtpAld; ,j;jhypia

kPs; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;jik.- ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; ,af;fj;jpd;

jiyik gPl;nkhz;l muRf;Ff;fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.

- fpupkpad; Aj;jj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lik.- ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;Jtjpy; gpupj;jhdpah

tpdJk; gpuhd;r pdJk; cjtpiag;ngwKbe;jik.

- fTz;l; fTh; kw;Wk; gpuhd;R III MtJneg;Nghypad; Gnyhk;gpau;fs; xg;ge;jk;ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lik.

ùpNghy;bùpNghy;bùpNghy;bùpNghy;bùpNghy;b- ,j;jhyp kf;fSs; Njrpa czh;it tpUj;jp nra;jik.- ùpNghy;bapd; nrQ;rl;ilg; gilapduhy; njd; ,j;jhypapd; gpuNjrq;fs;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;L gPl;kz;l; muRf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;lik.- cNuhikj; jtpu ghg; Mz;lifapd; murpd; gpuNjrq;fs; ahTk;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik.- 1866 ,y; ntdpirr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.

- 1870 ,y; cNuhikr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;ljhy; ,j;jhypapd; If;fpag;gLj;jy;

G+uzkhfpaik.

N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;

N[h;kd; If;fpag;gLtjw;F Kd; mq;fpUe;j murpay; epiyikfs;.

k]pdpk]pdpk]pdpk]pdpk]pdp

fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;

ùpNghy;bùpNghy;bùpNghy;bùpNghy;bùpNghy;b


x];;jpupahRtpl;]u;yhe;J

nrNtha;

ru;Bdpa

muR

gpuhd;R

nyhk;ghu;l;kpyhd;

ntdp];

1815 ,y; tpad;dh khehl;L

fhyj;jpy; rhu;Bia muR

1859 - 1860 fhyg;gFjpapy;ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;

1860 - 1870 f;F ,ilg;gl;lfhyj;jpy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lgpuNjrq;fs;g

Pl;ke;J

gu;khbAupd;

nkhNld

h[pNdhth

Y}fh

ntdpR

nghnyhQ;Qh

nuhnkhQ;Qhg;Nshud;];

Mu;id

l];fdp

Nfhu;rpf;fh

mj;jpyhe;jpf; fly;

,k;g;upah

ilgu;

Nghg;ghz;ltu; muR

Nuhk;

Neg;gpy;];

rhu;BdpahmuR ilNudpad; fly;

rp

rp

yp

m

u

R

kj;jpa jiuf; fly;

ngnyu;Nkh

rprpyp

,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;


gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;

- 1648 ,y; nt];l; Ngypah xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf N[h;kd; gy

,uhr;rpaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lik.

- neg;Nghypad; nghdghl; N[h;kdpia Mf;fpukpj;J wapd; rq;fj;ij

cUthfpaik.

- tpad ;dh khehl ;bd ; g pd ;dh ; neg ;Nghypadpd ; Kaw ;r pfs ;

eph;%ykhf;fg;gl;lik.

- Nrhy;twapd; rq;fj;jpy; nghUshjhu ,zf;fg;ghL Vw;gl;lik.

- M];jpupahtpd; rhd;ryh;(mjpgh;) nklh;dpf; vd;gtuhy; jhuhz;ikthjf;

fUj;Jf;fs; xLf;fg;gl;lik. (c+k;) rhy;];ghh; Miz

- 1830 kw;Wk; 1848 Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Njhy;tpAk;.

- 1848 gpuhq;f;Ngh;l; ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; 1848 Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tp.

N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;G

- xl;NlhNthd; gp];khh;f; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.

- N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; ,af;fj;jpw;F jiyik tfpf;Fk;

nghUj;jkhd tifapy; gpurpahitg; nghUshjhu> murpay;> uPjpahfr;

rf;jp tha;e;jjhf;Ftjw;Fr; nraw;gl;l Kiwfs;.

- gp];khh;f;fpd; ',uj;jKk; ,Uk;Gk; nfhs;if" vDk; ,uh[je;jpu

eilKiw gpurpa gilia tYTs;sjhf;fpaik.

- ];nytpf; N`hy;];ild; gpur;rpid - ];ny];tpf;if Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.

- 1866 Aj;jj;jpy; M];jpupah Njhy;tpailjik.

- 1871 gpuhd;irj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;jjhy; gpurpahtpd; jiyikapy;

N[h;kd; If;fpag;gl;lik.


N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;

N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;

tl fly;

Nfhgj;N`fd; RtPld;

Nghy;bf; fly;

nknky;

epkd;;;; fq;if

u\;a

Nghyhe;J

Nthu;Nrh

,uhr;rpak;Nyhl;];

x];upa

,uhr;rpak;

tpad;dh

x];upah

`q;Nfupah

ntdp];mj;jpyhe;jpf;

rKj;jpuk;Ngh fq;if

,j;jhyp

kpyhd;

gpuhd;];

xy;Kb];

nld;khu;f;

n`hy;];la;d;

neju;yhe;J

ngy;[pak;

yf;\k;Ngu;f;

Nyhud;

Rtpu;]u;yhe;j;

ngNtupah

gu;d;; Rup\;

bNuhy;

nkhNutpah

kpAdpr;

nldpA+g; fq;i

f

epAnuk;gu;f;

ngh pkpah

g;uhf;

Tlk;ggu;f;

];Lk;fhu;l;fhu;y;];&

];Nuh];gu;f;my;N]];

ned;rpKy;;

tu;ld;;

nrld; 1870

nkb]; ngyl;nel;

nkd;];n`] nkd; fq;if

ngu;d;f;gu;l;yf;\k;Ngu;f;

ua;d; gpuNjrk;

nghd;

nfhnyhd;

ua;d; fq;if

nt];upNgypahmd;bru;g;

mk;];lu;nlk;

xy;ld;gu;f;

[ny];tpf;

fPy;

Yngf;

n`k;gu;f;

n`Ndh\un`Ndh\un`Ndh\un`Ndh\un`Ndh\u;

fpuPkd;

n`Ndh\u;

vy;g; fq

;if

nkf;yd;gu;f;

[ntupd;

Jupd;[pad;

,uhr;rpak;

ta;khu;

n]f;]dp

l;nud;ld;

ypg;]pf;

nrNlhth

gpnu\;Nyh

ra;nyrpah

xlu; fq;if

ngd;ud;gu;f;

gu;ypd;

NghkNudpah

];nlbd;

nld;rpf;

Nk.gpNurpy;

fp.gpNurpy;

nfhdp];gu;f;

nghnrd ;nghnrd ;nghnrd ;nghnrd ;nghnrd ;

nghnrd;

tp]Lyh fq;if

nfNfhr;

l;up];l;

Aj;jg;gpuNjrk;; ;; ;

Kfhk;

1815 gpu\;ah

gpu\;rpau; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrk;

1763 ,y; x];upah

1772> 1793> 1795 Mfpa

tUlq;fspy; Nghye;jpd; gpupT

1866 gpu\;rpau; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrk;

1877 gpu\;rpaupd; fPo; ,ize;j gpuNjrq;fs;

1871 N[u;kdpa gpuNjrj;jpd; fPo; ,ize;j gpuNjrq;fs;

1871 gpuhd;]; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrk;

N[u;kdpa gpuNjrj;jpd; Njr vy;iy

tl N[u;kdpa gpuNjrj;jpd; Njr vy;iy


fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;if

nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1

• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• khztiu ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J FOj;jiyth;fisj; njupT nra;f.

FO -1 ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jYf;F Kd;Ds;s Njrg;glk;.

FO -2 ,j;jhypia If;fpag; gLj;jYf;Fg; gpd;Ds;s Njrg;glk;.

• Njrg;glq;fis tiutjw;F Ntz;ba nghUl;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;s

MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F Fwpg;gpl;l ehisAk; fhy mtfhrj;ijAk; njupT

nra;Ak; gb khztiu mwpTWj;Jf.

• jkJ Mf;fq;fisr; rkh;g;gpf;fr; re;jh;g;gj;ij mspf;Ff.

• xt;nthU FOtpdJk; gyk;> gytPdk; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L

gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.


N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jpa ngUik jdpNa gp];khh;f;fpw;F cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;

/ mt;thwy;y.

• tpthjj;jpw;F khzth;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.

• mf;FOf;fspy; Ngr;rhw;wy; cs;sth;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J tpthjj;jpw;F

Maj;jg;gLjJf.

• tpthjj;jpd; tpjp Kiwfisf; $Wf.

• jfty;fisr;Nrfupf;ff; $ba %yq;fisg; gw;wp mwpT+l;Lf.

• tpthjj;jpd; NghJ Gs;sptoq;Fk; epakq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jf.

• cupa jpdj;jpy; tpthjj;ij Muk;gpf;Ff.



Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghupd; gaq;fuj;jd;ikiaAk; rkhjhdj;jpd;

fUj;ijAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; guprPypg;ghh;.


11.1 KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh; kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; vjph;fhyg; Nghf;fpw;Fj; jilahf

,Ue;jik gw;wp Muha;e;J Nghh;r;#oypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L tho;tjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thh;.

11.2 cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; xU Kaw;rpahf rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd;

nraw;ghl;il xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; guprPypg;ghh;.

ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; : 15

fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :

• KjyhtJ cyfg; NghUf;fhd fhuzpfisAk;> Nghupd; tpisTfisg;

gw;wpAk; tpsf;fk; ngwy;.

• ru;tNjr rq;fk; kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; rkhjhd epiyg;ghl;bw;F vLj;j

eltbf;iffis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; vjph;fhyg; Nghf;fpw;F cyfg; Nghupdhy; Vw;gl;l

jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.

• Kuz;ghL ePf;fYf;F fye;Jiuahly; xU ey;y jPh;thFk; vd;gij

tpsq;fpf; nfs;sy;.


1871 ,y; N[h;kd; xU If;fpa ehlhf khwpaik INuhg;ghtpy; mJtiu ,Ue;jrkepiy mjpfhu khw;wj;jpw;F ce;Jjyhf mike;jJ. 1871 ,d; gpd;dh; N[h;kdpf;Fk;gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghl;b epiyik cUthdJ. gpuhd;ir KbAkhdtiuINuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J jdpg;gLj;jp itf;Fk; nfhs;ifia N[h;kd; filg;gpbj;jik,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.

kWGwk; n[u;kdp Vida gykpf;f INuhg;gpa ehLfSld; el;GwT NgZk;nfhs;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,g;gpd;dzpA+Nl 1909 mstpy; INuhg;gh ,U Nghu;g;ghriwfisAk; cUthf;fpapUe;jik cyf Aj;jj;Jf;fhd Vw;ghlhf mike;jJ.,e;jf; fhuzpfs;> Nghupd; Nghf;Ffs;> tpisTfs; vd;gd gw;wp Muha;tijNa,t;tyF Nehf;fhff; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.



KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;

Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:

ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:- FbNaw;w ehLfis mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.- tzpf Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Gjpa re;ijfis

ngWtjw;F vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;.- gpupj;jhdpahtpYk; N[h;khdpapYk; Vw;gl;l NguuRg; Nghuhl;lk;.- Nghy;fd; neUf;fb.

FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :

- Gjpa NguuR thjj;jpd; tpUj;jpapD}lhf Gjpa ty;yuRfs; cUthdik.(N[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp)

- gpuhd;irj; jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;F N[h;kd; filg;gpbj;j nray;Kiwfs;.- INuhg;ghtpy; ,U mjpfhuf; FOf;fs; cUthdik.- MAjg; Nghl;bAk; rh;tNjr gpur;rpidfSk;.- rhtNjr Clfq;fs; xU Nghh; kdg;ghq;if cUthf;fpaik.- Nghy;fd; Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; INuhg;gh nfhjpg;giljy;.

cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :- M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,sturh; Ngh;bdz;Lk; mtuJ ghupahUk;

ruNahNth efupy; nfhy;yg;gl;lik.

gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;


KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;

Aj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;if

- Aj;j Muk;gk;.

- Nkw;F Kd;dzp.

- fpof;F Kd;dzp.

- njd;fpof;F INuh;g;gpa Kd;dzp.

- flw;Nghu;.

- mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPL

cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

- caph;> kw;Wk; nrhj;J ,og;Gfs;.

- Coy; epiwe;j rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpKiw xope;jik.

- Gjpa muRfs; cUthdik.

- N[h;kd; mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

- mnkupf;fhTk;> gpupj;jhdpahTk; cyfg; gyk;tha;e;j ehLfshf

vOr;rpAw;wik.

- cyff; Fog;gq;fisj; jtph;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F rh;tNjrr; rq;fnkhd;iw

epWTtjw;fhd Mh;tk; Vw;gl;lik.

rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;

Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;

- rh;tNjrthjg; gpujpthjq;fisr; rkhjhdkhfj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

- rpwpa ehLfspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijAk; Ngzy;.

- ehLfspd; vy;iyg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;J itj;jy;.

- th;nry;]; cld;gbf;ifAk; rh;tNjrr;rq;fKk;.

- rq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;Njhh;.

- rhrdk;.

Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;


ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;

mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;

- rh;tNjr ,af;f vz;zf;fU cUthdik.

- rh;tNjr rq;fk; cUthdik. (ePjpj;Jiw> njhopyhsh;> Rfhjhuk;)

- rh;tNjr Kuz;ghL ePf;fg;gl;lik.

- kdpj cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpaik. (mbik tpahghuk;> mfjpfs;

Gdh;tho;T> kJ tpw;gidj; jil vd;gd)

gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.

- gyk; tha;e;j ehLfs; tpyfpaik.

- Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shik

- cyf rkhjhdj;ij epiyepWj;jpr; nry;Yk; Fwpf;Nfhs; xope;jik.

- epge;jidfs; kPwg;gl;lNghJ mjw;nfjpuhfr; nraw;gl Kbahik.

- rh;tNjrg; gilnahd;W ,y;yhik.

nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;




• cyf Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l ,UgpuptpdUf;Fk; cupj;jhd ehLfis INuhg;gpaNjrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;jy;.

- ,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f

- cupa ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gJld; ,J gw;wp khztiu mwpTWj;Jf.- ,lg;ngaUk; ,lKk; rupahff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vdg; guprPypf;Ff.


• gpuhd;irj; jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;F N[h;kd; filg;gpbj;j nrad;KiwahdJ

KjyhtJ cyf Aj;jk; tiu INuhg;ghit ,l;Lr; nry;yyhdJ>

,f;$w;iwg; guprPypj;J xg;gil xd;iwj; jahupf;f.

- ,jid xU jdpahs; xg;gilahff; nfhs;sTk;.

- jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba Kiwfs; gw;wp khztiu

mwpTWj;Jf.

- xg;gilia epiwT nra;J ifaspf;f Ntz;ba jpfjp gw;wp

khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.

- khzth; xg;gilfis xU kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jpg; gpd;D}l;liy

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03

• KjyhtJ cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,j;jhypf;Fk; N[h;kdpf;Fk; [dehafk;

nghUe;jhik ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jk; Njhd;Wtjw;F topNfhypaJ.

,f;$w;Wf;Fr; rhh;ghfTk; vjpuhfTk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J> Rth;g;

gj;jpupifnahd;Wf;F mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.

- ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

- ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jj; jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

FO 1 : rhh;ghd jfty;fs;

FO 2 : vjpuhd jfty;fs;

- jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yq;fs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

- gyk;/ gytPdk; vd;gd gw;wp Rl;bf; fhl;b khztuJ nraw;ghl;il

kjpg;gpLf.


1jk

f,dal

ix.

%duh -

ms,a fn§u

1jk

f,dal

ix.

%duh -

ms,a fn§u

1jk

f,dal

ix.

%duh -

ms,a fn§u

1jk

f,dal

ix.

%duh -

ms,a fn§u

1jk

f,dal

ix.

%duh -

ms,a fn§u

Mgpupf;fh

gRgpf; rKj;jpuk;

,e;J rKj;jpuk;

f d lh

mnkupf;f

If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;

gpNurpy;


gpuhd

;]; ,j;jhypN[u;kd;

M];jpupah

`q;Nfupah

JUf;fp

u \; ah

,e;jpah

rPdh

gRgpf; rKj;jpuk;

epA+rpyhe;J

mT];jpNuy

pah

kj;jpa Ml;rp

fyg;G Ml;rp

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; - vy;iyg; gpupg;G


Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; INuhg;gh






tl fly;

gpuhd

;];

Mgpupf;fh

];nfhl;yhe;J

N[u;kd;

;

,j;jhyp

RtPld;

Nghye;J

&Nkdpah

Nrhtpaj; Njrk;

Nehu;Nt

`q;Nfup

gpd;yhe;J

nld;khu;f;

ANfh]

;yht

pah

fpuP];

gy;Nfupah

JUf;fpfUq; fly;

Nghu;j

;Jf;fy

;

];ghdpah

kj;jpa jiuf; fly;

fhu;bdpah

ngy;[pak;

Mgpupf;fhf; fly;

my;njdpah

nrf;Nfh]

;yht

pahfl

y;

,q;fpy

he;J

mau;yhe;J



u\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rp

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; njhlh;Gila Gul;rpfukhd

rf;jpfs; gw;wp Muha;thh;.


12.1 u\;a Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzk; kw;Wk; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Kiw gw;wpAk;

tpsf;Fthh;.

12.2 cyf ehfupfj;jpw;F u\;ag; Gul;rpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l jhf;fj;ij

Muha;thh;.

ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15


• rkTilik thjj;ijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L Vw;gl;l u\;a Gul;rp

gw;wpajhd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thh;.


kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;ghd xU Kf;fpa jpUg;GKidahf u\;ag;

Gul;rp ,dq;fhl;lg;glyhk;. u\;ahtpy; ,Ue;j Coy; epiwe;j rh;thjpfhu ]hh;

kd;duhl;rp fhuzkhf u\;a kf;fs; kpfTk; neUf;fy;fSf;F cl;gl;bUe;jdh;.

]hh; kd;dh;fs; nja;t tuk; ngw;wth;fs; vDk; vz;zf;fUitg; gad;gLj;jp

rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpia elhj;jp te;jJld; gpuGj;Jt mjpfhuj;jpd; %yKk; kf;fs;

neUf;Fjy;fSf;F cl;gl;ldh;. tptrhapfSf;F epy cupik ,d;wp ,Ue;jJk;>

njhopyhsupd; rpukk; Ruz;lg;gl;ljhYk; ]hh; kd;duhl;rpapd; gf;fk; kf;fsJ

ntWg;G mjpfupj;jJ. u\;a [g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpy; u\;a Njhy;tpAw;wJk; epiyik

Nkhrkile;jJ. ,jd;gb czT> fhzp> rkhjhdk; vDk; Nghuhl;lj;jiyg;Gf;fspy;

xd;wpize;j u];a kf;fs; 1917 ,y; ,uz;lhk; epf;fy]; ]hh; kd;dupd; muirf;

ftpo;j;J xopj;J tpl;L nghJTilik munrhd;iw mikj;jdh;. ,t;thW

mikf;fg;gl;l Nghy;nrtpf; Gul;rpapD}lhf cyfpd; KjyhtJ nghJTlik muR

cUthfpaJ. cyf murpaypy; Kf;fpa fhuzpahd u\;a gul;rp gw;wpf; fw;gNj

,t;tjjpahaj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;ghFk;.


u\;a Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;• nghJTilikr; rpe;jidapd; tpUj;jp.

- rkTilik vd;why; vd;d?- jh]; fg;gpl;ly; (Kjyhspj;Jtk;) vDk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd;

mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;.- nfhkpA+dpr thjj;ij Nghjpj;j rpe;jidfs;- nfhkpA+dpr ntspaPLfs;.- gup]; nfhkpA+d;.

• nghJTilikf; fl;rpfspd; tpUj;jp.• Gul;rpf;F mz;kpj;j fhyj;jpy; u\;ahtpy; murpay; kw;Wk; r%f epiyik.


murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.- Coy; epiwe;j kd;duhl;rp.- 1905 ,d; Ntiy epWj;jk;.- 1905 u\;a [g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpYk; kw;Wk; 1914 cyf Aj;jj;jpYk; u\;ah

mile;j Njhy;tpfs;.

ghupa Ntiy epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lk;

nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:

- ghuk;gupa epykhdpag; nghUshjhu Kiw

- rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G> njhopypd;ik kw;Wk; tWik.

- Aj;jq;fspy; fye;Jnfhs;tjhy; vw;gl;l nghUshjhu vjph; tpisTfs;.

- ifj;njhopy; gw;wp gpuhd;R> N[h;kdp> mnkupf;fh> KjyPl;lhsh;fs;

Cf;fnkLj;jikAk; rpukr; Ruz;liy Nkw;nfhz;likAk;.

- tptrhaj; njhopyhsh;> eLj;ju tFg;gpdh; mNdfh; neUf;Fjy;fSf;F

cs;shfpaik.

- u\;a jpiwNrup eyptile;jik.

r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:

- gyk; tha;e;j kj;jpaju tFg;G ,y;yhjpUe;jik.

- jj;Jttpayhsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; u\;a r%fj;jpy; gpugykile;jik.

- Nghy;];tpf; fl;rp cUthdik.

u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;

- Nkd;Nrtpf; Ml;rp Njhy;tpAw;wik.

- nfud;];fp Ml;rp ftpo;e;jikAk; Nghy;rtpf;fpdh; ntw;wpngw;wikAk;.

- 1818 Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FOtpdUf;F cjhuzkhf tpsq;fpaik.

u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

- cyfpy; Kjy; r%fTilik ehlhf ekTilik Kfhkpw;F

Kd;khjpupia toq;fpaik.

- nry;tkw;w tFg;gpdupd; ntw;wp

- jpl;lkplg;gl;l nghUshjhu Kiwnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik


nrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gil

Gul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jh



nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:

• u\;a Gul;rp gw;wp xU jfty; Nfhitiaj; jahupj;jy;.

• murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhuk; vDk; vy;yhj;JiwfspYKs;s

NjitfSk;> u\;a Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jik gw;;wpa

jfty;fslq;fpa jfty; Nfhitnahd;iw mikg;gJ ,q;F

Fwpf;NfhshFk;.

• ,jid xU FOr;nraw;ghlhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.

FO 1 - Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l murpaw; fhuzpfs;.

FO 2 - Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;.

FO 3 - Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;;l r%ff; fhuzpfs;.

• xt;nthU FOtpdUf;Fk; mth;fSf;Fupa jiyg;ig toq;Ff.

• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba %yq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

• xt;nthU FOTk; Nrfupj;j jfty;fisr; rkh;g;gpg;gjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

• Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; Nrfupj;j jfty;fis xU jfty;Nfhitahf

mikf;Ff.


• Gul;rpapd; %yk; cUthd u\;a nghJTilik muR cyf tuyhw;wpy;

xU ngupa jhf;fj;ij tpistpj;jJ. ,f;$w;wpd;gb u\;ag; Gul;rpapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp mwpf;if xd;;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhff; nfhs;f.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

• khzth; nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.

• rpwg;ghd Mf;fq;fis Vida khzth;fSk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sr; re;jh;g;gk;

toq;Ff.



ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : cyf tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; mbg;gilahf mike;j murpay;

rf;jpfs; njhlh;ghf ghrprk;> ehrprk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

rkepiyahd tpsf;fk; ngWth;.


13.1 ghrprKk;> ehrprKk; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij Muha;thh;.

13.2 ghrprthjj;jpw;Fk; ehrpr thjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;Gfis

tpsf;Fthh;.

ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15

fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :

• ghrprk; kw;Wk; ehrprk; njhlh;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWthh;.

• ghrpr> ehrpr rf;jpfs; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa

tpjk; gw;wpj; NjLthh;.


,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfSf;Fk; Njhy;tpaile;j

N[h;kdpf;Fk; ,ilapy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l 'th;nra;y;];" cld;gbf;if %yk;

N[h;kdpf;F mjpf jz;lidfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.

`pl;yiug; Nghd;w ehrpr rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpahsDf;F N[h;kdpapy; mjpfhuk;

ngWtjw;F ,e;epiyikfNs mbg;gilahf mike;jd. mNj Nghd;W Kjyhk;

cyf Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ,j;jhyp mjpf ed;ikfisg; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; Ner

ehLfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ. vdpDk; Nghh; Kbtile;j gpd;dh; ,j;jhypapd;

vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fs; epiwNtwhJ NghdJld; cyfg; nghUshjhu mOj;jq;fspd;

fhuzkhf ,j;jhypapYk; gy;NtW nghUshjhu> r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wp;d.

,e;epiyikapdhy; gadile;j ngdpNlh KNrhypdp ghrpr nfhs;iffs; Clhf

nry;thf;Fs;s xUtuhf khwpdhh;.

ghrpr> ehrpr rf;jpfspd; ,ay;G> mjd;%yk;cyf tuyhw;wpy; ghjpg;Gf;fs; vd;gd

njhlhghff; fw;gjw;F ,t;tyF xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.

,j;jhypapy; ghrprk;.

- ghrprj;jpd; ,ay;G.

- r%fTilikf;F vjpuhd xU topKiwahff; fhzg;gLjy;.

- r%fTilikf; nfhs;iffSk; Kjyhspj;JtKk; fye;jjhff;

fhzg;gLjy;.

- mjpfhu Mizaply; jd;ikAila murpay; ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;ljhff;

fhzg;gLjy;.


ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; ,j;jhypapd; vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; epiwNtwhJ

Nghdik.- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd; Njhd;wpa r%f> nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs;.

• njhopy; gpur;rpid.• ifj;njhopy;> th;j;jfk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik.• xOf;fk; rPh;Fiye;jik.• ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaik.• Ntiy epWj;jk;.

- Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,e;epiyia Ml;rp nra;a KbahJNghdik.

- ,r;#o;epiyapy; KNrhypdp ghrprf;fl;rpia cUthf;fpaik.

ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :

- gyKs;s murhq;fk; xd;iw mikf;f Kbe;jik.

- ,j;jhypapDs; r%f> nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lik.

