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jha;nkhop> fzpjk;> Rw;whly; mbg;gilapyhd nraw;ghLfs; vDk; %d;W ghlj;Jiwfs; njhlu;ghfTk;

juk; 1 ,w;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isfspd; GFepiyj; jpwd;fis ,dq;fhzy; njhlu;ghfTk; nraw;ghLfs;

mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk; njhlu;ghfTk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gpuNahrdg;glf;$ba

MNyhridfSk; tpNrl tplaq;fSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. mit jdJ tFg;gpYs;s

gps;isfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

juk; 1 fl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpy;> nghOJNghf;F NtiyfSf;Fk;

tpisahl;Lf;fSf;Fk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; gpujhd ,lk; cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd MNyhridfs;

Mrpupa ife;E}ypy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhdthW njupTnra;J tFg;giwapDs;Sk;

mjw;F ntspNaAk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf

cq;fs; tFg;gpy; cs;s gps;isfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd NtW ,t;thwhdtw;iwAk; fpuhkpa

tpisahl;Lf;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;iff; ftu;r;rpahd>

gyDilanjhd;whf Mf;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F rfy eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

gps;isapd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; FiwghLfisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;F ve;NeuKk; jfty;fs;

Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;> mj;jfty;fisg; gadspf;ff;$bathW gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Mrpupaupd; tpNrl ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk;> Mrpupa ife;E}iyAk; jahupf;Fk;NghJ Mrpupau;fs;> Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fs;>

mjpgu;fs;> fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}upfspdJk; Mrpupau; fyhrhiyfspdJk; tpupTiuahsu;fs;> fy;tp

mjpfhupfs;> rpwe;j fy;tpahsu;fs; MfpNahuJ xj;Jiog;G fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ. mtu;fs; rfyUf;Fk;

juk; 1,y; cs;s gps;isfspd; GFepiyj;jpwd;fis ,dq;fhzy; njhlu;ghf Kd;dpd;W fhupakhw;wpa

jpUkjp rpj;uhq;fdp mgaNjt mtu;fSf;Fk;> Muk;gf; fy;tp eltbf;iffspd; kPJ tpNrl

MNyhridfis ,ilawhJ toq;fpa Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO cWg;gpdUk;> Muk;gf; fy;tp

njhlu;ghd njhopDl;gf; FO cWg;gpdUkhd nry;tp fkyh gPup]; mtu;fSf;Fk; ,t;thf;fj;ijr;

rhj;jpakhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; Gjpa fy;tpr; rpe;jidfs; njhlu;ghf tpNrl MNyhrid toq;fp

vkf;F topfhl;ba Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Nguhrpupau; yf;\;kd; [ajpyf;f

mtu;fSf;Fk;> mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nrayhw;wpa Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; rfy rNfhju mjpfhupfSf;Fk;

MszpapdUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpia nrYj;JfpNwd;.

~~ghlj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupa ife;E}Yk;|| vd;Dk; ,t;thf;fj;ij NkYk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Jiz

GupAk; fUj;Jf;fSk; tpjg;GiufSk; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw vdf;F mwpaj;jUkhW md;Gld; Ntz;LfpNwd;.

fyhepjp [P .vy; .v];. ehzhaf;fhufyhepjp [P .vy; .v];. ehzhaf;fhufyhepjp [P .vy; .v];. ehzhaf;fhufyhepjp [P .vy; .v];. ehzhaf;fhufyhepjp [P .vy; .v];. ehzhaf;fhu

gzpg;ghsu;> Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiwgzpg;ghsu;> Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiwgzpg;ghsu;> Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiwgzpg;ghsu;> Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiwgzpg;ghsu;> Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

1997 brk;gu; 101997 brk;gu; 101997 brk;gu; 101997 brk;gu; 101997 brk;gu; 10

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Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;

jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis

epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;

fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU

jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

(i) kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs; Njrpag;

gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw

Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid

mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk;

milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

(ii) khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL

Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

(iii) kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;

Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T

vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk;

cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.

(iv) xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;

gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.

(v) ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>

Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

(vi) jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh\pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;

ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzp

fSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp

(vii) jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;

aTk; jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuh

jJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

(viii) ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr

rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba

kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

vii

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mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

((((( i ))))) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopy;

El;gj; jifik

vOj;jwpT:vOj;jwpT:vOj;jwpT:vOj;jwpT:vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa

thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;

jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.

vz;zwpT:vz;zwpT:vz;zwpT:vz;zwpT:vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahf msj;jy;.

rpj;jpu mwpT:rpj;jpu mwpT:rpj;jpu mwpT:rpj;jpu mwpT:rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;

tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf;

NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk;

gjpT nra;jYk;.

jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik:jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik:jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik:jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik:jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik: fzpdpmwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy;

Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy;

jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;

El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

((((( ii ))))) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid

tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg;

gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk;

fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy;

Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

((((( iii ))))) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;#oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;#oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;#oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;#oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;

r%fr; #oy;:r%fr; #oy;:r%fr; #oy;:r%fr; #oy;:r%fr; #oy;:

Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;

vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk;

ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;t

khdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;

ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw

viii

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capupay; #oy;:capupay; #oy;:capupay; #oy;:capupay; #oy;:capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp -

kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;>

tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.

ngsjpfr; #oy;:ngsjpfr; #oy;:ngsjpfr; #oy;:ngsjpfr; #oy;:ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs;

gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil>

ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu>

,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg;

nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa

tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;

Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk;

njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk;

,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

((((( iv))))) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff;nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ

Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd rPtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

(((((v))))) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;>

ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd

elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf;

nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.

(((((vi))))) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;>

Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs;> kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs;

%yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,it

Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.

(((((vii))))) ~~fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;|| njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;~~fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;|| njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;~~fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;|| njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;~~fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;|| njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;~~fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;|| njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk;

nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk;

Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

ix

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fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jy;

fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jy;

fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jy;

fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jy;

fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jy;

nranyhOq;F

nranyhOq;F

nranyhOq;F

nranyhOq;F

nranyhOq;F

fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;Gfy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;Gfy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;Gfy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;Gfy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;G

Muk;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; - (1998) - 2007Muk;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; - (1998) - 2007Muk;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; - (1998) - 2007Muk;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; - (1998) - 2007Muk;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; - (1998) - 2007

tpisahl;L tpNehjr;tpisahl;L tpNehjr;tpisahl;L tpNehjr;tpisahl;L tpNehjr;tpisahl;L tpNehjr;

nray;fs;nray;fs;nray;fs;nray;fs;nray;fs;

nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;

vOj;JNtiyvOj;JNtiyvOj;JNtiyvOj;JNtiyvOj;JNtiy

juk; 1juk; 1juk; 1juk; 1juk; 1 juk; 5 juk; 5 juk; 5 juk; 5 juk; 5

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Kjd;ik epiy 1Kjd;ik epiy 1Kjd;ik epiy 1Kjd;ik epiy 1Kjd;ik epiy 1 Kjd;ik epiy 2 Kjd;ik epiy 2 Kjd;ik epiy 2 Kjd;ik epiy 2 Kjd;ik epiy 2 Kjd;ik epiy 3 Kjd;ik epiy 3 Kjd;ik epiy 3 Kjd;ik epiy 3 Kjd;ik epiy 3

juk; 1 juk; 2juk; 1 juk; 2juk; 1 juk; 2juk; 1 juk; 2juk; 1 juk; 2 juk; 3 juk; 3 juk; 3 juk; 3 juk; 3 juk; 4juk; 4juk; 4juk; 4juk; 4 juk; 5 juk; 5 juk; 5 juk; 5 juk; 5

• jha;nkhopjha;nkhopjha;nkhopjha;nkhopjha;nkhop • jha;nkhopjha ;nkhopjha ;nkhopjha ;nkhopjha ;nkhop • jha;nkhopjha ;nkhopjha ;nkhopjha ;nkhopjha ;nkhop

• Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk; • Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk;Mq;fpyk;

• ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop • ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop • ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop

• fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk; • fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk; • fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk;fzpjk;

• rkak; rkak; rkak; rkak; rkak; • rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak; • rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak;

Rw;whly;Rw;whly;Rw;whly;Rw;whly;Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly;

rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j rhu;e;j

nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs;

6 Me; ju khztu;fSld;6 Me; ju khztu;fSld;6 Me; ju khztu;fSld;6 Me; ju khztu;fSld;6 Me; ju khztu;fSld; gps;isapd; tpUg;Gf;Fk; gps;isapd; tpUg;Gf;Fk; gps;isapd; tpUg;Gf;Fk; gps;isapd; tpUg;Gf;Fk; gps;isapd; tpUg;Gf;Fk;

,ilj;jhf;fk;,ilj;jhf;fk;,ilj;jhf;fk;,ilj;jhf;fk;,ilj;jhf;fk; rpe;jidf;Fkhd njupTg;ghlk; rpe;jidf;Fkhd njupTg;ghlk; rpe;jidf;Fkhd njupTg;ghlk; rpe;jidf;Fkhd njupTg;ghlk; rpe;jidf;Fkhd njupTg;ghlk;

,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr;

nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs;

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nraw;ghL rhu;e;j

tha;nkhop

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• njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

• MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;

ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

• #oy; njhlu;ghd

Nju;r;rpfs;

• Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu;

nra;jy; njhlu;ghd

Nju;r;rpfs;

• rkaKk; xOfyhWk;

njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

• Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;

gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L

gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

• ~~fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;||

njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

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Copyright © 2006 National Institute of Education - Sri Lanka. All rights reserved

Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; - kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;

Muk;gf;fy;tpg; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfs;Muk;gf;fy;tpg; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfs;Muk;gf;fy;tpg; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfs;Muk;gf;fy;tpg; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfs;Muk;gf;fy;tpg; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfs;

• Ie;J Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;l Muk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyk; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpapdJk;

xOq;fikg;G eltbf;iffspdJk; trjp fUjp %d;W Kjd;ik epiyfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kjd;ik epiy 1 - juq;fs; 1 ck; 2 ck;juq;fs; 1 ck; 2 ck;juq;fs; 1 ck; 2 ck;juq;fs; 1 ck; 2 ck;juq;fs; 1 ck; 2 ck;

Kjd;ik epiy 2 - juq;fs; 3 ck; 4 ck;juq;fs; 3 ck; 4 ck;juq;fs; 3 ck; 4 ck;juq;fs; 3 ck; 4 ck;juq;fs; 3 ck; 4 ck;

Kjd;ik epiy 3 - juk; 5juk; 5juk; 5juk; 5juk; 5

• juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F trjpahd nraw;ghLfs;

,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

• nghJf;fy;tp epiy ,Wjpapy; khztu;fsplk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.

mj;Nju;r;rpfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mbj;jsj;ij ,l;Lr;

nry;Yk; fiyj;jpl;lkhf> Nju;r;rp rhu;e;j fiyj;jpl;lkhf cs;sJ.

• ghl tplaq;fs; ehd;fhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

----- nk ho pnk ho pnk ho pnk ho pnk ho p

----- fzpjk ;fzpjk ;fzpjk ;fzpjk ;fzpjk ;

----- rkak ;rkak ;rkak ;rkak ;rkak ;

----- Rw;whly; rhu;e ;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e ;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e ;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e ;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e ;j nraw;ghLfs;

• gps;isapd; G+uz tpUj;jpf;F nkhop> fzpjj; Nju;r;rpfSld; NtW rpy

Nju;r;rpfSk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;glNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L : mofpay;> Mf;fk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> tpOkpak;> cly; tpUj;jp>

Rfhjhuk; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;

• ,j;Nju;r;rpfisj; jdpj;jdpg; ghl myFfs; %yk; Kd;itg;gij tpl gps;is

fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fUg;nghUs;fs; %yk; ntspf;nfhzu;e;J va;JtNj

rpwe;jnjd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glLs;sJ. 16 fUg;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly; Rw;whly;

rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; vDk; ghlg;gug;G Kd;ig tpl xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l gz;igf;

nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• juk; 1 ,ypUe;J nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyKk;> ,uz;lhtJnraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyKk;> ,uz;lhtJnraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyKk;> ,uz;lhtJnraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyKk;> ,uz;lhtJnraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyKk;> ,uz;lhtJ

Njr paNjr paNjr paNjr paNjr pa nkhopAk;nkhopAk;nkhopAk;nkhopAk;nkhopAk; (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;nkhopg; ghlq;fs;) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Kjd;ik epiy 2 ,ypUe;J Kiwrhu; Mq;fpykMq;fpykMq;fpykMq;fpykMq;fpyk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• juk; 1 ,ypUe;J njhlu;r;rpahf ghl ,izr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;>,izr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;>,izr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;>,izr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;>,izr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;> juk; 5

,y; gps;isfspd; tpUg;Gf;Fk;> Njitf;;FNkw;gg; nghUj;jkhd tpUg;Gg;tpUg;Gg;tpUg;Gg;tpUg;Gg;tpUg;Gg;

ghlq;fisf;ghlq;fisf;ghlq;fisf;ghlq;fisf;ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fk; fhy ml;ltizapy; trjpfs; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

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• Muk;gf;fy;tpg; gUtj;jpdUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba fw;wy;

- fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit:

----- tpisahl;Lf;fSk; tpNehjr; nraw;ghLfSk;tpisahl;Lf;fSk; tpNehjr; nraw;ghLfSk;tpisahl;Lf;fSk; tpNehjr; nraw;ghLfSk;tpisahl;Lf;fSk; tpNehjr; nraw;ghLfSk;tpisahl;Lf;fSk; tpNehjr; nraw;ghLfSk;

----- nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs;nraw ;ghLfs;

----- vOj;J Ntiyfs;vOj;J Ntiyfs;vOj;J Ntiyfs;vOj;J Ntiyfs;vOj;J Ntiyfs;

Kjd;ik epiy 1 ,y; tpisahl;Lf;fSf;Fk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; mjpf mtfhrk;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW Kjd;ik epiyfs; %d;wpYk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Lg; gbg;gbahf khwpr; nry;Yk; tpjj;jpy; mit tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• gps;isapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> fw;wy; ,lu;g;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf jfty; Nrfupg;g

jw;F Kiwrhuhj fzpg;gPL KiwfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLfpd;w mjhtJ>

njhlu;r;rpahf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba njhlu;f; fzpg;gPl;bw;fhf Kd;Dupik

ngWfpd;w fzpg;gPl;Lr; nray;Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

• ahtUf;Fk; fy;tpia cWjp nra;tij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mjw;Fj; juepu;z

aKs;s xt;nthU Kjd;ikepiy ,WjpapYk; khztu;fs; fl;lhakhf

ghz;bj;jpak; milaNtz;ba mj;jpahtrpa fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sd.

• xt;nthU Kjd;ikepiy ,WjpapYk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w mj;jpatrpaf; fw;wy;

Nju;r;rpfspy; rfy khztu;fSk; ghz;bj;jpak; mila Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

,yf;fhff; nfhz;L xt;nthU Kjd;ikepiyAk; xNu MrpupauplNk

xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• xU gps;isapd; milit ,d;ndhU gps;isapd; milNthL xg;gpl;Lj;

jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; Kiwikia tpLj;J> Fwpj;jnthU Nehf;Fld;> epajpAld;

milit xg;gpl;L jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F> epajprhu;e;j mbg;gil

fzpg;gPL Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Kjd;ik epiy 1 ,d; gps;isfs; juk; 5/6 ,d; gps;isfSld; Nru;e;J

xOq;fikg;Gld; nraw;ghLfspYk; tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; <LgLtjw;F xOq;F

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• 2007 Mk; Mz;L Kjy;> Kjd;ik epiy xd;W njhlf;fk; ,uz;lhtJ

Njrpa nkhopAk; mwpKfk; (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;) nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• 2007 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;

fzpj ghlj;JlDk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• khztu;fspd; cly;> cs tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;

clypaf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; vDk; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L

njhlf;fk; juk; xd;wpypUe;J mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

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MNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhrid MNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhrid

Nguhrpupau; yf;\ ;kd; [ajpyf Nguhrpupau; N[.lg;spA. tpfukrpq;`

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fyhepjp jk;kpf;f gP. gpgpNy jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

(nkhopfs;> khDltpay; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;)

Nkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;it Nkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;itNkw ;ghu ;it

fyhepjp [P.vy;.v];. ehzhaf;fhu fyhepjp. Ruepky Nyfk;Nf

(Muk;gf; fy;tp myF)

gjpg ;Ggjpg ;Ggjpg ;Ggjpg ;Ggjpg ;G gjpg ;Ggjpg ;Ggjpg ;Ggjpg ;Ggjpg ;G

jpU. v];.I.vk;.vr;. fuPk; jpU. v];.vk;.Mu;. #jpd;

,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ; ,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ;,izg;ghf ;fk ;

jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl jpU. v];.vk;.Mu;. #jpd;

fiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FO fiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FOfiyj;jpl ;lf ;FO