- gy;tif Coy;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

- rkag;gpur;rpidfs; jPh;f;fg;gl;lik. (ntl;lud; cld;gbf;if)

- KNrhypdpapd; ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;iffSk; mjd; Njhy;tpAk;.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F toptFj;jik.

N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :

- ,dthjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay; Kiwnahd;W

Njhd;Wjy;.

- N[h;kdpa ,dk; cyfpy; rpNu\;lkhd Xh; ,dk; vdf; fUjg;gl;lik.

- r%fTilikf;F vjpuhd xU nfhs;ifahf ,Ue;jik.

- r%fTilik> Kjyhspj;Jt fUj;Jf;fs; fye;jjhf ,Ue;jik.

- rh;thjpfhu MizapLk; murpay; ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;bUe;jik.

- muR Nkd;ikj; jd;ikAilaJ vdf; fUjg;gly;.

ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.

- Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd; N[h;kdpapy; cUthfpa epiyikfs;.

- 1930 ,d; cyfg;nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp.

- thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;if %yk; N[h;kdpf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs;.

- N[h;kdpah;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l tuyhw;Wg; Nghh; gw;wpa mth.

- r%fTilik> fye;Jiuahly;> vd;gtw;iw ntWj;jik.

`pl;yu;`pl;yu;`pl;yu;`pl;yu;`pl;yu;


- ehrprf; nfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gl Nkw;F ehLfSf;F Kbahkw;

Nghdik.

- `pl;yupd; MSik.

ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;

- N[h;kdpapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;;

• ifj;njhopy;.

• tptrhak;.

• njhopy; tha;g;Gg; gpur;rpidfs;

jPh;f;fg;gl;lik.

• Rfhjhu epiyikfspy;

Kd;Ndw;wk;.

• tpisahl;L eltbf;iffs;.

- A+jh;fSf;F vjpuhf fLikahd

,k;irfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.

- njhopw; rq;fq;fs; jLf;fg;gl;lik.

njhopyhsh ;fSf;F vjpuhd

eltbf;iffs;.

- ehrpr N[h;kdpapd; ntspehl;Lf;

nfhs;if.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F

toptFj;jik.

ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:

- ,j;jhypapy; ghrprKk; N[h;kdpapy; ehrprKk;

tsh;r;rpailtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

gpd;dzpfspd; xj;j jd;ikfs;

• jiyikj;Jt ,ay;Gfs;.

• murpay; epiyikfs; nghUshjhug;

gpur;rpidfs;.

• nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs;.

• r%f epiyikfs;

- ehrpfsJk;> ghrp];LfsJk; Vfhjpgj;jpa

eltbf;iffs;.

- `pl;yUf;Fk; KNrhypDf;Fk; ,ilapy;

fhzg;gl;l xw;Wik/ el;G.

- ehrpfSk; ghrp];LfSk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;

NghUf;F top tFj;jik.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;

`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;

el;Gel;Gel;Gel;Gel;G




ehrprk;> ghrprk; vd;gd gw;wp xU fl;Liu jahupj;jy;. ehrprj;jpdJk;> ghrprj;jpdJk;

,ay;Gfs;> Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp Mfpad njhlu;ghd jfty;fis cs;slf;fpajhf

fl;Liu mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfj; jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yjhuq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

• kpfTk; Mf;f G+h;tkhd fl;Liunahd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F MNyhrid

toq;Ff.

• kpfTk; rpwe;j Mf;fj;ij tFg;gpy;cs;s midtUk; thrpf;ff; $bajhf

tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


ehrprj;jpdJk; ghrprj;jpdJk; nraw;ghLfs; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F fhuzkhf

mike;jd. ,f;$w;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fis cs;slf;fp gj;jpupiff;fhd

mwpf;ifnahd;iwJ; jahh; nra;f.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfj; jahupf;Ff.

• cupa %yhjhuq;fis ,dq;fhl;Lf.

• kpfTk; jh;f;f uPjpahf tp;laq;fis Kd;itf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.




,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gaq;fuk;> rkhjhdj;jpd; Njit gw;wpa

tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthh;.


14.1 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; kdpj Fyj;jpd; vjph;fhyg; gazj;jpw;Fj; jilahfmike;j tpjj;ij Ma;T nra;J Nghh; epiyfspy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr;nraw;gLthh;.

14.2 cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd xU khh;f;fkhf cUntLf;fg;gl;lIf;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; gw;wp tpsf;fk;.

ghlNtis :ghlNtis :ghlNtis :ghlNtis :ghlNtis : 15

fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:

• mopTr; #o;epiyfs; kPz;Lk; Vw;gLtijj; jtph;j;J cyf rkhjhdj;ijg;ghJfhj;jy;. ehLfspy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jpl;lkplypy; rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.

• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;> mjd;tpisTfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fw;wy;.

• ehLfspd; vjph;fhy Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; xUrf;jpahf mike;Js;s tpjj;ijf; fw;wy;.

mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.

Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; tpisTfspy; ,Ue;Nj ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F topcz;lhdJ vd;gJ tpkh;rfh;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. th;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;if %yk;N[h;kdpf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; fhuzkhf pl;yh; Nghd;w ehrprj; jiytd;xUtd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; N[h;kdpapd; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.1933 ,y; N[h;kdpapd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa `pl;yh; MW tUl fhyj;jpy;,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghiu Njhw;Wtpj;jhd;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; xU rpy fz;lq;fspy; khj;jpuk; gutpf; fhzg;gl;l epiyapy;,q;fpyhe;Jk; Nghupy; fye;Jnfhz;likahy; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fk; Nghh; gutpaJ.If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR> [g;ghdpy; `pNuhrpkh> ehfrhf;fp efuq;fspy;mZFz;il tPrp [g;ghidj; Njhw;fbj;jJ. mjd; %yk; ngUkstpyhd kdpjcaph;fisAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; Aj;jk; fhT nfhz;l epiyapy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; Kbtile;jJ.

,e;epiyik cyf ty;yuRfspd; ftdj;ij <h;j;jJld; 1945 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;fFbaurpd; nrd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh efupy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpufldj;jpw;fika cyfrkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.md;W Kjy; mJ gy;NtW jilfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;l NghjpYk;cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mj;jhgdk; %yk; ngUk; NritMw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;Nghupd; ,ay;G tpisTfs; vd;gd gw;wp ,g;ghl myfpd; %yk; tpsf;fk; ngw;Wj;ju

Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


,uz

;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F mz

;kpa fhy INuhg;gh - 1939 nrg;lk;gu; 01

,uz



,uz



,uz



,uz



I];yhe;J

NgNuh];

nrl;yhe;J

ng;iul;];

t. mau;yhe;J

ngy;g];l;

lg;spd;

mau;yhe;J


Xu;fdp

tlfly;

vbd;gNuh

ngupa gpupj;jhdpahyz;ld;

Nghu;j;Jf;fy;

kl;upl;

yp];gd;e$]; ejp

];ghd

pah

my;nfrpuh];

gpNghy;lh

ePupiz

nkhNuhf;Nfh

(];ghz

pah)

nld;[Pupa];

nkNuhf;Nfh

(gpuhd

;];)

my;[Pupah

my;[pau;]

;

ngyu;f; jPTfs;

kj;jpajiuf; fly;

bA+dpr

pah

rhu;bdpah

nfhupah

ghu;rpNyhdh

ypNahd;

gpuhd;];

NghupNlh

gup];

kpyhd

;,j;jhy

p Nuhk;

nld;khu;f;

rprpyp

Nkhy

;l;lh

fpuPl; (fpNuf;fk;)

vjd;];

fpuP];

Negpy;];

];tpl;ru;yhe;J

vy;Ngdpah

ntdp]; ngy;fpNul;

`q;Nfup

Nfhg;gd; N`

fd;

Nghy;bf; fly;

gpd;yhe;J

nydpd; fpuhl;

n`y;rpd;f;

nyl;tpah

epgu; ejp

Nfhd

h];

ypJNtdpah

Xnl];]h

fUq;fly;

ghuNfht

;

nkh]

;Nfht

;Nthy;fh ejp

nghJTilikthj Nrhtpaj; FbauRfspd; xd;wpak;

];lhypd; fpuhl; f]

;gpad; fly;

<uhd

;

gf;jhj;

<uhf;

lk];f];

rpupah

JUf;fp

,];jhd; G+y;

md;fuh


ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:

- N[h;kdpapy; itkhh; Fbaurpd; gytPdk;.

• nghUshjhu tPf;fk;.

• njhopypd;ik.

• czTg; gw;whf;Fiw.

thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:

- N[h;kdpf;F epahakw;w Kiwapy; el;l <l;Lj; njhifnahd;W

mwtplg;gl;lik.

- ghrprj;jpdJk; ehrprj;jpdJk; vOr;rp.

• `pl;yUf;Fk; KNrhypDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd el;G.

• nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; xj;Jiog;Gfs;.

- `pl;yupd; cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifs;.

• ikd; fhk;g; (vdJ Nghuhl;lk;) vDk; Mf;fk; ntspaplg;gl;lik.

• Gjpa rhd;ryh; gjtpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lik.

• [dhjpgjpahf khwpaik.

• vjpuhdth;fs; xopf;fg;gl;lik.

• FbAupikfs; xopf;fg;gl;lik.

• fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk; xopf;fg;gl;lik.

• fy;tp njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fisj; jd;dplk; itj;Jf; nfhz;lik.

• A+jh;fSf;Fj; vjpuhf fLikahd ,k;irfisg; Gupe;jik.

• njhopw; rq;fq;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;lik.

• gilg;gyg; ngUf;fk;.

• N[h;kd; rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpaik.

• th;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;if tpjpfis kPwp ehl;L vy;iyfis

tphpTgLj;jpaik.

- uapd;yhe;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.

- RNlw;wd;yhe;ij kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik.


A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;

A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;

vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy;


- M];jphpahit fth;e;J nfhz;lik.

- INuhg;ghtpy; %d;W Kfhk;fs; Njhd;wpaikAk; mtw;Wf;fpilNa tsh;e;j

re;Njfq;fSk;.

• N[h;kd; - ,j;jhyp

• u\;ah

• gphpj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;]{k;

- [g;ghd; gyk; ngw;wik.

- ehrpr> fkpA+dpr rkhjhd xg;ge;jk;.

- fpl;ba fhuzp Nghyhe;J jhf;fg;gl;lik.

14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.

1939 nrg;lk;gh; khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp `pl;yh; Nghye;ij Mf;fpukpj;jikAk;

mjw;F vjpuhf nrg;lk;gh; 3Mk; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;]{k; N[h;kdpf;F

vjpuhfg; Nghh; gpufldk; nra;jikAk;.

- `pl;yh; etPd Aj;j cgha Kiwfisf; ifahz;lik.

• 'gpypl;]; fpwPf;" Kiw my;yJ cldbahfj; jhf;Fjy;.

• rf;jp tha;e;j Aj;j lhq;fpfspd; ghtid.

• Nghh; tpkhdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• jpwikahd xw;wh; Nrit.

- 1940,y; `pl;yh; Nehh;NtiaAk; RtPlidAk; Mf;fpukpj;jik.

- gpupj;jhdpahTf;F vjpuhf Nghhpl;lik.

- Nghy;fd; Aj;jk;.

- Nrhtpaj; ehl;il Mf;fpukpj;jik.

- mnkupf;fhTk; [g;ghDk; Aj;jj;jpy; Eioe;jik.

- N[h;kdpAk; [g;ghDk; mbgzpe;jik.

14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.

- cyfk; KOtJk; kdpjd;> ngsjPf tsq;fs; mope;jik.

- Kjyhspj;Jtk;> nghJTilik vd ,uz;L Kfhk;fs; Njhd;wpaik.

- INuhg;gh ngw;wpUe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; Nrhtpaj; ehl;Lf;Fk;

fpilj;jik.

- gphpj;jhdpa> gpuhd;rpa Vfhjpgj;jpa thjpfspd; tPo;r;rp.

- N[h;kdp KOikahf tPo;r;rpaile;jik.

- mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR rdehaj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf cUthf;fk;

ngw;wik.

- Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfis kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf If;fpa mnkupf;f

FbauR %yk; khh;tpy; jpl;lk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik.

- gphpj;jhdpahTf;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; nrhe;jkhd gy FbNaw;wq;fSf;F

Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jik.

14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.

Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.

Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.

- rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpidtpl gykpf;f rh;tNjr jhgdk; xd;wpd; Njit

czug;gl;lik.


- xt;nthUthpdJk; Rje;jpuk; rkj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw kjpf;ff;$baJk;

mj;Jld; cyf rkhjhdj;Jf;fhfTk; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk; rh;tNjr

jhgdk; xd;W Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jk; Njhd;wpaik.

- 1941d; mj;jpyhe;jpf; gpufldk;.

• Nghhpy; mbgzpe;jth;fSf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;Fjy;.

• Rakhf jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; chpikia toq;Fjy;.

• MAjf;fisg;Gr; nra;jy;.

- 1945 xf;Nlhghpy; rd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh khehl;by; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd;

gpufldk; cj;jpNahf G+h;tkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLjy;.

- Muk;gj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; 50 khj;jpuNk.

Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.

• rh;tNjr rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G> xj;Jiog;G vd;gtw;iw epiyehl;Ljy;.

• epw> kj> nkhopapy; ghFghLfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ

kdpj chpikfis kjpj;J mtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ehLfspd; jiyikafkhf

nraw;gLjy;.

If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;G Kf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJ

• nghJr; rig.

• ghJfhg;Gr; rig.

• ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig.

• nghUshjhu r%fr; rig.

• rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;.

• nrayfk;.

If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; ,iz epWtdq;fs; (fl;likg;G> Nehf;fq;fs;> mq;fj;Jt

vz;zpf;if> nghWg;Gf;fs;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk;)

If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

- cyf rkhjhdj;Jf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;.

- tpal;ehk; gpur;rpid.

,e;jpa - rPdg;gpur;rpid.

,e;jpa - ghfp];jhd; gpur;rpid.

<uhd; - <uhf; gpur;rpid.

Nghh;f;yd;l; gpur;rpid.

<uhd; - Fitl; gpur;rpid.

,];Nuy; - gy];jPdg; gpur;rpid.

- MAjf; Fiwg;G eltbf;if.

- rh;tNjrg; NguopTfspd; NghJ cjtp xj;jhir toq;Fjy;.

(nts;sk;> Gay;> #whtsp> Rdhkp)

- rh;tNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;.

- ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpidfisf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jPh;j;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd gpuaj;jdq;fs;.

- vjph;fhy re;jjpapdiu Aj;j fsq;fspy; ,Ue;J kPl;nlLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs;.


14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.

- ehLfs; ty;yuR Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTz;lik.

- epiyahd gilnahd;W ,y;yhik.

- mZ MAjf;fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghf ntw;wpfukhd eil Kiwfs;

,y;yhik.

- epjp rhh;e;j trjpaPdq;fs;.


fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;


• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tpdh tpilg;

Nghl;b elhj;Jjy;. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; eil ngw;wikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;> Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;> mJ tsh;r;rpaile;j tpjk;>

tpisTfs; Mfpa midj;J tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,g;Nghl;b

eilngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• tFg;gpy; cs;s midj;J khzth;fspdJk; gq;fspg;Gld; tpdhf;fisj;

jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• tpdhtpilg; Nghl;bf;F nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tFg;ig NtWgLj;jpf;

nfhs;f.

• midj;J khzth;fspdJk; gq;F gw;wYld; Nghl;bia elhj;Jf.


cyf rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; nraw;gLk;

NghJ Njhd;wpa gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

mwpf;ifnahd;iw jahhpj;jy;.

• ,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• jfty;fisj; Njbf; nfhs;s %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.




,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.

Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : cyfpy; jw;fhy murpay; mbg;gilfs; cUthtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpa mjpfhur; rf;jpfs; gw;wpr; rkepiyahf Ma;T nra;th;.


15.1 Nrhtpaj; ehLk; If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauRk; rkTlikthj>

Kjyhspj;Jtthj Kfhk;fshf vOr;rpaile;J cyf murpaypy;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthh;.

15.2 gdpg;Nghh; fhyj;jpy; ty;yuR Kfhk;fSf;fpilNa rkhjhdj;ijg;

ghJfhf;f If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; Mw;wpa gq;fsp;g;ig kjpj;Jg; NgRth;.

ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; : 25

fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :

• jw;fhy cyfpd; murpay; epiyikfSf;F gpd;dzpahf mike;j

,we;jfhy epfo;Tfs; gw;wpAk; rf;jpfs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

• cyf ty;yuR Kfhk;fspilNa cUthfpa murpay; nghUshjhu

r%f Nghf;Ffs; njhlh;ghf tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• ty;yuR Kfhk;fSf;fpilNa Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfis jPh;j;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; <Lgl;l tpjj;ijf; fw;wy;.


kdpj r%fj;Jf;F khngUk; mopitf; ifaspj;Jtpl;L ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh;

KbTw;wJ. Nghh; fhuzkhf Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfs; Nghd;Nw ntw;wpaile;j

ehLfSk; ngUk; mopTfSf;F cl;gl;bUe;jJld; jk; Ra gyj;jhy; kPz;nlsf;

$ba ehLfshf If;fpa mnkhpf;f ehLk; u\;ahTk; njd;gl;ld.

Nghhpdhy; mope;j Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g

If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauR khh;\y; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nraw;gl;lJ mjd; fhuzkhf

If;fpa mnkhpf;f Fbaurpd; jiyikapy; Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F u\;ah cjtpajd; fhuzkhf Urpah jiyikapyhd

rkTilik Kfhk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. mt;tpU Kfhk;fSf;fpilNa cyf Ml;rp

mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf eilngw;w mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lk; gdpg;Nghh; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld;

Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Nel;Nlh mikg;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jk; r%fTilik Kfhk;

Nthh;Nrh mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jk; jk; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

Kaw;rpj;jd. rkTilik ehlhd u\;ah tPo;r;rpaile;jikapy; gdpg;Nghh;

Kbtile;J If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauR cyf ty;yurhf khwpaJ. ,f;fhyg;

gFjpapy; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l

eltbf;iffspy; epiwfisg; NghyNt FiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mJ gw;wp

Muha;tNj ,e;j myfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

158tuyhW

Mrpupa

u; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;

Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs;

rkTilikthj ehLfs;

mzpNruh ehLfs;

nkf;rpNfh

gpNurpy;

gpupj;jhdpah

gpuhd;];

Nghu;j;Jf;fy;

Mgpupf;fh

mT];jpNuypah

,e;NjhNdrpah

rPdh

u\;ah

ag;ghd;I. m. FbauR


ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:

ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; KbTld; mJtiu fhzg;gl;l INuhg;gpa

Vfhjpgj;jpak; Kwptile;jJ.

- Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; mnkupf;fhTk; ,uz;L ty;yuRfshf vOr;rp

ngw;wik.

rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:

- jpwikahd Ml;rpahsh;fs; Njhd;wpaik. (tP.I. nydpd;> N[hrg;

];lhypd;> l;nuhl;];fp Nghd;wth;fs;)

• Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• epfpl;lh FUN\t; vd;gtupd; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f nghUshjhuj;

jpl;lq;fs;.

• fpuhkpa tho;f;if Kiwia vOr;rpngwr;nra;tjw;fhfg; gpd;gw;wpa

topKiwfs;.

• tpQ;Qdk;> njhopy;El;gk;> tpisahl;L Mfpa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l

Kd;Ndw;wk;.

- Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; jiyikapd; fPo; rkTilik Kfhk; typik ngw;wik.

- Nghye;J> q;Nfup> UNkdpah> N[h;kdp> rPdh> fpA+gh> Nghd;w ehLfSld;

Nrhtpaj; ehL murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu uPjpahf If;fpaj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.

- rPdg; Gul;rpapd; %yk; rkTilik rhh;e;j FOtpd; gyk; ngw;wik.

Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:

Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:

vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-

• %d;W E}w;wz;Lfs; nfhz;l If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; tuyhw;wpy;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa mJ ntspehl;L eltbf;iffspy;

gq;F nfhz;lJ.

• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfis Mjhukhff;

nfhz;Nl cyf epfo;Tfs; ,lk; ngw;wd. (INuhg;gpa ikak;)

• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;R> Nghd;w INuhg;ghtpd;

gykpf;f ehLfis cs;slf;fpa Ner ehLfSld; If;fpa mnkupf;f

FbauRk; njhlh;G nfhz;lJ.

• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupy; Ner ehLfs; ntw;wpaile;jijj; njhlh;e;J

If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr me;j];J NkYk;

cah;e;jJ.

• Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfr;

nraw;gl;l rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; vDk; jhgdj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; jpl;lj;ijAk;

Kd;nkhopitAk; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauNr Kd;itj;;jik> mjd;

gyj;ij cau;tilar; nra;jJ.

• INuhg;gpa eltbf;iffspy; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR njhlh;G

gl;likf;F vjpuhfr; nrdl; rigapy; vjph;g;Gj; Njhd;wpaikahy;

mnkupf;ff; FbauR rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpy; Nrh;e;J nfhs;stpy;iy.


• rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; Njhy;tpAld; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUk;

Muk;gkhapw;W. mg;Nghupd; NghJ 1945 ,y; [g;ghdpa `pNuh\pkh>

ehfrhf;fp Mfpa efuq;fspy; mnkupf;ff; Fbaurhy; mZFz;L

Nghlg;gl;likahy; N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa mr;R ehLfs;

gyk; ngw;W vOr;rp ngWtjidj; jLf;f KbAkhf ,Ue;jJ.

• mjd; fhuzkhf If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR rh;tNjr uPjpahf gyk;

ngw;wJ.

• mNj Nghd;W 1945 [_iy khjj;jpy; nrd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh efupy; $ba

kh ehl;by; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; gpufldk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ>

mt;tplaj;jpYk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh kpfTk; nghWg;G tha;e;j gzpia

Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

• 1945 xf;Nlhgh; 24 Mk; jpfjp Kjy; If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldk;

nraw;gLtJld; mjpy; gpuhd;R> gpupj;jhdpah> Nrhtpaj; ehL> rPdh>

mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR Mfpa ehLfSf;F epue;ju gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

fpilj;jd. me;ehLfs; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy;

tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; nfhz;l Ik;ngUk; ty;yuRfshf khwpd. mjpy;

Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; jiyikapy; cs;s rkTilik ,af;fj;jpd;

eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kd;dpiyapy;

ep;d;W cioj;jJ.

• tpd; nyh]; Nghuhl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; %ykhd rkTilik ty;yuR

ehLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy; Vw;glf;$ba epiyik Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• vz;gjhk; jrhg;jq;fspy; u\;ahtpy; epfo;e;j fpsh]; neh];l;

ngu];j;iuapfh rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpaile;j

gpd;dh; mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbauR> cyf eltbf;iffspy; ty;yurhf

khwpaJ.

If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;

ngWjy;.ngWjy;.ngWjy;.ngWjy;.ngWjy;.

• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; cyf ty;yuRfspy; xd;whfg;

gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.

• 1917 xf;Nuhgh; Gul;rpapd; gpd; rkTilik Nrhtpaj; ehL Njhd;wpaJ.

mjdhy;> rkTilik ehLfSf;Fr; rhh;ghd ehLfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mjd; fhuzkhf rPdh> fpA+gh>

fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfs; vd;gd rkTilik KfhKf;Fr; rhh;ghf

,aq;fj; njhlq;fpd.

• If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ghJfhg;Gr; rig mq;fj;jth; vd;w tifapy;

rkTilik KfhKf;Fupa ehLfSf;F vjpuhd jPh;khdq;fspd; NghJ

tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Nrhtpaj; Kfhik typikAs;sjhf;f

Nrhtpaj; ehL Kide;jJ.

• rkTilik ehLfSf ;F vj puhf Kjyhspj ;Jt Kfhk pd ;

jiyikj;Jtj;ij ngw;w mnkupf;ff; FauR> r%fTilik KfhikAk;>

mjd; nghUshjhuj;ijAk; fkpA+dpr Ml;rpiaAk; Kwpabj;J

Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;if rdehaf

Ml;rpKiw vd;gtw;iw gug;Gtjw;F Kaw;rpfs; vLj;jJ.

• Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapd; jiytd; vd;w tifapy; Kjyhspj;Jt mzpia

gyk; ngwr; nra;tjw;fhf 1949 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd;

jiyikapy; tlmj;jpyhe;jpf; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; vDk; mikg;ig

(NATO) If;fpa mnkupf;fh Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.


• Nel;Nlh mikg;G Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ,j;jhyp> Nkw;F N[h;kd;> fpuPR>

nejh;yhe;J> cs;slq;fyhf 16 ehLfisf; nfhz;lJld; mitfSf;F

vjpuhf tl mnkupf;fhtpNyh INuhg;ghtpNyh MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; vJTk;

,lk; ngwpd; mJ midj;J mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;Fk; vjpuhd jhf;Fjyhf

xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

• Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSf;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.

cjhuzkhf 1948 ,y; tlnfhupah> njd;nfhupah vd nfhupa ehL

,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpsTgl;l gpd; Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F

rhh;ghd njd; nfhupah If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg; gl;lik.

1948 ,y; Ngh;ypd; gpsT gl;lNghJ If;fpa mnkupf;fh> Kjyhspj;Jtf;

nfhs;ifAila Nkw;F Ngh;ypDf;Fr; rhh;ghf ,Ue;jik vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• r%fTilik ehLfis tPo;j;Jtjw;Fk; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR

eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf fpA+ghtpd; Gul;rpapd; NghJ

jg;gpr;nrd;w> mNj Nghd;W ehL flj;jg;gl;l fpA+gh ehl;lth;fisf;

nfhz;l gilnahd ;iw If ;f pa mnku pf ;fh cUthf ;f pg ;

gapw;rpaspj;Js;sJ. mg;gil 1969 ,y; gply; f];lNuhtpd; gilfSf;F

vjpuhf Aj;jk; nra;jJ. fpA+ghTf;F Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; cjtp

fpilj;jikahy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh mjpy; Njhy;tp milw;jJ.