Muk;gf ;fy;tpj ;JiwMuk;gf ;fy;tpj ;JiwMuk;gf ;fy;tpj ;JiwMuk;gf ;fy;tpj ;JiwMuk;gf ;fy;tpj ;Jiw Muk;gf ;fy;tp myFMuk;gf ;fy;tp myFMuk;gf ;fy;tp myFMuk;gf ;fy;tp myFMuk;gf ;fy;tp myF

fyhepjp [P.vy;.v];. ehzhaf;fhu fyhepjp. Ruepky Nyfk;Nf

jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl jpU. Nf.V.B.gP. ruj;re;jpu

jpU. gp. Rg;gpukzpak; jpU. B.vk;.lg;spA+. Kdrpq;`

jpUkjp. re;jpuh rkurpq;` jpU. vk;.V.[P.lg;spA+. Fyuj;d

jpU. v];.vk;. tpN[uj;d jpU. v];.vk;.Mu;. #jpd;

jpU. vk;.gP.vk;.vk;. \pg;yp jpUkjp. gP.[P. gpNukyjh [arpq;`

jpU. Nf.vr;. guztpjhd jpU.vk;.Mu;.lg;spA+. kj;Jk

jpU. ruj; Fkhurpq;f jpU. Nf.Mu;. gj;krpwp

jpU. N[.vr;. re;jpuNrd jpU. vk;.vd;. re;jd ngu;zhe;J

jpU. <.vy;. Ruepky jpUkjp. Mu;.vk;.Nf. j rpy;th

jpU. uP.Nf. tPuJq;f jpU. up. KFe;jd;

jpU. Iupd; f[ehaf;f jpU. tp.vd;.v]; cjare;jpud;

jpUkjp. gj;kpdp uztPu jpUkjp vr;.lg;spA.lg;spA.vk;. r[Pth

jpU. Nf.V.B.gP. ruj;re;jpu

jpU. Nf.B.Mu;. jahtq;r

jpU. Nf.lg;spA+. ypadNf

jpU. V. mj;JNfhus nkhopr ; nrk;ikahf;fk;nkhopr ; nrk;ikahf;fk;nkhopr ; nrk;ikahf;fk;nkhopr ; nrk;ikahf;fk;nkhopr ; nrk;ikahf;fk;

jpUkjp. ee;jh ngd;juNf jpU. tp.vd;.v];. cjare;jpud;

jpU. v];.I.vk;.vr;. fuPk;

jpU. B.vk;.lg;spA+. Kdrpq;`

jpUkjp. tp[ha; yf;\;kp jk;Ky;y

jpU. vk;.V.[P.lg;spA. Fyuj;d

jpUkjp. gP.[P. gpNukyjh [arpq;`

jpU.vk;.Mu;.lg;spA+. kj;Jk

jpU. Nf.Mu;. gj;krpwp

jpU. tp.vd;.v];. cjare;jpud;

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;Jiw Mq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;JiwMq;fpyf; fy;tpj ;Jiw

jpU. tp.v];.vk;. al;ltj;j jpU. vr;.Mu;.v];.Nf. ml;Lnfhl

jpU. [arpq;` N`uj; jpU. v];.V.B. rkutPu

jpUkjp. Rju;kh f[tPu jpUkjp. <.tP.gP.rP.gP. ngNuuh

rkaf; fy;tpj;Jiwrkaf; fy;tpj;Jiwrkaf; fy;tpj;Jiwrkaf; fy;tpj;Jiwrkaf; fy;tpj;Jiw ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;

jpU. v];.vk;.Mu;. #jpd; nry;tp. mkuh mkurpq;f

fzpdpf; Nfhu ;g ;Gfzpdpf; Nfhu ;g ;Gfzpdpf; Nfhu ;g ;Gfzpdpf; Nfhu ;g ;Gfzpdpf; Nfhu ;g ;G fzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;G

nry;tp. fkyNtzp fe;ijah nry;tp. vg;. ep];kpah mkPu;

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cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;

1.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;

Neug;gfpu;T xv

2.0 jha;nkhop (jkpo;) - mwpKfk; 01

ghlj;jpl;lk; 03

1. nkhop - Kd; jpwd;fs; 06

2. nrtpkLj;jy; 17

3. Ngr;R 25

4. thrpg;G 32

5. vOj;J 40

3.0 Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; - mwpKfk; 49

ghlj;jpl;lk; 52

01. ehKk; ghlrhiyAk; 66

02. vkJ tPL 69

03. Njhl;lj;jpw;F tUk; gpuhzpfs; 73

04. ePUld; tpisahl;L 79

05. Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk; 83

06. ehk; fhZk; thdk; 86

07. ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk; 89

08. jfty;fs;; ngWk; Kiwfs; 92

09. Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs; 94

10. tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gkpd;ikAk; 98

11. vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;; tpjk; 101

12. Nghf;Ftuj;J 104

13. xspAld; tpisahl;L 107

14. kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs; 111

15. Rw;whlypy; cs;s NtWgl;l ,lq;fs; 113

16. vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu; 116

4.0 nraw;ghLfs; mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;

mwpKfk; 120

ghlj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiuj;jy; topfhl;bAk; 122

5.0 ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop rpq;fsk; - mwpKfk; 128

ghlj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiuj;jy; topfhl;bAk; 129

06. tpisahl;L Kw;wk; 137

7.0 fzpg;gPL - khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;. 141

8.0 fzpg;gPL - gbtq;fs; 144

9.0. mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; 148

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fzpjk;>rkaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk;> Mrpupau;fzpjk;>rkaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk;> Mrpupau;fzpjk;>rkaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk;> Mrpupau;fzpjk;>rkaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk;> Mrpupau;fzpjk;>rkaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk;> Mrpupau;

ife;E}y;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.ife;E}y;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.ife;E}y;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.ife;E}y;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.ife;E}y;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mj;Jld; Kjyhk; juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isiamj;Jld; Kjyhk; juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isiamj;Jld; Kjyhk; juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isiamj;Jld; Kjyhk; juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isiamj;Jld; Kjyhk; juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isia

,dq;fhzy; vDk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; jdpahf,dq;fhzy; vDk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; jdpahf,dq;fhzy; vDk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; jdpahf,dq;fhzy; vDk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; jdpahf,dq;fhzy; vDk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; jdpahf

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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Neu xJf;fPL Kjd;ikepiy xd;WNeu xJf;fPL Kjd;ikepiy xd;WNeu xJf;fPL Kjd;ikepiy xd;WNeu xJf;fPL Kjd;ikepiy xd;WNeu xJf;fPL Kjd;ikepiy xd;W

(juk; 1> juk; 2)(juk; 1> juk; 2)(juk; 1> juk; 2)(juk; 1> juk; 2)(juk; 1> juk; 2)

tplak; tplak; tplak; tplak; tplak; thuj;jpw;fhd Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd Neuk;

1. jha;nkhop 5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

2. fzpjk; 3 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; 30 epkplq;fs;

3. Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; 5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; 30 epkplq;fs;

4. rkak; 1 kzpj;jpahyk; 15 epkplq;fs;;

(ehnshd;Wf;F 15 epkplq;fs;)

5. ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop 30 epkplq;fs;

6. fhiyf;$l;lKk; rka mDl;lhdKk; 1 kzpj;jpahyk; 15 epkplq;fs;


7. Xa;T (,ilNtis) 1 kzpj;jpahyk; 15 epkplq;fs;;


8. czT cl;nfhs;tjw;F 50 epkplq;fs;;


9. clypaf;fr;; nraw;ghLfs; 1 kzpj;jpahyk; 40 epkplq;fs;

(ehnshd;Wf;F 20 epkplq;fs;;)

10. ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs; 30 epkplq;fs;

(thuj;jpy; xU ehs;)

thuj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j Neuk; thuj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j Neuk; 21 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; 21 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; 21 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; 21 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; 21 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

15 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fs;

ghl Neuk;ghl Neuk;ghl Neuk;ghl Neuk;ghl Neuk;

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Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

jha;nkhop (jkpo;) - juk; 1jha;nkhop (jkpo;) - juk; 1jha;nkhop (jkpo;) - juk; 1jha;nkhop (jkpo;) - juk; 1jha;nkhop (jkpo;) - juk; 1

1 .01 .01 .01 .01 .0 mwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfk ;; ;; ;

jha;nkhop - jkpo;g; ghlj;jpw;fhd tplaf;$Wfs;> mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fshd

nrtpkLj;jy;> Ngr;R> thrpg;G> vOj;J Mfpa ehd;F gug;Gfspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

MapDk; ,it jdpj;jdp tplaq;fshff; fw;gpf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. nghUj;jkhf mtw;iw

xd;wpizj;Jf; fw;gpj;jNy vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU tplag; gug;gpYKs;s

$Wfis Mrpupau; njspthfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;fhfNt mit

jdpj;jdpahfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Nju;r;rp mbg;gilapyhd

mZFKiwapy; vOj;jwpT> njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpf;Fupa Xu; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpahff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtjhdpj;Jr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;J}d;wp

thrpj;jy;> cWg;gikaTk; nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy; %yk; gad;jUk; tifapyhd

fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;> njhlu;ghly; vd;gtw;wpd;ghy; khztiu ,l;Lr; nry;yy; Mfpait

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nkw;gb njhlu;ghly; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfNshL> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;> Ntiy

AyFf;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; rkaQ; rhu;e;j

Nju;r;rpfs;> Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;;Jjy; kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lr; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;>

MSik tsu;r;rp rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;> fw;gjw;fhff; fw;wy; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs; Mfpa

Nju;r;rpfs; ahTk; khztuplj;Nj tpUj;jpailAk; tifapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;

nraw;ghLfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;Lj; jpl;l kplg;gLjy; Ntz;LnkdTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

2 .02 .02 .02 .02 .0 Muk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nkhoprhu;e;jMuk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nkhoprhu;e;jMuk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nkhoprhu;e;jMuk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nkhoprhu;e;jMuk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nkhoprhu;e;j

Nju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfs;

,yFthd ghly;fs;> rpwpa fijfs; vd;gtw;iwr; nrtpkLj;J ,urpg;ghu;.

,yFthd mwpTWj;jy;fs;> fl;lisfs;. mwptpj;jy;fs; vd;gtw;iwr;

nrtpkLj;Jr; rpe;jpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

jdJ ehshe;j Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fUj;Jf;fisg;

gupkhwp el;GwTld; NgRthu;.

jdf;Fj; njupe;j ghliyj; jhsyaj;Jld; ghLthu;.

rpwpa fijnahd;iw ,uridAld; $Wthu;.

tFg;giwf;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; jftnyhd;iwg; gupkhWthu;.

jhd; ghu;j;j> my;yJ Nfl;l epfo;nthd;iwj; njspthff; $Wthu;.

rig Kd;Nd> xU nghUs; gw;wpf; $r;rkpd;wpg; NgRthu;.

vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L> rupahf cr;rupj;Jg; nghUs; tpsq;f thf;fpaq;fis

thrpg;ghu;.

epWj;jf;Fwpfis mDrupj;Jj; njhdpNtWghl;Lld; ,yFthd thf;fpaq;fs;

nfhz;l ge;jpia thrpg;ghu;.

jdJ Njitf;fhfg; nghJ ,lq;fspYs;s ngau;g;gyiffis thrpg;ghu;.

rpwpa fijfs;> ,yFthd ghly;fs; vd;gtw;iw Mu;tj;Jld; thrpj;J ,urpg;ghu;.

vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis (msT> mikg;G. jpirKfk;) mDrupj;J cWg;gika

vOJthu;.

nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;> rpWthf;fpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; ghu;j;Jk;> Nfl;Lk;> RakhfTk;

vOJthu;.

jdJ Ratpguq;fspy; ,yFthd jfty;fis vOJthu;.

Fwpj;j xU tplak; gw;wpa ,yFthd thf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iw epWj;jf;

FwpfSld; vOJthu;.

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juk; xd;wpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfs;juk; xd;wpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfs;juk; xd;wpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfs;juk; xd;wpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfs;juk; xd;wpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfs;

Rw;whlypy; cs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J xypj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

,uridf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhfg; NgRthu;.

Nfl;L> ghu;j;Jg; NgRthu;/ciuahLthu;.

,uridf;fhfTk; Ngr;R tpUj;jpf;fhfTk; ghb> Ngrp> ebg;ghu;.

vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; thrpg;ghu;.

nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fis thrpg;ghu;.

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOJthu;.

nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk; tpsq;fp vOJthu;.

gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;.

3.03.03.03.03.0 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;juk; xd;W nkhopg;ghlj;jpw;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ>

topg;gLj;jpa tpisahl;Lf;fs; $LjyhfTk; nraw;ghLfs; Nghjpa mstpYk;> vOj;Jg;

gapw;rpfs; Fiwe;j mstpYk; ,lk;ngwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

khztu;fs;; rpWFOf;fshf> Nrhbfshf> ngupa FOf;fshf> tFg;G thupahf>

Ntz;batplj;Jj; jdpj;jdpahfr; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; ,aq;Ftjw;Fk; Vw;wthW

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,tw;NwhL> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ ghlE}y;> nray;E}y;>

Vida thrpg ;G E}y;fs; vd;gtw;iwg ; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghUj;jkhd

re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. topg;gLj;jpa tpisahl;Lf;fs;>

nraw;ghLfs;> vOj;J Ntiyfs; njhlu;ghd khjpupfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk; ,t;

topfhl;bapy; mlq;fpAs;sd.

4.04.04.04.04.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;jha;nkhopg;ghl tpUj;jpf;Fk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; cjTk; tifapy; gy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;

ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwapy; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy tUkhW@

fhiyf;$l;lKk; ew;rpe;jidAk;

tFg;G kd;wq;fs;

fiy epfo;r;rpfs;

fz;fhl;rpfs;

rka epfo;r;rpfs;

rpWtu; epfo;r;rpfs; - re;ij> Rw;Wyh Nghd;wit

Mrpupau;> ngw;Nwhu; jpdk; ... Nghd;wit

,tw;iw gaDs;sthW eilKiwg;gLj;jy; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifahf mikjy;

Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyr; r%fKk; rKjhaKk; ,jw;F Mf;fG+u;tkhd xj;Jiog;G

toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

5.05.05.05.05.0 fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLjuk; xd;wpy; jha;nkhopg ;ghlj;jpy; vOj;Jg; gu Pl ;iria tpl Kiw rhuhjjuk; xd;wpy; jha;nkhopg ;ghlj;jpy; vOj;Jg; gu Pl ;iria tpl Kiw rhuhjjuk; xd;wpy; jha;nkhopg ;ghlj;jpy; vOj;Jg; gu Pl ;iria tpl Kiw rhuhjjuk; xd;wpy; jha;nkhopg ;ghlj;jpy; vOj;Jg; gu Pl ;iria tpl Kiw rhuhjjuk; xd;wpy; jha;nkhopg ;ghlj;jpy; vOj;Jg; gu Pl ;iria tpl Kiw rhuhj

fzpg ;g PLfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;fg ;glNtz;Lnkd vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg ;gLfpwJ.fzpg ;g PLfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;fg ;glNtz;Lnkd vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg ;gLfpwJ.fzpg ;g PLfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;fg ;glNtz;Lnkd vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg ;gLfpwJ.fzpg ;g PLfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;fg ;glNtz;Lnkd vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg ;gLfpwJ.fzpg ;g PLfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;fg ;glNtz;Lnkd vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg ;gLfpwJ.

mjhtJ khztu;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;NghJ mtu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis

mtjhdpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fzpg;gPLfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ> Fwpg;ghf topg;gLj;jpa tpisahl;Lfs;

(Guided Play) nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpd; NghJ> mtjhdpj ;jy; (Observation)>cw;WNehf;Fjy; (Critical Observation) tha;nkhop tpdhf;Nfl;ly; (Oral questioning)vd;git %yk; juk; xd;W khztu;fSf;fhd Nju;r;rpfs; milag;gLfpd;wdth

my;yJ tpUj;jp milfpd;wdth vd;gijj; njhlu;r;rpahff; fzpg;gPL nra;jy; ,q;F

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rupahf tpil $Wjy;

rupahf cr;rupj;Jg; gpioapd;wp thrpj;jy;

tpUg;Gld; ghLjy; Nghd;wit

fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd Rl;bfshff; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;> thf;fpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vOJtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspd;NghJk;;;;;;;;;;;;;

fzpg;gPL nra;ayhk; vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.

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ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; xd;Wghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; xd;Wghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; xd;Wghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; xd;Wghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; xd;W

jha;nkhop - jkpo;jha;nkhop - jkpo;jha;nkhop - jkpo;jha;nkhop - jkpo;jha;nkhop - jkpo;

Kd;nkhopj; jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd;nkhopj; jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd;nkhopj; jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd;nkhopj; jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd;nkhopj; jpwd; tpUj;jp

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . ghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpif

1.1 glq;fspy;/cUf;fspy; NtWgl;ltw;iw ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

1.2 xj;j vOj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l vOj;Jj; njhFjpapy; NtWgl;l

vOj;ij ,dq;fz;L fhl;Lthu;.

1.3 xU nrhw;nwhFjpapy; NtWgLk; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpe;J

fhl;Lthu;.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . Nfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpif

2.1 Rw;whlypYs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J NtWghLfis

mwpjYk; xypj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

2.2 nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy

,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . cs> cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs> cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs> cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs> cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs> cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jp

3.1 if> fz; ,iaghf;f tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.

3.2 Mf;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

3.3 thrpj;jYf;fhd fz; efu;Tg; gapw;rpfisg; gapYthu;.

3.4 vOJjYf;fhd jirehu;g; gapw;rpfspy; <LgLthu;.

4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;

4.1 glq;fis thrpg;ghu;.

4.2 glq;fSld; nrhw;fis thrpg;ghu;.

4.3 glq;fspd;wpr; nrhw;fis thrpg;ghu;.

4.4 nrhw;fis thrpg;gjd;%yk; vOj;Jf;fspy; gupr;rak;

ngWthu;.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . vOJjYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;vOJjYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;vOJjYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;vOJjYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;vOJjYf;fhd Kd;Maj;jk;

Rakhff; fPWthu;> tiuthu;> epwe;jPl;Lthu;.

Gs;spf;NfhLfis ,izj;Jf; fPWthu;.

vOj;Jf;fSf;Fupa tisNfhLfis tiuthu;.

vOj;JUit xj;j tbtq;fis mikg;ghu;.

vOj;jpd; NkNy vOJthu;;> vOj;ijg; ghu;j;J vOJthu;.

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nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpnkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpnkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpnkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpnkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;

1.11.11.11.11.1 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g

tpidj;jpwDld; nrtpkLg;ghu;.tpidj;jpwDld; nrtpkLg;ghu;.tpidj;jpwDld; nrtpkLg;ghu;.tpidj;jpwDld; nrtpkLg;ghu;.tpidj;jpwDld; nrtpkLg;ghu;.

1.1.1 Rw;whlypy; cs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J xypj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ngsjpfg; nghUl;fspd; xypfs;

gpuhzpfspd; xypfs;

1.1.2 nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Kjy; vOj;J> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J> ,Wjp vOj;J khWk; nrhw;fs;.

(vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F tiuaiwapy;iy)

1.21.21.21.21.2 gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wgy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wgy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wgy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wgy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;w

tifapy; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.tifapy; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.tifapy; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.tifapy; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.tifapy; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

1.2.1. njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

rfghbfSld; ciuahLjy;

Mrpupau;fSld; ciuahLjy;

1.2.2. ,uridf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

rpWtu; ghly;fs;

rpWtu; fijfs;

rpWtu; ehlfq;fs;

1.2.3. nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

fl;lisfs;

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;

tpLfijfs;

Gjpu;fs;

2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R

2.12.12.12.12.1 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g

nrk;ikahfg; NgRthu;nrk;ikahfg; NgRthu;nrk;ikahfg; NgRthu;nrk;ikahfg; NgRthu;nrk;ikahfg; NgRthu;/ciuahLthu;.ciuahLthu;.ciuahLthu;.ciuahLthu;.ciuahLthu;.

2.1.1. ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhfg; NgRthu;

Nru;e;J Ngrp tpisahLjy;

el;GwT tpUj;jpf;fhd ciuahLjy;

vz;zq;fisAk; NjitfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

tpdhf;fis tpdhTjy;> tpilaspj;jy;

jfty;fisg; gupkhWjy;

fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;

tpLfijfs;> Gjpu;fs;

tpe;ijr; nra;jpfs;

2.1.2. Nfl;Lk;> ghu;j;Jk; nghUj;jkhfg; NgRthu;/ciuahLthu;

glj;ijg; ghu;j;J mJ gw;wp ciuahLjy;

glj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; fij $Wjy;

mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

jfty;fis mwpe;Jk; Nrfupj;Jk; NgRjy;

2.1.3. ,uridf;fhfTk; Ngr;R tpUj;jpf;fhfTk; ghb> Ngrp> ebg;ghu;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd ghly;fs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd fijfs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd ehlfq;fs;

ghtid nra;J NgRjy;

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3.03.03.03.03.0 thrpg;Gthrpg;Gthrpg;Gthrpg;Gthrpg;G

3.13.13.13.13.1 vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; cuj;JvOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; cuj;JvOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; cuj;JvOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; cuj;JvOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; cuj;J

thrpg;ghu;.thrpg;ghu;.thrpg;ghu;.thrpg;ghu;.thrpg;ghu;.

3.1.1. vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; thrpg;ghu;.

glj;ijg; ghu;j;Jg; ngaiuf; $Wjy;

glq;fspd;wpg; ngau;fis thrpj;jy;

nrhw;fis thrpg;gjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;

capu;f;Fwpfis mDrupj;J vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;

tupnaOj;Jf;Fupa xyptbtq;fis ,dq;fz;L Nru;j;J

cr;rupj;jy;

vOj;njhypfis xd;W $l;b nrhw;fis/njhlu;fis/thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jy;

3.1.2 nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fis thrpg;ghu;.

epWj;jf;; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpj;jy;

nrhw;fis thrpj;jy;

nrhw;nwhlu;fis thrpj;jy;

thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jy;

3.1.3 nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

nrhw;fs;

nrhw;nwhlu;fs;

ngau;g;gyiffs;

nghUl;fspd; ngau;fs;

Rtnuhl;bfs;

cwTg; ngau;fs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd ngupa vOj;J rpj;jpuf; fijfs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd fUj;Jg;glf; fijfs;

jdJ ngau;> ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fs;

ghlrhiyapd; ngau;> Cupd; ngau;

4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 vOj;JvOj;JvOj;JvOj;JvOj;J

4.14.14.14.14.1 El;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwid

tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

4.1.1. vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOJthu;.

msT> mikg;G> jpirKfk;> cWg;G Neu;j;jp> KOik

jdp vOj;Jf;fs;> capu;f;FwpfSldhd vOj;Jf;fs;

neLq;fzf;fpd; njhlnuhOq;fpy; mLj;J tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;

4.1.2 nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk; tpsq;fp vOJthu;.

glj;ijg; ghu;j;J mjpy; cs;stw;wpd; ngau;fis vOJjy;

,ilntspfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;J vOJjy;

nrhy;tnjOJjy;

vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L> nrhw;fis Mf;fp vOJjy;

rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis vOJjy;

epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J vOJjy; (Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp).

4.1.3 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;



vspikahd nra;jpfs;> $w;Wf;fs;

jd;idg; gw;wp vOJjy;

jhd; mwpe;jit gw;wp vOJjy;

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Kd; nkhopj; jpwd;fs;Kd; nkhopj; jpwd;fs;Kd; nkhopj; jpwd;fs;Kd; nkhopj; jpwd;fs;Kd; nkhopj; jpwd;fs;


juk; xd;wpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;is rpy mDgtq;fisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ngw;Nw

gpuNtrpf;fpd;wJ. MapDk; ,e;j mDgtq;fSk; jpwd;fSk; xNu rPuhditay;y.

gps;isfSf;fpilapy;> NtWgl;Lk; ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; vd;gJ

ePq;fs; mwpe;jNj.

juk; xd;wpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isfspd; ,aYikiaj; jdpj;jdpahf mwptjw;Fg;

~~gps;isfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;||~~gps;isfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;||~~gps;isfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;||~~gps;isfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;||~~gps;isfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;|| vd;w nraw;ghL mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gps;isfspd; jdpj;jdp Mw;wy;fis mDrupj;Jf; fw;wy; nraw;ghLfisj;

jpl;lkpLtjw;F ,r;nraw;ghL cjTfpwJ.

mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis Kiwrhu;e;J gapYtjw;Fg; gps;isfisj; jahu;

nra;aNtz;Lk;. mt;thW jahu; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLk; Ke;epiyr; nraw;ghLfs;

~~Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; nraw;ghLfs;||~~Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; nraw;ghLfs;||~~Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; nraw;ghLfs;||~~Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; nraw;ghLfs;||~~Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; nraw;ghLfs;|| vdg;gLk;.

gps;isfspd; jdpj;jdp Mw;wy;fis mDrupj;J Kd;nkhopj; jpwd; nraw;ghLfis

tbtikf;fyhk;. nkhop Kd; jpwd;fspy; rpyu; Vw;fdNt gupr;rak; ngw;wtu;fshf

,Uf;fyhk;. rpyu; gupr;rak; ngwhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. mtu;fSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy;

Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; nraw;ghLfis tbtikg;gjw;F Mrpupau; jahuhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rpfs;> xUtpj rPuhd tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;iff;

nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; khztu;fspd; NtWghl;bw;Nfw;g

mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;fhd Kiwrhu;e;j fw;wiy

newpg;gLj;jyhk;.

Kd; nkhopj;jpwd;fs; njhlu;ghd fw;wy; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd fhyj;ij tiuaiw

nra;a KbahJ. rfy khztu;fSk; Kd;nkhopj; jpwd;fspy; Nju;r;rpailAk;

tiu my;yJ nkhopj;jpwd;fis Kiwrhu;e;J fw;Fk; Mw;wy; ngWk;tiu mtw;wpy;

khztu;fis <LgLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.

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Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp Kd; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp

01 .01 .01 .01 .01 . ghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpifghu;itg; gpupj;jwpif

Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;

1.1 glq;fspy;/cUf;fspy; NtWgl;ltw;iw ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

1.2 xj;j vOj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l vOj;Jj;njhFjpapy; NtWgl;l vOj;ij

,dq;fz;L fhl;Lthu;.

1.3 xU nrhw;nwhFjpapy; NtWgLk; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpe;J fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;

cUtq;fisf; nfhz;l njhFjpapy; NtWgLk; cUtj;ij

,dq;fhZk; nraw;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;f. (gy gbKiwfis

Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.)

cUtq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf vOj;Jf;fspy; NtWgl;l vOj;ij

,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.

nrhw;nwhFjp xd;wpy; NtWgLk; nrhy;iyf;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.


1. (xU nghUspd; cUtq;fisf; nfhz;l njhFjpapy;) NtWgl;l

nghUspd; cUtj;ij ,dq;fhz topelhj;Jf.

xU nghUspd; cUtq;fisf; nfhz;l njhFjpapy; tpj;jpahrkhd

cUtj;ij ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.

Xu; cUtj;jpy; tpj;jpahrkhd jd;ik gy epiyfspy; fhzg;glyhk;.

jug;gl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;by; %d;whtJ cUtpy; ,iy xd;W Nkyjpfkhf

,Uj;jNy tpj;jpahrj;jpd; jd;ikahFk;. ,Nj Nghd;W Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;>

rpwpJ> ngupJ> $l> Fiwa> jpirkhw;wk;> gf;fkhw;wk;> jiyfPo;> epiykl;lk;>

Nky;> fPo; G+u;j;jpapd;ik Nghd;w epiyfspYk; tpj;jpahrj;jpd;jd;ik

mikayhk;. ,tw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpa cUtj;njhFjpfis toq;fp nraw;

ghl;il topelhj;Jf. xt;nthU epiyf;Fk; gy cUtj; njhFjpfis

toq;Ff.

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2. NtWgl;l vOj;ij ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k o k o k o k o k o k kkkkk

xNu vOj;jpy; tpj;jpahrkhd jd;ikia ntt;NtW epiyfspy;

fhz topg;gLj;Jf.


ggggg gpgpgpgpgp g g g g g g g g g g ggggg ggggg

vOj;Jf;fspy; tpj;jpahrkhd jd;ikia Vw;gLj;j capu;f;Fwpfisg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.


Nfh Nfh Nfh nfh Nfh NfhNfh Nfh Nfh nfh Nfh NfhNfh Nfh Nfh nfh Nfh NfhNfh Nfh Nfh nfh Nfh NfhNfh Nfh Nfh nfh Nfh Nfh

3. nrhw;;nwhFjpapy; NtWgLk; nrhy;iyf; fhz topg;gLj;Jf.


kuk; kuk; fuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; fuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; fuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; fuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; fuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk; kuk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;

ntt;NtW epiyfspy; tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fz;lwpa cjTk;

cUtj;njhFjpfs;> vOj;Jj;njhFjpfs;> nrhw;nwhFjpfs;

fzpg;g PLfzpg;g PLfzpg;g PLfzpg;g PLfzpg;g PL

gy;NtW epiyfspYk;(cUtq;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs;> nrhw;fs; nfhz;l

njhFjpapy;) tpj;jpahrkhdtw;iw ,dq;fhZfpd;whu;fsh vd;gijf;

fzpg;gpLf.

02. 02. 02. 02. 02. Nfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifNfl;lw; gpupj;jwpif


2.1 Rw;whlypYs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J mtw;wpd; NtWghL

fis mwpe;J xypj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

2.2 nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy

,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.


mz;ikr; Rw;whlypy; kpUfq;fs;> gwitfs;> kdpju;fs;> thfdq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpd; xypfisr; nrtpkLf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. mt;

xypfs; xt;nthd;wpidAk; ,dq;fhz> $w> xypj;Jf;fhl;l topg;

gLj;Jf.

,tw;NwhL ,bKof;fk;> kio nga;jy;> fhw;W tPRjy; Nghd;w

,aw;if xypfisAk; nrtpkLj;J ,dq;fz;L $w topg;gLj;Jf.

(xyp ehlhf;fs; ,Wtl;Lf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;)

fpYfpYf;fp> Cjy; thj;jpaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; xypfisAk;

nrtpkLj;J ,dq;fz;L $w topg;gLj;Jf.

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Fwpj;j rpy xypfis xypj;J> mit vtw;wpd; xypfnsd khztu;

$w topelhj;Jf. xypfs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xyp ehlhf;fisAk;

gad;gLj;Jf.

Mrpupau; Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; rpy xypfis> khztu; xypj;Jf;fhl;l

Mtd nra;f.

rpul;il> fuz;b> Nghj;jy; Nghd;w nghUl;fisj; jl;Ltjhy; vOk;

xypfis khztu; nrtpkLf;f topg;gLj;Jf. xypfis mDkhdpj;Jf;

$wTk; topg;gLj;Jf.

xj;j Xirr; nrhw;fis xypj;J khztu;fisr; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.

mtw;Ws; NtWgLk; nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L $w khztu;fis

topg;gLj;Jf.


1. Rw;whlypy; nrtpkLj;j xypfis ,dq;fhz> $w> xypj;Jf;fhl;l

topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: eha; - ~~ts; ts;||

fhfk; - ~~fh fh||

fpsp - ~~fPf;fP fPf;fP||

2. ePq;fs; xypj;Jf; fhl;Lk; xypfs; vt;nttw;wpd; xypfnsd khztu;

$w topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ~~kpaht; kpaht;|| - G+id

~~nfhf; nfhf; nfhf;|| - Nfhop

~~nfhf;fuf;Nfh nfhf;fuf;Nfh|| - Nrty;

3. gR vt;thW fjWk;? vd ePq;fs; Fwpj;Jf;Nfl;f khztu; mjd;

xypia xypj;Jf; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.

4. khztu;fs; fhzhj epiyapy;> kiwtpy; epd;W xypfis vOg;gp

mt;nthypfs; vtw;why; ahuhy; vOg;gg;gl;ld vd mDkhdpj;Jf;

$w topg;gLj;Jf.

5. xj;j XirAila nrhw;fSs; NtWgLk; nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L

$w khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khL> khL> khL> ML> khL> khL

,J Nghd;W gy gapw;rpfis toq;Ff.

fw;wy; - fw;;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;fw;wy; - fw;;gpj;jy; tsq;fs;

rpul;ilfs;> kzpfs;> jfug;Ngzpfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs;

Cjy;> wghd;> kzp> fpYfpYf;fp> kj;jsk;> cLf;F Nghd;w thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs;

,Wtl;Lf;fs;> xypehlhf;fs; (xypfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l)


xypfis mtjhdpj;Jr; nrtpkLj;jy;> nrtpkLj;j xypfs; gw;wpf;

$Wjy;> mtw;iw xypj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;> xypfis mDkhdpj;jy;

Nghd;wit njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpia mtjhdpj;Jf;

fzpg;gpLf.

tpNrl Fwpg;G:tpNrl Fwpg;G:tpNrl Fwpg;G:tpNrl Fwpg;G:tpNrl Fwpg;G:

khztu; jk; nrtpkLj;jw;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd

Kd;dpiyr; nraw;ghNl Nfl;lw; gpupj;jwpifahFk;.

xyp NtWghLfis ,dq;fhzr; nra;tjd; %yk;

nrtpkLj;jw; jpwid tsu;f;f KbAk; vd;gij

epidtpw; nfhs;f.

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺

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03.03.03.03.03. cs cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpcs cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jp


3.1. if> fz; ,iaghf;f tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.

3.2. Mf;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

3.3. thrpj;jYf;fhd fz; efu;Tg; gapw;rpfisg; gapYthu;.

3.4. vOJjYf;fhd jirehu;g; gapw;rpfspy; <LgLthu;.


m. Fwpj;j Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J Kd;gf;fkhf Ie;J mbj;J}uj;jpy;

mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; rpW Fopapy; khgps; my;yJ ge;njhd;wpid

cUl;b tpor;nra;a khztu;fis mwpTWj;Jf.

Fwpj;j ,lj;jpy; my;yJ fUk;gyifapy; cUtq;fis

tiue;J mtw;wpy; xj;j cUtq;fisf; NfhLfs; %yk;/<u;f;Ffs; %yk; njhLf;f topfhl;Lf.

gg;ghrpf; Foha; my;yJ 2 nrd;wpkPw;wu; tpl;lk; nfhz;l

fhfpjf; Foha; xd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. mf;Fohapd;

Clhfg; gj;J tpijfis (Gspak; tpij) xt;nthd;whfr;

rw;W cauj;jpypUe;J Nghl topg;gLj;Jf.

M. ,iyfis xl;b mtw;wpw;F cWg;Gf;fs; tiue;J cUtq;fis

Mf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

,. ,lkpUe;J tykhff; fz; efu;r;rp ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba

nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

<. vOJjYf;F cjTk; jirehu;g; gapw;rpfspy; khztu;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL Ikhztu;fis ntspNa / ikjhdj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yf.

Fopnahd;wpDs; ge;ij / khgpis cUl;bg;Nghl /tpor; nra;amwpTWj;Jf.

ge;ij FopapDs; tpor;nra;a khztu;fSf;F NkYk;

re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;Ff.

,J Nghd;w NtWgl;l gapw;rpfspYk; <LgLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL II m. tpUk;gpathW cUtq;fis tiua khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.


M. ,iyfis xl;b mtw;wpw;F cUtq;fis Mf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

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ahid> Mik Nghd;w cUtq;fis fspapdhy; Mf;fp

mtw;wpw;F fhy;> thy; nghUj;j topfhl;Lf.

,. rJuk; / nrt;tfk; xd;iw tiue;J nfhLj;J mjDs;

,lkpUe;J tykhfg; gy NfhLfs; tiua khztu;fis

topg;gLj;Jf.

<. ,NjNghy; Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; Nky; fPw khztu;fis

topg;gLj;Jf.

c. Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ tiutjd; Clhf njhlu;GgLj;j

topg;gLj;Jf.