[dehafj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;gl;lJ vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Ngupy; kpad;khh;

(gh;kh) ,uhZt muRf;F If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; MjuT

fpilf;fhikAk; Kjyhsp;j;Jtj;ij tpUk;Gk; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZt

Ml;rpahsUf;F MjuT toq;Ffpd;wikAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;Fs;shFk;.

• ,t;thW Kjyhspj;Jtk;> rdehafk; vd;gtw;iw cyfpy; gpugy;akilar;

nra;Ak; jiyikj;Jtk; cyf ty;yurhff; fUjg;gLk; If;fpa

mnkupf;ff; FbauRf;Nf fpiljJs;sJ.

mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;

- ty;yuRfspy; ,izahJ eLepiyahd ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifnahd;iwj;

jahupj;jy;.

- ,e;jpag; gpujkh; = [t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;if.

• rkhjhdr; rftho;T.

• gu];gug; gad;ghLfspy; rkj;Jtk;.

• ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaPL nra;ahik.

• ve;jnthU ehl;ilAk; Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nra;ahik.

• xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; ngsjpf ,Ug;Gf;Fk; RahjPdj; jd;ikf;Fk;

kjpg;gspj;jy;.

mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.

mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; cyf murpaYf;F Mw;wg;gl;l gzpfs;.

gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.

• If;fpaehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; jiyaPl;bd; fhuzkhf MAj Nkhjy;fs;

jtph;j;j Afk; xd;W cUthdik.

• ty;yuRfs; ,uz;Lf;FkpilNa rkhjhdNkh Aj;jNkh fhzg;glhik.


fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:

• If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiytd; vd;w

Kiwapy; jkJ mzpia gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tl mj;jpyhe;jpf;

ghJfhg;G xg;ge;j mikg;ig mikj;Jf; nfhz;lik.

• rkTilik Kfhk; Nel;Nlh mikg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf thh;Nrh mikg;ig

cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lik.

• Nel;Nlh mikg;gpd; jiyikj;Jtk; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauRf;Fk;

thh;Nrh mikg;gpd; jiyikj;Jtk; Nrhtpaj; FbauRf;Fk; fpilj;jik.

• If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpidr; re;Njfpj;J Nrhtpaj; ehL fpA+ghtpy;

VTfizfis itj;jpUj;jy;. (cjhuzkhf Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd;

cjtpiag; ngw;w fpA+gh1969 ,y; rkTilik ehlhf khwpaik)

• ,jw;Fg; gjpybahf mnkupf;fh Nrhtpaj; Njrj;ij ,yf;F itj;J

JUf;fpapy; VTfizfisg; nghUj;jpaJ.

• nfhupahtpy; mnkupf;fh gpd;gw;wpa nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf njd;

nfhupah Kjyhspj;Jtk; rhh;ghd ehlhf khwpaik- tl nfhupah

rkTilik mzpiar; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.

• nrNfh];Nyhthf;fpahtpy; u\;ahtpd; jiyaPL.

• tpal;ehk; Aj;jk;.

• kj;jpa fpof;F gpur;rpidfspy; jiyapl;lik.

gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;

• 1985 ,d; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; ehl;by; nghUshjhur; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

(ngu];njha;f;fh) nraw;gl;likahy; Nrhtpaj; FbauR tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

• cyfpy; fhzg;gl;l ty;yuRfs; ,uz;bd; mjpfhug; Nghl;b (gdpg;Nghh;)

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpAld; Kbtile;jJ.

If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:

• Nthh;Nrh xg;ge;jk; KbTw;wJ.

• rh;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; epiy epWj;JtJk; mJ

njhlh;ghf Njhd;Wk; ve;jnthU rthypd; NghJk; midj;J ehLfspdJk;

Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhf Kd;tUtjw;fhf cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gJNk

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; Kf;fpa ty;yuRfs; ,uz;Lf;FkpilNa

Vw;gltpUe;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lq;fis jPh;j;J itg;gjpy; If;fpa ehLfs;

jhgdj;jpd; Neubahd jiyaPL.




Kjyhspj;Jt> rkTilik ty;yuRfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;jy;.

• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• tFg;gpy; cs;s khzth; njhiff;Nfw;g xt;nthU FOtpYk;

cah;e;jgl;rk; 5 Ngh; nfhz;ljhf FOf;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; rkTilik Kfhk; Mfpa ,U jiyg;Gf;fis

FOf;fspilNa gfph;e;J mspf;Ff.

• xt;nthU FOTk; jj;jkf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;fspy; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J

tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f mwpTWj;Jf.

• khzth; FOf;fs; jfty;fis Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahb

fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.

nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :

jw;fhy cyfpy; gdpg;Nghh; vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpku;rd

uPjpahd xU mwpf;ifia jahupf;fr; nra;f.

• ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• jw;fhy murpay; njhlh;ghd cjhuzq;fis mbg;ilahff; nfhz;Nl

gdpg;Nghh; njhlu;ghf tpku;rd uPjpahd mwpf;ifia jahupf;f

mwpTWj;Jf.

• khzth; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.


cyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhW


cyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhW


Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.

Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: cyfpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu Nfhyq;fspy; gue;j khw;wq;fis

Vw;gLj;jpa Gjpa NguuRthjk; gw;wp gFj;jha;thh;.


7.1 Gjpa NguuRthjk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fp> mt;thwhd epiyik

Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; guPrpypg;ghh;.

7.2 Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd Nghl;biag; gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.


fw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgW :::::

• Gjpa NguuRthjk; vDk; vz;zf;fU njhlh;ghf tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sy;.

• Gjpa NguuR thjk; fhuzkhf Nkw;F INuhg;gpa mjpfhhpfspd; mjpfhuk;

cyfpy; epiy ngw;wikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• Nkiyj;Nja NguuRthjpfs; cyfpy; rhk;uh[;aj;ij (Nguuir)

fl;bnaOg;gpa Kiwia mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; :::::

ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jtthj tsh;r;rpAld; NguuR thjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa

jpUg;G KidNa Gjpa NguuR thjk; MFk;. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpd; ,q;fpyhe;J

Kjw;nfhz;L Nkiyj;Nja INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;J

nghpastpyhd %yjdj;ij Nrfupj;jdh;. me;ehLfs; jkJ FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;J

ngw;Wf; nfhz;l %yjdj;ij NkYk; ngUf;Fk; Nehf;fp;y; nraw;gl;ljhy; NkYk;

nghUshjhu ,yhgk; <l;Lk; eltbf;if vLj;jdh;. ,e;eltbf;ifAld; INuhg;gpa

ehLfs; xd;Wlndhd;W Nghl;bj;jd;ikAld; nraw;gl Kaw;rpj;jikapd; tpisthf

Gjpa NguuRthjk; gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; KO cyfpYk; gutpajD}lhf Kjyhk;

cyf Aj;jk; vOr;rp ngWtjw;fhd mbg;giliaAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,t;thwhd

cyf nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf gue;j ,ilntspia Vw;gLj;jpa

Gjpa NguuRthjk; njhlh;ghf fye;Jiuahly; nra;tNj ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.


ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:

Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAld; Kjyhspj;Jt thjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpahdJ

nghUSw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpahghuk; KjyPL Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa

Njit fhuzkhf 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; miug; gFjpapypUe;J gpujhd

rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; khw;wk; ngwyhapd. ,jd; tpisthf NguuRthjpfs;

mth;fspd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l FbNaw;w ehLfSf;fpilapy; epytpa nghUshjhuk;>

murpay; njhlh;GfSk; khw;wk; ngwyhapd.

Gjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp

• 15Mk; 16Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J tpUj;jp ngw;w INuhg;g pa

FbNaw;wthjj;jpd; tpisthf INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F ghhpastpy;

%yjdk; xd;W jpuz;lik.

• INuhg;gpaupd; ifj;njhopyhf;fj;Jld; cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwfs;

Jupjkile;jd.

• Gjpa cw;gj;jpr; nrad;KiwAld; re;ijfis tphpTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;

%yg;nghUl;fis nkd;NkYk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njit Vw;gl;lik.

• FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpapd; gpd;dilT fhuzkhf

Nkiyj;Nja ehLfs; jdJ Nkyjpf %yjdj;ij me;ehLfspy;

KjyPLfis nra;a Kide;jik.

• Nkiyj;Nja ehfhpfj;ij gutr; nra;jy;.

• jkJ mjpfhuj;ij gutr; nra;tjw;fhf Nkiyj;Nja ehLfSf;fpilapy;

vw;gl;l ghhpa Nghl;b.

Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.

Mgpupf;fh tl mfyf; Nfhsj;jpYk; njd;diuf; Nfhsj;jpYk; guk;gpAs;s kpf

tprhykhd epyg; gpuNjrj;ijf; nfhz;l xU fz;lkhFk;. ,f;fz;lk; fhLfisAk;

ghiytdq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiuapy;

INuhg;gpah;fs; mJ gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. INuhg;gpah;fshy; ',Uz;l fz;lk;"

vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.

• njd; Mgpupf;fhtpd; (Nfg;Kid) ed;dk;gpf;if Kidia mz;kpj;jy;

- gj;jNyhkpa la];.

• ,dg; gpuNjrj;jpd; tyJ ghfk; kw;Wk; rk;g]p Mw;Wg; gFjp - Nltpl;

yptpq;];ld;.

• iey; Mw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;l gFjp - Ngfh; ];gPf;.

• nfhq;Nfh Mw;Wg; gFjp - nfkud; ];nld;yp

Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.

• 1814 Nfg; FbNaw;w ehL - xy;yhe;jhplkpUe;J Mq;fpNyah; ngw;wf;

nfhs;sy;.


• Nfg; FbauRf;F tlf;fhf cs;s miug;gFjp - Nghh;j;Jf;fPrh;>

Mq;fpNyah;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jik.

• bA+d Pr pah kw ;Wk ; my;[ Ph pah - g puhd;]; kw ;Wk ; ,jjhyp

vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.

• nkhNuhf;Nfh - gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; N[h;kd; kw;Wk; N[h;kdpf;fpilapy;

Nkhjy;.

• 1869,y; gpuhd;rpauhy; Ra]; fhy;tha; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd; Mgpupf;fh

njhlh;ghf gpuhd;rpah;> Mq;fpNyah;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;

cf;fpukile;jJ.

Nfg; Kid

tl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;T

• kp];u; Njrk; njhlh;;ghd gpur;rpid - gpuhd;Rk;> gphpj;jhdpahTk;.

• #lhd; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpid - kp];Uk; gphpj;jhdpahTk;.

kj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;T

• nfhq;Nfh gpuNjrk; njhlh;ghf - ngy;[pak;> Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> gpuhd;];

ehLfSf;fpilapy; Nkhjy;.

• NjhNfhyhe;J> fk&d;> njd;fidf;fh> vupj;jpupah ,jyp Nrhkhypyhe;J>

N[h;kd;.

• jpupnghyp gpuNjrk; - 1911y; JUf;fp> ,j;jhypf;fpilapy; Nkhjy;.


klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;

xNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjp

thy; ejpthy; ejpthy; ejpthy; ejpthy; ejp


njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.

• Nfg; fhydp - Mq;fpNyaUk; xy;yhe;jUk;.

• Nej;jy;> xNud;[;> thy; Mw;Wld; njhlh;ghd gpuNjrk; - xy;yhe;jh;>

Mq;fpNyah;.

• jpuhd;];thy; - xy;yhe;jh;> Mq;fpNyah;.

• tlf;F> Nkw;F> kj;jpa Mgpupf;fhtpd; gue;jstpyhd gpuNjrq;fSk;

klf];fhh; jPT> gpuhd;rpa Nrhkhypyhe;J kw;Wk; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd;

jPTfs; gy gpuhd;Rf;F fpilj;jik.




INuhg;gpah;fs; Gjpa NguuRthjj;jpw;fpl;Lr; nry;tjpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;

njhlh;ghf jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;ghh;.

cyf nghUshjhuk;> kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf ghhpa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa

Gjpa NguuRthjk; Njhw;wk; ngw VJthfpa fhuzpfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J njhlh;Gila

jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa xg;gilnahd;iw jahhpj;jy; ,q;F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.


• jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;wd

njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;;Jf.

• xg;gil jahhpg;gjw;F Njitahd topfhl;ly; kw;Wk; mwpTiufis

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f.

• khzth;fsJ Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpl;L mjpy; cs;s FiwghLfisAk;

epiwTfisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lf.


Gjpa NguuRthjj;jpw;Fl;gl;l ehLfis cyfg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngahpLf.

19> 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Nkiyj;Nja ehLfshd gphpj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];>

ngy;[pak;> N[h;kd; Nghd;w ehLfs; ifj;njhopy; kakhjyhy; ngw;Wf; nfhzl

ghhpa %yjdq;fis KjyPL nra;tjD}lhf Nkd;NkYk; %yjdj;ij mjpfhpj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp fhuzkhf Gjpa FbNaw;wthjk; gutpa ehLfis

cyfg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngahply; ,q;F vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,jid FOr; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

• tFg;G khzth;fis nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.

01 - FO - gpupj;jhdpah

02 - FO - gpuhd;];

03 - FO - ngy;[pak;

04 - FO - N[h;kd;

• Mf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Njrg;glq;fs;> Njrg;glg;Gj;jfk;> epwg;

ngd;rpy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Ff.

• gpioapd;wp glj;jpy; Fwpg;gjw;F Nghjpa mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.

• Njrg;glj;ij epiwT nra;Ak; jpfjp njhlh;ghf khzth;fSf;F

mwpTWj;Jf.

• khzth;fshy; Fwpj;Jg; ngauplg;gl;l Njrg;glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j

re;jh;g;gk; toq;Ff.

• ,lg;ngah;> ,lk; kw;Wk; ghl tplaqq;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL njhlh;ghfg;

guprPypf;fTk;.



Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;

Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; nfhûk; gw;wp Muha;e;J

rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Kd;tUthh;.


8.1 Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fj; jilahf

mike;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.

8.2 Aj;j eltbf;iffspypUe;J tpyfp ,Ug;gjw;Fkhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;thh;.

ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14


• Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; njhlh;ghf

tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thh;.

• Aj;j eltbf;iffspypUe;J tpyfp ,Ug;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; njhlh;ghf

tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thh;.

• cyfpd; mgptpUj;jpf;F rkhjhdk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; tpjk; njhlh;ghf

Muha;thh;.


gy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;G INuhg;ghtpDs; tsh;r;rp ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;l gy

fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;fpdhy; 1914,y; Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghh; Muk;gkhapw;W. cyfpy;

,Jtiu ,lk;ngw;w Aj;jq;fis tpl kpfTk; nfhûkhd Aj;jkhf cyfk;

G+uhTk; gutpa Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; fhuzkhf mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd kdpj

caph;fSk; ngWkjpahd nrhj;Jf;fSk; Nrjkile;jd. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;

nfhûk; gw;wpAk; rkhjhdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; Muha;tNj

,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.

- nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; flw;gyk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,q;fpyhe;J gpugy;akhf

,Ue;jik.

- kj;jpa INuhg ;g pa gyrhypfshf vOr;r p ngw;w N[h;kd; -

gpupj;jhdpahTf;fpilapy; FNuhjk; Vw;gl;lik.

- FbNaw;wthjj;jpd; gutyhy; nghpa gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gpujhd

Nghl;bahsuhd gpuhd;];> Mgpupf;fh kw;Wk; njd; fpof;F Mrpahtpd;

gue;j gpuNjrj;jpy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpaik.


- tl gRgpf; rKj;jpu tyaj;jpy; vOr;rp ngw;W te;j [g;ghd; Mrpahtpd;

gue;j gpuNjrj;jpy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpaik.

- rPdh> INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Mrpah gythd;fspd; mtjhdj;jpw;Fl;gl;L

fhzg;gl;lik.

- If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR tptrhak; ifj;njhopy; uPjpahf tsh;r;rp

ngw;wJld; Nkw;fiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; gyk; ngw;wpUe;jik.

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.

- Gjpa NguuRfspd; tsh;r;rp.

• gpuj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J> ngy;[pak;>

N[h;kd; Nghd;w ehLfSf;fpilNa FbNaw;w ehLfSf;fhd

Nghl;bNaw;gl;lik.

- Gjpa gyk; ngw;w ehLfs; Njhw;wk;.

• N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd;.

- 1870d; gpd; N[h;kd; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;if.

• gpuhd;irj; jdpikg;gLj;j Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if.

• gpuhd;rpw;F vjpuhf INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; xd;iwj; jhgpj;jik.

INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.

• gpuhd;];> u\;ah> gpupj;jhdpah

• N[h;kd;> M];jpupah> ,j;jhyp.

- Nghy;fd; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l epiyik.

• Nghy;fd; gpuNjr ehLfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl;l Fog;g epiy

fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; mtjhdk; Nghy;fd; gpuNjrj;jpw;F

nrYj;jg;gl;lik.

- N[h;kdpapy; NguuRthjf;; nfhs;if.

- N[h;kd; kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;fpilapy; epytpa flyhjpf;fg; Nghl;b.

- cldbf;fhuzk;.

- M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,sturd; gpuhd;]p];gh;bdd; kw;Wk; mtdpd;

kidtpAk; ngh];dpahtpd; ru[PNth efupy; Rw;Wyh Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ

Nrh;gpa ,dj;jtuhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lik.

Ngu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;G


Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.

• el;G mzp - gphpj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> u\;ah> ,j;jhyp.

• kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuR - N[h;kd;> M];jphpah - q;Nfhp> JUf;fp>

gy;Nfhpah> ,j;jhyp.

Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.

• Nkw;F Kd;dzp.

• fpof;F Kd;dzp.

• njd; INuhg;gpa Kd;dzp.

• Mgpupf;f Kd;dzp.

• flyhjpf;fg; Nghh; (fly; Nghh;)

• If;fpa mnkupf;fh el;G mzpAld; njhlh;G.

Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.

- ghhpastpdpy; kdpj caph;fSk; nrhj;Jf;fSk; moptile;jik.

- N[h;kdpAld; thh;Nrh xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gly;.

- If;fpa mnkhpf;fh rh;tNjr ty;yurhf Ml;rp Kiw mope;J Gjpa

muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

- c + k; M];jpupah> JUf;fp> N[h;kd; Nghd;w ty;yuRfs; gytPdkile;jd.

- Gjpa RahjPd muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik. nrf;Nfh];ythf;fpah>

Nghyhe;J> &Nkdpah> gpd;yhe;J.

capu;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopT

rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.

Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;

- ehLfspd; RahjPdk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy;.

- cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

- rkhjhd Kiwapy; rh;tNjr gpur;rpidfisAk; Kuz;ghLfisAk;

jPh;j;jy;.

- ehLfSf;fpilapy; el;GwT> Gupe;Jzh;it Vw;gLj;jy;.

• rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j Kd;Ndhbj; jiyth;fs; mnkupf;f

[dhjpgjp - Tl;Nwh tpy;rd;.


fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.

- rq;fj;jpy; 4 gpujhd (cWg;Gf;fs;) epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gly;. rig> FO>

nrayfk;> rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; midj;J mq;fj;Jt ehLfspdJk;

gpujpepjpfs; mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fshth;. ,JNt gpujhd jPh;khdq;fis

vLf;Fk; mikg;ghFk;. (fTd;rpy;) FOtpd; Muk;g epue;j cWg;G

ehLfshf nghpa gphpj;jhdpah> gpuhd;R> ,j;jhyp Nghd;w ehLfs;

,Ue;jd. ,jd; fPo; rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mYtyfk;>

rh;tNjr Rfhjhu mikak;> rh;tNjr gpuNjr vy;iy Mizf;FO>

cWg;Gupik ehLfs; njhlh;ghd nfhkprd; Nghd;wd jhgpf;fg;gl;ld.

rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.

- rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fhd vz;zf;fU Njhd;wpaik.

- rh;tNjr mikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;gpaik.

cjhuzk; : rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;> njhopyhsh;> Rfhjhu mikak;.

- rh;tNjr Kuz;ghLfis jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kad;wik.

- 1921 N[h;kDf;Fk; Nghyhe;Jf;Fkpilapy; iryPrpah njhlh;ghd

gpur;rpid.

- 1925 ,y; fpwP];> gy;NfupaTf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;.

- 1926 Nkhjy; epyvz;nza; njhlh;ghf <uhf;Ff;Fk;> JUf;fpf;Fkpilapyhd

Nkhjy;.

- kdpj cupikfis cWjp nra;jik Nghhpd; gpd;du; gutpa njhw;W

Neha;fis xopf;fj;jpl;lkpl;lik.

- rl;ltpNuhj mbik tpahghuj;ijAk; Nghijg; nghUs; tpahghuj;ijAk;

jil nra;jik.

rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

- cyf ty;yuRfspd; jiyth;fs; kj;jpapy; xw;Wik fhzg;glhik.

- rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhik.

- Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shik. cjhuzk; N[h;kd;.

- rh;tNjr rq;fj;jplk; rh;tNjr ,uhZtg; gilnahd;W fhzg;glhik.

- epuhAjf; nfhs;if eiliwg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;w MNyhrid ,Ue;jhYk;

mjw;fhd epuhAj Mizf;FO xd;W epakpf;fg;glhik.

,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[ ;; ;; ;


- cyf rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpr; nry;Yk; Nehf;fk; epiwNtwhik.

cjhuzk; : 1931 [g;ghd;> kQ;#upah Mf;fpukpg;G.

1935 ,j;jhyp> mgp]Pdpah Mf;fpukpg;G.

N[h;kd;> iud;yhe;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l

re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rh;tNjr rq;fj;Jf;F mtw;iwj; jLf;f

KbahjpUe;jik.

[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G

Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.

- INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa gy NguuRfs; tPo;r;rp fz;lik.

cjhuzk; : N[h;kdpag; NguuR> M];jpupa - `q;Nfhp NguuR>

JUf;fpg; NguuR.

- Njrpaj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Gjpa muRfs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wik. cjhuzk; : ngh`Pkpah> RNlld;yhe;J> nkhNutpah>

RNyhNtf;fpah vd;gd xd;W Nrh;e;J

nrf;Nfh]NyhNtf;fpah; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.

ngh];dpah> h;rNfhtpdh> Nrh;gpah> nly;Nkrpah>

nkhd;ldPf;Nfh Nghd;w ehLfs; $l;Lr; Nrh;e;J

ANfh];yhtpah Njhw;wk; ngwy;.

- N[h;kdpapd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;W Nghyhe;J muR Njhw;wk;

ngwy;.

- gpd;yhe;ij Rje;jpu murhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.

- &Nkdpah Rje;jpu murhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.


fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;


Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs; njhlh;ghfj; jfty;

Nrfupj;jy;.

19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gy;NtWgl;l fhuzpfshy;

gpupe;J epd;W cyfg; Nghh; tiu tsh;r;rp ngw;w tpjk; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis

Kditg;gNj ,q;F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,jid jdpahh; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• jfty; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.

• khzth;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; gpur ;r pidfSf;Fg ; nghUj;jkhd

MNyhridfis toq;FtNjhL Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; nra;f.

• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; G+h;j;jp nra;a MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• gyk;> gytPdq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjd; %yk; khzthfspd;

tpilfSf;fhd gpd;D}l;liyr; nra;f.


Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; njhlh;ghf xg;gilnahd;iwj;

jahh; nra;jy;.

KO cyf ehLfisAk; cs;slf;fpa Ie;J Mz;Lfs; ,lk; ngw;w Kjyhk;

cyfg; Nghhpdhy; INuhg;ghitg; Nghd;Nw KO cyFf;Fk; nghUshjhu> murpay;>

r%f uPjpahf ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik njhlh;ghd jfty;fis tpkh;rdk;

nra;J xg;gilnahd;iwj; jahh; nra;tNj ,q;F vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,jidj; jdpahh; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

• nghUj;jkhd juT %yq;fs; njhlh;ghf jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

• khzth;fspd; xg;gilfis kjpg;g Pl ;bw;Fl;gLj;jp Njitahd

MNyhridfis toq;Ff.

• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; xg;giliag; g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F MNyhrid

toq;Ff.

• khzth;fspd; gyk; gytPdq;fis fz;lwpe;J gpd;D}l;ly; toq;fTk;.



cyf rkhjhdj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gf;fs;

njhlh;ghf rpe;jidf; fpsh;r;rp mbg;gilapyhd fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

KO cyfj;ijAk; xU Aj;jf; fskhf khw;wpa Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; Kbtpy;

kPz;Lk; ,J Nghd;w Nghh; Vw;glhky; jLg;gjw;fhfNt rh;tNjr rq;fk;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,t;tikg;gpd; gytPdkhd fhuzpfshy; mjd; Nehf;fj;ij

epiwNtw;w KbahJ Njhy;tpfz;lJ vd;gij tpgupg;gNj ,q;F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• rpe;jidf; fpsh;T Kiwapyhd fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd

eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;f.

• midj;J khzth;fsJk; gq;Nfw;ig cWjp nra;f.

• khzth;fspd; jh;f;fpg;G> tpkh;rdk;> mwpTG+h;tkhd fUj;Jf;fs; epyTtjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;f.

• Njitahd topfhl;liy nra;tJld; gpd;D}l;liyAk; toq;Ff.



If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf

vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.

Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: jw;fhy cyfpy; murpay; mbg;gilia fl;bnaOg;g topaikj;j

gpujhd rf;jpfs; gw;wp xg;gPl;L uPjpahfg; gFj;jha;thh;.


9.1 If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kjyhspj;Jt ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wik cyf

murpaypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghh;.

9.2 Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; Nrhrypr ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wik cyf murpaypy;

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fis ntspapLthh;.

ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20

fw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghW :::::

• jw;fhy cyfpd; murpaiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F fhuzpahaike;j

gpujhd rf;jpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

• Kjyhspj;Jtj; jiytuhf vOr;rp ngw;W cyf murpaypy; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpa If;fpa mnkupf;fh njhlh;ghf Muha;thh;.