Gs;spf; NfhLfis ,izg;gjd; %yk; kiwe;Js;s cUit

ntspg;gLj;j khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.

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<. fsp kz;iz vLj;Jg; NghJkhd msT ePu; Nru;j;J ed;whfg;

gpire;J gjg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s topfhl;Lf. (tpuy;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp)

gjg;gLj;jpa fsp kz;iz cUl;bj;jpul;b vitNaDk;

cUf;fisr; nra;a topfhl;Lf. ge;J> fj;jupf;fha;> ahid>

Mik> tpkhdk;> thndhyp Nghd;wit.


gioa fljhrpfis Cwtpl;L mjw;Fg; gir Nru;j;Jg;

gpire;J tpUk;gpa nghUl;fisr; Rakhfr; nra;a

topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ge;J> kPd;> ghk;G Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;J

epoypy; fhaitj;Jf; nfhs;s

mwpTWj;Jf.

ge;ij tPRjy;> gpbj;jy;> fhw;wpy; vOJjy;> ePupy; vOJjy;>

kzypy; vOJjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

tpUk;gpa cUtj;ijf; fPw> fPwp ntl;b xl;l re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

tpj;Jg;ig tpisahl;L> Fwpj;j vy;iyf;Fs; ge;ij vwpjy;>

rkepiyapy; elj;jy; Nghd;w tpisahl;Lf;fspy;; ngupa

jirehu; tpUj;jpf;fhf khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.


fsp kz;> ePu;> gir> ,iyfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs;


nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fs; Mu;tj;Jld; <LgLfpd;whu;fsh

vd;gij mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.

khztu;fsJ ,af;fq;fis mtjhdpf;Ff.

04. 04. 04. 04. 04. thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;thrpj;jYf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;


4.1. glq;fis thrpg;ghu;.

4.2. glq;fSld; nrhw;fis thrpg;ghu;.

4.3. glq;fspd;wpr; nrhw;fis thrpg;ghu;.

4.4. nrhw;fis thrpg;gjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fspy; gupr;rak; ngWthu;.


glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

glq;fSld; nrhw;fis thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

glq;fs; ,d;wpr; nrhw;fis thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

kdq;fspy; gjpar; re;ju;g;gq;fis Vw;gLj;Jf.

gupr;rakhd nrhw;fisg; glq;fspd;wp thrpg;gjd; %yk;

vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.

15

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1. glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. gpd;G glq;fs;

Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fisf; $w topg;gLj;Jf.


2. glq;fis mit Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fSld; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

gyKiw thrpf;fr; nra;f.

fz; cuy; fOF

3. nrhw;fis vOj;Jf;fshfg; gpupj;Jk;> vOj;Jf;fisr;

nrhw;fshfr; Nru;j;Jk; vOjpa ml;ilfis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

mtw;iw thrpg;gjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fspd; xyptbtq;fis

,dq;fz;L $w topg;gLj;Jf.

kuk;kuk;kuk;kuk;kuk; kkkkk u k;u k;u k;u k;u k;

%f;F%f;F%f;F%f;F%f;F % f; F% f; F% f; F% f; F% f; F

mk;kh m k; khmk;kh m k; khmk;kh m k; khmk;kh m k; khmk;kh m k; kh

fzpdp f zp dpfzpdp f zp dpfzpdp f zp dpfzpdp f zp dpfzpdp f zp dp


khztUf;Fg; gupr;rakhd nghUl;fspd; glq;fs;

glq;fSf;fhd nrhy;yl;ilfs;

nrUf;fy; ml;ilfs;

vOj;J ml;ilfs;

nrhy; ml;ilfs;


glq;fs; Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fisj; njspthf cr;rupj;Jf;

$Wjiy mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.

glq;fspd; cjtpNahL nrhw;fis thrpg;gjid

mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.

nrhw;fis thrpg;gjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhziyAk;

mtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; gupr;rak; njhlu;ghfTk; fzpg;gpLf.

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05. 05. 05. 05. 05. vOJtjw;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;vOJtjw;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;vOJtjw;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;vOJtjw;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;vOJtjw;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk;


5.1. Rakhff; fPWthu;> tiuthu;> epwe;jPl;Lthu;.

5.2. Gs;spf;NfhLfis ,izj;Jf; fPWthu;.

5.3. vOj;JfSf;Fupa tisNfhLfis tiuthu;.

5.4. vOj;JUit xj;j tbtq;fis mikg;ghu;.

5.5 vOj;jpd; Nky; vOJthu; / vOj;ijg; ghu;j;J vOJthu;.


vOJfUtpia tpuy;fshy; cupa Kiwapy; gpbj;J vOj

Mtd nra;f.


jiuapy; / ml;ilfspy; vOjg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fspd; Nky;

rpwpa nghUl;fis mLf;fp vOj;JUit Mf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;ij

toq;Ff.

vOj;Jf;fis vOJtjw;F Ntz;ba tisTfs;> NfhLfs;>

tl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;iw khztu;fs; fPWtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.

kzy; jiuapy;> kzy; jl;by; vOjg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fspd;

Nky; tpuyhy; vOJtjd; %yk; njhLif czu;itg; ngw

Tk;> vOj;Jf;fspd; mikit kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jf.


1. kzw; jl;by; ifia> ghjj;ij NtW VNjDk; Xu; cUit itj;J

mjidr; Rw;wp <u;f;fpdhy; my;yJ Fr;rp xd;wpdhy; Rakhf tiua

topg;gLj;Jf.

2. ,lkpUe;J tykhf tpuy;fis mirj;J fhw;wpy; vOj khztu;fSf;F

topfhl;Lf. ePq;fSk; khztUk; Nru;e;J xU gf;fkhfNt jpUk;gp

epd;W ifia cau;j;jp vOj newpg;gLj;Jf.

3. gapw;rpf; nfhg;gpapy; khztu; Rakhff; fPWtjw;F Mu;t%l;Lf.

4. khztu; tpUk;gpagb glk; tiue;J epwe;jPl;lr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

5. ePq;fs;; tiue;J nfhLf;Fk; glj;jpw;F tpUk;gpathW epwe;jPl;lr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.


vOJ $upypUe;J rpy nr.kPw;wu; J}uj;jpy;

ngd;rpypd; Nkw;gf;fj;jpy; Rl;L tpuy;

jupj;jpUj;jy;

ngd;rpypd; Kd;gf;fj;jpy; ngUtpuy;

Rl;Ltpuiyj; njhLjy;

ngd;rpypd; fPo;g;gf;fj;jpy; njhLk;

tpuy;fsplkpUe;J eLtpuy; kiwe;jpUj;jy;

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6. vOjg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fspd; Nky; Gspaq;nfhl;il/kQ;rhb/ Fd;wpkzp/fw;fs;/ gUg;G Nghd;wtw;iw mLf;f Mtd nra;f.


7. Gs;spf; NfhLfshy; Neu;NfhL> tl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;Jf;;

nfhLj;J mtw;wpd; Nky; khztu; vOjr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

8. NfhLfs;> tisTfs;> tl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;iw khztu;fs; fPWtjw;F

topg;gLj;Jf.

tpNrl Fwpg;G: tpNrl Fwpg;G: tpNrl Fwpg;G: tpNrl Fwpg;G: tpNrl Fwpg;G:

,e;j myFf;fhd gapw;rpapd; gpd;Ng nray;

E}ypYs;s gapw;rpfisr; nra;ar; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

9. Gs;spf;NfhLfshy; vOj;Jf;fis mikj;Jf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw

,izg;gjD}lhf vOj;Jf;fis vOJtjw;fhd Gyf;fhl;rpiag;

ngwtopg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

10. vOj;Jf;fspd; Nky; vOj topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

l g a k y tl g a k y tl g a k y tl g a k y tl g a k y t

fffff eeeee j dj dj dj dj d z Kz Kz Kz Kz K

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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

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☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺

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11. Xu; vOj;ij Muk;gk; Kjy; mjd; KbT tiu vt;thW vOj

Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;F khztupd; tpuiyg;gpbj;J mt;ntOj;jpd;

Nky; vOj gapw;rp toq;Ff. ml;ilapy; ~m| vd;w vOj;ij

vOjp (glj;jpw; fhl;bathW) rpW kziyj; J}Tf. kzy;

ml;ilapy; xl;bagpd; mjw;FNky; tpuyhy; vOJk; gapw;rpia

toq;Ff.


ml;il

kzy;

12. vOj;Jf;fis cWg;gika vOJ

tjw;fhd gapw;rpia Muk;gj;jp

ypUe;Nj khztu;fSf;F toq;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw;

nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;w Kiwapy;

khztu;fis newpg;gLj;Jf.

(khztu;fs; mku;e;jpUf;Fk;

nfhz;zpiyfspy; ftdk;

nrYj;Jf.)

13. kzy; jiuapy; vOjg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fspd; Nky; tpuyhy;

vOJtjd; %yk; njhLif czu;itg; ngwTk;>vOj;Jf;

fspd; mikit kdjpy; gjpj;jJf; nfhs;sTk; tha;g;gpid

Vw;gLj;Jf.


♦ kzw; jiuapy; g> k> a> r> jg> k> a> r> jg> k> a> r> jg> k> a> r> jg> k> a> r> j Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fis

vOjpf;nfhLj;J mjd; Nky; tpuyhy; vOjtpLf.

♦ muj;jhspy; f> w> d> s> t> yf> w> d> s> t> yf> w> d> s> t> yf> w> d> s> t> yf> w> d> s> t> y Nghd;w vOj;Jf;

fisj; jdpj;jdpahf vOjpntl;b mtw;wpd; Nky;

tpuyhy; vOjpg; gupr;rak; ngw mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G:

,e;jg; gapw;rpapd; gpd;Ng nray; E}ypYs;s gapw;rpfisr;

nra;ar; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.


kzw;wl;L> kzpfs;> tpijfs;> muj;jhs; (kzw;fljhrp)

epwf;fl;bfs; Nghd;wit.


vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd tisTfs;> NfhLfs; vd;gtw;iwj;

njspthf tiufpd;whu;fsh? vd;gij mtjhdpj;Jf;

fzpg;gpLf.

kzw;wl;L> ePu;> fsp vd;gtw;Wldhd tpisahl;Lf;fspy;

tpUg;Gld; <LgLjiy mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gp;Lf.

nrhw;fspy; vKj;Jf;fis cWg;gikag; gpujpgz;Zjiyf;

fzpg;;gpLf.

☺☺☺☺☺

KJF Neuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kfk;

fljhrpf;F kpf mz;kpj;J ,Ue;jyhfhJ.

gps;is jd; fhy; ghjj;ij epyj;jpy;

KOikahf itf;fj;jf;fjhf fjpiuapd;

cauKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tapW Nkirapy;

Kl;LjyhfhJ.

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1.01.01.01.01.0 nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;nrtpkLj;jy;

Nju;r;rpfs; Nju;r;rpfs; Nju;r;rpfs; Nju;r;rpfs; Nju;r;rpfs;

1.1 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;> nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; Vw;g

tpidj;jpwDld; nrtpkLg;ghu;.

1.2 gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy;

nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

1.1.1 Rw;whlypy; cs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J xypj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk;

ngsjpfg; nghUl;fspd; xypfs;

gpuhzpfspd; xypfs;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;

#oypy; cs;s nghUl;fs;> gpuhzpfspd; xypfisr;

nrtpkLj;J xypj;Jf; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.

,aw;if xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J ,dq;fz;L $wr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs;

1. gpuhzpfspd; xypfis xypj;Jf; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: eha; - ~~ts; ts;||

fhfk; - ~~fh fh||

fpsp - ~~fPf;fP fPf;fP||

G+id - ~~kpaht; kpaht;||

2. fpYfpYf;fp> Cjp> thj;jpaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; xypfis

,dq;fz;L $w topg;gLj;Jf.

3. ,b Kof;fk;> fhw;W tPRjy;> kio nga;jy; Nghd;w ,aw;if

xypfis ,dq;fz;L $w topg;gLj;Jf.

4. Fwpj;j rpy xypfis xypj;J mit vtw;wpd; xypfnsd

khztu; $w top elhj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ~~kpaht; kpaht;||

~~nfhf; nfhf; nfhf;||

5. Mrpupau; $Wk; rpy xypfis khztu; xypj;Jf; fhl;l

mwpTWj;Jf. (,jw;F Mrpupau; gpd;tUk; ghliyg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.)


fhf;iff; $l;by; Fapy; Kl;ilfhf;iff; $l;by; Fapy; Kl;ilfhf;iff; $l;by; Fapy; Kl;ilfhf;iff; $l;by; Fapy; Kl;ilfhf;iff; $l;by; Fapy; Kl;il

fh... fh... fhf;ifahu; $l;bNy

$... $... Fapyhu; Kl;il ,l;lhu;

F... $... F... $... F... $...

fP... fP... fpspahu; ghu;j;J ,Ue;jhu;.

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fp> fP... fp. fP.... fp.. fP....

Nfh> Nfh... Nfhopahu; nfhf;fupj;jhu;.

nfhf;.... nfhf;... nfhf;...

$br; NrtyhUk; $tpdhu;.

nfhf;fuf;Nfh.... nfhf;fuf;Nfh.... nfhf;fuf;Nfh....

nfhf;fu... nfhf;fu... nfhf;fuf;Nfh....

kapyq;$ly; j. fdfuj;jpdk;kapyq;$ly; j. fdfuj;jpdk;kapyq;$ly; j. fdfuj;jpdk;kapyq;$ly; j. fdfuj;jpdk;kapyq;$ly; j. fdfuj;jpdk;

ed;wp: rpWtu; ghlyed;wp: rpWtu; ghlyed;wp: rpWtu; ghlyed;wp: rpWtu; ghlyed;wp: rpWtu; ghly;; ;; ;

;

6. rpul;il> fuz;b> Nghj;jy; Nghd;w nghUl;fisj; jl;Ltjhy;

vOk; xypfis khztu; nrtpkLf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

7. khztu;fs; fhzhj epiyapy;> mt;nthypfis vOg;gp

mt;nthypfs; vtw;why; vOg;gg;gl;ld vd mDkhdpj;Jf; $w

topg;gLj;Jf.


rpul;ilfs;> kzpfs;> Nghj;jy;fs;> jfug; Ngzpfs; Nghd;w

nghUl;fs;.

Cjp;> wghd;> kzp> fpYf;fp> kj;jsk;> cLf;F

ntt;NtW xypfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xyp ehlhf;fs;

- kzp> kj;jsk;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> tpyq;Ffspd; njhdp> kio

nga;jy;> fhw;W tPRjy;> ,b Koq;Fk; rj;jk; vd;gd.


xypfisr; nrtpkLj;jiy mtjhdpf;Ff.

nrtpkLj;j xypfs; gw;wpf; $Wjy;> mtw;iw xypj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;>

xypfis mDkhdpj;Jf; $Wjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis

mtjhdpj;J khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfisf; fzpg;gpLf.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

1.1.2 nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.


nrhw;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J> ,Wjp vOj;J

NtWgLtij) ,dq;fz;L $Wjy;.


xj;J xypf;Fk; nrhw;fis Kjypy; njspthf cr;rupj;Jf; fhl;Lf.


klk;> glk;> flk;> tlk;

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xNu nrhw;nwhFjpapy;> KjnyOj;J NtWgl;l nrhy;nyhd;iwAk;

Nru;j;J cr;rupj;Jf; $Wf.


glk;> glk;> klk;> glk; k

,uz;lhk; vOj;J NtWgl;l nrhy;iyr; Nru;j;J cr;rupj;Jf;

$Wf.


ge;J> ge;J> gj;J> ge;J j;

,Wjp vOj;J NtWgl;l nrhy;iyr; Nru;j;J cr;rupj;Jf; $Wf.


tz;L> tz;L> tz;b> tz;L b


1. tpisahl;L xd;iw mwpKfQ; nra;f.

2. khztu;fis ,U FOf;fshf;Ff. (12 Ngu;/ 15 Ngu; tiuapy;)khztu;fis ikjhdk; xd;wpw;F / ntsp xd;wpw;F mioj;Jr;

nry;f.

3. FOf;fSf;Fg; ~~G+ir||> ~~G+id|| vdg; ngaupLf.

4. tpisahl;Lf;Fupa ,lj;ij vy;iyg;gLj;Jf.

vy;iy G+id G+ir vy;iy

5. ftdj;ij <u;j;jgpd;; G+ir my;yJ g+id vd;W $Wf.

6. ngau; Fwpg;gpl;l FO kw;iwa FOitj; Juj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

7. vy;iyf; NfhLtiu gpbglhjtu;fs; kPz;Lk; Muk;gpj;j ,lj;jpw;F

te;J njhle;J tpisahl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; njuptpf;Ff.

8. ,Wjptiu gpbglhjtu;fis ntw;wpngw;wtu;fshff; fUjp mtu;

fisg; ghuhl;Lf.

,JNghd;W Gjpa Nrhbr; nrhw;fis ePq;fs; jahupj;Jk; tpisahl

topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :

Nfhop - Nfhl;lhd; > khL - khd;


ePz;L xypf;Fk; xNu vOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l

ml;ilfs;


nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Ffpd;wikia mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.

vy;yh khztu;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;Ak; NghJ

mtjhdj;Jld; Nfl;L nraw;gLfpwhu;fsh vd;gij mtjhdpj;Jf;

fzpg;gpLf.

(,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fisf; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;if nfhz;l FOthf

Mf;fp nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jp> Nju;r;rpailar; nra;f.)

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Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp

1.21.21.21.21.2 gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy;gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy;gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy;gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy;gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy;

nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.