• nghJTlik thjj;jpd; jiytuhf vOr;rp ngw;w cyf murpaypy;

Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; cyf murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tpjk;

njhlh;ghf Muha;thh;.


19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpap;y; If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyf ty;yurhf khwpaJld;

Nghy;nrtpf; Gul;rpapd; gpd; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; cyfpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w xU ehlhf

vOr;rp ngwyhapw;W. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk;

Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyfpd; gpurpj;jpngw;w ,U ehLfshfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;W>

If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kjyhspj;Jt rpe;jidiaAk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk;

nghJTilik thj rpe;jidiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tsh;r;rp ngwyhapw;W.

,t;thwhf xt;nthU rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapYk; ,e;ehLfs; cyf murpaypy;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis Muha;tNj ,q;F vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.


ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:

If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp

ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.

If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR

- If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; vOr;rp.

- murpay; mikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk;.

- If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR fp.gp. 1776 [{iy 04,y; Rje;jpu murhf

khw;wk; ngw;wJ.

- If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpy; epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp KiwAld; $ba

(gyk; tha;e;j) murpay; mikg;nghd;W cUthdJ

- nghUshjhu uPjpahf gyk; ngw;wik.

- jdpahiu ikakhff; nfhz;L Kjyhspj;Jtg; ngUshjhu

Kiwnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpaik.

- rptpy; Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; (fp.gp. 1861 - 1890 fhyg;gFjpapy;) ehl;bd;

tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspy; ghupa Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lik.

- Gifapujk;> ngUe;njU> kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd;

Kd;Ndw;wk;.

- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR ghhpasTf;

ifj ;njhopy ; mbg ;gilahd Kjyhspj ;Jt nghUshjhu

mikg;nghd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhz;lJ.

- 1899 ,y; mur nrayhsh; N[hd; nkfyk; %yk; 'jpwe;j nghUshjhuf;;

nfhs;if|| vd;w ngaupy; MNyhridfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.

- mjD}lhf [dhjpgjp nkfpd;ypapd; fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;L th;j;jf

eltbf;if njhlh;ghf INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F rkkhd epiyapy;

gq;Fgw;w Kd;te;jik.

- rPdh mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; th;j;jf tug;gpurhjq;fisAk; ngw Kaw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhz;lik.

- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; ifj;njhopy; tptrhak; th;j;jfk;

Nghd;w midj;Jj; JiwfSk; mjpNtfkhd Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lJ.

- ,jdhy; mnkupf;f If;fpaf; Fbaurpd; (ntspehLfspy;) mjpfhuk;

gutpr;nrd;wJ.

- 1812 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fkpilapy;

Vw;gl;l Nghhpy; ntw;wp Njhy;tpapd;wp Nghh; KbTw;wJld; ,Ujug;gpdUk;

rkhjhdkhfpf; nfhz;ldu;.

- gpd;dh; Nkw;F GNshhplh ,izf;fg;gl;lJld; 1819,y; ];ghdpah %yk;

GNshhplh gpuNjrk; KOJk; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauRf;F tpw;fg;gl;lJ.

- nkhd;Nwh nfhs;if %yk; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; mnkupf;f fz;lj;jpd;

eltbf;iffspy; jiyapl;L FbauR mikg;gjw;Fj; jilahf mike;jd.

- mjD}lhf njd; mnkupf;fh fz;lk; njhlh;ghd If;fpa mnkupf;ff;

Fbaurpd; mjpfhuj;ij INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

eph;g;ge;jk; Mapw;W.

- cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;.


- Mgpufhk; ,ypq;fd; mbikfis tpLjiy nra;jhu;.

• 19Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; kj;jpa miug;gFjpapy; mnkupf;ff; FbauR fpof;fhf

mj;jpyhe;jpf; fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J Nkw;fhfg; gRgpf; fiuNahuk; tiu

gutpr;nrd;wJ.

- 1893 ,y; `tha; jPT fpilf;fg;ngw;wNjhL gpuhe;jpaq;fs; 50 Mf

mjpfupj;jJ.

- 1898,y; ];ghdpah Njhy;tpaila ];ghdpahtplk; ,Ue;j nghNlhhpNfh>

Fthk;> gpypg;igd;]; jPTfs; mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhapw;W.

- 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapy; gdhkhf; fhy;tha;

mikf;fg;gl;ljD}lhf #o cs;s gpuNjrq;fspYk; mjpfhuk; gutpr;

nrd;wJ.

- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; njhlh;GWtjw;F cldbf;fhuzk; Yrp;lhdpah

fg;gy; N[h;kd; %yk; jfh;f;fg;gl;lik. N[h;kDf;F vjpuhf el;G

mzp If;fpa mnkupf;fhTld; njhlh;G nfhz;lJ.

- Nghh; njhLg;gjw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR el;G

mzpf;F NghUf;fhd cjtpfis toq;fpaJ.

- Tl;Nwh tpy;rdpd; 14 mk;rj;jpl;lk;.

- Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; epiwTWk; Ntis Aj;jj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;l

mNef ehLfs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf gyk; ,d;wpf; fhzg;gl;ld.

- If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; <LgLtjw;fhd

cldbf; fhuzk; [g;ghd; %yk; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd Ngh;y; JiwKfk; jhf;fg;gl;likahFk;.

- mnkupf;f tpkhdg;gil [g;ghDf;F nrhe;jkhd pNuhrpkh> ehfrhf;fp

efuq;fSf;F Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;lTld; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;

Nghh; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

- If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; Ntz;Ljypd;gb FbNaw;w ehLfs;

gytw;wpw;F Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

- Gjpjhf Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehLfspy; Kjyhspj;jtg; nghUshjhuj;ij

my;yJ rkTilikg; nghUshjhu Kiwfis gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd

cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;


gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;

u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;

- 1917 xf;Nlhgh; Gul;rpapd; gpd; cyfpy; KjyhtJ rkTilikthj

muR u];ahtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wk; ngw;wJ.

- mt;tuR 1923ypUe;J If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikthjk; vd;w ngaupy;

mwpKfk; nra;ag;glyhapw;W.

- nfhkpAdp];l; fl;rpapdhy; mur epu;thf mikg;Gk; Kjyhspj;Jtk;

rhuhj tFg;gpduhy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpa thjKk; epiyngwr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

- jdpahu; nrhj;Jilikia ePf;fp midj;J tsq;fSk; mur

cilikahf;fg;gLk; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

- 1924 nydpd; ,wf;Fk; tiuapy; murpay; rigapd;

(mitj;jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;)

- Nrhtpaj; murpay; epyk;> ,aw;if tsq;fs;

nghUs; cw;gj;jpAk; tpepNahfk; vd;gd

muRilikahf;fg;gl;lJ.

- epUthf kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy;

ngz;fs;> Mz;fs; ,UghyhUk; rkepiy

ngw;wdu;.

- jpUkzk; (rptpy;) xU eph ;thf uPjpahd

e pfo ;thf ;fg ;gl ;L t pthfuj ;Jr ; rl ;lk ;

,yFthf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1921 Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- tptrhapfs; thp nrYj;jp jkJ cw;gj;jpfis

tpw;gjw;fhd mDkjp ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

- cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;F Xh; ,lk; fpilj;jJ.

- tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahh; tpahghuj;jpw;Fk;

,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ.

- rpwpa ifj;njhopw;rhiyfis jdpahUk;

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y ,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ.

- ghh pa ifj ;njho pw ; r hiyfs ; kf ;fs ;

kag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- 1924,y; nydpdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; ];lhypd;

mur jiytuhf epakdk; ngw;whh;.Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;

njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;

fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;


If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.

- 1921 ,q;fpyhe;Jld; th;j;jf xg;ge;jk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.

- 1921 ,Wjpapy; N[u;kdpAl;gl 11 ehLfSld; th;j;jf xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lJ.

- 1922,y; N[h;kdpAld; unghNyh xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ.

- 1924,y; ,q;fpyhe;J> ,j;jhyp> kw;Wk; NkYk; 8 ehLfs; u\;a murpaiy

Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJld; me;ehLfs; u\;ahTld; murpay; uPjpahd

njhlh;Gfis Muk;gpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.

- 1933,y; If;fpa mnkup;f;ff; FbauR> u\;ahTlDk; murpay; cwit

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.

- 1934,y; Nrhtpaj;rq;fk; rh;tNjr rq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ.

- 1935,y; gpuhd;]; - Nrhtpaj; xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ.

- 1935 MFk; NghJ Nrhtpaj; u\;ah INuhg;gpa ty;yuR epiyia

va;jpaJ.

- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; N[h;kdpf;F vjpuhf Ner mzpAld; ,ize;J

nraw;glyhapw;W.

];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.

- ];lhypd; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;wy; mtuhy; nghUshjhu

nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gly; Ie;jhz;Lj; jp;l;lk;.

- u\;ahtpd; ,aw;if tsq;fs;> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; Copag;gyj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfs; ( ePgh; miz> ePu;kpd;rhu Kiwfs;>

,ae;jpuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;lik)

Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.

- ntspehl;L epGzh;fis tutioj;J Ma;T eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s

eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1928,y; $l;LwT mbg;gilapyhd tay; epyq;fs; cUthf;fj; jPh;khdk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

(1937 MFk; NghJ 220 ,yl;rk; tay; epyq;fspy; 92%j;jpw;F Fiwahj

msT $l;LwT mbg;gilapyhd tay; epyq;fshf khw;wg;gl;lJ)

(mjD}lhf Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfhpj;jy;> cw;gj;jpg;ngUf;fk;

nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gd Vw;gl;ld)

- $l;LwTr; rq;fKiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- JUf;fp];jhd;> irgPupa Gifapujg; ghij ,lg;gl;lJ.

- gyk; tha;e;j ,uhZtg; gilnahd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.


- ];lhypd; fPo; u\;ahtpd; Ml;rpKiw Vfhjpgj;jpa ,ay;ig

nfhz;bUe;jJld; kj;jpag;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;jh; rigahy;

epUtfpf;fg;gl;l Rahl;rp $l;Lj;jhgdkhf khw;wk; ngw;wJ.

- ,ufrpag; nghyp];> ,uhZtg;gil kw;Wk; nfhkpAdprf; fl;rp %yk;

kdpj tho;f;if epUtfpf;fg;gl;ljdhy; `pl;yhpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ

u\;ahtpd; cs;ehl;L Fog;gepiyia jLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kbe;jJ.

- u\;ah ehl;lth;fs; midtUk; xd;wpize;J Njrg;gw;Wld; nraw;gl;ldu;.

- u\;ahtpy; cs;s rpWghd;ikapdhpd; gpur;rpidfs;; jPh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1936,y; Gjpa rl;lj;ij Vw;W Nrhtpaj; r%f cilikthjr; rq;fk;

jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- rkTupik fhzg;gLk; Nrhtpaj; r%f Ml;rp gjpndhd;Wld; $ba

RNal;irr; rq;fnkhd;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l $l;L ,uhr;rpak;

xd;whf cUntLj;jJ.

Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;




If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngw;wJld; cyf murpaypYk;

jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaik njhlh;ghf nra;jpg;gj;jpupifnahd;iw mwpf;ifnahd;iw

jahupj;jy;.

gphpj;jhdpa Ml;;rpapd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;J gphpj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J

Rje;jpuk; ngw;w If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR 20Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ Kjd;ik

ngw;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;w tpjj;ij tpsf;FtNj ,jd; %yk;

vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.


• tplaq;fisj; Njbawpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd %yhjhuq;fis

toq;FtJld; Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; nra;f.

• nra;jpg; gj;jpupif mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahh;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa topKiwfs;

njhlh;ghd tpjp Kiwfis mwpTWj;Jf.

• mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;F nghUj;jkhd jiyg;nghd;iw Kd;itg;gjw;F

MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• khzth;fs; vjph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd MNyhrid

toq;Ff.

• cupa fhy vy;iyf;Fs; epiwT nra;tjw;fhd MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• mwpf;if njhlh;ghf kjpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.


Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngWtjw;F ];lhypDila mh;g;gzpg;Gj;

njhlh;ghf xg;gilnahd;iw jahh; nrajy;.

nydpd; jiyikapy; 1917 Gul;rpapd; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; rkTilikthj

ehlhf khw;wk; ngw;wJ. nydpDf;Fg; gpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;j ];lhypd; %yk;

,e;jf; nfhs;if NkYk; tYg;ngw;wJ. mt;thW ];lhypd; fPo; Nrhtpaj; u\;ah

gyk; tha;e;j murhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w Kiwgw;wp Muha;tNj ,q;F

vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,jidj; jdpahh; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;SkhW MNyhriz toq;Ff.

• gad;gLj;jf;$ba %yq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.

• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; xg;giliag; G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F MNyhrid

toq;Ff.

• xg;gil njhlh;ghf kjpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.



NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.

Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: jw;fhy cyfpd; NguuRthjj;ijj; jsh;Twr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW

Nghuhl;lq;fis EZfp Muha;e;J Rje;jpuj;jpd; ngWkhdj;ij

tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthh;.


10.1 cyfk; KOJk; fhzg;gl;l NguuRf;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa

jfty;fis Njbawptu;.

10.2 Mrpahtpd; NguuR thjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa

jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

10.2 Mgpupf;fhtpy; NguuR thjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fspd;

Njhw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fis Muha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; : 2 02 02 02 02 0


• NguuR thjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpkh;rpj;jy;.

• jw;fhy cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j murpay;

Njhw;wg;ghlhf Mrpah> Mgphpf;fh> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fh ehLfs; Rje;jpuk;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik njhlh;ghf Muha;jy;.


kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisthf

Gjpa fly; khh;f;fk;> ehLfs;> rKj;jpuk;> fz;lq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;f topNfhypd.

ehLfs; fz;Lgpbg;gpD}lhf fpilf;fg;ngw;w gpuNjrq;fSk; ehLfSk; jkJ MAj

gyj;jpd; %yk; jkf;Ff; fPo; nfhz;Ltu INuhg;gpa ehLfs; eltbf;if vLj;jNjhL

Mgpupf;fh> Mrpah> ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh Nghd;w fz;lq;fspy jkJ FbNaw;wq;fis

epWtpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.

gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; ,g;NguuRthj nry;thf;fpypUe;J Rje;jpukiltjw;fhf ,yj;jPd;

mnkupf;fh> Mrpah> Mgpupf;f ehLfspy; Njrpa Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lq;;fs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wd. ,t;tyfpD}lhf vjph;ghu;f;fg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; ,f;FbNaw;w ehLfspy;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; NguuR thjj;jpw;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf fw;W mJ

cyf murpaypy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij Muha;e;jwptjhFk;.


n`hz;ûh];n`hz;ûh];n`hz;ûh];n`hz;ûh];n`hz;ûh];

nfhyk;gpah

1819

NgU 1821

nghyptpah

1825

gpNurpy;

1822

g u F N t

1825

Mu;[d;bdhrpyp

gpupj;jhdpa fahdhxy;yhe;J fahdhgpuhd;]; fahdh

RthjPd ,uhr;rpak;

INuhg;gpa FbNaw;w ehLfs;

,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825


,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.

- If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; njw;fhf mike;Js;s ehLfs; ,yj;jpd;

mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ehLfshFk;.

- ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpa ehLfs; ];ngapd;

kw;Wk; Nghh;j;Jf;fy; vd;gdthFk;.

- mnkupf;fhtpd; G+u;tPf kf;fshf - nrt;tpe;jpau;fs; - fpuPby];>

nkh];bnrhf; ,dj;jtu;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;fs;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

- RNjr kf;fs; %yk; cs;ehl;L th;j;jfg; nghUl;fs;> %yg; nghUl;fs;

midj ;Jk ; k pff ; Fiwe ;j t piya py ; NguuRfSf ;F

tpw;fNtz;bNaw;gl;lik.

- ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l jq;fk;> nts;sp> nrk;G>

fdpa tsq;fis jkJ ehLfSf;F mDg;gpa NguuRfs; nry;t nropg;Gg;

ngw;wtu;fs; nry;tk; jpul;bdh;.

- Vfhjpgj;jpa ehLfspypUe;J nfhz;LtUk; nghUl;fSf;F mth;fNs

tpiy eph;zak; nra;tjhy; mjpf tpiyf;F nghUl;fs; thq;f Ntz;ba

epiy Vw;gl;lik.

- RNjr kf;fsplj;jpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa thjpfspd; gLNkhrkhd nfhs;if

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

- mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp> neg;Nghypad; Nghh;

Nghd;wd %yk; ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f kf;fsplj;jpy; mbg;gil kdpj

cupikfisg; Nghd;W Rje;jpuj;jpd; ngWkjpAk; czug;gl;lik.

- 1923 nkhd;Nuh nfhs;if fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa NguuRfspd; ,yj;jpd;

mnkupf;fhtpd; guty; eltbf;if jilg;gl;lik.

NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.

- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; RNjr kffs; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf

fyfk; nra;jdh;.

- cs;ehl;Lf; fyfj;ij mlf;Ftjw;F NguuRfspd; ,uhZtg;gil ,yj;jPd;

mnkupf;fhTf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

- nkf;rpNfh> ntdpRNtyh> NgU> M[d;Bdh> rpyp Nghd;w ,yj;jpd;

mnkupf;f ehLfs; ];ghdpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;L

gbg;gbahf Rje;jpuj;ij Ntz;bg; Nghuhbdh;.

- ,e ;ehLfs ; ,q ;f pyhe ;Jld ; th ; j ; jf eltbf ;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;likf;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;jik (flw;

ghJfhg;G)

- 1815 tpad;dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;j ];ngapd; 7 tJ

gh;bdd;l; Rje;jpuj;ij Ntz;b epd;w ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehLfis

kPz;Lk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jp nfh^u Ml;rpnahd;iw me;ehLfspy;

elj;jpaik.

- mjw;F Nkyhf tl nkf;rpNfhtpypUe;J njd; M[d;Bdh tiuahd

gpuNjrq;fspy; fyfq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;l;likahy; mjid mlf;Ftjw;F

gh;bdd; ,uhZtj;ij mDg;gpaik.


- cs;ehl;L ,af;fq;fs; mg;gil midj;ijAk; gpuNjr vy;iyapypUe;J

Juj;jptpl;lik.

- mj;Njhy;tpapd; gpd;dilthy; jsu;tilahj ];ngapd; gy tUlq;fshf

njhlh;e;Jk; ];ngapd; ,uhZtg;gilia mDg;gpaik.

ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.

- ntdpRNtyhtpd; Njrpa tPuuhd gpuhd;rp];Nfh j kpnuhz;Nlh Rje;jpuj;ij

ntw;wp nfhs;s kf;fs; mikg;nghd;iw Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if

Nkw;nfhz;lJld; mtiu rpiwgpbj ;j ];ghdpa gilapdu ;

,Ul;liwnahd;wpy; rpiwitf;fg;gl;L Jd;GWj;jg;gl;lik.

- ehl;Lf;fhf caph; ePj;j tPuuhf kpnuz;Nlh 1816,y; kuzpj;jJld;

me;eltbf;iffis irkd; nghypth; vd;w Njrg;gw;Wkpf;fth;

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wik.

- 15 tUlq;fshf nghypth; ];ngapDf;F tpNuhjkhf Nkw;nfhz;l

Nghuhl;lq;fs; %yk; ntdpRNtyh Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Kbe;jik.

- ntdpRNtyhTld; nfhyk;gpah> <f;tNlhh;> gdhkh Nghd;w ehLfSk;

Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld.

M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.

- M[d;Bdhtpd; Njrg;w;Wkpf;f xUtuhd n[hNr. j. nrd; khbd;

];ngapDf;F vjpuhf M[d;Bdhtpy; Gul;rpg; Nghuhl;lj;ij topelj;jpr;

nrd;wik.

- irkd; nghypth; - khbd; $l;L Nru;e;jik.

- Kjd; Kjyhf rpyp gpuNjr Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s khbd; Kd;te;jik.

- gpd;dh; jkJ jha; ehlhd M[d;BdhTf;F Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f

KbAkhfpaik.

- ,Wjpahf khh;bDk; nghyptUk; ,ize;J NgUitAk; nghyptpahitAk;

];ngapd; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngwr; nra;jik.

nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.

- fj;Njhypf;f kjFUthd je;ij `ply;Nfh

je;ij nkf;rpNfhtpy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l

jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.

- nkf;rpNfh tptrha kf;fspd; cjtp.

- ply;Nfh ];ghdpa gilapduhy; nfhy;yg;

gl;lJld; nkf;rpNfh Njrpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l

,af;fq;fSk; caph;ngw;wik.

- nkf;rpNfhtpy; ,Ue;j ];ghdpa MSeh;

gyte ;jkhf nkf ;r pNfh Fbauirj ;

Njhw;Wtpj;jik.


gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.

- Nghh;j;Jf;fupd; FbNaw;w ehlhf khwpaik.

- neg;Nghypadpd; Mjpf;fj;jhy; Nghh;j;Jf;ff;fis tpl;Lr; nrd;w mur FLk;gk;

gpNurpypy; Fbakh;e;jik.

- mjdhy; gpNurpy; kf;fs; $ba tug;gpurhjq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

- neg;Nghypad; Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpd; Nghh;j;Jf;fypd; mur FLk;gk; kPz;Lk;

Nghh;j;Jf;fSf;F te;jTld; gpNurpy; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j tug;gpurhjq;fs;

cupikfs; ,y;yhky; Nghapw;W.

- 1822,y; gpNurpy; Rje;jpuj;ij gpufldg;gLj;jpaJld; njhd; NgJU murdhfTk;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;.

- 1889 ,y; gpNurpy; xU Fbaurhf khwy;.

MrpahMrpahMrpahMrpahMrpah

njd;dhrpah - ,e;jpah> gu;kh> ,yq;if.

njd;fPof;F Mrpah - gpypg;igd;];> jha;yhe;J> kyhah> ,e;NjhNdrpah.

189tuyhW

Mrpupa


Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;

nkhq;Nfhypah

nfhupah

[g;ghd;

jha;thd;

n`hq;nfhq;

tpal;ehk;

gpypg;igd;]; jPTfs;

gGth epA+fpdpah

nrhykd; jPTfs;

mT];jpNuypah

,yq;if

kNyrpah

rPdh

frf];jhd;

jpngj;

j p Nkh u ;

,e;jpahkpahd;khu;

Rkhj;uh

jha;yhe;J

ahth

1. Neghsk;

2. rPfpk;

3. G+l;lhd;

4. tq;fhs Njrk;

Mg;fhdp];jhd;

ghfp];jhd ;11111 22222 33333

44444


,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah

- th;j;jff; fk;gdpf;F vjpuhf mbf;fb fyfq;fs; Vw;gl;lik.

- 1857 rpg;gha; gil fpsh;r;rp nfh^ukhd Kiwapy; mlf;fg;gl;lik.

- 1857 fpsh;r;rpf;F murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f fhuzpfs; Kjyplk;

ngw;wik.

- 1857 fpsh;r;rpapd; gpd; gpupj;jhdpa th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; ghpghydj;jpypUe;J

,e;jpah tpLtpf;fg;gl;L gphpj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;glJ.

- 1857 fpsh;r;rpahy; ,e;jpa kf;fsp;lj;jpy; Rje;jpuk; njhlh;ghd vz;zk;

tsh;r;rp ngw;wik.

- Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ,e;jpa kf;fs; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J

Nghuhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lik.

- Nghuhl;lj;jhy; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gij czh;e;j

,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapypUe;J

rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jik.

- 1876 ,y; RNue;jpudhj; ghdhh;[p 'fy;fj;jhtpy; ,e;jpa rq;fk;" epWtpaik.

- 'myd; xf;Nlhtpad; `pAk; %yk; ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; Muk;gk;.

- 1885 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.

- ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpy; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; kpjthjpfSf;FkpilNa

epytpa fUj;J NtWghl;lhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; ,uz;lhfg; gpsTgl;lJ.

- 1919 Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; jiytuhfpa kfhj;khfhe;jp %yk; xj;Jioahik

,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ePjpkd;wk;> rl;lkd;wk;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;

vd;gtw ;iwAk; > g pu pj ;jhdpag ; nghUl ;fisAk; gfp\;fu pf ;f

mwpTWj;jg;gl;ld.

- ,e;j ,af;fj;jpdhy; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; nghJrd gq;fspg;G

tsh;r;rpngw;wik.

- m`pk;rh ,af;fj;jpdhy; fhe;jp gpurpj;jk; ngw;whu;.

- 1935 ,e;jpa rl;l ahg;G efy;.

- Njrpa rq;fj;jpypUe;J gpupe;j K];ypk; yPf; jdp ehL Nfhhp ,e;jpahit

,uz;lhfg; gpupf;f Kaw;rpj;jJ.

- kTl;Ngld; MSeuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpahitf; $whf;Fk; jpl;lk;.

- 1947 Mf];l; khjk; ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; Njhw;wk; ngw toptFj;jJ.

Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;

rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;


gh ;khgh ;khgh ;khgh ;khgh ;kh

- gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehlhfpaik.

- 1824 ,y; Kjy; gpupj;jhdpah - gh;kpa Aj;jk;.

- 1852 ,y; ,uz;lhk; gh;kh - gphpj;jhdpa Nghuhl;lk;.

- 1855 ,y; %d;whk; gh;kh - gphpj;jhdpa Nghuhl;ljjpd; gpd; gphpj;jhdpa

- ,e;jpa NguuRld; gu;kh ,izj;J nfhs;sg;gl;lik.

- 1935,y; gh;kh ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ [g;ghdpd; cjtpAld; MTq; rhq;Nfapd;

jiyikapy; Njrg;gw;Wf; FO Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.

- [g;ghdpah; gh;khit ifg;gw;w mTq;rhq;fpw;F Nghh; eltbf;iffSf;fhd

mikr;Rg; gjtpia toq;fpaik.

- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; [g;ghd; Njhy;tpaile;jJld; gh;kh kPz;Lk;

gphpj;jhdpauhl;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

- 1948,y; gh;khTf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.

gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];

- 1898 ];ngapd; - mnkupf;fg; NghUf;Fg; gpwF mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR>

];ngapdpd; fPopUe;j gpypg;igd;]; jPit jdJ FbNaw;w ehlhf;fpaJ.