1.2.1 njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.


rfghbfSld; ciuahLjy;

Mrpupau;fSld; ciuahLjy;


tFg;gpYs;s rfy khztu;fSld;> mtu;fsJ Ratpguq;fs; gw;wp

el;GwTld; fye;JiuahLf.

khztu;fs; xt;nthUtuhf vy;yh khztu;fsplKk; mtu;fspd;

Ratpguq;fisf; Nfl;lwpa topehlj;Jf.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fpr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.


1. khztu;fisr; rpW FOf;fshf;fp xt;nthU FOtpdiuAk; tl;lkhf

mkur; nra;f.

mtu;fsplj;Nj xU FOtpdUf;F xU ge;J tPjk; toq;Ff.

gpd;du; FOtpYs;s xUtu; ge;ij cUl;btpl> mg;ge;J ahiu

nrd;wilfpd;wNjh mtu; jdJ ngau;> Cu;> ngw;Nwhu; ngau;

vd;gtw;iwg; gbg;gbahff; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpd; ge;ij NtW xUtUf;F cUl;btpLkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

mtUk; Kd;du; NghyNt jd; tpguq;fisf; $wpa gpd; jhd;

tpUk;Gk; xUtUf;Fg; ge;ij cUl;btplNtz;Lk; vd;gij

typAWj;Jf.

,t;thW vy;yh khztu;fSk; $Wk;tiu tpisahl;ilj; njhlUf.

jhk; tpUk;gpathW Nru;e;J ciuahlr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;Ff.

,t;thNw khztu;fSk; Mrpupau;fSk; ciuahlr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.


khztu;fs; el;GwTld; mstshtpg; NgRtijAk; nrtpkLj;jiyAk;

fzpg;gpLf.

Mrpupau;fSlDk; khztu;fs; RKfkhf ciuahlypy;

<Lgl;lhu;fsh vd;gij fzpg;gpLf.


1.2.2 ,uridf;fhfr;; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.


rpWtu; ghly;fs;

rpWtu; fijfs;

rpWtu; ehlfq;fs;

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,yFthd rpWghliy ,irAlDk; jhsj;JlDk; ghbf; fhl;Lf.

khztu;fisr; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;J mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J ghLf.

khztu;fSf;Fj; njupe;j rpWtu; ghly;fis FOf;fshfTk;>

jdpj;jdpahfTk; ghlr; re;ju;g;gk; mspj;J> nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.

gpd;du; mg;ghliy vy;yh khztu;fSk; Nru;e;J ghl top

elhj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L : ghly;: ghly;: ghly;: ghly;: ghly;

jl;L ifiaj; jl;Ljl;L ifiaj; jl;Ljl;L ifiaj; jl;Ljl;L ifiaj; jl;Ljl;L ifiaj; jl;L

rpl;L rpl;L rpl;L

rpl;Lf; FUtp rpl;L!

gl;L gl;L gl;L

gl;Lr; rl;il gl;L!

nghl;L nghl;L nghl;L

nghl;L new;wpg; nghl;L!

nkhl;L nkhl;L nkhl;L

nkhl;L ky;ypif nkhl;L!

jl;L jl;L jl;L

jl;L ifiaj; jl;L!

ghy eluh[d;ghy eluh[d;ghy eluh[d;ghy eluh[d;ghy eluh[d;

ed;wp: gps;isg; ghly;fs;

Nfhzhgl;L GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;

rpWtu; ghly; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw

khztu;fs; nrtpkLf;fTk;> Nru;e;J ghlTk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

khztu; ghLtij xypg;gjpT nra;J gpd;du; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.

(khztu;fspd; taJf;F nghUj;jkhd ghly;fis njupT nra;J

toq;Ff.)

gps;isfspd; juj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpWtu; fijfs; rpytw;iwf;

$wp nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

md;Gld; Ngr Ntz;Lk;; md;Gld; Ngr Ntz;Lk;; md;Gld; Ngr Ntz;Lk;; md;Gld; Ngr Ntz;Lk;; md;Gld; Ngr Ntz;Lk;;

kpl;lha;f; filapy; fz;zhbj; jl;by; tpjtpjkhd ,dpg;Gg; gz;lq;fs;

mLf;fpitf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. filf;Fs; Eioe;j vyp mq;Fkpq;Fk;

Nehl;lkpl;lJ. gytifahd ,dpg;Gg; gz;lq;fs; ,Uf;fNt vjid

vLj;Jr; nry;tJ vd;W Nahrid nra;jJ vyp.

me;j Neuk; jpBnud filapDs; filf;fhuu; te;JtplNt vyp Js;spf;

Fjpj;J Xb filia tpl;L ntspNawpj; njUg;gf;fkhf XbaJ.me;j

Neuj;jpy; njUNthukhf ,Ue;j kjpy; kPJ xU fhfk; mku;e;jpUe;jJ.

me;j fhfk; vypiaf; fz;Ltpl;lJ.

vypiaf; fz;l kfpo;r;rpapy; me;jf; fhfkhdJ vypapd; mUNf gwe;J

te;J mjid tpul;bg; gpbf;f Kad;wJ. jdJ jbj;j myfpdhy; vyp

iaf; nfhj;jg; NghdJ. fhfk; jd;idf; nfhj;j tUtijf; fz;l

vyp fPr;! fPr;! vd;W fj;jpathW fhfj;ijg; ghu;j;jJ. ePq;fs; vd;idg;

gpbj;Jf; nfhy;y epidf;fpwPu;fNs! vd; kPJ nfhQ;rkhtJ fUiz

fhl;lkhl;Bu;fsh? || vd;W md;NghL Nfl;lJ.

mjidf; Nfl;l fhfk; ~~ vypNa! vdf;F kpfTk; grpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

vd; grpf;F ,g;NghJ czT Njitg;gLfpwJ. mjdhy; cd;id ,iu

ahf;fp nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;W epidf;fpNwd;. mlk;gpbf;fhky; vdf;F

,iuahfptpL || vd;W $wpaJ.

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~~ fhfk; mz;zh! cq;fs; Ngr;rpYk; xU tpj epahak; ,Ug;gjhf czu;

fpd;Nwd;. MdhYk; cq;fs; FQ;Rf;F ,ijg;Nghy; Xu; Mgj;J Neu;e;J>

mf;FQ;R NtW VjhtJ gwitaplNkh tpyq;fplNkh rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhy;

mJ vd;d ghLgLk;. cq;fs; FQ;R Nghd;W vd;id epidj;J vdf;F

capu;g;gpr;ir nfhLq;fNsd; || vd;W gupNthL nfQ;rpaJ vyp.vypapd;

rhku;j;jpakhd Ngr;rpdhy; fhfj;jpd; kdJ ,sfptpl;lJ.

rpwpJ Neuk; Nahrid nra;j fhfk; vypiag; ghu;j;J ~~vypNa! cd;idg;

ghu;;j;j NghJ vg;gbahtJ cd;idr; ,iuahf;fp tpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w

vz;zk;jhd; Njhd;wpaJ. Mdhy; cd; md;ghd thu;j;ijfisf; Nfl;fpd;w

nghOJ me;j vz;zk; vd; kdijtpl;L mfd;Wtpl;lJ. eP cd; rhJu;akhd

Ngr;rpdhy; vd; kdJs;Ns ,Uf;fpd;w ghr czu;r;rpapidj; jl;b vOg;gp

tpl;lha; ! ,dpNky; eP gakpy;yhky; nry;yyhk;.|| vd;W $wpagb NtW

,iuiaj; Njbg; gwe;J nrd;wJ.

vypAk; capu;gpioj;j kfpo;r;rpapy; jd; ,Ug;gplj;ij Nehf;fp Ntfkhf

XbaJ.

md;ghd Ngr;rpdhy; vjpupapd; kdijf;$l khw;wptplyhk; vd;gij

me;j vyp kpf ed;whfNt md;W Gupe;J nfhz;lJ. md;Gf;F

,j;jid ngupa rf;jpapUg;gjhfTk; mJ jdfF Vw;gl;l

mDgtj;jpd; %ykhf mwpe;J nfhz;lJ. jhDk; gpwuplk;

md;NghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W md;W Kjy; mJ cWjp

G+z;lJ.

tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :

fijia Mrpupau; mgpeaj;Jld; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

khztu;fs; tpUg;Gld; nrtpkLg;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy;

fijia nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpy;

nfhs;f.

gps;isfspd; juj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpWtu; ehlfq;fis

ebf;ftpl;L> nrtpkLf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.


1. jhsyaj;Jld; ghbf; fhl;Lf.khztu; Nru;e;Jk; jdpj;Jk; ghlr;

re;ju;;;g;gk;; toq;Ff.

2. xyp ehlhf;fs; my;yJ ,Wtl;Lf;fisr; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.

3. khztu;fspd; ghly;fis xypg;gjpT nra;f.

4. fij $Wf/$wr; nra;f.5. rpWtu; ehlfis ebf;fr; nra;f.

6. khztu;fis jdp ebg;gpy; <Lglr; nra;f.


gps;isfspd; juj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ghly;fs;> fijfs;> ehlfq;fs;>

fijg;ghly;fs;> xypg;gjpT> ehlh> ,Wtl;Lfs;


khztu;fs; Mu;tj;JlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLj;jy;. nrtpkLj;j

tw;iw epidtpy; epWj;jp ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLf.

Fwpg;G :Fwpg;G :Fwpg;G :Fwpg;G :Fwpg;G :

☺☺☺☺☺ ghlE}ypy; cs;s fij$wy;> tpdhf;fSf;F tpil$wy; Kjypa

gFjpfisj; njhlu;GgLj;Jjy; ed;W.

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

1.2.3 nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.


fl;lisfs;

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;

tpLfijfs;

Gjpu;fs;


~~vOe;J epy;Yq;fs;> ad;dy; mUNf nry;Yq;fs;> ad;diyj; jpwe;J

tpLq;fs;.|| ,itNghd;w fl;lisfisf; $wp khztu;fisf; fpufpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf. Jyq;fy; %yk; fpufpj;jiy cWjp nra;f.

fljhrp xd;iw vLq;fs;. ,jid ,uz;lhf kbj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

gpd;du; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpagb mf;fljhrpapd; gy ,lq;fspYk; fpopj;Jj;

Jthuk; ,Lq;fs;.|| ,itNghd;w mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fpf; fpufpf;fTk;

nraw;glTk; newpg;gLj;Jf.

gj;jpupif/rQ;rpiffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpWtu; nra;jpfis thrpj;Jf;

fhl;Lf. mtw;iw khztu;fs; nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;f topg;

gLj;Jf.


cyfpy; njhlu; Xl;lg; Nghl;b eilngWtJ tof;fk;. mJ Nghy

rPdhtpy; Gjpa njhlu;ghl;Lg; Nghl;b eilngw;Ws;sJ. Gjpa

(fpd;d];) rhjidAk; epiyehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

- Mjhuk; : tPuNfrup [_iy 18> 2006

khztu;fis thndhypapy;> njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; nrtpkLj;j Kf;fpa

nra;jpfis> jfty;fis tFg;giwapy; $wtpl;L kw;iwa khztu;fs;

nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

,yFthd jfty;fisf; $wp mtw;iwr; nrtpkLf;fTk; fpufpf;fTk;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

nra;jp:nra;jp:nra;jp:nra;jp:nra;jp: ehis kio nga;Ak;.;.;.;.;.

jfty;fs; :jfty;fs; :jfty;fs; :jfty;fs; :jfty;fs; :

• xl;lfj;jpw;F ePe;jj; njupahJ.

• eha;f;F Nkhg;g rf;jp mjpfk; cz;L.

• ez;Lf;F mjd; tapw;wpNy gw;fs; cz;L.

• Kjiyfs; cwq;Fk; NghJ fz;fis %Ltjpy;iy.

tpLfij - Gjpu;fs; ,tw;iw khztu; nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jg;

nghUj;jkhf tpil $w topg;gLj;Jf.

tpLfijfs; : tpLfijfs; : tpLfijfs; : tpLfijfs; : tpLfijfs; :

• cUtj;jpy; rpwpatd; ciog;gpy; ngupatd; mtd; ahu;?

• %ba Fiff;Fs;Ns nrk;gts Kj;Jf;fs; mJ vd;d?

• ,jak; Nghy Jbg;gpUf;Fk; ,uT gfy; tpopj;jpUf;Fk;. mJ

vd;d?

• xUtid mioj;jhy; CiuNa $l;Lthd; mtd; ahu;?

• jiuapYk; fplg;ghd; RtupYk; elg;ghd; mtd; ahu;?

• jhtpg;Nghfpd;w jk;gpf;F KJfpNy %d;W NfhL mtd; ahu;?

• CiuNa $l;br; Rkf;Fk; cy;yhrj; Nju; mJ vd;d?

Gjpu;fs;: Gjpu;fs;: Gjpu;fs;: Gjpu;fs;: Gjpu;fs;:

• Kfk; ghu;f;f cjTtJ

• tpOJfisf; nfhz;lJ

• ghu;f;f> Nfl;f cjTtJ

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1. tl;lj;jpy; epd;wgb Jyq;Ftjw;Nfw;wthW gupr;rakhd fl;lisfisr;

nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f. (XLq;fs;> elTq;fs;> Js;Sq;fs;.)

2. Fsk; - fiu Nghd;w tpisahl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

3. jhk; Nfl;lwpe;j nra;jpfs;> jfty;fisf; FOf;fspilNa gupkhwpf;

nfhs;sr; nra;f.

4. ,ufrpaj; jfty; gupkhw;w tpisahl;by; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

5. cldbahf tpil nrhy;Yk; jpwid khztu;fsplk; tsu;f;Fk;

tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L :::::

tpisahl;L.

tpil Xl;lk;tpil Xl;lk;tpil Xl;lk;tpil Xl;lk;tpil Xl;lk;

cldbahf tpil nrhy;Yk; jpwid khztu;fsplk; tsu;j;jy; cldbahf tpil nrhy;Yk; jpwid khztu;fsplk; tsu;j;jy; cldbahf tpil nrhy;Yk; jpwid khztu;fsplk; tsu;j;jy; cldbahf tpil nrhy;Yk; jpwid khztu;fsplk; tsu;j;jy; cldbahf tpil nrhy;Yk; jpwid khztu;fsplk; tsu;j;jy;

Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:

tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs;> g+f;fs;> nghUl;fs;> Kjypatw;wpd; glq;fs;>

fbj ciwfs;

nraw;ghLfs; :nraw;ghLfs; :nraw;ghLfs; :nraw;ghLfs; :nraw;ghLfs; :

Kjypy; khztu;fis tl;;ltbtpy; mkur; nra;f. xU khztid mioj;J

xU glj;ij Vida khztu;fs; ghu;f;fhjthW nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

KbAkhdhy; fbj ciwfspDs;Ns glj;ij itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. glj;ij

thq;fpa khztd; Vida khztu;fSf;F Kd;dhy; tl;lkhf Xb> tpUk;gpa

khztDf;Fg; glj;ijf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. glj;jpYs;s nghUis

mku;e;J ,Uf;Fk; khztd; rupahfr; nrhd;dhy; mtu; mNj ,Uf;ifapy;

njhlu;e;J ,Uf;f KbAk;. rupahd tpil nrhy;yhtpby; me;j khztd;

glk; nfhz;L te;j khztDf;Fj; jkJ ,Uf;ifiaf; nfhLj;J tpl;Lg;

glj;ij thq;fpf; nfhz;L Xb ,d;ndhU khztUf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW rq;fpypj; njhluhf tpilNahl;lj;ij epfo;j;j KbAk;.

----- fyhepjp rgh n[auhrh.fyhepjp rgh n[auhrh.fyhepjp rgh n[auhrh.fyhepjp rgh n[auhrh.fyhepjp rgh n[auhrh.

ed;wp: ghyu; tpisahl;Lf;fs;.ed;wp: ghyu; tpisahl;Lf;fs;.ed;wp: ghyu; tpisahl;Lf;fs;.ed;wp: ghyu; tpisahl;Lf;fs;.ed;wp: ghyu; tpisahl;Lf;fs;.


fl;lisfs;> jfty; mlq;fpa xyp ehlh> ,Wtl;L>

rpWtu; rQ;rpiffs;


fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs; vd;gtw;iwr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fjy;

jfty;fs; nra;jpfisr; nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;jy; > gupkhWjy;

tpLfijfs;> Gjpu;fs; Nfl;ly;> tpLtpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Mu;tj;Jld;

<LgLjy; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLf.

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2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R 2.0 Ngr;R


2.12.12.12.12.1 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;> re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;> re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;> re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;> re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ggy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;> re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g

nrk;ikahfg;nrk;ikahfg;nrk;ikahfg;nrk;ikahfg;nrk;ikahfg; NgRthu; NgRthu; NgRthu; NgRthu; NgRthu; / ciuahLthu;. ciuahLthu;. ciuahLthu;. ciuahLthu;. ciuahLthu;.


2.1.1 ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhfg; NgRthu;.