- gpypg;igDs; me;epau; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd vjpu;g;G Vw;gl;lik.

- gpypg;igd;]py; mnkupf;f Ml;rp epWtg;gl;lik.

- 1934 gpypg;igd; Rje;jpuf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; %yk; Ra Ml;rp

fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.

- mjd; Kjy; [dhjpgjpahf kDty; Fthnrhd; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpdhy; [g;ghd; gpyp;g;igd; ehl;;il jdJ

Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jpaik.

- kPz;Lk; mnkupf;fh [g;ghdplkpUe;J gpypg;igidf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

- 1946 [{iy 4Mk; jpfjp gpypg;igDf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jikAld;

Fbaunrhd;iw Njhw;Wtpj;jik.

- Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; gpypg;igd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G

eltbf;iffis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhu cjtpia

ehbaik.

jha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;J

- nkhq;Fl;> #yhnyhq;Nfhh;d; Nghd;w Ml;rpahsh;fs; Kd;ndLj;Jr;

nrd;w etPd kakhf;f nrad;Kiwfs;.

- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; gpupj;jhdpahtpdJk; gpuhd;rpdJk;

nry;thf;fpw;Fs;shfpaik.

- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ jha;yhe;J [g;ghdpdhy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik.

- Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; Rje;jpu murhf jha;yhe;J khw;wk; ngw;wJ.

- 1946 ,y; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; mq;fj;Jt me;j];ijg; ngw;wJ.

- may; ehLfshd rPdh> tpal;dhk; Nghd;wd nfhkpAdp];l; ehLfshfTk;

jha;yhe;J If;fpaf; FbauR ehlhfTk; khwpaJ.

- rpNaNlh mikg;Gld; ,ize;jJ.


kyhahkyhahkyhahkyhahkyhah

- kyha> rPd> ,e;jpa K];ypk; kf;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l

kyhah> ,wg;gh; $Ljyhf fhzg;gLk; ehlhFk;. mjdhy; gpupj;jhdpah

jdJ th;j;jf gyj;ij kyhahtpDs; gutr; nra;jJ.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfAj;j fhyj;jpy; [g;ghd;> kyhahit jd;dhjpf;fj;jpd;

fPo; nfhz;Lte;jhYk; Aj;j Kbtpy; gphpj;jhdpah kPz;Lk; mg;gpuNjrj;ij

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ.

- kyhahitAk; rpq;fg;G+iuAk; Ntwhf;fp me;ehLfSf;F Ra Ml;rp

mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ.

- Jd;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyrpa Njh;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W 1957 ,y;

Gjpa murpay; ahg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- rpq;fg;G+h; Gjpa murpay; ahg;Gf;Fs;shdJ.

- yP - Fthd; - A mq;F gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

- gpupj;jhdpahtpd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis xd;wpizj;J 1963,y;

kyhah $l;likg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

- 1965,y; rpq;fg;G+h; RahjPd murhf khwpaJ.

Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.

,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah

- xy;yhe;J Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd; [g;ghdpa cjtpAld; Rje;jpuk; ngw;W

[dhjpgjpnahUtiu epakpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.

- Rfh; Ndh [dhjpgjp gjtpf;F epakp;f;fg;gl;lhu;.

- xy;yhe;jh; kPz;Lk; jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpj;jdu;.

- ,e;NjhNdrpa kf;fs; mjw;F vjpuhf nraw;glj; njhlq;fpdu;.

- 1949 brk;gh; 27Mk; jpfjp ,e;NjhNdrpah jdJ RahjPdj;ij ntw;wp

nfhz;lJld; ,e;NjhNdrpah FbauR cUthdJ.

Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.


Mgpupf;fhMgpupf;fhMgpupf;fhMgpupf;fhMgpupf;fh

- cyfpy; ,uz;lhtJ ngupa fz;lk; Mgpupf;fhthFk;.

- ituk;> jq;fk;> nrk;G Nghd;w fdpg; nghUl;fisg; ngUkstpy; nfhz;l

fz;lkhFk;.

- ,e;epiyikfs; fhuzkhf INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;ehl;il jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd;

fPo; nfhz;L tUtjpy; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. (Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;> xy;yhe;J>

gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;> ,j;jhyp> N[h;kd;)

- INuhg;gpa ehl;bdu; Mgpupf;fh KOtijAk; jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;

nfhz;L te;jdu;.

Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;

tl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fh

jpAdPrPahjpAdPrPahjpAdPrPahjpAdPrPahjpAdPrPah

- 1881ypUe;J gpuhd;]; ehl;Lf;F nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;j murhFk;.

- `gPg ; Nghh ;`pghtpd ; jiyikapd ; f Po ; cs ;@h ; kf ;fs ;

Nghuhl;lj;jpyPLgly;> nfhpy;yhg; Nghuhl;lk;.

- 1952 ,y; Nghh; pgh ehLflj;jg;gl;L mthpd; fl;rpAk; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.

- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; If;fpa ehLfspd; jiyaPl;lhy; ,Ugf;f

Ngr;Rthh;j;ij Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

- 1954 J}dPrpah> gpuhd;]; gpujkh; nkd;l]; gpuhd;]; ehl;bdthjpfSf;Fk;

MfpNahUf;fpilapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij Muk;gkhdJ.

- 1956 ,y; jpAdPrpah Ra Ml;rpf;Fupa mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wJ.

- gprhh;Nl vDk; flyhjpf;f ikaj;ijj; njhlu;e;Jk; gpuhd;]; jd;trk;

itj;jpUf;fyhdJ.

- jpAdPrpahtpd; [dhjpgjp gpuhd;Rld; gp]hl; flw;wsk; njhlu;ghf

Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.

- ,jdhy; gpuhd;Rf;F vjpuhd MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhdJ.

- 1963 gprh;Nl gpuNjrk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; jpAdPrpahtpd;

Rje;jpuk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;Nfh

- 1904 ,y; nkhNuhf;Nfh Njrk; gpuhd;rhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrkhf

khw;wg;gl;lJ. nkhNwhf;Nfhtpd; tl gFjpapy; ];ngapdpd; nry;thf;F

gutpr; nrd;wik.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd; ,];bf;yy; vDk; ngaupy; Njrpa mikg;gpd;

fPo; gutpr; nrd;w Ntiy epWj;jk;> murpay; vjph;g;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F

Ry;jhdpd; cjtp fpilj;jik.

- ,jdhy; Ry;jhd; ehLflj;jg;gl;lik.


- ehl;bDs; gpuhd;Rf;F vjpuhfg; ghhpa Nghuhl;l fpsh;r;rpfs; cUthdJ.

- If;fpa ehLfspd; cjtpahy; kPz;Lk; Ry;jhd; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw

1956 ,y; gpuhd;]; nkhNuhf;NfhTf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fpaJ.

- ];ghdpa Ml;rpahsh;fSld; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;

nkhNuhf;Nfhtpy; ifg;gw;wpapUe;j ];ghdpa gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpuk;

fpilj;jJ.

my;[Phpahmy;[Phpahmy;[Phpahmy;[Phpahmy;[Phpah

- my;[Pupah gpuhd;rpdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;bUe;jJld; mq;F K];ypk;

r%fj;jpw;F rpwpjsT RaMl;rp mjpfhuKk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

- ,jdhy; jpUg;jpailahJ 1954my; gpuhd;rpw;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp nra;jdu;.

,jdhy;; gytPdkhd Ml;rp Njhd;wpaJ.

- my;[PhpahtpypUe;j gpuhd;rpah; cs;ehl;L kf;fSf;F Rje;jpuk;

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;jdh;.

- 1954,d; gpd; my;[Phpahtpy; gpuhd;]; Mlrpf;F vjpuhf gue;j Njrpa

Nghuhl;l ,af;fnkhd;W cUthdJ.

- 1962,y; gpuhd;]; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J my;[Phpah Rje;jpuk; ngw

Fbahl;rpahf khw;wk; ngw;wJ.

Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fh

- 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nkw;F Mgpupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> N[h;kd;

ehl;lth;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

fhdhfhdhfhdhfhdhfhdh

- Nfhy;l; nfh];l; gpuNjrk; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehlhfpaJ.

- 1951Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ mq;Fs;s RNjr kf;fSf;F rpy Fwpg;gpl;l

mstpy; Ra Ml;rp mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ.

- Nfhy;l; nfh];l; gpuNjrj;J ,dkhd `pijrp`{ ,d;F&khtpd;

jiyikapy; vOr;rp ngw 1957 ,y; gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. fhdh Rje;jpu muR vd ngah; ngw;wJ.

- nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mq;fj;Jtj;ijAk; ngw;wJ.

ie[Phpahie[Phpahie[Phpahie[Phpahie[Phpah

- 1960 ,y; gphpj;jhdpah NguurpypUe;J tpLgl;L Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

- 1961 ,y; rpaNuhypaDk; 1990,y; ekPahTk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld.

kj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fh

- 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; (1953) gphj;jdpauhy; njd; nuhBrpah

kw;Wk; epahryhe;J xd;wpizj;J Ra Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ngw;W kj;jpa

Mgphpf;fh $l;likg;nghd;W epWtg;gl;lJ.

- me;j $l;likg;gpw;F cs;@h; kf;fs; vjph;g;Gf;fhl;lj; njhlq;fpdu;.

- nfdj; fTd;lhtpd; jiyikap;y; tl nuhBrpa Njrgpkhdpfs; Rje;jpu

Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdu;.

- 1964 tl nuhbrpahTf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ. mJ rk;gpah vd;w

ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

- njd; nuhBrpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l ngUk;ghd;ik ePf;Nuh kf;fSf;F murpay;

mjpfhuk; ,y;yhkyhdJ.


- 1965 njd; nuhBrpahtpy; ,Ue;j Mq;fpNya rpWghd;ikapdh; xU

jiyg;gf;fkhf RahjPdj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.

- cs;@h; kf;fspd; vjph;g;G fhuzkhf mthfSf;Fs; xU rpy mikg;Gf;fs;

cUthjy; kw;Wk; nfupy;yh Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs; cUthdJ.

- 1980 ,y; RahjPd rpk;ghg;Nt muR Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

nfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfh

- ngy;[pak; %yk; nfhq;Nfh Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

- nfhq;Nfhtpy; cs;@h; kf;fSf;F Ra Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;F ngy;[pak; kWg;Gj; njuptpj;jJ.

- 1960 ,y; ngy;[pak; nfhq;Nfhtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f ngw;wp]; YKk;gh

gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

- ehl;bDs; gue;jstpy; gpur;rpidAk; Kuz;ghLfSk; Vw;glyhdJ.

(Nfhj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghL> ,uhZt #o;r;rpfSk;

,lk;ngw;wd.)

fpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fh

nfd;ahnfd;ahnfd;ahnfd;ahnfd;ah

- 1895 ,y; nfd;ahit gphpj;jhdpah jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jJ.

mJ gphpj;jhdpa fpof;F Mgphpf;fh vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

- Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf nfd;a RNjr kf;fs; khT vDk; ngauhy; ,ufrpa

mikg;nghd;iw epWtpdu;.

- n[hNkh nfd;ahlhtpw;Fk; mjpy; mjDld; njhlh;gpUf;Fnkd re;Njfpj;j

gpupj;jhdpah; mtid rpiwg;gpbj;jdu;.

- nfd;ahTf;F Rje;jpuk; Ntz;b nfd;ahtpy; Mgpupf;f Njrpa rq;fk;

vLj;Jr; nrd;w Nghuhl;lj;ij fhuzkhff; nfhz;L nfd;ahTf;F

Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ.

- 1963 N[hNkh nfd;ahlh rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lNjhL

mtNu nfd;ahtpd; Kjy; gpujk ke;jphpahfTk; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.

jd;rhdpahjd;rhdpahjd;rhdpahjd;rhdpahjd;rhdpah

- N[h;kd; fpof;F Mgphpf;fh vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; ,g;gpuNjrk;

1890fspy; N[h;kd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ.

- Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; nghWg;Gkpf;f ehlhf gphpj;jhdpahtpd;

fPo; ,Ue;jJ.

- [{ypa]; epaNu %yk; njd;fidf;fh Mgphpf;fh ehLfs; rq;fk; xd;iw

epWtp Njrpa Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. 1961,y;

gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

- ePf;Nuhf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; rd;rpghh; 1963 ,y; gphpj;jhdpa

Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ.

- 1964,y; jq;fdpf;fh> rd;rpghh; gpuNjrj;Jld; ,ize;J jd;rhdpah

vd;w muR Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.


NrhkhypahNrhkhypahNrhkhypahNrhkhypahNrhkhypah

- ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; gphpj;jhdpah Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ.

- 1960fspd; gpd; NrhkhypahTf;F RahjPd Ml;rp fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ.

klf];fhh;klf];fhh;klf];fhh;klf];fhh;klf];fhh;

- gpuhd;rpd; FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;J te;jJ.

- gpypgh;l; j;rpuddh vd;gth; Njrg;gw;whsu; epWtpa murpay; fl;rp %yk;

1960 ,y; klf];fhu; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

gpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fh

- gpuhd;]; %yk; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhtpy; epWtpa FbNaw;w ehL xd;WgLj;j

$l;likg;nghd;iw epWtg;gl;lJ. (nrdfy;> #lhd;> nfd;ah> Ithpnfh];l;>

Nky; Nthy;lh> nlN`hkp> ie[h;> nkhhplhdpah)

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd; mt;tpuhr;rpaq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; Rje;jpuk;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

- 1960 MFk; NghJ gpuhd;]; ,e;j midj;J FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fk;

Rje;jpuk; toq;fpaJ.

gpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fh

- kj;jpa mfyf;Nfhl;L Mgphpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j gpuhd;rpa FbNaw;w Ml;rp

ehd;Fk; rhl;> fnghd;> cgd;fpz;ldrhhp kw;Wk; kj;jpa nfhq;Nfh

vd;gd 1960 ,y; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld.

(%yk; : cyf tuyhW gP.tP.uhNth)




,e;jpahtpd; NguuRf;F vjpuhd Njrpa ,af;fk; njhlh;ghf jftw; Nfhitnahd;iw

jahh; nra;jy;.

,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil 1857 rpg;gha; fyfk;>

Njrpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; eltbf;iffs;> eLepiy tfpj;j jiytu;fs;>

Nghuhl;lj;jpyPLgl;l jiyth;fs;> kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk;> gphpj;jhdpa

nghUl;fSf;fhd gfp\;fupg;Gg;Nghuhl;lk;> ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa fhzg;gl;l

,af;fq;fs;> ,e;jpah ,U $Wfshf;fg;gly;> Rje;jpuj;ij ntw;wp nfhz;lik

njhlh;ghd Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ghprPypj;J

xt;nthU fUg;nghUSf;Fkhd jfty;fis jahh; nra;J Nfhitg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;

vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,jidf; FONtiyahf toq;Ff.

• tFg;ig nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf gphpj;J gpd;tUk;

jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

FO:

jiyg;G 1 - 1857 rpg;gha;f; fyfk;.

jiyg;G 2 - Njrpa ,af;fKk; Njrpa fhq;fpuRk;.

jiyg;G 3 - kpjthjpfspd; Nghuhl;lk;.

jiyg;G 4 - fhe;jp mth;fspd; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk;.

jiyg;G 5 - ,e;jpah ,uz;lhfg; gphpjYk; Rje;jpuKk;.

• Njitahd %yhjuhq;fis khzth;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• Nkyjpf %yhjhuq;fisg; ngWtjw;F khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.

• Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; MNyhridfisAk; toq;Ff.

• khzth;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F cjTq;fs;.

• Fwpj;j fhy vyiyf;Fs; xg;gil Ntiyiag; G+h;j;jp nra;AkhW

MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• FOf;fshy; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;f.

• xt;nthU FOf;fs; %yk; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fis xd;WNrh;j;J

jftw; Nfhitnahd;iwj; jahh; nra;J tFg;G khzth;fs;

midtUf;Fk; gad;gLk; tifapy; jahh;gLj;Jf.



Mgphpf;fhtpd; Njrpa ,af;fk; njhlh;ghf tpdhg; Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahh; nra;f.

Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jq;fk;> nts;sp> ituk;> nrk;G> ,Uk;G Nghd;w

fdpa tsq;fs; fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F mg;gpuNjrk;

cl;gl;lJ. mt;thNw INuhg;gpa ehLfs; %yk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s tsq;fs;

Ruz;lg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lg; gFjpapy; Mgphpf;fhtpy; NguuRf;F

vjpuhd Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vOr;rp ngw;wJ ,it njhlh;ghd ftdj;ijr;

nrYj;jp tpdhg; Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahh; nra;tNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• ,jidf; FO Ntiyahf Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

• tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tFg;igf;

FOf;fshf tFj;J gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

1 FO - Nkw;F Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.

2 FO - Nkw;F fpof;F Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.

3 FO - Nkw;F tl Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.

4 FO - Nkw;F kj;jpa Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.

• jkJ FOf;fSf;F fpilj;Js;s jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd FW

tpilAldhd tpdhf;fis ,aYkhd tiuapy; jahh; nra;tjw;F

MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTiu

toq;Ff.

• tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;fhd Fwpj;j fhyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f.

• xt;nthU FO %yKk; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l tpdhf;fs; tFg;giwapy;

midj;Jf; FOf;fSlDk; fye;Jiuahb rhpahd KbTf;F tUf.

• mt;thW rhpnra;ag;gl;L jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis xd;W Nrh;j;J

tpdhg;Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahh; nra;tjw;F MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• tFg;gpYs;s midj;J khzth;fsJk; <Lghl;il ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

• jahh; nra;ag;gl;l tpdhg; Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midj;J

khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Xh; ,lj;jpy; itj;J tpLf.



,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;

Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gaq;fuj; jd;ikiag; gw;wpf; fw;W

rkhjhdj;jpd; kfpikia tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthh;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-

11.1 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;ijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.

11.2 kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij mjd;

tpisTfspD}lhf tpsf;Fthh;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-

• Aj;jj;jpd; nfhLk; jd;ik kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; mopTf;Ff; fhuzkhjy;

kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; cyf kf;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;F cWJizahf mikjy;

gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jk; gw;wpf; fw;wy;.

• Aj;jj;jpd; gaq;fuj;jd;ik gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• rkhjhdj;jpd; Clhf kdpj tsh;r;rp eilngWtij czh;e;J nfhs;sy;.

mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw ntw;wp

ngw;w ehLfSk; ngUk; mopitr; re;jpj;jd. ,t;tDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l

cyfj; jiyth;fs;> kPz;Lk; ,t;thwhdNjhh; cyf Aj;jk; eilngWtijj;

jtph;f;Fk; nghUl;L gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.vdpDk; fp.gp 1939

nrg;nuk;gh; Kjyhk; jpfjp `pw;yh; Nghye;ij Mf;fpukpj;jikahy; ,uz;lhk;

cyfg;Nghh; Muk;gkhapw;W.

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfNs ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpw;fhd

fhuznkd;gJ tuyhw;whrpupah;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. th;Nry;]; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb

N[h;kdpf;F tpjpf;fg;ngw;w jz;lid> `pw;yh; Nghd;w rh;thjpfhu ehrprj;

jiytndhUtd; N[h;kdpapd; Ml;rpia mikj;Jf;nfhs;s toptFj;jNjhL

rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; FiwghLfSk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F Kf;fpa

fhuzkhapw;W. ,j;jhypapy; KN]hypdpapd; ghrpr ,af;fk;> [g;ghdpd;

Mf;fpukpg;Gf;nfhs;if Nghd;witfSk; ,jw;Fj; Jiz Nghapd.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; fz;lq;fs; rpytw;wpy; gutpaJ. ,q;fpyhe;J Aj;jj;jpy;

gq;Fgw;wpaJk; mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfspYk; mJ gutpaJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fh>

[g;ghdpd; `pNuh\Pkh kw;Wk; ehfrhf;fp efuq;fSf;F mZ Fz;L vwpe;J

[g;ghidj; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;J ghupa caph;g; nghUl; Nrjq;fis tpistpj;j

gpd;dNu ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; epiwTw;wJ.

,e;epiy cyfj;jiyth;fspd; ftdj;ij <h;j;jJ. fp.gp. 1945 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa

mnkup;f;fhtpd; rd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh efupy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gpufldj;jpd; gb cyf


rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; gpujhd Nehf;fpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rig cUthdJ.

md;WKjy; mr;rigahdJ vt;thwhd jilfs; NeupbDk; kPz;Lk; Xh; cyfg;Nghh;

epfohJ jLg;gjw;fhd gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. Nghupd;nfh^uj;jd;ik kw;Wk;

rkhjhdj;jpd; kfpik gw;wpf; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh

ifj;njhopy;rhh; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; tsh;r;rpAld; Vw;gl;l Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Gjpa

Nghf;F Gjpa Vfhjpgj;jpakhFk;. ,J 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Muk;gkhdJ.

c + k; :-

• gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;]; Mfpa ehLfs; khj;jpukd;wp If;fpa mnkupf;fh>

N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfSk; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy;

tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.

• 1929 -1930 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l cyfg;nghUshjhu

tPo;r;rp fhuzkhf njhopypd;ik mjpfupf;fyhdJ.

• epiyaw;w murpay; epiy fhuzkhf [dehaf Ml;rpKiw kpf

Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• njhopyhsh; gpur;rpid mjpfupj;J ehL KOtJk; Ntiy epWj;jq;fs;

Vw;gl;ld.

• ,j;jhypapy; epytpa Fog;g epiyiag; gad;gLj;jp ngdpw;Nwh KNrhypdp

1922 Mk; Mz;L ,j;jhypapd; mjpfhu gPlNkwp mq;F ghrpr Ml;rpia

epWtpdhd;.

• ,j;jhypapd; nghUshjhu> murpay; ];jpuj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jp

me;ehl;ilg; Nguurhff; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Nehf;Fld; Nghh;g;gyj;ijAk;

flw;gyj;ijAk; mjpfupjjhd;.

• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; N[h;kd; kpfg; ngupanjhU njhif

Aj;j ,og;gPL nrYj;j Ntz;bNaw;gl;likAk; FbNaw;w ehLfis

,oe;jikahy; me;ehL kpfg; ngUk; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidia vjph;

Nehf;f Ntz;bANkw;gl;lJ.

• 1929Mk; Mz;L cyfg; nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp N[h;kidg; ghjpj;j NghjpYk;

itkhh; muR mg;gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;T fhzj;jtwpaJ.

• ,e;epiyapy; `pw;yu; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w> `pw;yUk; mtuJ ehrprf;

fl;rpAk; rh;thjpfhuj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;yhdJ.

• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; [g;ghd; ifj;njhopy; tpQ;Qhdk;

kw;Wk; Nghh; Mfpa Jiwfspy; vOr;rp ngw;wJ.

• %yg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Nfe;jpu epiyaq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; [g;ghd; NtW ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s

Kaw;rpj;jJ.

NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

- th;Nry;]; cld;gbf;iffspd; FiwghLfs;

• epahakw;w ghuJ}ukhd jz;lidfis N[H;kDf;F toq;fpaik.

• N;[h;kdplk; epahakw;w Kiwapy; ,og;gPl;Lg; gzk; mwtplg;gl;lik.

• N[h;kdplkpUe;J FbNaw;w ehLfis mjdplkpUe;J gwpj;jnjLj;jik.


• MAjg; gilapd; vz;zpf;ifia kl;Lg;gLj;jy;> fl;lhag; Nghh;r;

Nritiaj; jil nra;jik.

• iwz;yhe;ij epuhAjghzpahf;fpaik.

• flw;gilapd; gyj;ijf; Fiwj;jik.

• Aj;j MAjq;fs; cw;gj;jpiaj; jil nra;jik.

- N[u;kdpd; cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;rpidfs;.

• itkhu; $l;lhl;rp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;.

• nghUshjhu ke;j epiy

• njhopypd;ik

• czTj;jl;Lg;ghL

- ghrprthjk; kw;Wk; ehrprthjj;jpd; vOr;rp

• `pw;yu;-KNrhypd; el;G

• nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Nghu; eltbf;if njhlh;ghd xj;Jiog;G

- `pw;yupd; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

• 1919Mk; Mz;L ehrprf; fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jik.

• 1933Mk; Mz;L rhd;ryu; gjtpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lik.

• 1933Mk; Mz;L rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J ePq;fp Vfhjpgj;jpa

Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik.

• 1934Mk; Mz;L [dhjpgjp `pz;ld; Ngu;fpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;dh;

`pw;yh; [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.

• vjpupfis mopj;njhopj;jik.

`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy

• rptpy; cupikfis kPwpaik.

• fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuj;ij jil nra;jik.

• fy;tp eltbf;iffisg; ghrpr Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jik.

• A+jh;fis kpff; nfh^ukhff; nfhiy nra;jik.

• njhopw; rq;fq;fisj; jil nra;jik.

• NghuhAj cw;gj;jpia Muk;gpj;jik.

• tu;Nry;]; cld;gbf;ifia kPwp Njr vy;iyia tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;s

Kaw;rpj;jik.

• 1936Mk; Mz;L iwd;yhe;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.

• N[u;kd;> mT];jpupahitf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.

• 1938Mk; Mz;L nrf;Nfh];yhthf;fpah> RNll;ld;yhe;J Mfpatw;iw

,izj;Jf; nfhz;lik.


- INuhg;gpar; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l re;NjfKk; mr;rKk; fhuzkhf mjpfhu

Kfhk;fs; mikj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lik.

• gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; JUf;fpAld; ,q;fpyhe;J Xu; cld;gbf;ifiar;

nra;J nfhz;lik.

• 1939Mk; Mz;L u\;ah> N[h;kDld; el;Gf; nfhz;lik.

• 1939Mk; Mz;L uptd;jpNuhg;-nkhyw;Nwht; xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jpl;lik.

• N[h;kd; - ,j;jhyp el;G.