Nru;e;J Ngrp tpisahLjy;

el;GwT tpUj;jpf;fhd ciuahLjy;

vz;zq;fisAk;> NjitfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

tpdhf;fis tpdhTjy;> tpilaspj;jy;

jfty; gupkhWjy;

fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;

$Wjy;;.

tpLfijfs; - Gjpu;fs; $Wjy;> tpLtpj;jy;

tpe;ijr; nra;jpfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy;


khztu;fs; Nru;e;J Ngrp tpisahlf;$ba tpisahl;L xd;iw

mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.


rLFL> gRTk; GypAk;> Fiy Fiyaha; Ke;jpupf;fha;

FiyFiyaha; Ke;jpupf;fha;FiyFiyaha; Ke;jpupf;fha;FiyFiyaha; Ke;jpupf;fha;FiyFiyaha; Ke;jpupf;fha;FiyFiyaha; Ke;jpupf;fha;

tpisahLNthu; vy;NyhUk; tl;lkhf cl;Gwk; Nehf;fp mku;e;J

,Ug;gu;. ifapy; Jzp xd;iw my;yJ ,iyf;nfhg;G xd;iw

kiwj;Jf; nfhz;L tl;lj;ijr; Rw;wp ntspg;Gwj;jpy; ghbf; nfhz;L

xUtu; Rw;wp tUthu;. ahUk; mtiuj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;ff; $lhJ.

Rw;wp tUk; NghJ ahuhtJ xUtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; mjid itj;J

tpl;L> kPz;Lk; kiwj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghyg; ghtid

nra;J nfhz;L Kd;NghyNt ghbf;nfhz;L Rw;wptUthu;.

jdf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Jzp my;yJ ,iyf;nfhg;G ,Ug;gijj; njupe;J

nfhz;lhy; mtu; mjid vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Juj;jp te;J> Jzp

my;yJ ,iy itj;jtupd; KJfpy; mbg;ghu;. mjw;Fs; mtu;

Xbr; nrd;W vOe;jtu; ,lj;jpy; mku;e;J tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW

,t;tpisahl;by; ghl;Lk; tpisahl;Lk; njhlUk;.

ghly; :

Rw;Wgtu;:Rw;Wgtu;:Rw;Wgtu;:Rw;Wgtu;:Rw;Wgtu;:

Fiy Fiyah Ke;jpupf;fha;

tl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fs;:tl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fs;:tl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fs;:tl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fs;:tl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fs;:

eupNa eupNa Rw;wpth.

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jhk; tpUk;Gk; xUtUld; md;dpNahdpakhf ciuahLtjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gj;ij Vw;gLj;Jf. mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpisahl;Lf;fis

mwpKfQ; nra;f.

khztu; jkJ vz;zq;fisAk;> NjitfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;

NfJthff; fye;Jiuahliy newpg;gLj;Jf. nghUj;jkhd

tpdhf;fistpdTf.

tpdhf;fis tpdTtjd; %ykhf Rakhfg;Ngr topelj;jyhk;. vdNt

rpW tpdhf;fisf;Nfl;L khztu;fis tpil$w topg;gLj;Jf.

khztu;fs; jfty;fis mwptjw;fhf tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;f

topg;gLj;Jf.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gad;

gLj;jp tpisahl topg;gLj;Jf.

khztu;fs; FOf;fspilNa tpLfijfs;/Gjpu;fs; Nfl;L tpisahltopg;gLj;Jf.


1. gRTk; GypAk;> rLFL Nghd;w tpisahl;Lf;fisg; Nghy; gpd;tUk;

tpisahl;ilAk; mwpKfk; nra;f.

xUtu; - nfe;Jgtu;

VidNahu; - tl;lj;jpDs; epw;gtu;fs;.

nfe;Jgtu; tl;lj;jpDs; epw;Nghiuf; nfe;jp te;J njhLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW tpisahLk;NghJ gpd;tUkhW ciuahLtu;.

nfe;Jgtu; - ~~nfhLq;fhy;gpb||

kw;iwNahu; - ~~te;Jgpb||

nfe;Jgtu; - ~~ahiug;gpbg;gJ||

kw;iwNahu; - ~~vd;idg;gpb||

2. ,uz;lhtJ nraw;ghlhf khztu;fis tl;lkhf ele;J nry;y

mwpTWj;Jf. ePq;fs; ~~,uz;L|| vd;W $wpaJk; ,uz;LNguhf khztu;

Nrhb Nru Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw ~~%d;W|| vd;wJk; Kk;%d;W Nguhfr;

Nru Ntz;Lk;. mk;%tUk; jkf;Fs; ciuahb jhk; tpUk;gpa %d;W

G+f;fspd; ngau;fis VidNahUf;Fj; njuptpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. njuptpj;j

%d;W G+f;fspd; ngau;fisAk; jkf;Fs; #l;bf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jhk;

#bf;nfhz;l ngaiu kw;wtu;fs; mDkhdpj;Jf; $w ,lkspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. khztu; jkJ vz;zq;fisAk;> NjitfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw; NfJ

thff; fye;Jiuahliy newpg;gLj;Jf. nghUj;jkhd tpdhf;fis

tpdTf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 1. cq;fSf;Fg; grpf;fpd;wjh?

2. mg;gbahdhy; rhg;gpLNthkh?

3. ,g;NghJ tpisahLNthkh? my;yJ ghl;Lg;

ghLNthkh?

4. rpj;jpuk; tiuNthkh?

khztu; jkJ Njitfisr; Rje;jpukhf ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba RKfkhd

#oiy tFg;gpy; Vw;gLj;Jf.

4. tpdhf;fis tpdTtjd; %ykhf Rakhfg;Ngr topelj;jyhk;. vdNt

rpW tpdhf;fisf;Nfl;L khztu;fis tpil$w topg;gLj;Jf. tpdhf;fs;

gy tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;ldthfTk;> Mu;t%l;lf;$badthfTk;

mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,yFthdjhfTk; tpil $wj; J}z;LtdthfTk;

mikjy; ed;W. Gjpu; tpLtpj;jw; ghzpapYk; tpdhf;fs; mikayhk;.


fhfk; fiuAk;> Fapy; vd;d nra;Ak;?

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5. khztu;fs; jfty;fis mwptjw;fhf tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;f topg;gLj;Jf.

,jidg; gy topfspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.


1. Jzpapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l mofhd nghk;ik xd;iw Nkir

apy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp khztu; ghu;itaplr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

khztuplkpUe;J RakhfNt tpdhf;fs; NknyOjiy

mtjhdpf;Ff.

2. fij/epfo;T xd;wpidr; Ritahff; $wpr;nrd;W ,ilapy;epWj;Jf. kpFjpf; fijia mwpa khztu; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ghu;.

tpdhf;fs; Nfl;gijj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; khztu;fis

newpg;gLj;Jf.

6. khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

tpisahl topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khztiu tl;lj;jpy; epw;fr; nra;f.

- xUtiuj; jiytuhf;Ff.

- mtiu tl;lj;jpd; eLtpy; epw;fr;nra;f.

- jiytu; $Wk; fl;lisfSf;F VidNahu; Jyq;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

epy;> XL> el> Js;S Nghd;w fl;lisfs;.

- gpd;G ,yf;fq;fspy; Jyq;fr; nra;ayhk;.

xd;W vd;why; XLjy;;> ,uz;L vd;W $wpdhy; elj;jy;>

%d;W vd;W $wpdhy ;epw;wy;.

,it Nghd;W NtW FwpaPLfisAk; $wr; nra;;f. ;;

7. khztu;fs; FOf;fspilNa tpLfijfs;/Gjpu;fs; Nfl;L tpisahltopg;gLj;Jf.


tpLfijfs;tpLfijfs;tpLfijfs;tpLfijfs;tpLfijfs;

Kj;J tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns jl;Lg; gyif mJ vd;d?

jz;zPu; Fbj;jhYk; ,td; tapW epuk;ghJ mtd; ahu;?

nky;y vOe;J mbnaLj;J itj;Jk; jiu mjpUk; mJ

vd;d?

Crp Nghy; ,Ug;ghd;@ CiuNa vupg;ghd; mtd; ahu;?

vd;idg; ghu;j;jhy; cd;idf; fhl;LNtd; ehd; ahu;?

tpilfs;tpilfs;tpilfs;tpilfs;tpilfs;


xypg;gjpT nr;aag;gl;l ciuahly;fs;. fijfs;> tpLfijfs;>

Gjpu;fs;.


tpisahl;Lj; njhlu;ghd ciuahly;fspy; Mu;tj;Jld; <LgLjy;.

vz;zq;fisr; Rakhf ntspg;gLj;jy;> tpdhf;fSf;F tpil $Wjy;>

jfty;fis mwpa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly; tpLfijfs; $wy; Nghd;w

Nju;r;rpfis fzpg;gPL nra;f.

Fwpg;G:Fwpg;G:Fwpg;G:Fwpg;G:Fwpg;G:

tpdhf;fSf;F tpil $Wtjw;Fg; ghlE}ypYs;s ghlq;fisAk;

gad;gLj;Jf.

ehf;F> fly;> ahid> jPf;Fr;rp> Kfk; ghu;f;Fk; fz;zhb

☺☺☺☺☺

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2.1.2 Nfl;Lk;; ghu;j;Jk; nghUj;jkhfg; NgRthu;/ciuahLthu;.


glj;ijg; ghu;j;J mJ gw;wp ciuahLjy;

glj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; fij $Wjy;

mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;

jfty;fis mwpe;Jk;> Nrfupj;Jk; NgRjy;


glk; ghu;j;J mJ gw;wp tpsf;fk; $Wk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

• gpd;tUk; gbKiwfspy; tsu;j;Jr; nry;Yf

• glq;fs; Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fs; $Wjy;• glq;fspy; cs;stw;iwg; gw;wpa rpW tpguk; $Wjy;

• nray;Fwpf;Fk; glq;fshapd; mr;nray; gw;wpf; $Wjy;

• fhl;rpg; glq;fis Kd;itj;J mit gw;wpa tpguq;fisr;

RUf;fkhff; $Wjy;

fijg;glq;fis Kd;itj;J> fijia Mf;fpf;$w topg;gLj;Jf.

mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; $w topg;gLj;Jf

ghu;j;J/Nfl;lwpe;j jfty;fisf; $Wtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.


1. glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; glq;fs; Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fis $wr;

nra;f.

2. nray; Fwpf;Fk; glq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;jpr; nray;fisf; $w

topg;gLj;Jf. (FOf;fshfTk; ,r;nraw;ghl;il nraw;gLj;j KbAk;)


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3. fijg; glq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


glq;fs; njhlu;gpy; khztu;fsplk; tpdhf;fs; tpdTf.

khztu;fs; $Wk; tpilfisf; nfhz;L fijia xOq;FgLj;Jf.

fijia khztu;fs; $w topg;gLj;Jf.

Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J fij $Wk;NghJ ,we;j

☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ fhyj;jpNy $Wjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;f.

4. khztu;fs; jkJ mDgtq;fisf; $w cw;rhfg;gLj;Jf.

5. khztu;fs; jfty;fis mwpe;Jk; Nrfupj;Jk; NgRtjw;F

topg;gLj;Jf.


glq;fs;> nray; Fwpf;Fk; glq;fs;> fijg;glq;fs;.


1. glj;ij mtjhdpj;J tpsf;fkspj;jy;

2. fhl;rpfs; nfhz;like;j glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fs; $Wjy;.

(,uz;L my;yJ %d;W nrhw;fisf;nfhz;l thf;fpaq;fs;.)

3. fijg; glq;fisf; nfhz;L fijia Mf;Fjy;> glq;fisj;

njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fij $Wjy;; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLf.

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2.1.3 ,uridf;fhfTk; Ngr;R tpUj;jpf;fhfTk; ghb/Ngrp/ebg;ghu;.


rpWtu;fSf;fhd ghly;fs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd fijfs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd ehlfq;fs;

ghtid nra;J NgRjy;


khztu;fs; nrtpkLj;J ,urpf;fj;jf;fjhd> ,yFthd nrhw;fs;

nfhz;l ghly;fis jhsj;JlDk;> ,irAlDk; ghLf.

khztu;fSf;Fj; njupe;j rpWtu; ghly;fisg;ghlr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

rpWtu; fijnahd;wpid mgpeaj;Jld; $wp> khztu;fs; ,urpj;J

nrtpkLf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

gpd;du; khztu; xUtiu ghtid nra;J fijiaf; $wj;

JizGupf.

khztu;fspd; juj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpwpa ciuahy;fSld;

$ba ehlfq;fis khztu;fs; ebf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

khztu;fSf;Fg; gupr;rakhd ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;Wg; ghtid nra;J

Ngr re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. (kPd;tpahghup> itj;jpau;> jghw;fhuu;)


1. I. ghlnyhd;iwj; jhsyaj;Jld; KOikahfg; ghLf.

khztu;fSk; Nru;e;J jhsyaj;Jld; ghl Mu;t%l;Lf.


kzp thj;Jkzp thj;Jkzp thj;Jkzp thj;Jkzp thj;J

Fs;sf; Fs;s thj;J

Fthf; Fth thj;J

gs;sj; jz;zPu; fz;lhy;

gha;e;J ePe;Jk; thj;J

nky;y cliy rha;j;J

NkYk; fPOk; ghu;j;J

nry;y khf elf;Fk;

rpd;d kzp thj;J

- uh. nghd;durd;.- uh. nghd;durd;.- uh. nghd;durd;.- uh. nghd;durd;.- uh. nghd;durd;.

ed;wp : ghYk; NjDk;.

II. gpd;G khztu;fs; jhkhfNt jhsyaj;Jld; ghl topg;gLj;Jf.

III. ,yFthd nrhw;fs;> jhsyak;> ,ir vd;gd ghlypy; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (khztu;fSf;Fj; njupe;j ghly;

fisg; ghlr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.)

2. khztu;fs; ,yFtpy; kddQ; nra;af;$ba ghly;fisf; (,tw;iw

MrpupaNu Mf;fyhk;;) nfhLj;J kddQ; nra;J ghlr; nra;f. ,jw;Fg;

Nghjpa mtfhrk; toq;fNtz;Lk;. ghly;fis khztu; kd;wq;fspYk;

ghlr; nra;ayhk;.

3. rpupg;G+l;Lk; my;yJ tpag;G+l;Lk; fijnahd;wpid mgpeaj;Jld; $Wf.

khztu;fs; ,jid ,urpj;Jr; nrtpkLf;f topg;gLj;Jf. fijapd; rpy

gFjpfs;> ciuahly;fis kPz;Lk; ghtidnra;J fhl;b khztu;fisAk;

ghtid nra;J $w topg;gLj;Jf.

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Vkhw;wk;Vkhw;wk;Vkhw;wk;Vkhw;wk;Vkhw;wk;xU ehs; eup xd;W mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; miye;J jpupe;jJ.

mjw;;F vq;Fk; czT fpilf;ftpy;iy. mg;NghJ kuf;fpis

xd;wpy; mku;e;jpUe;j fhl;Lf; Nfhopiaf; fz;lJ.

eup kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rpaile;jJ.

fhl;Lf; Nfhopiag; ghu;j;J ~~md;G ez;gpNa!> cd;idf; fz;L vt;tsT

ehs; njupAkh? eykhf ,Uf;fpwhah? vd;wJ. ehd; eykhf ,Uf;fpNwd;.

eP eykhf ,Uf;fpwhah? vd;wJ fhl;Lf; Nfhop. ehd; eykhf ,Uf;fpNwd;.

vd;W rypg;Gld; $wpaJ eup.

Vd; Nrhfkhf ,Uf;fpwha; vd;wJ fhl;Lf;Nfhop. eP nrhy;tJ vdf;Ff;

Nfl;ftpy;iy. fPNo ,wq;fp th. Gy; jiuapy; mku;e;jpUe;J Ngryhk;

vd;wJ eup. vdJ ez;gu;fs; tUtjhfr; nrhd;dhu;fs;. mJ jhd;

ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd; vd;W fhl;Lf;Nfhop $wpaJ. eup fhl;Lf;

Nfhopiaf; fPNo ,wq;fp tUkhW gzpTld; Nfl;lJ.

fhl;Lf; Nfhop mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; khwp khwp ghu;j;jJ. J}uj;Nj fhl;L

eha;fs; Fiuf;Fk; rj;jq;fs; Nfl;;ld. vdJ ez;gu;fs; tUfpwhu;fs;

NghypUf;fpwJ. ez;gu;fs; te;jJk; fPNo ,wq;fp tUfpNwd; vd;wJ

fhl;Lf; Nfhop. eup gjw;wj;Jld; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; ghu;j;jJ. ~~ez;gpNa!

vdf;F mtru Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ. ehd; Ngha; tUfpNwd;.|| vd;W $wp

mt;tplj;ij tpl;L mfd;wJ.

tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :tpNrl Fwpg;G :

NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s fijia Mrpupau; mgpeaj;Jld; $Wjy;

Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; ,urpj;Jr; nrtpkLg;gjw;fhfNt ,f;fij

jug;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;f.

4. rpwpa ehlfq;fis ebj;Jf; fhl;b khztu;fis ebf;f re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.


fhfKk; eupAk; ciuahLtJ> rpq;fKk; Rz;nlypAk;

5. khztu;fSf;F gupr;rakhd ghj;jpunkhd;iwg; ghtid nra;J Ngrpf;

fhl;Lf. khztu;fs; Mu;tj;Jld; Nfl;L ,urpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.


Gilit tpahghup kuf;fwp tpahghup

kPd; tpahghup eilghij tpahghup

gY}d; tpahghup jghw;fhud;

NgUe;J elj;Jdu; itj;jpau;


thndhyp> xypehlh> ghlE}y;> fijg;Gj;jfq;fs;> fijfs;

fzpg;g PLfzpg;g PLfzpg;g PLfzpg;g PLfzpg;g PLghLjy;> fij $Wjy;> ghj;jpuNkw;Wg; NgRjy;> kddk;

nra;J xg;Gtpj;jy; Mfpa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khztu;fs; tpUg;G

lDk; > Mu;tj;JlDk; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wduh vd;gij

mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.


Nga;gprhR kw;Wk; %l ek;gpf;iff; fijfs; Nghd;wNga;gprhR kw;Wk; %l ek;gpf;iff; fijfs; Nghd;wNga;gprhR kw;Wk; %l ek;gpf;iff; fijfs; Nghd;wNga;gprhR kw;Wk; %l ek;gpf;iff; fijfs; Nghd;wNga;gprhR kw;Wk; %l ek;gpf;iff; fijfs; Nghd;w

tw;iwj; jtpu;f;Ff.tw;iwj; jtpu;f;Ff.tw;iwj; jtpu;f;Ff.tw;iwj; jtpu;f;Ff.tw;iwj; jtpu;f;Ff.

fijfisj; njupTnra;Ak; NghJ khztu;fspd; tajpidf;

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.

ghlE}ypy; jug;gl;l ghly;fs;> fijfs; vd;gtw;Wld; Mrpupau;

Nrfupj;j ghly;fisAk;> fijfisAk; ,r;nraw;ghl;Lf;fhfg;

nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺

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3.0 thrpg;G 3.0 thrpg;G 3.0 thrpg;G 3.0 thrpg;G 3.0 thrpg;G


3.13.13.13.13.1 vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld;vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld;vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld;vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld;vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld;

cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.


3.1.1 vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; thrpg;ghu;.


glj;ijg; ghu;j;J ngaiuf; $Wjy;

glq;fspd;wpg; ngau;fis thrpj;jy;

nrhw;fis thrpj;jy; %yk; vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;;

capu;f;Fwpfis mDrupj;J vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;

njhlu;fis/ thf;fpaq;fis/ nrhw;fis/ thrpj;jy; tup tbtj;Jf;Fupa xyp tbtq;fis ,dq;fz;L cr;rupj;jy;

vOj;njhypfis xd;W $l;br; nrhw;fis thrpj;jy;


khztu;fSf;F gupr;rakhd glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mtw;iw

thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf. njspthf cr;rupg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.

NtW glq;fisAk; mit Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fSld; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

mr;nrhw;fs; gupr;rakhd gpd;du; glq;fspd;wp mr;nrhw;fis thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l nrhw;fis thrpf;f topelhj;jp mtw;wpd;

vOj;njhypfisg; gpupj;J thrpg;gjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz

topelj;Jf.

capu;n;ka; vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahf xypg;gjw;Fk;> capu;f;Fwpfis

,dq;fhzTk; mtw;iw mDrupj;J vOj;njhypfis cr;rupj;J

thrpf;fTk; topg;gLj;Jf.

gupr;rakhd nrhw;fspYs;s vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L Mff;$ba

NtW nrhw;fisj; jhkhfNt vOj;Jf;$l;b cr;rupj;J thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf.


1. <nuOj;Jg; ngau;fs;> %ntOj;Jg; ngau;fs; tuf;$ba glq;fis

xoq;FgLj;Jf.


vyp Vzp Mik

kapy; fpzW nfhf;F

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2. glq;fisAk; mit Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fSld; thrpf;f topg;gLj;jpa gpd;du;

glq;fspd;wp mr;nrhw;fs; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

vyp Vzp Mik

kapy; fpzW nfhf;F

3. vOj;njhypfisg; gpupj;J thrpg;gjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

vyp v yp Mik M ik

kapy; k ap y; fpzW fp z W

4. capu;f;Fwpfis ,dq;fhzTk; mtw;iw mDrupj;J vOj;njhypfis

cr;rupj;J thrpf;fTk; topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ~~M|| xypf;F (~~h||) muT Nru;j;jy;.

fh> kh> jh> th

~~v|| xypf;F (~~n||) xd;iwf;nfhk;G Nru;j;jy;.

nf> nk> nj> nt

thrpf;Fk; nrhw;fNshL njhlu;GgLj;jp capu;f;FwpfisAk; xypfisAk;

mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.

5. nghJ vOj;NjhL Nru;j;J thrpj;jy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fh

th

y;

gh

nrh

|y; | vd;w nghJ vOj;Jld; Nru;e;J thrpf;Fk; NghJ fUj;Js;s nrhy;

cUthFk;. vd;gij typAWj;Jf.


fhy;> thy;> ghy; nrhy;

...... ....... ....... .......

6. gupr;rakhd nrhw;fspYs;s vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;ff;$ba NtW

nrhw;fisj; jhkhfNt vOj;Jf;$l;b cr;rupj;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.


1. <nuOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;<nuOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;<nuOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;<nuOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;<nuOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

fz;> Cu;> fhy;> fha;> Fil> fpsp> fhJ

2. %nOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;%nOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;%nOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;%nOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;%nOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

cuy;> Fsk;> fpzW> Fjpiu> rPg;G> Kj;J

3. ehd;nfOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;ehd;nfOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;ehd;nfOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;ehd;nfOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;ehd;nfOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

vWk;G> kpsfha;> rpq;fk;> ,dpg;G> tpsf;F

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khztu;fSf;Fg; gupr;rakhd glq;fs; (<nuOj;J> %ntOj;J>

ehd;nfOj;Jg; ngau;fs; nfhz;l glq;fs;) mtw;wpd; ngau; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhw;fs;> mtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLJtjw;fhd nrUfy; ml;il


xt;nthU gbKiwapYs;s thrpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis cupathW

epiwNtw;Wfpd;wduh vd;gijf; fzpg;gpLf.

mwpKfkhd capu;nka; tbtj;Jld; xj;j ,d;Ndhu; vOj;ij ,dq;

fhz;fpd;whu;fsh vd;gijAk; fzpg;gpLf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ~~gp|| ~~gp|| ~~gp|| ~~gp|| ~~gp|| mwpKfkhdJ. kp> tp> e kp> tp> e kp> tp> e kp> tp> e kp> tp> ep vd;gtw;iw

,dq;fz;L cr;rupf;fpd;whuh? vd;gijAk;

fzpg;gPL nra;f.


3.1.2 nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fis thrpg;ghu;.


nrhw;fis thrpj;jy;

nrhw;nwhlu;fis thrpj;jy;

thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jy;

epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpj;jy;


nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;> thf;fpaq;fis thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

thrpf;fg; gupr;rak; ngw;w thf;fpaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Kw;Wg;

Gs;spia mwpKfk; nra;f. Kw;Wg;Gs;spapy; epWj;jp thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij mwpTWj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: FUtp fPr;rpLk;.

eha; Fiuf;Fk;.

ML ghy; jUk;.

khd; fhl;by; thOk;.

kapy; mofhf MLk;.

G+id vyp gpbf;Fk;.

ghl E}ypy; cs;s ghlq;fis thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf. (Kw;Wg;

Gs;spia mtjhdpj;J thrpf;fg; gapw;Wtpf;Ff.)

tpdhf;Fwp gad;gLj;jg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ghlE}ypy; Njbawpa

topg;gLj;Jf.


• cq;fSila ngau; vd;d?

• KaYf;Ff; fhy;fs; vj;jid?

,t;thf;fpaq;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp ~~Kw;Wg;Gs;spf;;Fg; gjpyhf

vd;d milahsk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J vjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ?

vd;wthW fye;Jiuahb tpdhTf;Fupa Fwp ~~tpdhf;Fwp|| vd;gijj;

njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.

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1. nrhw;fs; rpytw;iw vOjp mtw;iw thrpf;f mwpTWj;Jf.


eup> vyp> fhJ> tPjp> ghrp> kiy> tha;> tpiyeup> vyp> fhJ> tPjp> ghrp> kiy> tha;> tpiyeup> vyp> fhJ> tPjp> ghrp> kiy> tha;> tpiyeup> vyp> fhJ> tPjp> ghrp> kiy> tha;> tpiyeup> vyp> fhJ> tPjp> ghrp> kiy> tha;> tpiy

tpuy;> %f;F> FUtp> cg;G> muprp> fapW> jtistpuy;> %f;F> FUtp> cg;G> muprp> fapW> jtistpuy;> %f;F> FUtp> cg;G> muprp> fapW> jtistpuy;> %f;F> FUtp> cg;G> muprp> fapW> jtistpuy;> %f;F> FUtp> cg;G> muprp> fapW> jtis

tpsf;F> mg;gk;> gUg;G> tl;lk;> nts;sk;> kQ;rstpsf;F> mg;gk;> gUg;G> tl;lk;> nts;sk;> kQ;rstpsf;F> mg;gk;> gUg;G> tl;lk;> nts;sk;> kQ;rstpsf;F> mg;gk;> gUg;G> tl;lk;> nts;sk;> kQ;rstpsf;F> mg;gk;> gUg;G> tl;lk;> nts;sk;> kQ;rs;; ;; ;

2. njhlu;fs; rpytw;iw Kd;itj;J mtw;iw thrpf;f mwpTWj;Jf.


nts;isg;gRnts;isg;gRnts;isg;gRnts;isg;gRnts;isg;gR

caukhd njd;idcaukhd njd;idcaukhd njd;idcaukhd njd;idcaukhd njd;id

Ritahd czTRitahd czTRitahd czTRitahd czTRitahd czT

fWg;Gg;G+idfWg;Gg;G+idfWg;Gg;G+idfWg;Gg;G+idfWg;Gg;G+id

muprpkhg ;g pl ;Lmupr pkhg ;g pl ;Lmupr pkhg ;g pl ;Lmupr pkhg ;g pl ;Lmupr pkhg ;g pl ;L

rpy nrhw;fisf; $wp mtw;iwg; ngau; milfSld; njhlu;fshff;

$w khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf. (taJf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpwpa

njhlu;fs;)

3. gpd; rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.

Kw;Wg;Gs;spAld; rpy thf;fpaq;fisf; $w khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.


fpsp mofhd gwit.fpsp mofhd gwit.fpsp mofhd gwit.fpsp mofhd gwit.fpsp mofhd gwit.

fhfk; fh> fh> vd;W fiuAk;.fhfk; fh> fh> vd;W fiuAk;.fhfk; fh> fh> vd;W fiuAk;.fhfk; fh> fh> vd;W fiuAk;.fhfk; fh> fh> vd;W fiuAk;.

gR rhJthd kpUfk;.gR rhJthd kpUfk;.gR rhJthd kpUfk;.gR rhJthd kpUfk;.gR rhJthd kpUfk;.

eha; tPl;ilf; fhf;Fk;.eha; tPl;ilf; fhf;Fk;.eha; tPl;ilf; fhf;Fk;.eha; tPl;ilf; fhf;Fk;.eha; tPl;ilf; fhf;Fk;.

4. rpwpa tpdhf;fis tpdTf.


cq;fs; ngau; vd;d?cq;fs; ngau; vd;d?cq;fs; ngau; vd;d?cq;fs; ngau; vd;d?cq;fs; ngau; vd;d?

fpsp vd;d rhg;gpLk;?fpsp vd;d rhg;gpLk;?fpsp vd;d rhg;gpLk;?fpsp vd;d rhg;gpLk;?fpsp vd;d rhg;gpLk;?

tpdtg;gLk; tpdhf;fspd; ,Wjpapy; tpdhf;Fwp ,lg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd typAWj;Jf. (vOJk; NghJ)


Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp nfhz;l thf;fpa ml;ilfs;.


Kw;Wg;Gs;spapy; epWj;jpAk;> tpdhf;Fwpapy; tpdhtpAk;

thrpf;fpd;whu;fsh vd;gij mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf. (njhdp

%yk;)nrhw;fs; njhlu;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; ,Wjpapy; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp

Njitapy;iy vd;w vz;zf;fU khztuplk; Vw;gl;ljh vd;gij

Ak; fzpg;gpLf.

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3.1.3 nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.


;; ;; ;

nrhw;fs;

njhlu;fs;

thf;fpaq;fs;

ngau;g;gyiffs;

nghUl;fspd; ngau;fs;

Rtnuhl;bfs;

cwTg;ngau;fs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd ngupa vOj;Jr; rpj;jpuf; fijfs;

rpWtu;fSf;fhf fUj;Jg;glf; fijfs;




khztu;fSf;Fg; gupr;rakhd <nuOj;J> %ntOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

nfhz;l ml;ilfisf; fhl;b thrpf;Fk;gb $Wf.


ahid kio khiy

jhkiu nra;jp Fapy;

thrpj;j nrhw;fis kPl;Lf; $wr; nra;f. ,ij xU

tpisahl;lhfTk; nra;ayhk;.

nrhw;fis thrpj;jikNghd;W njhlu;fs; rpytw;iwAk; Kd;itj;J

thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf. tpdhf;fis tpdtp tpil $Wtjd; %yk;

thrpj;j njhlu;fisf; fpufpj;Js;sduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.

ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ngau;g;gyiffis thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf.


E}yfk; Mrpupau; Xa;T miw mjpgu; fhupahyak;

Muk;gg; gpupT fzpdpf; $lk; rq;fPj miw

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,it Nghd;W #oypy; mtjhdpj;j ngau;g;gyiffspy;

fhzg;gl;ltw;iw $wr; nra;f. (KbAkhdhy; ntspapy;

mioj;Jr; nrd;W mUfpy; cs;s ngau;g;gyiffis thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf.)


jghyfk; itj;jparhiy NgUe;Jj;jupg;gplk;

cztfk; gpujhdtPjp rpw;Wz;br;rhiy

ghtidapYs;s nghUl;fspd; ngau;fis vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

(mjw;Fupa glq;fisAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jyhk;) mtw;iwg;

gyKiw thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf. ,ij xU tpisahl;lhfTk;

nra;ayhk;.

Rtnuhl;b xd;iwf;nfhz;L te;J mjpYs;s nrhw;fis thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf. gpd;du; nrhw;nwhlu;fis KOikahf thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf.....


Rtnuhl;bRtnuhl;bRtnuhl;bRtnuhl;bRtnuhl;b

Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;Nghk;.Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;Nghk;.Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;Nghk;.Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;Nghk;.Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;Nghk;.

kuq;fs; vkf;Fr; nrhe;jk;

ePUk; fhw;Wk; vkf;Fr; nrhe;jk;

G+kpAk; vkf;Nf nrhe;jk;

vkJ nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;Nghk;.

mDruiz-Rw;whly; mikr;RRw;whly; mikr;RRw;whly; mikr;RRw;whly; mikr;RRw;whly; mikr;R

cwTKiwg;ngau;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ilfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf.


khkh jhj;jh ngupak;kh

ngupag;gh ghl;b mj;ij

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ngupa vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l rpWtu; rpj;jpuf;fijfis toq;fp

thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf. mjpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rpy nrhw;fisf;

$wr; nra;f. tpdhf;fSf;F tpil $witg;gjd; %yk; nrhw;nwhlu;

fisf; $w topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: rpj;jpuf;fijrpj;jpuf;fijrpj;jpuf;fijrpj;jpuf;fijrpj;jpuf;fij

xU Kl;ilAk; ,UE}W &ghAk; xU Kl;ilAk; ,UE}W &ghAk; xU Kl;ilAk; ,UE}W &ghAk; xU Kl;ilAk; ,UE}W &ghAk; xU Kl;ilAk; ,UE}W &ghAk; fij: =Puh. utptu;kd;> nguk;gY}u; glk; : Nrfu; fij: =Puh. utptu;kd;> nguk;gY}u; glk; : Nrfu; fij: =Puh. utptu;kd;> nguk;gY}u; glk; : Nrfu; fij: =Puh. utptu;kd;> nguk;gY}u; glk; : Nrfu; fij: =Puh. utptu;kd;> nguk;gY}u; glk; : Nrfu;

ed;wp: NfhFyk; (xf;Nlhgu; 2004)ed;wp: NfhFyk; (xf;Nlhgu; 2004)ed;wp: NfhFyk; (xf;Nlhgu; 2004)ed;wp: NfhFyk; (xf;Nlhgu; 2004)ed;wp: NfhFyk; (xf;Nlhgu; 2004)

tFg;giwapy; cs;s khztu;fs; midtupdJk; ngau;fs;

mlq;fpa ml;ilfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. xt;nthU khztuhf

jdJ ngaiuAk; jdJ ez;gupd; ngaiuAk; vOjpa

ml;ilia njupTnra;J thrpf;fr; nra;f.


Rgj;jpud; vOepyh ghj;jpkh

re;jpah Nkup mutpe;jd;

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jdJ FOtpYs;s Vida ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fisAk;

,dq;fhzr; nra;f.

ghlrhiyg; ngau;g;gyifia thrpf;fr; nra;f.

Cupd; ngau; vOjpa ml;ilia toq;fp thrpf;fr; nra;f.


1. nrhy;yl;ilfis xU ngl;bapy; ,Lf. khztu; xUtiu Kd;tur;

nra;f. fz;fis %bf;nfhz;L xU ml;ilia vLj;J

midtUf;Fk; fhl;btpl;L thrpf;fr; nra;f. ,NjNghd;W nrhw;nwhlu;

fisAk; thrpf;fr; nra;f.

2. tFg;giwapd; rpy ,lq;fspy;

tpkhd epiyak; tq;fp NgUe;J epiyak;

njhlUe;J epiyak; kUe;jfk; fhty; epiyak;

Nghd;w ngau;g;gyiffis itAq;fs;.

- khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;

ngaupLq;fs;. (FOtpw;F tpUk;gpathW ngauplyhk;)


ky;ypif> jhkiu> nrt;te;jp> #upafhe;jp

gpd;tUkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

~~FO ky;ypif jghyfj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;||

~~FO jhkiu itj;jparhiyf;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;||

~~FO nrt;te;jp NgUe;Jj; jupg;gplj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;||

~~FO #upafhe;jp njhlUe;J epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;||

(xt;nthU FOTk; vy;yhg; ngau;g;gyiffisAk;

thrpf;ff; $bajhf tpisahl;il mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.)

glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd nrUfy; ml;ilapy;

nrUfr; nra;f.

cwtpdu;fspd; ngau;fSld; glq;fisg; nghUj;Jk;

tpisahl;bYk; <LgLj;jyhk;.


nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;

kpd;dyl;ilfs;

ngau;g;gyiffs;

Rtnuhl;bfs;

glq;fs;

rpj;jpuf;fijfs;


nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;> ngau;g;gyiffs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;> rpj;jpuf;

fijfs; vd;gtw;iwj; njspthf cr;rupj;J thrpj;jiyf; fzpg;gpLf.