• N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; xd;wpize;J ,ufrpa xg;ge;jnkhd;iwf;

ifr;rhj;jpl;L fkpAdpr vjpu;g;G Kd;dzpnahd;iw mikj;jik.

(gu;ypd;> cNuhkhGup> Nlhf;fpNah mr;R)

- ru;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikahy; N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd;

Mfpad Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik.

• 1934Mk; Mz;L [g;ghd; kQ;#upahitAk; rPdhtpd; gpujhd

JiwKfq;fisAk; efuq;fs; rpytw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.

• ,j;jhyp> mgprPdpahit Mf;fpukpj;jik.

• If;fpa mnkupf;fh rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhikahYk;

[g;ghDk; N[u;kDk; mr;rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpaikahYk; mr;rq;fk;

gykpoe;jik.

- Aj;jj;jpw;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; N[u;kd; Nghyhe;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik.

Nguzpfs;

Ner ehLfs;> mr;R ehLfs; vd ,U mzpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

Ner ehLfs; - gpuj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> u\;ah

mr;R ehLfs; - N[u;kd;> [g;ghd;> ,j;jhyp

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;

• 1939 nrg;nuk;gu; 1 Mk; jpfjp N[u;kd;> Nghyhe;ij Mf;fpukpj;jJ.

• 1939 nrg;nuk;gh; 3 Mk; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; N[h;kDf;F

vjpuhf Aj;jg;gpufldk; nra;jd.

• ehd;F thu fhyj;jpDs; N[u;kd;> Nghyhe;ij

Njhw;fbj;jJ.

- `pl;yu; Gjpa Aj;j cj;jpfisf; ifahsj;

njhlq;fpdhd;.

• etPd Nghh;j;jhq;fpfs; ghtid

• jhf;fpaopf;Fk; tpkhdg;gil

• gpypw;];fpuPf; vDk; je;jpNuhghak; (ghupa Nghh;

MAjq;fisf; nfhz;L El;gkhd Kiwapy;

jhf;Fjy;)

• Jy;ypakhd csTr;Nrit

• u\;ahtpdhy; v];Njhdpah> yw ;tpah>

ypj;JNtdpah Nghd;w Nghy;bf; muRfs;>

Nghye;jpd; fpof;Fg;gpuNjrk;> gpd;yhe;jpd;

ngUk; gFjp vd;gd ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gld.

• Nehh;Nt> nld;khu;f;> xy;yhe;J> ngy;;[pak; Nghd;w ehLfis `pl;yu;

ifg;gw;wpf;nfhz;lhd;.

• 1940 [{d; khjk; gpuhd;irj; jhf;fp ghup]; efiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.

• gpupj;jhdpahit `pl;yu; jhf;fpaik.

• Nghy;fd; rz;il.

Mfhag; gilMfhag; gilMfhag; gilMfhag; gilMfhag; gil


• Nrhtpal; u\;ahit Mf;fpukpj;jik.

• [g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpy; ,ize;J If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; gu;y; JiwKfj;jpw;F

Fz;L vwpe;jik.

• If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghupy; gq;F nfhz;lik.

• N[u;kDk; [g;ghDk; Njhy;tpAw;wik.

tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;

• cyf tuyhw;wpy; ,J tiu epfo;e;Js;s gaq;fukhd Nghh; ,JthFk;.

(kuzpj;j my;yJ CdKw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if 50 kpy;ypaDf;Fk;

mjpfnkdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ)

• mZ Fz;bd; jhf;fj;jhy; [g;ghdpa ehfrhf;fp> pNuh\pkh efuq;fs;

mope;jd. mjd; jhf;fj;ij ,d;Wk; mk;kf;fspy; fhzyhk;.

• N[u;kd;> fpof;F N[u;kd; kw;Wk; Nkw;F N[u;kd; vd ,U ehLfshdJ.

• ,J tiu cyfpy; gyk; tha;e;jjhfj; jpfo;e;j gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk;

jkJ juj;ij ,oe;jd.

• If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpal; u\;ahTk; ty;yik ngw;wd.

• [dehafj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf If;fpa mnkupf;fh nraw;gl;lJ.

• If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyikapy; gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;>

Nkw;F N[u;kd; Mfpa Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuj;ijAila ehLfs;

[dehaj;jpd; Nfhl;ilfshf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;ld.

• Nrhtpaj; u\;ahit jiyikahff; nfhz;;l fk;A+dprf; Nfhl;ilfs;

cUthapd.

• Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; fPo; Nghyhe;J> nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpah>

A+Nfh];yhtpah> gy;Nfupah> fpof;F N[u;kd; Nghd;w ehLfs; ,ize;J

fk;A+dprf; Nfhl;il INuhg;ghtpy; NjhdwpaJ.

• cyf rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fTk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij

Nkk;gLj;jTk; If;fpa ehLfs; rig epWtg;gl;lJ.

• Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;W mopTw;w ehLfis Fwpg;ghf Nkw;F N[h;kdpiaAk;

[g;ghidAk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;nfd If;fpa mnkupf;fh khu;\y; jpl;lj;ij

mwpKfQ; nra;jJ.

• gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; trkpUe;j FbNaw;w ehLfspd; NguuR

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

• gpupj;jhdpag; NguuR trkpUe;j Mrpa FbNaw;w ehLfs; gytw;wpw;Fr;

Rje;jpuk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ.

• cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngzpf; fhg;gjw;nfd If;fpa ehLfs; rig

epWtg;gl;lJ.




`pl;yupd; eltbf;iffs; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; Vw;glr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaik

njhlh;ghd jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa Rtu;g;gj;jpupiff;fhd Mf;fnkhd;iwj;

jahupj;jy;.

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;> ehLfSf;fpilNa re;Njfk;> Vfhjpgj;jpaf;

nfhs;if> cyfk; ,U mzpfshjy; Mfpa gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; ,uz;lhk;

cyf kfh Aj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,tw;Ws; mNefkhd tplaq;fs; pl;yupd; gq;fspg;ghy;

Vw;gl;lit vDk; cz;ikAk; njspthfpd;wJ. mjw;nfhg;g ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk;

,uz;lhk ; cyfg ; NghUf ;fhd `pl ;yu pd ; gq ;fspg ;ig Muha ;tNj

vjpu;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,ijnahU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;f.

• nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;f.

• ,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.

• nraw;ghl;bw;fhff; Fwpj;j xU fhy Neuj;ij xJf;Ff.

• khzth; nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.

• mtw;Ws; kpfTk; rpwe;j nraw;ghLfs; rpytw;iwj; njupe;J tFg;gpw;

rfyUk; mijf; fw;fr; nra;f.


,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; <Lgl;l el;G ehLfisAk; mr;R ehLfisAk; cyf

tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;jy;.

,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; NghJ el;G mzp> mr;R mzp vd ,U gpupthf

INuhg;gh NtWgl;bUe;jJ. mth;fs; jj;jkJ ghJfhg;gpw;fhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mr;R mzpapdupd; eltbf;iffSf;F kj;jpapy; Nkd;NkYk;

jdpikg;glhjpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd czh;e;J nfhz;l gpuhd;];> gpupj;jhdpahTld;

el;G cld;gbf;ifnahd;wpw; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ. gpd;dh; u\;ahTk; ,jpy; ,ize;J

nfhz;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; ,t;tzpfspy; NkYk; gy ehLfs; Nrh;e;J nfhz;ld.

me;ehLfs; gw;wp khzth;fSf;F njspTgLj;JtJ ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• ,ijf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.

• tFg;ig ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupf;f.

• xU FOTf;F el;G mzpiaAk; kw;iwa FOTf;F mr;R mzpiaAk;

Fwpf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

• jkf;F toq;fg;gl;l mzpiar; Nrh;e;j ehLfisf; fz;L gpbf;ff;

FOf;fSf;F cjTf.

• ngupa mstpyhd cyfg; glnkhd;iw Rtupy; njhq;ftpl;L jkJ

mzpiar; Nrh;e;j ehLfisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;l xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;

mtfhrkspf;f.

• ,jidnahU Nghl;bahf elj;jp FOf;fSf;F Vw;wnjhU mbg;gilapy;

Gs;spfs; toq;Ff.

• tiuglj;ijj; jpUj;jp rfy khzth;fSk; mijf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s

mwpTWj;Jf.


mope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkh



,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.

Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: jw;Nghija cyf murpay; mbg;gilia cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf

mike;j gpujhd rf;jpfisg; gFj;jha;e;J jw;fhy cyf epytuk;

gw;wpa njspTld; nraw;gLthh;.


12.1 MAjg; Nghh; ,d;wp gdpg;Nghiu Nehf;fp cyfk; gazpj;j tpjj;ij

cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshf gpupe;jikia mbg;gilahf itj;Jg;

gFj;jha;thh;.

12.2 kj;jpa fpof;fpd; murpay; Nghf;F njhlh;ghf jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.

12.3 gyk; tha;e;j Xh; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshf gpsT gly; gw;wp Nrhtpaj;

u\;ahit mbg;gilahf itj;J tpsf;Fthh;.

ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : 16


• ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;dh; INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfhuf; Nfhl;ilfs;

,uz;lhfg; gpsTgw;wik gw;wp mwpjy;.

• ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gl;l mjpfhu Kfhk;fspilNa mjpfhug; Nghl;b

epfo;e;jik gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• kj;jpa fpof;fpd; murpaw;Nghf;F Nkw;F INuhg;gpa murpaypy; jhf;fk;

nrYj;jpaik gw;wp gFj;jha;thh;.

• ,];Nuy;> gy];jPd; gpur;rpid jw;fhy rh;tNjr murpay; neUf;fbahf

mike;jik gw;wpg; gFj;jha;thh;.


Nghupy; gq;F gw;wpa rfy ehLfSf;Fk; mopit tpistpj;J KO cyfpYk;

mghafukhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpa gpd;dNu ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;

KbTw;wJ. ,e;ehLfSs; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj;u\;ahTk; vOr;rp ngw;Wj;

jpfo;e;jd.

Nghupy; mopTw;w Nkiyj;Nja ehLfisg; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;nd

If;fpa mnkupf;fh khh;\y; jpl;lj;ij Kd; itj;jJ. mj;NjhL If;fpa

mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyikapy; Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Njhd;wpaJ. mt;thNw Nrhtpaj;

u\;ahtpd; jiyikapy; fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; rkTilik Kfhk; Njhd;wpaJ.

,k; Kfhk;fspilNa cyf Mjpgj;jpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w mjpfhug; Nghh; eilngw;wJ.

,J gdpg;Nghh; vdg;gLk;. Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; Nel;Nlh jhgdj;ijAk; rkTilik

ehLfs; Nthu;Nrh mikg;igAk; epWtpj; jj;jkJ mjpfhuq;fis epiy ehl;l

Kaw;rpj;jdh;. vdpDk; 80Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Nrhtpaj; u\;ah tPo;r;rp

mile;jJk; gdpg;Nghh; Kbtile;J If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyfg; gyrhypahf


epiyj;jJ. ,f;fhyj;jpDs; If;fpa ehLfs; rigahdJ cyf rkhjhdj;ijf;

fhf;f Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffspy; Fiwepiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,t;tyfpd;

Nehf;fk;> ,t;tplaq;fisf; fw;Wj; jw;fhy cyf murpay; gw;wpa mwpitg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;

cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; Njhd;wpa murpay; gpd;dzp

• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; mJ fhy tiu INuhg;ghtpy; gyk;

tha;e;J tpsq;fpa ehLfs; gykpoe;jd.

• Nrhtpaj;u\;ahTk; mnkupf;fhTk; ,U mzpfshf Kd;Ndw;wkile;jd.

• mJfhytiu fPioj;Nja FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpg; ngUk; NguuRfshfj;

jpfo;e;j gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; jkJ FbNaw;w ehLfis ,oe;jJ.

• ,j;jhypAk; N[h;kDk; nghUshjhu uPjpapYk; Nghh; uPjpapYk;

tPo;r;rpaile;jd.

• ,g;gpd;dzpapy; cyfj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

rkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp

nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.

- jpwikkpf;f Ml;rpahsh;fs; cUthdik.

- jpl;lkplg;gl;l Kiwapy; rkTilik mbg;gilapy; nghUshjhuj;ij

Xq;fr; nra;jik.

- Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; jiyikapy; rkTilikf; Nfhl;il gykile;jik.

- Nghyhe;jpd; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fshd v];Nlhdpah> yw;tpah> ypj;Jntdpah

Nghd;wit u\;ahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;lik.

- fpof;F N[u;kd;> &Nkdpah> gy;Nfupah> q;Nfupah> gpd;yhe;J Nghd;w

ehLfs; u\;ahtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lik.

- rPdhtpy; fk;A+dprr; #oy; cUthjYk; rPdg;Gul;rp %yk; rkTilik

Kfhk; NkYk; gyk; ngw;wik.

Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp

- mZ Fz;L vwptjd; %yk; [g;ghid tPo;j;jp ,uz;lhk; cyfg;

Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJk; mnkupf;fh cyfshtpa uPjpapy;

gykpf;f ehlhf khwpaik.

- If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpufldj; jahupg;G> Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfSf;fhd

nghUshjhu cjtp Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; %yk; Njitahd gzpfis

Nkw;nfhz;lik.

- 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyg; gFjpapy; rh;tNjr uPjpapy;

mnkup;f;fhtpd; Ra&gk; ntspg;gl;lik.

- cyfpy; gyk; kpf;f ehlhFtjw;F mnkupf;fh ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiaj;

jahupj;jik.

'[dehafj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfs; ehNk" - gpuhd;f;ypd; B &];nty;l;


- [dehafj;ij Xq;fr; nra;a ru;tNjr uPjpapy; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;L

gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;j FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk;

toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jJ.

- Mgpupf;fhtpd; fhdh> ie[Pupah> nfd;ah cs;spl;l gy ehLfSf;Fr;

Rje;jpuk; fpilf;f mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPNl fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

- Rje;jpukile;j ehLfis jkJ mjpfhuf; Nfhl;ilapy; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;s eltbf;if vLj;jJ.

- Gjpjhfr; Rje;jpuk; ngWk; ehLfspy; rkTilik thjk; guthJ jLf;f

eltbf;if vLj;jik. (l;&kd; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; kl;Lg;gLj;jw; nfhs;if

- Containment Policy)

- Gjpjhfr; Rje;jpuk; ngw;w Mrpa> Mgpup;f;f> yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfSf;F

tptrha> Rfhjhu> fy;tpj; Jiwfspy; tpNrl epGzj;Jt cjtpfis

toq;Fk; nghUl;L khh;\y; jpl;lj;ij tpahgpj;jik.

- ,t;Tjtpfis u\;ah jiyikapyhd INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Gwf;fzpj;jd.

fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;

- If;fpa mnkupf;fh> Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; jiytd; vd;w tifapy;

jdJ mzpia gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1949Mk; Mz;L tl mj;jpyhe;jpf;

ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (NATO) vDk; mikg;ig epWtpf;

nfhz;lik.

- rkTilik ehLfs; Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nthh;Nrhj;

jghdj;ij epWtpaik.

- Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;Fk;

Nthh;Nrhj; jhgdj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtk; u\;ahTf;Fk; cupj;jhdik.

- mnkupf;fh kPjhd re;Njfj;jpy; u\;ah fpA+ghtpy; VTfizfis epWj;j>

gjpYf;F mnkupf;fh Nrhtpaj; u\;;ahit Fwpitj;J JUf;fpapy;

VTfizfis epWj;jpaik.

- njd; nfhupah Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; mzpapYk; tl nfhupah

rkTilik ehLfspd; mzpapYk; ,ize;J nfhz;lik.

- nfhupahr; rz;il

- `q;Nfupa neUf;fb

- nrf;Nfh];Nyhtf;fpahtpy; u\;a jiyaPL.

- tpal;ehk; Aj;jk;.

- kj;jpa fpof;Fg; gpur;rpidfspy; jiyapl;lik.

gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)

- If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPl;lhy; MAjg; Nghuhl;lkw;w xU

#oy; cUthdJ.

- ,jdhy; ,U mjpfhu mzpfSf;FkpilNa Nghuw;w rkhjhdk; epytpaJ.


gdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbT

- 1985 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; nghUshjhur; rPu;jpUj;jj;ij

eilKiwg;gLj;jpaijj; njhlh;e;J Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpAw;wjd;

tpisthf mjd; rpy gpuNjrq;fs; Rje;jpuj; jdp ehLfshf khwpd.

cjhuzj;jpw;F f]fp];jhd;> cf;Nud;> c];gfp];jhd;> u\;ah> ngNyh

u\;ah ,ize;J u\;af; $l;lhl;rpia epWtpd.

- cyfpy; epytpa ,U mjpfhuf; Nfhl;ilfspd; mjpfhug; Nghl;b Nrhtpaj;

ehL tPo;r;rpaile;jJk; KbTw;wJ.

- Nthu;Nrh mikg;G fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; gpujhd mjpfhu mzpfSf;fpilNa

Vw;gltpUe;j MAjg; Nghiuj; jPh;j;Jitf;f If;fpa ehLfs; rig

jiyapl;lJ.

kj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;F

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp

- JUf;fpau; gy];jPidf; ifg;gw;wpaikahy; mq;fpUe;j A+ju;fs; cyfk;

KOtJk; rpjwbf;fg;gl;lik.

- 1897Mk; Mz;L jpaNlhh; u;rypd; rpnahd;thjf; fhq;fpu]pd; fUj;Jg;gb

A+jh;fis ,];Nuypy; FbNaw;w mgpg;gpuhak; njuptpj;jik.

- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; `pw;yupd; nfhs;ifg;gb A+jh;fisf;

nfhiy nra;jikahy; mtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpah> mnkupf;fh Mfpa

ehLfspy; mfjpfshfj; jQ;rkiljik.

- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; gy];jPd; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; nghWg;gpd;

fPo; te;jik.

- gy];jPdpy; A+jh;fSf;fhd jha; ehl;il jPu;khdpf;f gpupj;jhdpahtpd;

mDruizia njuptpf;Fk; gy;gu; $w;W.

- gy];jPd; mNugpah; Rahl;rp Nfl;;L tpz;zg;gpj;jik.

• A+j tUif fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• mNugpah; A+jh;fSf;Ff; fhzp tpw;gdT nra;tijj; jLf;fg;gl;lik.

- gy];jPdh;fs; A+jf; FbtuTf;nfjpuhf gfp\;fupg;Gf;fspy; <LglYk;

gaq;futhjj;jpy; <LglYk;.

210tuyhW

Mrpupa


brdlh

fp.

gy;Nfupa

h

fpuP];

bA+dprpah

bupg;Nghyp

ngrhd;

fp.

kj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Ffhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ehLfs;: JUf;fpfhl;lg;gl;lmur jiyefu;fs;: nfa;Nuh

iky;fs;

yp gp ah

jpupg;NghypNtdpah

ngd;fhrp

ruNda;fh

fpupl;

vfpg;J

nfa;Nuh

# lh d;

];kPu;

JUf;fpmd;fuh

.

];jhd;G+y;

mnyf;]hd;bah

r. Nrh. F. x

irg;u];epNfhrpah

Ng&l;;

nly; mtptp`a;gh

lk];f];

mk;khd;

N[hu;jhd;

nygdhd;

rpupah

Nkh#y;

gf;lhl;

<uhf;

r T jp

m Nu gp ah

kf;fh

Fitl;

g];uh

upahl;

Nrhkhypyhe;J

nakd;

fhdh

jg;up];nj ;uhd;

];gh`hd;

<uhd;

r. Nrh. F. xfp.

Mg;fhdp];jhd;

ghfp]; jhd;

k];fl;

Xkh

d;

V

l

d;

Vld;

t

t

t

Fitl;


Nghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPL

- 1937Mk; Mz;L gPy; Mizf;FO epWtg;gl;lik.

- gy];jPid mNugpah;fSf;Fk; A+jh;fSf;FkpilNa gfpu;e;jspf;f

gpNuuizfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;likAk;; mNugpau; mjid epuhfupj;jikAk;.

- 1939Mk; Mz;L ,U gpuptpdUf;FkpilNa xU fye;Jiuahly;

eilngw;w NghjpYk; mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jik.

- 1939 Nk 17Mk; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpa muR nts;is mwpf;ifnahd;iw

ntspaply;. (vjpu;tUk; Mz;bDs; gy];jPDs; FbtUk; A+jh;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia 75000 tiu kl;Lg;gLj;jYk; 10 Mz;Lfspy; Rje;jpu

,uhr;rpankhd;iw cUthf;FjYk;)

- mNugpaUk; A+jh;fSk; ,t;twpf;ifia epuhfupj;jik.

If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPL

- 1942 Nk 11Mk; jpfjp rh;tNjr A+j Kftu;fs; mnkupf;fhtpy; $baik.

- ngd; #upadpd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t $w;wpd;gb rpnahd;thjj;jpd;

cj;jpNahfG+h;tf; nfhs;ifiaj; jahupj;jik.

• gy];jPd; KOtJk; A+jh;fSf;fhd Rje;jpu ehlhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lik.

• fl;Lg;ghbd;wp A+jh;fs; gy];jPDs; Fbtu ,lkspj;jik.

• ,e;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L A+jj; Njrpag;

gilazpia epWtpaik.

- gpupj;jhdpahTf;nfjpuhf ,U gaq;futhj ,af;fq;fis A+jh;fs;

mikj;Jf; nfhz;lik.

- A+j Fbtuit mjpfupg;gjw;fhd gpupj;jhdpa murplk; tpz;zg;gpj;j

Ntz;LNfhSf;F mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp l;&kd; mDkjp toq;fpaik.

- ,J njhlh;ghd gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gpNuuizf;F mNugpah; vjpu;g;Gj;

njuptpj;jik.

- 1946 [{d; 30Mk; jpfjp mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpag; gpujpepjpfisAk;

cs;slf;fpa Xh; Mizf;FOit epakpj;jy;> ,t;thizf;FOtpd;>

gpNuuizfSf;Fg; gpupj;jhdpah vJtpj gpujpgypg;igAk; fhl;lhik.

- A+jg;gaq;futhjpfs; gpupj ;jhdpag; gilj; jiyikafj;ijj;

jhf;fpaopj;jik.

- gpupj;jhdpah yz;ldpy; elhj;jpa khehl;by; ,U rhuhUlDk;

fye;jhNyhrpj;j NghjpYk; mJ ntw;wpaspf;fhik.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPL

- 1947 Vg;upy; 02Mk; jpfjp gy];jPd neUf;fbiag; gpupj;jhdpah If;fpa

ehLfs; rigapy; Kd;itj;jik.

- ghJfhg;Gr;rigapy; ghy];jPd; njhlh;ghd tpNrl Mizf;FOnthd;iw

epakpj;jik.

- Mizf;FOtpd; eltbf;iffs; njhlh;gpy; ,U rhuhUk; jpUg;jp

nfhs;shik.

- ghy];jPdpy; rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; Ngz If;fpa ehLfs; gilazp

xd;wpid miog;gjw;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; KbT.


- kfhrig> n[&ryj;jpw;F If;fpa ehLfspd; Mizahsh; xUtiuAk;

gy];jPDf;F If;fpa ehLfspd; mjpfhup xUtiuAk; epakpf;f

KbntLj;jik.

- 1948> Nk 15Mk; jpfjp A+jh;fs; ,];Nuy; vDk; A+j ,uhr;rpankhd;iwg;

gpufldg;gLj;jpaik.

- 1948 Nk 15Mk; jpfjp ghy];jPid ,uz;lhfj; Jz;lhb ,];Nuy; vDk;

A+j ,uhr;rpaj;ij epWtpaik.

muG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPL

- ,];Nuy; cUthf;fj;jpy; Mj;jpuKw;W vfpg;J> <uhf;> N[hu;jhd;> nygdhd;>

rT+jp mNugpah> rpupah vd;gd cldbj;jhf;Fjy; elj;jpaik.

- Nghu; epWj;jj;ij Kd; itj;j I. eh. rigapd; Kftu; gu;dnjj; A+j

jPtputhjpfshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lik.

- I. eh. rigapd; Kftuhd uhy;g; td;Nr jw;fhypf A+j rkhjhdj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpaik.


- G+u;tPfkhf tho;e;J te;j jkJ jha;ehl;il gy];jPdh; ,oe;jdu;.

- NtW ehLfspy; mfjp Kfhk;fspy; tho Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

- kfh rigapd; gpNuuizg;gb n[&ryk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l

efukhfpaJ.

- gy];jPd; gpur;rpid jw;nghOJk; xU rh;tNjr gpur;rpidahf

khw;wkile;Js;sJ.

Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;

- 1980 jrhg;jj;jpd; NghJ Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; [dhjpgjpahf tpsq;fpa

kpfhay; fu;gr;Nrht; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa f;yh];nehl;]; (jpwe;j nfhs;if)

kw;Wk; ngu];j;nuha;fh (rPu;jpUj;jk;) vdg;gLk; nghUshjhur; rPu;jpUj;jk;

Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; tPo;r;rpf;F topaikj;jik.

- fu;gr;NrhTf;Fg; gpd;dh; nghup]; nay;rpq; vd;gth; u\;ahtpd; [dhjpgjp

MdJk; mg;nghUshjhur; rPh;jpUj;jj;ijj; njhlh;e;Jk; mKy;

elhj;jpaik.


- jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if vDk; Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia

u\;ah gpd;gw;wpaik.

- Rje;jpug; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jpaikahy;

rkTilikg; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; tPo;r;rp mile;jik.

- ,jdhy; u\;ah tPo;r;rpaile;J Nrhtpaj; $l;lhl;rpf;F cupj;jhd

frfp];jhd;> cf;Nud;> c];ngfp];jhd;> ngNyh u\;ah> ypj;JNtdpah

Mfpa khepy muRfs; Rje;jpukiljy;.

- u\;ahTk; ngNyhu\;ahTk; gpd;dh; NkYk; rpy ,uhr;rpaq;fs; ,ize;J

u\;a rk\;bia epWtpaik.


fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;


cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjpy; If;fpa ehLfs; ve;jsT ntw;wp fz;Ls;snjd;gij

tpgupj;J mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; ntw;wpaPl;ba ehLfs; kPz;Lk; cyf Aj;jk;;

epfohJ rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; Nehf;fpy; mikf;fg;gl;l If;fpa ehLfs; rigf;F

toq;fpa gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wp Muha;e;J mwpf;if rkh;g;gpg;gJ ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;

Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. Fiwepiwfisf; fz;lwptJk; ,jd; Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

• ,J xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhFk;.

• Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.

• Njitahd %yhjhuq;fis toq;Ff.

• Fwpj;j Ntisapy; mij epiwT nra;f.

• khzthpd; mwpf;iffis kjpg;gPL nra;J Cf;Ftpf;Ff.


Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfisAk; rkTilik ehLfisAk; cyf tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;Ljy;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;dh; Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; jiyik mnkup;f;fhtpd;

trkhdJ. u\;ah rkTilik ehLfspd; jiyikia Vw;wJ. ,t;tpuz;L ehLfSk;

jkJ nfhs;iffisg; gug;g jPtpu Kaw;rpapy; <Lglyhapd. ,jd; tpisthf

,f;fUj;Jf;fs; cyfk; KOtJk; gutpd. mt;thW gutpa ehLfis ,dq;fhz;gJNt

,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• ,JnthU FOr; nraw;ghlhFk;.

• Njitahd %yhjhuq;fs; tiuglq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

• Njitahd MNyhridfis toq;Ff.

• Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; nraw;ghl;il epiwT nra;f.

• xt;nthU FOtpdJk; tiuglj;ij tFg;giwapy; fhz;gpj;J

Fiwepiwfisf; fye;JiuahLf.



rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.

Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: cyfpy; neUf;fb epiyfis vjpu;Nehf;FKfkhf ru;tNjr kw;Wk;

tya kl;lj;jpy; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwapid tpgupg;ghh;.


13.1 MAjg; Nghuhl;lkw;w Xh; cyif cUthf;fntd epWtg;gl;l If;fpa

ehLfs; rig gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.

13.2 gpupj;jhdpag; NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfs;

,q;fpyhe;Jld; njhlh;igg; Ngzntd mikf;fg;gl;l nghJ eytha

ehLfs; mikg;G gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.

13.3 gpujhd ,U mzpfspypUe;Jk; jk;ikg; ghJfhf;f epWtg;gl;l mzprhuh

ehLfs; mikg;G njhlh;ghd jfty;fis Muha;thh;.

13.4 nfLgpbg; Nghh; eilngw;w nghOJ ,U mzpfSk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg;

gug;Gtjw;F epWtg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.

13.5 tya kl;lj;jpy; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L

epWtdq;fis epWtpaik gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.



• rh;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijapl;L If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gad;fis mwpjy;.

• nghJ eytha ehLfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;

gw;wpf; fw;wwpjy;.

• mzprhuh ,af;fk; cyf murpay; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s

gzpfisf; fw;wwpjy;.

• rh;tNjrj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L tya

mikg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;j;Jjy;.


,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh;> cyfpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhug;

gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;J itf;Fk; nghUl;L rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgzTk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; r%fg; nghUshjhug;

gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhzTk; If;fpa ehLfs; rig epWtg;gl;;lJ. mt;thNw

gpupj;jhdpahTld; njhlh;Gfisg; NgZk; Nehf;fpy; nghJ eytha ehLfspd;

mikg;G epWtg;gl;lJ. nfLgpbg; Nghh; epytpa fhyg; gFjpapy; ,U mjpfhu

Kfhk;fSk; Nel;Nlh jhgdj;ijAk; Nthh;Nrh mikg;igAk; epWtpf; nfhz;ld.

,U mzpfisAk; rhuhj ehLfs; xd;wpize;J mzprhuh ,af;fj;ij mikj;jd.

,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> ,t;tikg;Gf;fs; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgzTk; nghUshjhu>

r%fg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;sTk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;sTk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpa eltbf;iffs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjhFk;.


ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rig


1945 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nuhgh; khjk; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ. Kjyhk; cyf kfh

Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; epWtg;gl;l rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpw;Fg; gjpyPlhfNt If;fpa ehLfs;

rig jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjypy; ,t;thwhdnjhU mgpg;gpuhak; 1941 Mf];l; khjk;

tpd;];ld; Nrh;r;rpy;> gpuhd;f;yPd; &];nty;l; ,UtupilNa ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l

mj;jpyhe;jpf; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yNk Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfj; jiyth;fs;

,t;tgpg;gpuhaj;ij mq;fPfupj;jdh;. epWtdk; mikag; ngw Ntz;ba Kiw gw;wp

1944 Mf];l; khjk; lk;gu;l;ld; lf;fpYk; 1945 [{d; khjk; rd;gpuhd;rp];NfhtpYk;

elhj;jg;gl;l fye;Jiuahlypd; NghNj MNyhrpf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;

• rh;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZjYk; Nghiuj; jLj;jYk;.

• cyf ehLfis r%f> nghUshjhu> tpQ;Qhd> fy;tp> fyhrhu uPjpapy;

Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; #o;epiyia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.

• ,d> nkhop> rka> ghy; NtWghL fUjhJ kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;>

ehLfspd; cupikfisAk; ghJfhj;jy;.

• ehLfSf;fpilNa el;Gwit tsh;j;jy;.

fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;G

• If;fpa ehLfs; rigahdJ MW gpujhd epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

• kfh rig

• ghJfhg;Gr; rig

• r%fg; nghUshjhur; rig

• rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

• ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig

• nrayfk;.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . kfh rigkfh rigkfh rigkfh rigkfh rig

If;fpa ehLfs; rig gw;wpa jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gpujhd epWtdk;

,JthFk;. ,J rfy cWg;G ehLfisAk; gpujpepj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; epWtdkhFk;.

Fiwe;jJ tUlnkhU KiwNaDk; ,J $b tUlhe;j fzf;F tof;F>

rh;tNjrg; gpur;rpidfspd; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw MNyhrpj;J

jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;> ghJfhg;Gr; rigf;fhd mq;fj;jth;fs; njupTk;

eilngWk;.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . ghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rig

Ie;J epue;ju mq;fj;jth;fisAk; ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw njupT

nra;ag;gLk; gj;J mq;fj;jth;fisAk; nfhz;l ,r;rigahdJ ahNjDk;

xU gpzf;F Vw;gLk; nghOJ $b mJ gw;wp MuhAk; rfy epue;ju

mq;fj;jtUf;Fk; 'tPl;Nlh" vdg;gLk; ,uj;Jr; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; cz;L.


3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . nrayfk;nrayfk;nrayfk;nrayfk;nrayfk;

rigapd; eltbf;iffs; ,r;nrayfj;jpdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Ie;J

tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw kfh rigahy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; nrayhsh;

ehafk; ,jd; jiytuhthh;. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujk mjpfhup

nrayhsh; ehafNk.

4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

kfh rigahy; epakpf;fg;gLk; 15 eLth;fshy; cWg;G ehLfshy;

Kd;itf;fg;gLk; rh;tNjrg; gpzf;Ffis tprhupj;J jPh;g;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gLk;

jPh;g;Gf;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; me;je;j ehLfisNa rhUk;. mt;tjpfhuk;

ePjp kd;wj;jpw;Ff; fpilahJ. ,e;ePjpkd;wk; N`f; efupy; mike;Js;sJ.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rig

,J rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fpa ek;gpf;ifg; ngWg;G rigf;Fg; gjpyhf

epWtg;gl;lnjhd;whFk;. Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ

vjpuzpapdhplk; ,Ue;j FbNaw;w ehLfspy; Rje;jpu Ml;rpaiktjw;F

Ntz;ba gpd;dzpia cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L Kf;fpakhd rpy ehLfspd;

ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G jtph;e;j Vida midj;Jg; nghWg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fspYk;

Rje;jpu muRfis epWTtjpy; ,r;rig ntw;wp fz;lJ.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . r%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rig

,J 27 mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; r%fg;

nghUshjhu eyd;fSf;fhf ciof;Fk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ,iz

epWtdq;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhuj; Jiw rhh;e;j eltbf;iffspy;

,r;rigahdJ jiyik jhq;fpr; nraw;gLk;.

cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;

cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;Fg; ghjfk; tpisAk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mq;F jiyapl;L

nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigf;Fz;L.

vdpDk;> Kjyhk; jrhg;jj;jpy; nfLgpbg; Nghh; epytpa nghOJ ghJfhg;Gr; rigapd;

epue;ju cWg;G ehLfSf;fhd tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; gpur;rpidfs;

vOe;jJKz;L. jPh;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg; ghJfhg;Gr; rigf;F ,ayhJ Nghapd

mt;tjpfhuk; 1950Mk; Mz;L kfh rigf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

- gpzf;Ffspd; NghJ Neubj; jiyaPL

1950 - 1953 nfhupag; gpzf;F

1960 - 1964 nfhq;Nfhg; gpzf;F

- Vida gy gpzf;Ffspd; NghJ Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;f;fTk; kPz;Lk;

mt;tzpapdupilNa Kuz;ghLfisj jtph;f;fTk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lik.

- If;fpa ehLfs; rig jiyapl;Nlh my;yJ %d;whk; egupd; cjtpAld;

fye;jhNyhrpj;Njh Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;j;jik.

- jilfs; tpjpg;gjd; %yk; mOj;jq;fs; nfhLj;jik.

(njd;dhgpupf;fh> nuhBrpah)

- gpzf;fpy; <Lgl;l Njr vy;iyapy; rkhjhdg; gilia epWj;jpaik.

- Nghupy; ,lk;ngah;e;NjhUf;Fg; Gfyplk; toq;fpaik.


fh\;kPh; gpur;rpid (1947 - 1948)> gy];jPd; gpur;rpid (1947) irg;gpu]; gpzf;F

(1964)> nygdhd; gpzf;F (1978) Nghd;wtw;wpd; NghJ ,U mzpfSf;FkpilNa

Nghh; Vw;glhJ jLf;f rkhjhdg;gilia mDg;gpaik.

nfhupag; gpzf;F (1950 - 1953)> nfhq;Nfhg; gpur;rpid (1960 - 1964) Mfpatw;wpd;

NghJ If;fpa ehLfs; gilazp NeubahfNt Nghupy; jiyapl;lik.

,e;NjhNdrpahTf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f jdJ gq;fspg;ig toq;fpAs;sik.

vdpDk; `q;Nfupa vOr;rp (1956)> nrf;Nfh];Nyhtf;fpag; gpur;rpid (1968)> <uhd;

- <uhf; Aj;jk; (1980 - 1988)> fk;G+r;rpag; gpur;rpid (1975) Mfpatw;wpd; NghJ

mnkupf;f> u\;a fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhfj; jiyapl KbahJ Nghapw;W.

,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

• rh;tNjrj; njhopyhsh; mikg;G (ILO)

• czT tptrhaj; jhgdk; (FAO)

• If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd> fyhrhu epWtdk; (UNESCO)

• rh;tNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF)

• cyf Rfhjhu jhgdk; (WHO)

• If;fpa ehLfspd; rh;tNjr rpWth; epjpak; (UNICEF)

• th;j;jfk;> mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; khehL (UNCTAD)

• th;;j;jfk;> jPu;it njhlh;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; khehL (GATT)

• Gduikg;Gf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd rh;tNjr tq;fp (IBRD)

vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;

- cyfk; ,uz;L Aj;jg; ghriwfshf gpsTw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lik.

- If;fpa ehLfspd; gilazpia cUthf;Ftjpy; vOe;j neUf;fb.

- mZthAjf; fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghd rpwe;j jpl;lq;fs; ,d;ik.

- gzj;jl;Lg;ghL.

nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;G


- gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpw;Fl;gl;Lg; gpd;dh; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l ehLfspd;

$l;lhFk; jw;Nghija mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if 54 MFk;.

- ,jd; jiyikj;Jtk; gpupj;jhdpahitr; NrUk;.

- gu;khTk; RtPlDk; jtph;e;j gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;w Vida

ehLfs; midj;Jk; ,q;F mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd.

- nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;gpw;fhd Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gil> el;G>

kdpjupilNa fhl;lg;gLk; kupahij Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fkhd

ey;nyz;zk;.


tuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzp

- g pu pj ;jhdpag ; g pujkUf ;Fk ; Rje ;j puk ; ngw ;w ehLfspd ; g puj p

epjpfSf;Fkpilapyhd fUj;juq;F1887Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1911Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mJ 'Vfhjpgj;jpa rk;Nksdk;" vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,JNt 1949Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;G (Common

Wealth Nations) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;

- kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd rh;tNjr rkhjhdk;

kw;Wk; ];jpuj; jd;ikia fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

- NtWghLfisj; Jwe;J rfyupdJk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuk;> rk cupikf;fhfg;

ghLgly;.

- jdJ r%fj;ijr; rPu;nra;a [dehaf uPjpapy; murpay; eltbf;iffspy;

<Lgl rfyUf;FKs;s cupikiag; ghJfhj;jy;.

- tWik> gbg;gwptpd;ik> Neha; nehbfis xopj;Jf; fl;Ltjw;F kf;fspd;

tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;.

- cyf kf;fspilNa ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L NghUf;fhd

#o;epiyfis ePf;fp rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if

vLj;jy;.

- ,dthjk;> FbNaw;wthjk; Mfpatw;iw ntWj;njhJf;fp kdpjdpd; r%f

epiyia Nkk;gLj;jy;.

mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;

- gpupj;jhdpag; NguurpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtj;jpw;F

tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. vdpDk; mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpd; NghJ mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;s

Vida ehLfspd; mq;fPfhuj;JlNdNa mq;fj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLk;.

- ve;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; jdJ tpUg;gpd;gb cWg;GupikapypUe;J ePq;fr; re;jh;g;gk;

cz;L.

cjhuzk;:

• 1959Mk; Mz;L njd;dhgpupf;fhTk; ghfp];jhDk; mq;fj;Jtj;jpypUe;J

ePq;fpf; nfhz;ld. vdpDk; 1972Mk; Mz;L ngdhrph; G+l;Nlh kPz;Lk;

ghfp];jhDf;F mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;.

- mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffSf;F khwhfr; nraw;gbd; cWg;Gupikia ePf;Fk;

mjpfhuKk; cz;L. 1987Mk; Mz;L gp[pj; jPTfs; mq;fj;Jtj;jpypUe;J

ePf;fg;gl;lik.

- nghJ eytha ehLfspd; ,uhrje;jpug; gpujpepjp (J}Jth;) 'Mizahsh;

ehafk;" vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.

,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;- ahg;G Kiw fpilahJ.- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if> rl;lk; Nghd;w

Jiwfspy; vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk; fpilahJ.- mq;fj;JtehLfs; gytw;wpy; ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.


nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;- nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; mq;fj;jth;fSf;F xj;Jiog;G

toq;Fk; tifapy; ,ilj; jufuhfr; nraw;gly;.- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; tpisahl;L> ,isQh; tptfhuk; cs;spl;l r%f

fyhrhu mgptpUj;jpf;F Vw;w nraw;ghLfis Vw;ghL nra;jy;.- fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> rl;lk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; gapw;rp toq;Fjy;.

nghJ eytha mikg;gpd; njhopEl;g xj;Jiog;G epjpaj;jpd; %yk; nghUshjhur%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tptfhuq;fSf;F njhopEl;g cjtp toq;Fjy;.

- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; epjp mikr;rh;fspd; xd;W$liy tUlhe;jk; xOq;Fnra;jy;.

- ,U tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw mur jiyth;fspd; rk;Nksdj;ij xOq;Fnra;jy;.

cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzp

- cyfpy; mt;tg;NghJ Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjpy; gy ehLfspd;

gq;fspg;G.

- gu];guf; fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;> fye;Jiuahly;> xj;Jiog;G Mfpatw;wpy;

ek;gpf;if.

- nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp.

• njhopEl;g xj;Jiog;G epjpaj;jpd; %yk; MNyhridr; Nrit> epGzj;Jt

Nritfisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

• Mgpupf;f ehLfSf;fhd cjtp toq;Fk; tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lk;.

- fy;tpf;fhd xj;Jiog;G

- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; khzth;fSf;Fg; Gyikg; guprpy;fs; toq;fy;> fy;tpg;

gupkhw;wj; jpl;lq;fs;.

- epuhAjkakhf;fYf;fhd xj;Jiog;G

• 1973Mk; Mz;L xl;lhth rk;Nksdj;jpd; NghJ mZthAjg;

gupNrhjidfis jil nra;tjw;fhd xg;ge;jj;ij kjpj;J nraw;gLkhW

mZ ty;Ydh;fsplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jy;.

- kf;fspilNa rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;.

• ,];Nuypd; gutyhf;fw; nfhs;ifia vjph;j;J epw;wy;.

• gy];jPdh;fspd; cupikfSf;fhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jy;.

- ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;nfhU Kiw jdJ $l;lj;ij elhj;jp gy;NtW rh;tNjrg;

gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;gpy; Muha;jy;.

- tpNrl ntspaPLfis ntspaply; 1979Mk; Mz;L Yrhf;fh $w;W.

- kf;fis xw;Wikg;gLj;jy;.

• $l;lq;fs;> Rw;Wyhf;fs; %yk; gy;NtW njhopy; rhh;e;NjhUld; gu];gu

mwpKfk; kw;Wk; njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.

• 'nghJ eytha kd;wk;" gy;NtW njhopy; rhh;e;Njhupd; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;ij toq;fy;.

- ehd;F tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfis elhj;Jjy;.

mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;

- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; cUthfpa rkTilik kw;Wk;

Kjyhspj;Jtk; Mfpa mzpapdiur; rhuhJ epd;w ehLfspd; ntspehl;Lf;

nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdNj mzpNruh ,af;fk;.

- Nkiyj;Nja Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l %d;whk; cyf ehLfs; vdf;

fUjg;gLk; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfs; mjpfk; ,jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd.


- ,jd; jhgfh;fshff; fUjg;gLNthh; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjw; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy;

NeU> ,e;NjhNd\pah [dhjpgjp Rfh;Ndh> A+Nfh];yhtpa [dhjpgjp kh\y;

bl;Nlh> vfpg;jpa [dhjpgjp fkhy; mg;Jy; ehrh;> fhdhtpd; jiyth; FthNk

epf;&kh.

nfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;if

• Rje;jpuk;> ghJfhg;G> rkhjhdk;> xj;Jiog;G Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l nfhs;if.

• mjpfhu mzpfSf;F mbgzpahJ jkJ ehl;bd; eyDf;fhd Nfhl;ghLfis

tFj;jy;.

• Aj;j cld;gbf;iffSf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njptpj;;jy;> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij epuhfupj;jy;.

• rkhjhdj;jpw;fhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jy;.

- 1945 Mk; Mz;L [t`h;yhy; NeU Kd;itj;j gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifahdJ

mjw;F Kd;dNu nrs vd; vf;yha; vd;gtuhy; Kd; nkhopag;gl;bUe;jJ.

,g;gQ;rrPyf; Nfhl;ghL mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. mitahtd>

• rfy ehLfspdJk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; xUikg;ghl;ilAk; kjpj;jy;.

• ve;j ,dj;ijAk; Mf;fpukpf;fhjpUj;jy;.

• ve;j ehl;bdJk; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaPL nra;ahjpUj;jy;.

• rkhjhd rf tho;T

• rkj;JtKk; gu];gu eyd; NgzYk;.

- 1955Mk; Mz;L gz; q; rk;Nksdj;jpd; NghJ Mrpa> Mgpupf;fj; jiyth;fs;

mzpNruhf; Nfhl;ghl;il mq;fPfupj;jdh;.

- KjyhtJ mzpNruh khehL A+Nfh];yhtpaj; jiyth; kh\;y; bl;Nlhtpd;

jiyikapy; 1961Mk; Mz;L ngy;fpNul; efupy; eilngw;wJ.

- Muk;g mkh;tpy; 23 Mrpa ehLfSk; 7 Mgpupf;f ehLfSk; fye;J nfhz;ld.

mjd; jw;Nghija mq;fj;jth; vz;zpf;if 118 MFk;.

- %d;W my;yJ ehd;F tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw khehL eilngWk;.

- 1976Mk; Mz;L Ie;jhtJ mzpNruh khehL nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;wJ.

mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;

• tWik xopg;G

• ehLfSf;fpilNa xj;Jiog;G

• gaq;futhj Kwpabg;G

• Nghijg; nghUs; xopg;G

Mgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;G

- 1963Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; mb]; mghghtpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Mgpupf;f

If;fpa epWtdk;> 2002Mk; Mz;L Mgpupf;fr; rq;fk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ>

Mgpup;f;f ,dj;jth;fspilNa rkhjhdk;> xw;Wik> xj;Jiog;G Mfpatw;iwg;

Ngzp tsh;j;jy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

- jiyikafk; vj;jpNahg;ghtpd; mb]; mghghtpy; mike;Js;sJ. tUlhe;jk;

$Lk; mur jiyth;fspd; rk;Nksdk; ,t;tikg;gpd; cah;e;j rigahFk;.

- ngUk;ghYk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; mq;fj;jth;fspilNa epyTk;

Vw;wj;jho;thFk;. cjhuzkhf Nehf;fpd; mq;Nfhyhtpd; cs;;ehl;Lr; rz;ilapd;

NghJ vf;fl;rpapdUf;Fj; jkJ xj;Jiog;ig toq;FtJ vd;gjpy; mq;fj;Jt

ehLfspilNa xU cld;ghl;il vl;l Kbatpy;iy.


vdpDk;> Vida gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,t;tikg;ghdJ rpwe;j tpisTfisg;

ngw;Ws;sJ. cjhuzk; :

• my;[pupa - nkhnuhf;Nfh vy;iyg; gpzf;F (1964 - 1965)

• Nrhkhypa - ,jpNahg;gpa vy;iyg; gpzf;F (1968 - 1970)

• fpdptprt;> mq;Nfhyh> nkhrhk;gpf; Mfpa ehLfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa

Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;nfjpuhd Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F cjtp toq;Ftjpy;

ngw;w ntw;wp.

gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;


- tq;fhsNjr Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp rpah - cy; - u ;khdpd; MNyhridf;fika

gy Rw;Wf; fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;dh; 1985 b]k;gh; 7Mk; jpfjp rhh;f;

mikg;G epWtg;gl;lJ.

Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;

- njw;fhrpa tya kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf mth;fsJ tho;f;ifj; juj;ij

Nkk;gLj;jg; ghLgly;.

- nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp> r%f Nkk;ghL> fyhrhu tsh;r;rp Vw;gLk; tpjkhf

rfyuJ nfsutj;ijAk; Ngzpf; fhj;J jdJ jpwikfspdhy; cr;r gyd;

ngwy;.

- gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; gu];gu xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;jp jd;dk;gpf;ifia cUthf;Fjy;.

- gu];gu ek;gpf;if> njspT> xt;nthUtuJ gpur;rpid njhlh;gpYk; tpsq;fpr;

nraw;gly;.

- nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> njhopEl;g> tpQ;Qhd tptfhuq;fspy; xj;Jiog;G>

cjtp nra;J nfhs;sf; $ba jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg; gLj;jy;.

- Vida tsh;r;rp mile;j ehLfSld; xj;Jiog;ig tsh;j;jy;.

- nghJ eyd; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; rh;tNjr epWtdq;fSld; xj;Jioj;jy;.

- mNj Nehf;fpy; gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fSld; xj;Jioj;jy;.

mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;

- tq;fhs Njrk;> G+l;lhd;> ,e;jpah> khiy jPT> Neghsk;> ghfp];jhd;>

,yq;if.

gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;

,e;jpah - uh[Pt; fhe;jp

ghfp];jhd; - rpah cy; `f;

,yq;if - N[.Mh;.[ath;jd

Neghsk; - gpNue;jpuh kd;dh;

G+l;lhd; - [pf;Nt rq;Rf; kd;dh;

tq;fhsNjrk; - ,u;rhl;


mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G

• mur jiyth;fspd; khehL tUlj;Jf;nfhU Kiw eilngWk;.

• tUlj;jpy; ,uz;L jlitfs; ntspehl;likr;rh;fspd; $l;lk; eilngWk;.

• tUlj;jpy; ,U jlitfs; my;yJ Njitf;Nfw;g ,uh[hq;fr; nrayhsh;fspd;

epue;ju Mizf;FO $Lk;.

jiyikafk;jiyikafk;jiyikafk;jiyikafk;jiyikafk;

rhh;f; nrayfk; Neghsj;jpd; fj;kz;L efupy; 1987 [dthp 16Mk; jpfjp

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; nrayhsh; ehaj;jpd; cj;jpNahfG+h;t fhyk; ,uz;L

Mz;LfshFk;. nrayhsh; ehafj;ij epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd jPh;khdk;

ntspehl;likr;rh; $l;lj;jpd; NghJ mfu tupirg;gb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

nfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;if

- xt;nthU ehLfspdJk; rk Rje;jpuj;ij kjpj;jy;.

- epyg; gpizg;G

- murpay; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

- Vida ehLfspd; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhjpUj;jy;.

ntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tp

- xt;nthU khjKk; Kjyhe; jpfjp rhh;f; fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyd; gupkhw;w

nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; rfy mq;fj;Jt ehLfspYk; jdJ nraw;jpl;lq;fis

gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;.

- tq;fhs Njrj;jpy; rhh;f; tptrhaj; jfty; epiyaj;ij mikj;jy;.

- rhh;f; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; elhj;Jjy;.

- gpuhe;jpa ehLfSf;F Rje;jpukhfr; nrd;Wtur; re;jh;g;gk; toq;Ftjw;fhd

xU gpNuuizAk; cz;L.

- rhh;f; ehLfspd; khzth;fSf;fhd xU rh;tfyhrhiy ,e;jpahtpy;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;

INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;


- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; INuhg;ghtpd; nghUshjhuKk; ghJfhg;Gk;

tPo;r;rp mile;jik.

- tPo;r;rpaile;j nghUshjhuj;ij kPsf; fl;banaOg;Gjypy; jdpj;Jr; nra;a

Kbahik.

- mjw;nfd INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gy cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.

- INuhg;ghtpd; nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;gpw;fhfj; jhgpf;fg;gl;l INuhg;gpar; rq;fk;>

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; INuhg;gpar; re;ij vdTk; 1967 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dh; mJ

INuhg;gpag; nghUshjhur; r%fk; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.


Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;

- INuhg;ghtpy; epyf;fup kw;Wk; ,Uk;G cw;gj;jpia xNu mjpfhu rigapd;

fPo; nfhz;L tUKfkhf MW ehLfs; ,ize;J nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l

cld;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. (INuhg;gpa epyf;fup kw;Wk;

,Uk;G r%fk; - 1951)

- nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;ig Nehf;fpw; nfhz;L INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;

my;yJ INuhg;gpa re;ijia epWtpaJ - 1957

- INuhg;gpa mZrf;jp r%fj;ij epWtpaik - 1957

- jw;fhy murpay; xj;Jiog;G tiu tsh;r;rp ngw;W tUfpd;wik.

fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;G

gpujhd epWtdq;fs;

• INuhg;gpa fTd;rpy;.

• INuhg;gpa Mizf;FO.

• INuhg;gpa ghuhSkd;wk;.

• INuhg;gpa ePjpkd;wk;.

cWg;GupikcWg;GupikcWg;GupikcWg;GupikcWg;Gupik

- Muk;gj;jpy; (1957) gpuhd;];> Nkw;F N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> ngy;[pak;> nejh;yhe;J>

yf;rk;Ngh;f;

- 1973,y; kfh gpupj;jhdpah> mah;yhe;J> nld;khh;f;.

- 1996,y; cWg;Gupik 15Mf mjpfupj;jJ. (mT];jpupah> gpd;yhe;J> fpNuf;fk;>

Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;> RtPld;)


- nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G

- murpay; xj;Jiog;G.

Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;

- 1957 - 1970 nghUshjhu xUikg;ghl;ilg; G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

eltbf;if

- 1970 - 2000 murpay; xUikg;ghl;ilg; G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd eltbf;if.

nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;

- jPh;itf; fl;lzr; rYif toq;fy;.

- nghJthd ntspthhp jPh;itf; fl;lz Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;fy;.

- nghJthd tptrhaf;nfhs;ifnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.

- nghJthd tupf;nfhs;ifnahd;iw mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

- 1967Mk; Mz;L INuhg;gpa r%fk; vDk; ngaupy; Gjpa epWtd mikg;nghd;iw

cUthf;fy;.

- Gjpa mq;fj;jth;fis Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

- INuhg;ghtpw;nfd xNunahU jdpr; re;ijiag; gpNuupj;jy;. mjpfg;gbahd

thf;Ffshy; jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

- mjpfg;gbahd thf;Ffshy; jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

- xd;wpize;j epjp Kiwnahd;iwg; gpd; gw;Wk; INuhg;gpa rq;fj;ij

cUthf;Fjy;.

- 1999Mk; Mz;L Kjy; A+Nuh ehza Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;.


murpay;murpay;murpay;murpay;murpay;

- INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G %yk; murpay; xj;Jiog;ig Kd;ndLj;Jr;

nry;yy;.

- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; cUthFk; murpay; neUf;fb> nfhs;if eltbf;if

njhlh;gpy; jfty; gupkhwy;.

Mrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;G

(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)

Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;

- Nkhjy;> rz;il> Kuz;ghL Mfpad ,t;tyaj;jpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gl;lik.

- yhNth];> fk;G+r;rpah> tpal;ehk; Mfpa ehLfspy; eilngw;w Vfhjpgj;jpa -

fk;A+dpr Aj;jk;.

- ,e;NjhNd\pah> kNyrpah ,ilNa vy;iyg; gpur;rpid nghUshjhu neUf;fb

- kyhf;fh ePupiziag; ghJfhj;jy;.

- nghUshjhu neUf;fb.

mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;

- Gtpapay; uPjpahfj; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; mike;Js;s ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtk;

ngwyhk;.

- Muk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; - kNyrpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> jha;yhe;J> rpq;fg;G+h;>

gpypg;igd;];.

- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if gj;jhf mjpfupj;jy; (G&iz> tpal;ehk;>

yhNth];> kpad;khh;> fk;G+r;rpah)

- ,J Gypf;Nfhj;jpuk; (TIGER CUBS) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Muk;gk;Muk;gk;Muk;gk;Muk;gk;Muk;gk;

Ngq;nfhf; $w;wpd; gpufhuk; 1967Mk; Mz;L Mrpahd; epWtg;gl;lJ.


- gpuhe;jpa nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu tsh;r;rpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;jy;.

- nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> tpQ;Qhd> eph;thfj; Jiwfspy; xj;Jiog;G

toq;fy;.

- fy;tp> njhopy;> njhopEl;gk;> epu;thfj; Jiwfspy;> gapw;Wtpj;jy;> Ma;Tfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

- rkhjhdk;> ,];jpuj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jy;.

fl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;G

• ntspehl;likr;rh;fisf; nfhz;l mikr;rh; rk;Nksdk;.

• Mrpahd; nraw;FO.

• Mrpahd; nrayfk;.

• epue;ju Mizf;FO.


eltbf;ifeltbf;ifeltbf;ifeltbf;ifeltbf;if

- 1977 Mk; Mz;L [g;ghDldhd xd;wpize;j FOtpdiu mikj;jik.

- 1980 Mk; Mz;L INuhg;gpa rq;fj;Jld; xj;Jiog;G xg;ge;jnkhd;iwr;

nra;J nfhz;lik.

- fk;G+r;rpa rptpy; Aj;jj;jpd; jufuhfr; nraw;gl;lik.

tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (NATO)))))

gpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzp

- ,uz;lhk ; cyf kfh Aj ;jj ;ij mLj ;J Nrht paj ; u\ ;ah >

nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpahit fk;A+dpr Mjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jik

(1948)> gu;ypDf;F ,ilA+W tpistpj;jik (1948 - 1949) Nghd;w rpy

eltbf;iffis INuhg;gpahtpy; Nkw;nfhz;likahy; mit jkJ epyTiff;F

mr;RWj;jyhff; fUjpa me;ehLfs; 1949Mk; Mz;L ,t;tikg;ig cUthf;fpd.

- 1948,y; gpNurpy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l gpupj;jhdpah;> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;>

xy;;yhe;J> yf;]k;Ngh;f; Mfpa muRfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;l 1949,y; tl

mj;jpyhe;jpf; xg;ge;jk; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;l fdlh> Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> nld;khh;f;>

mah;yhe;J> ,j;jhyp> Nehh;Nt Mfpa ehLfs; ,t;tikg;gpd; Muk;g

cWg;gpduhth;. 1955,y; Nkw;F N[h;kDk; ,jpy; ,ize;jJ.


- ahNjDnkhU mq;fj;Jt ehl;bw;Fg; giftdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G Vw;gLkplj;J

mijj; jkJ ehl;Lf;F vjpuhf elhj;jg;gLfpd;w Mf;fpukpg;ghff; fUjp

mjw;nfjpuhf xUkpj;Jr; nraw;gl cWg;G ehLfs; ,zq;fpAs;sd. ,jd;

epkpj;jk; Nel;Nlhg; gilazpnahd;iw elhj;jpr; nry;yj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jd; cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy; fk;A+dpr mr;RWj;jy;fis ntw;wp

nfhs;tjhFk;.

- ,J jtpu cWg;G ehLfspilNa xw;Wikia tsh;j;jy;> r%f epiyia

Nkk;gLj;jy;> xd;wpize;j INuhg;ghitf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; ,jd;

Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

- ,jd; jiyikafk; ghup]py; mike;jpUe;jJ nfhupag; gpzf;F Nel;Nlhtpd;

gilg;gyj;ij mjpfupf;f topNfhypaJ.

- Nkw;F N[h;kd; kPJ u\;ah gilnaLg;gjw;fhd re;jh;g;gk; Nel;Nlhtpd;

gyj;jhy; jtpu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

- jhgdj;jpDs; mnkupf;fhtpd; mjpfhuj;ijg; gw;wp mjpUg;jp mile;j gpuhd;];

1966 ,y; jhgdj;jpypUe;J ePq;fpf; nfhz;lJ.


Nthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;G

gpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzp

- Nkw;F N[h;kd; Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhz;lJk; mjw;fhd

gjpy; eltbf;ifahf Nrhtpaj; ehLk; fpof;F INuhg;gpa fk;A+dpr ehLfSk;

xd;wpize;J Nthh;Nrh efupy; ,izg;igj; jhgpj;jd. Nel;Nlhitg; Nghd;Nw

,JTk; gu];gu xj;Jiog;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lnjhU ghJfhg;G

mikg;ghFk;.

- u\;ahtpd; jiyapyhd ,t;tikg;gpd; Muk;g mq;fj;jth;fs; Nghye;J> fpof;F

N[h;kd;> `q;Nfup> nrf;Nfh];Nyhtf;fpah> UNkdpah Mfpad.


- Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;ijg; Nghd;Nw xd;wpize;j ghJfhg;G> el;G> rftho;T

,t;tikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,t;tikg;Gk; Nel;Nlhitg; Nghd;W

jdf;nfdnthU gilazpia cUthf;fpaNjhL mjd; fl;lisajpfhup

'u\;aj ;" jsgjpahthh ; . 1989Mk; Mz;L fk;A+dprf ; Nfhl ;il

tPo;r;rpaile;jikahy; Nthh;Nrh mikg;G fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.


fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.


tya uPjpapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gf;fs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; cs;spl;l

Rth;g;gj;jpupifnahd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;.

gy;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epWtg;gl;Ls;s gpuhe;jpa

epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;G> Nehf;fk;> eltbf;if njhlh;ghf Muha;e;J Rth;g;

gj;jpupif jahupj;jy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• ,J xU FOr; nraw;ghlhFk;.

• xt;nthU gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpAk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;FkhW

FOf;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• Njitahd %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp khzth;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Ff.

• Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;l jfty;fis gad;gLj;jp Rth;g; gj;jpupifiaj;

jahhpf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

• jahhpg;gjw;F Kd;dh; jfty;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• mtw;wpd; rupgpio gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;f.

• Fwpj;j fhyj;jpDs; Ntiyia epiwT nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

• nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.


mzprhuh ,af;fj;jpd; Muk;gk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;> eltbf;iffis Muha;e;J xU rpW

Gj;jfj;ijj; jahhpj;jy;.

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;ij mLj;J Kjyhspj;Jt> rkTilik mzpapdUf;fpilNa

gdpg;Nghh; epfo;e;jJ. jkJ mjpfhuq;fis Vida ehLfspYk; tpahgpf;f mth;fs;

Kide;jdh;. ,t;tOj;jq;fspypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf %d;whk; cyf

ehLfs; xd;wpize;J ,jid epWtpd. ,jd; Nehf;fk;> eltbf;if> jhgfj;

jiyth;fs; njhlh;gpy; mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• ,J jdpr; nraw;ghlhFk;.

• khzth;fSf;F %yhjhuq;fs;> E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; gw;wpa jfty;fis

toq;Ff.

• Fwpj;j fhy msit xJf;Ff.

• mtrpakhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.

• nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.


ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL Mfpad fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa %d;W

$WfshFk; vd;gijAk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa fzpg;gPl;ilAk;

kjpg;gPl;ilAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; vy;yh Mrpupau;fSk; njspthf

mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis

xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd

vd;gJ Mrpupau;fs; ahtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;. njhlu; (epjKk; epfOk;);

fzpg;gPl;L Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;f fw;wy; eilngWk;NghNj fzpg;gPLk; ,lk;ngw

Ntz;Lk;. ,J fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gg;gFjp> ,ilg;gFjp>

,Wjpg;gFjp Mfpa ve;j xU rkaj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwyhk; vd;gij Mrpupau;fs;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. jkJ khztiu kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xu;

Mrpupau; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; fzpg;gPL Mfpad njhlu;ghd xOq;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwg;

gad;gLj;jy; mtrpak;

ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ xU guPl;ir

KiwNah Nrhjid elj;JtNjh my;y. mJ khztu;fsJ fw;wiyAk;> Mrpupau;

fsJ fw;gpj;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU KiwikahFk;.

Mjyhy; khztu;fSf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;J mtu;fSila gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;

fisAk; ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;Fg; gupfhuk; fz;lthW khztu;fis mtu;fsJ

cr;r tsu;r;rp kl;lj;ij milar; nra;tjw;;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU Ntiyj;

jpl;lkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad; %yk;> Njly; nrad;Kiwapd;ghy; khztu;fs; topg;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wdu;. ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ijr;

nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ khztu;fspilNa Mrpupau; nrd;W mtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiy

fis mtjhdpj;J topfhl;liy toq;fpr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F khztu;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf fzpg;;gPl;Lf;F cs;shf;fg;gLtNjhL

khztu; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;j;jthW eilngWfpd;wjh vd;gij Mrpupau;

cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

khztUf;F jf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw khztu;fs; rupahfg;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Clhf epfo

Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL mjw;Fj; jf;f topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fzpg;gPl;by;

<Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fSf;F ,uz;L tifahd topfhl;ly;fis

toq;f KbAk;. mit nghJthf gpd;D}l;ly;/ Kd;D}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.


khztu;fspd; gytPdq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk; fz;lwpe;jNghJ mtu;fsJ

fw;wy; gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztu;fspd; jpwik

fisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; ,dk; fhZk;NghJ mtw;iw Nkd;gLj;j Kd;D}l;liyAk;

toq;FtJk; Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhf ghlnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; ve;j

Nehf;fj;ij ve;j kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;> khztu;

fSf;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ. fzpg;gPLfs; %yk; khztu;fs; mile;Js;s Nju;r;rp

kl;lq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy; MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;>

Mrpupau;fs;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;F khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa

jfty;fis mwptpg;gjw;F Mrpupau; Kida Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba

kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiw> njhlu;r;rpahf khztiu fzpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;j

tha;g;gspf;Fk; ghlrhiy kl;l fzpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;.

Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwiaAk;

khztu;fspd; fw;wy; nrad;KiwiaAk; NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gply; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFKiw

tiffs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ePz;lfhykhf Mrpupau;fSf;F Njrpa

fy;tp epWtdj;jpdhYk;> guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l

KiwfshFk;. vdNt mit njhlu;ghf ghlrhiyj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupau;fs;

Nghjpa mwpt+l;lk; ngw;wpUg;gu; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j mZFKiwg;

Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;) tUkhW:

1. xg;gilfs;

2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;

3. mstha;Tfs;

4. Njbaha;Tfs;

5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;

6. fz;fhl;rp/ Kd;itj;jy;fs;

7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs;

8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;

9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs;

10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;

11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs;

12. nrtpkLj;jy; Nrhjidfs;

13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghL

14. Ngr;Rf;fs;


15. Ra Mf;fq;fs;

16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;

17. vz;zf;fU glq;fs;

18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[u;dy;

19. Rtu;g; gj;jpupiffs;

20. tpdh - tpil epfo;r;rpfs;

21. tpdh - tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs;

22. tpthjq;fs;

23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;

24. fUj;juq;Ffs;

25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT

26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; midj;ij

Ak;> vy;yh ghlq;fspdJ vy;yh myFfSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd vjpu;

ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy. jkJ ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpj;j ghl myfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd

Ngjq;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tjw;F mwpt+l;lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fika

mtw;iwj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;gb Mrpupau; mwpTiug;gb topfhl;bapy; jkJ khztu;fspd; fw;wy;

Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fzpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fzpg;gPl;L

tiffs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;

jpw;fhf mtw;iwj; jf;fthW gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ

jtpu;j;jy; khztu; jkJ mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; cs vOr;rp> cs ,af;fj; jpwd;fis

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.


jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1



gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy fhzg;gl;l ,uh[jhdpfs; njhlh;ghd

jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa Rth;g;gj;jpupif xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.

• khzth;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• FOf;fSf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

FO 1 Nfhl;il ,uh[jhdp

FO 2 aho;g;ghz ,uh[jhdp

FO 3 fz;b ,uh[jhdp

FO 4 rPjhthf;if ,uh[jhdp

• xt;nthU FOTf;FKupa jiyg;gpd; fPo; jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa mwpf;if

xd;iw Rth;g;gj;jpupiff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.

• mtw;iw cUf;fs; tiuGfs; rpj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

Mf;fG+h;tkhdjhf jahupf;f mwpTWj;Jf.

• FOf;fspd; Mf;fq;fisr; Nrfupj;J Rth;g;gj;jpupif xd;iw jahupf;Ff.

gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.

kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;

01. jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghLk; gpioapd;ikAk; 04

02. jfty;fspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04

03. kpfTk; Mf;fG+h;tkhd nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fp ,Uj;jy; 04

04. KOr; nraw;ghl;by; gq;fspg;G 04

05. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; ifaspj;jy; 04

nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0


'fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Ml;rpahsu;fs;" vDk; jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

jfty;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhit xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhfj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.

• ,jw;fhf Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k #upa kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J = tpf;fpukuh[

rpq;fd; fhyk; KbAk; tiuAs;s murpay; jfty;fis cs;slf;fpajhf

nraw;ghl;ilj; jahupf;Fk; gb mwpTWj;Jf.

• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOthfg; gpupj;J jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gNjhL

cupa jiyg;Gf;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;F cupa jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

• xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; ngw;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; jfty; Nfhit xd;iwj;

jahupg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; nraw;ghLfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;s

mwpTWj;Jf.


• Fwpj;j ehs; xd;wpy; FOr;nraw;ghl;bw;F cupa jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J

jftw;Nfhit iaj; jahupf;fr; nra;f.

• gpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F Vw;g kjpg;gPL nra;f.


01. jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghLk; gpioapd;ikAk;. 04

02. jfty;fspd; NghJkhd jd;ik 04

03. jfty;Nfhitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; Mf;fG+u;tkhfj;

jahupf;fg;gl;L ,Uj;jy;. 04

04. FOr; nraw;ghl;by; gq;fspg;G 04

05. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; ifaspj;jy; 04



,e;jpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf> Fg;jg; Nguuir mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FWtpdhg;

Gj;jfnkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf;nfhs;f.

• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fhsfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;

tpdhf;fis mikg;gjw;fhd jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

• FOtpy; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 10 tpdhf;fisahtJ

jahupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.

• FOf;fs; xd;Wgl;L tpdhg; Gj;jfj;ijj; jahupf;Fk; jpdj;ij mwptpf;Ff.

• jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhg;Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; ifahsf;$ba

,lk; xd;wpy; itf;Ff.

fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.

kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

1. gltp;laj;jpw;Fg;nghUj;jkhd rpW tpdhf;fs; jahupj;jy; 04

2. jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhfTk; NghJkhdjhfTk;

tpdhf;fs; jahupj;jy; 04

3 tpdhf;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL 04

4. nraw;ghl;bw;F toq;fpa xj;Jiog;G 04

5. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04



INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf

tpad;dh khehl;bd; mbg;gilapy; FW tpdhg; Gj;jfnkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhfj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOTk;

tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf tpad;dh khehL njhlh;gpy; jiyg;Gf;fis

toq;Ff.

• FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.

• tpdhg; Gj;jfk; jahupf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ij mwptpf;Ff.

• jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhg; Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; gad;gLj;jf;

$ba ,lnkhd;wpy; itf;Ff.

gpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f


01. tpdhf;fs; ghltplaj;jpw;F cupajhf ,Uj;jy; 04

02. tpdhf;fs; NghJkdjhf ,Uj;jy; 04

03. tpdhf;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL 04

04. FOr; nraw;ghl;bw;F toq;fpa cjtp 04


cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf

• Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghh; njhlh;gpy; FW tpdhg;Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jid xU FOr;nraw;ghlhfj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOTk; tpdhf;fisj;

jahupg;gjw;fhf cyfg; Nghh; njhlh;ghd jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

• FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 5 tpdhf;fisj;

jahupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.

• tpdh E}y; jahupj;J Kbf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ij mwptpf;Ff.

• jahupj;j tpdhg;Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; gad;gLj;jf; $ba

,lj;jpy; itf;Ff.

gpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;f


01. tpdhf;fs; ghltplaj;jpw;F cupajhf ,Uj;jy; 04

02. tpdhf;fs; NghJkdjhf ,Uj;jy; 04

03. tpdhf;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL 04

04. FOr; nraw;ghl;bw;F toq;fpa xj;Jiog;G 04



,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz


nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :

• 'Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf; FOtpd; tpjpg;Giufspd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpah;

Ml;rp cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ" ,f;$w;Wj; njhlh;ghf gj;jpupiff;F mwpf;if

xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nraw;gLj;Jf.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

• kpfTk; tpkh;rd uPjpahd mwpf;ifiaj; jahupggjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.

• mwpf;ifiaj; jahupg;gjw;F Fwpj;j fhyj;ij toq;Ff.


01. ghltplaj;jpd; nghUj;jg;ghL. 04


03. tpku;rd uPjpahf tp;laq;fis Nfhitg;gLj;jy; 04

04. gj;jpupif mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;w

Ntz;ba rl;l tpjpfisf; ifahz;L ,Uj;jy; 04

05. Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; G+uzg;gLj;jy; 04



gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu r%f khw;wq;fs; njhlh;ghd

mwpf;if xd;iwj;jahupj;jy;.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

• Mf;fg+h;tkhd xg;gil xd;iwj; jahupf;f mwpTWj;Jf.

• xg;giliaf; ifaspf;Fk; jpfjpia njuptpf;Ff.

• nghUj;jkhd epajpfs; fPo; kjpg;gPL nra;jf.


01. jiyg;gpw;Fupa ghltplaq;fs;ntspf;fhl;lg;gly;. 04

02. %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; 04

03. Mf;f G+h;tj;jd;ik 04

04. xg;gil jahupg;gjw;Fupa tplaq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp ,Uj;jy; 04

05 Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04




• ,e;jpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.

• gy;yth;fspd; murpay; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghf tpdh tpilg;

Nghl;b xd;iwr; nraw;gLj;jy;.

INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.

• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghh; njhlh;gpy; tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rp

xd;iwr;nraw;gLj;jy;.

• jw;fhy cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf.

• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; njhlh;gpy; tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rp xd;iwr;

nraw;gLj;jy;.

• tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rpf;fhd nghJf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;.

• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshfFf.

• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gpujhd jiyg;gpw;Fs; mlq;fpa Jizg;gFjpfis

nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gfph;ejspj;J KbAkhd msT FW tpdhf;fisj;

jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.

• FW tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; Nghjpa mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

• khzth;fs; jahupj;j tpdhf;fspy; ,Ue;J tpdhtpilg Nghl;b epfo;r;rpf;F

nghUj;jkhd tpdhf;fisj; njupT nra;f.

• tpdhtpilg; Nghl;bf;F tFg;ig xOq;F nra;J mg;Nghl;bapd; NghJ

gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rl;l tpjpfs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.

• tpdhtpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rpia nraw;gLj;Jtij khztuplk; xg;gilf;Ff.

• ,e;epfo;r;rpf;fhf midj;J khzth;fspdJk; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.


01. jiyg;gpw;Fupa ghltplaq;fs;ntspf;fhl;lg;gly;. 04

02. %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; 04

03. Mf;fg;G+h;tj;jd;ik 04

04. tpdh tpilg; Nghl;bf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fs; 04

05 Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04



3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz



• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka kWkyh;r;rp njhlh;ghd Rth;g;gj;jpupifnahd;iw

jahupf;Ff.

• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

FO 01 ngsj;j rka kWkyh;;r;rp

FO 02 ,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp

FO 03 ,];yhk; rka kWkyh;r;rp

• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;fp Nkw;$wpa jiyg;Gf;fisf;

FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• mf;FOf;fSf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;fSf;Nfw;g rpwe;j Rth;g;gj;jpupifia

jahupg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• Rth;g;gj;jpupif nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Ff.

• midj;J FOf;fSk; ,ize;J Rth;g;gj;jpupifia jahupf;fr; nra;f.

• FOf;fspy; cs;s mq;fj;jtu;fs; midtupdJk; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWf.

fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;

1. tplaj; jfty;fspd; gpioaw;w jd;ik 04

2. tplaj; jfty;fspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04

3. Mf;fj;jd;ik 04


5. FOr; nraw;ghl;by; gq;fspg;G 04


mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

• nrw;ghl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.

• nraw;ghl;il xg;gilf;f Ntz;ba jpfjpia mwpTWj;Jf.

fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;

1. tplaf; fhuzpfspd; gpioaw;w jd;ik 04

2. tplaf; fhuzpfspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04

3. Kiwahd njspthd mwpf;if jahupj;jy; 04

4. mwpf;ifia xOq;fikf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba

tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wy; 04

5. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; epiwT nra;jy; 04



• 1972 KjyhtJ FbauR ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jKk; 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ

FbauR ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jKk; njhlh;ghd xg;gPl;L uPjpahd mwpf;if xd;iwj;

jahupj;jy;.


• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.

• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis ,dq;fhl;Lf.

• ,t;tpU ahgg;Gf;fspdJk; xw;Wik Ntw;Wik njhlh;ghd jfty;fis

cs;slf;fpa mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.

• FOr;nraw;ghl;bd; Mf;fj;ij tFg;gpy; rkh;g;gpf;f Vw;ghL nra;f.

fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.

1. jfty;fspd; gpioaw;w jd;ik 04


3. FOr;nraw;ghl;by; toq;fpa xj;Jiog;G 04

4. xOq;F Kiwahd mwpf;if 04

5. rkh;g;gpj;jy; 04


,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf

Nrho Mlrpapd; tPo;r;;rp njhlh;ghd mwpf;;if xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshf gpstile;jik

njhlh;ghd mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

histry - first pages ed - nie · viii tuyhw f.ngh.j. cau;juk; - juk; 13 r%ftpq;qhdj;jiw njrpa fy;tp...

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