(,J gbKiwfspy; mike;j thrpj;jw; nranyhOq;F vd;gijf;

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.)

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4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 vOj;JvOj;JvOj;JvOj;JvOj;J


4.1.4.1.4.1.4.1.4.1. El;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwidEl;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwid

tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.tpUj;jp nra;thu;.


4.1.1 vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOJthu;.


msT> mikg;G> jpirKfk;> cWg;G> Neu;j;jp> KOik vd;git

mlq;f vOJjy;

jdp vOj;Jf;fs;> capu;f;FwpfSldhd vOj;Jf;fs;> neLq;fzf;fpd;

njhlnuhOq;fpy; mLj;JtUk; vOj;Jf;fs;> vd;gtw;iw vOJjy;


vOj;Jf;fis vOJk;NghJ mt;ntOj;Jf;fspd; mikg;G> jpirKfk;>

cWg;G> njspT> G+uzj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iwf; ftdpj;J vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.


xt;nthU vOj;ijAk; vt;thW vOjNtz;Lk; vdj; njspthf

vOjpf;fhl;b khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;Ff.

vOj;Jf;fis cupa Kiwapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


g k t y f o

if Nfh nf zP %

k t y

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vOj;Jf;fis cWg;gika vOj topg;gLj;Jf. cWg;gika

nrhw;fis vOJk;NghJ ,ilntspfisf; ftdpj;J vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.


jdp vOj;Jf;fis njspthf vOj topelhj;Jf.


ggggg k y t fk y t fk y t fk y t fk y t f

s F w e ds F w e ds F w e ds F w e ds F w e dcapu;f; FwpfSld; Nru;e;j vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupj;J vOJ

topelhj;Jf. capu; nka; vOj;Jf;Fupa XirfisAk; mtw;wpw;fhd

capu;f;FwpfisAk; njspTgLj;jp vOj topelhj;Jf.


rh> fh> kh> th> yh>

fp> fP> rp> rP> jp> jP> gp> gP> kp> kP

Ng> nk> Nr> Nfh> nf> G+

jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpd; njhlupy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fis vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.


r> rh> rp> rP> R> #> nr> . . . . . . . .

e > eh> ep> eP> E > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

y> yh> yp> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nj> Nj> ij> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

k > kh> kp> kP> K> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,t;thW vOj topg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fis mfu tupirapy;

njupe;J nfhs;sTk;> vOjTk; KbAk;. NghjpasT gapw;rpfisAk;

kPs typAWj;jw; gapw;rpfSk; toq;Ff.

Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:

neLq;fzf;F mupr;Rtb khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; itj;jpUj;jy;

ed;W.

Nfhop ghl;b nts;is

☺☺☺☺☺

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1. i khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff.

ii xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gy;NtW vOj;jl;ilfis toq;Ff.

iii nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fis vt;thW vOjNtz;Lk; vd;gijj;

njspthf vOjpf; fhl;Lf.

iv khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisg; ghu;j;J vOj

mwpTWj;Jf.

v FOf;fspilNa ml;ilfis khw;wpf;nfhLj;J vOj

topehlhj;jpr; nraw;ghl;ilg; G+uzg;gLj;Jf.

2. Nkw;$wpathW capu;f;FwpfSldhd vOj;Jf;fis vOjpf;fhl;b>

cr;rupj;Jf;fhl;b vOj topg;gLj;Jf.

(FOr;nraw;ghlhfTk; nraw;gLj;Jf.)

3. neLq;fzf;Fj; njhlnuhOq;fpy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupj;Jf;

$Wf. (capu; vOj;Jf;fs; kPs typAWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;)

khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; mLj;JtUk; vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupj;Jr;

nraw;ghL xd;iw epiwNtw;wyhk;.

xt;nthU FOTk; xU njhlu; xOq;if vOJtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.

FO 1:FO 1:FO 1:FO 1:FO 1: f fh fp ... ...

FO 2:FO 2:FO 2:FO 2:FO 2: g gh gp ... ...

FO 3:FO 3:FO 3:FO 3:FO 3: k> kh> kp> ... ...

FO 4:FO 4:FO 4:FO 4:FO 4: r> rh> rp ... ...

4. Nkyjpf gapw;rpapd;NghJ vy;yh vOj;Jf;fisAk; $wp vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.

5. khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;fp neLq;fzf;F

vOj;Jf;fis cuj;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf. xt;nthU FOtpYk;

xUtu; vOe;J neLq;fzf;F vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupj;Jr; nrhy;y

Vida khztu;fs; nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. (Mrpupau; FOr;

nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.)


vOj;J ml;ilfs;> nrhy; ml;ilfs;

capu;f;FwpfSldhd vOj;J ml;ilfs;

neLq;fzf;F vOj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l mupr;Rtbfs;


vOj;Jf;fis Kiwahf cWg;gika vOJjy;

nrhw;fis vOJk;NghJ vOj;Jf;fspd; msT> mikg;G> cWg;G>

,ilntsp vd;gtw;iw mDrupj;J vOJjy;

mfu tupirapYs;s vOj;Jf;fisg; gy epiyfspYk; njhlu;e;J

vOJjy;

capu;f;Fwpfis cupa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp vOj;Jf;fis vOJjy;

Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;gpLf.

nrhw;fs; vOJjiyf; fzpg;gpLf.

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4.1.2 nrhw;fisAk;> njhlu;fisAk; tpsq;fp vOJthu;.


glj;ijg;ghu;j;J> mjpy; cs;stw;wpd; ngau;fis vOJjy;

nrhw;fisg; ghu;j;J vOJjy;

,ilntspfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J vOJjy;

nrhy;tnjOJjy;

vOj;Jf;fisf;nfhz;L nrhw;fis Mf;fp vOJjy;

rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis vOJjy;

epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J vOJjy; (Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp)


;; ;; ; fUk;gyifapy; vOjg;gl;l nrhw;fis my;yJ nrhy;yl;ilapy;

cs;s nrhw;fisg; ghu;j;J vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


ghlE}ypy; cs;s nrhw;fs;.

tz;b> thj;J> rq;F> ,iy> ez;L

(ghu;j;J vOJk;NghJ cWg;gika vOj topg;gLj;Jf.)

glq;fisf; nfhLj;J> mg;glj;jpw;Fupa ngau;fspy; tpLgl;l

vOj;Jf;fis vOjp ,ilntspiag; g+u;j;jp nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.


rP .... G K .... F F ..... iu f .... iu

gpd;G glq;fs; ,y;yhJ nrhw;fspd; ,ilntspfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a

topg;gLj;Jf.

Mrpupau; $Wk; nrhw;fis nrtpkLj;J vOj topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrhy;tnjOjy; (ghlE}ypypUe;J)nrhy;tnjOjy; (ghlE}ypypUe;J)nrhy;tnjOjy; (ghlE}ypypUe;J)nrhy;tnjOjy; (ghlE}ypypUe;J)nrhy;tnjOjy; (ghlE}ypypUe;J)

mk;kh> ghk;G> mzp;;y;

mz;zh> thj;J> ez;L

mf;fh> <l;b kio

,t;thwhd nrhw;fis vOj kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; gapw;rp toq;Ff.


☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺ rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj khztu;fSf;F nrhy;tnjOjy;

toq;Fjy; rpwe;jjhFk;. nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F nrhy;t

njOjy; gapw;rp mtrpakhFk;. khztu;fs; nrtpkLj;J

fpufpj;J vOJk; gapw;rpia rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj ngWfpd;whu;

fs;. vOj;Jf;fspd; xyp NtWghLfis ,dq;fhzTk;>

nrhw;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> Qhgfrf;jpia tsu;;f;fTk;

nrhy;tnjOjy; gapw;rp Jiz Gupfpd;wJ.

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vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhLj;J nrhw;fis vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


gb 1: g y; M L j iy , iy

gb 2: capu;f;FwpfSld; $ba vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhLj;J ,uz;L

vOj;Jr; nrhw;fis Mf;fp vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


Nfh ..... nr ..... Nk .....

Nfhop nrb Nkir

gb 3: %d;nwOj;Jr; nrhw;fis Mf;fp vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


Fsk;> tpuy;> tay;> efk;> <l;b

gb 4: vOj;Jf;fis khw;wpf;nfhLj;J nrhw;fis Mf;fp vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.


e;> J> g ge;J

ap> y;> k ...........

y;> f> g ............

is> t> j ............

1. thf;fpaq;fspd; ,ilntspfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.


gR .....................jUk;.

kapy; ........................... gwit.

kio ............................

fhfk; ...........................

gR ................................

FUtp ............................

Nfhop ............................

2. rpW njhlu;fis Mf;fp vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


Ntl;il eha;

fhl;Lr; Nrty;

nts;isg; gR

fWg;Gg; G+id

ngupa ge;J

3. khztu;fs; vOj;Jf;fis> nrhw;fisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L

vOJk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jr; nrhy;tnjOjy; gapw;rpia

toq;Ff. nrhy;tnjOjy; gapw;rpapd; NghJ Mrpupau; nrhw;

fis gpioapd;wp cr;rupj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw;

nfhs;f. (xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis mtjhdkhf

cr;rupf;Ff.)

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nrtpkLj;J vOJk; jpwid tsu;f;f rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj nrhy;t

njOjy; gapw;rp mtrpakhFk;. (khztu;fs; vOJk; NghJ cWg;

gika vOJfpd;whu;fsh? vd Mrpupau; mtjhdpg;gJk; mtrpak;

MFk;.)

4. rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fs; Rakhf vOJtjw;F Kd;du;

thf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s ,ilntspfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; gapw;rpfis

toq;fpa gpd;dNu nrhw;fisf; nfhLj;J rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis

vOJk; gapw;rpfis toq;Ff. (thf;fpaq;fisg; ghu;j;J vOJk;

gapw;rpia toq;fpa gpd;dUk; nrhw;fisf;; nfhLj;J thf;fpaq;fs;

vOJk; gapw;rpfisf; nfhLf;fyhk;.)

5. thf;fpaq;fis vOJk; NghJ epWj;jf; Fwpfs; ,Ltjd; mtrpaj;ij

typAWj;Jf. Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (.) tpdhf;Fwp (?) Mfpa Fwpfis

mwpKfk; nra;f.


1 i khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff.

ii xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; glq;fisg; gfpu;e;J toq;Ff.(xt;nthU

khztUf;Fk; xU glk;)

iii glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;jpa gpd; vOj

topg;gLj;Jf..

(FOTf;Fs; khw;wp vOj topg;gLj;Jf.)

vi FOf;fspilNa khw;wp vOjTk; topg;gLj;Jf.

2. glj;ij thrpj;J tpLgl;l vOj;ijg; G+uzg;gLj;jp vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


njh ..... gp Nrh ..... k;

,jid tpisahl;lhfTk; nraw;gLj;jyhk;. ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J

glj;ijf; fhl;Lk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l khztu;fs;> me;jg; glj;jpw;Fupa

tpLgl;l vOj;ij Xbte;J vOjpf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW

tpisahl;ilj; njhlu;e;J tpisahb ntw;wp ngWk; FOitj;

njupT nra;f.

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gpd; glq;fspd;wp gupr;rakhd nrhw;fspy; tpLgl;l vOj;Jf;fis

G+u;j;jp nra;J vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


fh k; F k;

g yp K il

eh F fp W

Nr y; f jp

3. NkNy jug;gl;l nrhw;fis Kjypy; cr;rupj;Jf;$wpa gpd; khztu;fs;

mtw;iw nrtpkLj;J vOj topg;gLj;Jf. gpd;du; NtWgl;l nrhw;

fisAk; gbg;gbahf gapw;rpapy; Nru;f;f.

4. xU khztDf;F Xu; vOj;jl;il vd;w tPjk; vOj;jl;ilfis

khztUf;F toq;Ff. FOf;fspilNa tpisahl;L xd;wpy; <Lglg;

Nghtjhf mwptpf;Ff.

xt;nthU FOTk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;jl;ilfisf; nfhz;L

nrhw;fis Mf;fp vOj Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; nrhw;fis Mf;fpa

FOitg; ghuhl;Lf. kPz;Lk; FOf;fspilNa vOj;jl;ilfis

khw;wpf;nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlUf.


kh kh kh kh kh f hf hf hf hf h d;d;d;d;d; y;y;y;y;y; g g g g g

5. nrhw;fisf; nfhLj;J rpwpa thf;fpak; mikf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

khztu;fSf;F ,yFthdJk; gupr;rakhdJkhd thf;fpaq;fisf;

$w topg;gLj;jpa gpd; vOj topg;gLj;Jf.


1. gR - gR ghy; jUk;

2. kapy; -

3. #upad; -

4. kio -

5. NrhW -

(gy;NtW tifahd nraw;ghLfis khztu;fspd; juj;jpw;Nfw;gr;

toq;Ff.)

6. thf;fpaq;fSf;F epWj;jf; Fwpfis ,Ltjd; mtrpaj;ij

khztu;fSf;F typAWj;jpf; $Wf.

khztu;fs; Vw;fdNt vOjpa rpwpa thf;fpaq;fSf;F epWj;jf;

Fwpfis ,l typAWj;Jf.

khztu;fs; epWj;jf; Fwpfs; ,lNtz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij

typAWj;jpf; $wp rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.

mt;thf;fpaq;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp epWj;jf; Fwpfis

,Ltjw;fhd gapw;rpfis toq;Ff. (Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: (ghlE}ypy; cs;s thf;fpaq;fs;)

fUk;G ,dpf;Fk;.

ghlk; gbg;Nghk;.

#upad; fhiyapy; cjpf;Fk;.

,d;W kio nga;Akh?

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vOj;J ml;ilfs;> nrhy; ml;ilfs;

thf;fpa ml;ilfs;

glq;fs;

,ilntspfs; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;


ghu;j;J vOJtij mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.

glk; ghu;j;Jg; ngau; vOJk;NghJ> vOj;Jf;fspd; mikg;G> msT>

cWg;G vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.

,ilntspfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J vOJjy;> nrhw;fshf;fp vOJjy;

vd;gtw;iwAk; fzpg;gpLf.

thf;fpaq;fs; vOJk; NghJ epWj;jf; Fwpfis ,Lfpd;whu;fsh?

vd;gij mtjhdpj;Jf; fzpg;gpLf.

juk; xd;W khztu;fSf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp (.) tpdhf;Fwp (?) Mfpa

tw;iw kl;Lk; mwpKfk; nra;jy; NghJkhdjhFk;.

Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: Fwpg;G: ,r;nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gFjpfs;

nray;E}ypYk; cs;sd. khztu; gupr;rak; ngw;wJk;

nray;E}ypYs;s gapw;rpfis toq;Ff.

ghlE}ypy; thf;fpaq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; epWj;jf;Fwpfs;

,lg;gl;bUg;gij mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.


4.1.3 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;.

cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk;



vspikahd nra;jpfs;> $w;Wf;fs; vd;gtw;iw vOJjy;.

jd;idg; gw;wp vOJjy;.

jhd; mwpe;jit gw;wp vOJjy;.


khztu; jkJ ngaiuAk;> ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fisAk; vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.

khztu; jhk; fy;tp fw;Fk; ghlrhiyapd; ngaiu vOj

topg;gLj;Jf.

khztu; jhk; trpf;Fk; Cupd; ngaiu vOJ topg;gLj;Jf.

vspikahd rpy nra;jpfs;> $w;Wf;fis vOjtopg;gLj;Jf.

jd;idg; gw;wpf; $wr;nra;J> mij vOj topg;gLj;Jf.

jhd; mwpe;jit gw;wp vOj topg;gLj;Jf.

☺☺☺☺☺

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1. vdJ ngau; ..............................................................

vdJ ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fs; .............................................................

..............................................................

..............................................................

2. vdJ ghlrhiyapd; ngau; ..............................................................

vdJ Cupd; ngau; ..............................................................

3. ,yFthd nra;jpfs;


nra;jpfs;nra;jpfs;nra;jpfs;nra;jpfs;nra;jpfs;

kio nga;jJ.

kuk; rupe;J tpOe;jJ.

mg;gh ehis tUthu;.

ehis ez;gdJ gpwe;jehs;.

4. khztu;fs; Rakhfj; jk;ikg; gw;wp vOj topg;gLj;Jf. Njitahd

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; topfhl;Lf.


vdJ ngau; mfy;ah.

vdJ taJ MW.

vdJ mg;ghtpd; ngau; mfpyd;.

vdJ mk;khtpd; ngau; rhujh.

vdJ jq;ifapd; ngau; fPjh.

vdJ nghOJNghf;F tpisahLjy;.

vdf;F tpUg;gkhd gok; thiog;gok;.

,it Nghd;W khztu;fis vOj topg;gLj;Jf.

5. jhd; mwpe;jit gw;wp vOjr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

(gwitfs;> kpUfq;fs;> efuq;fs;> ehLfs;> ...)


gwitfs;gwitfs;gwitfs;gwitfs;gwitfs; : fpsp> Gwh> fhfk;> Fapy;

kpUfq;fs;kpUfq;fs;kpUfq;fs;kpUfq;fs;kpUfq;fs; : gR> khd;> fub> Gyp> rpq;fk;

efuq;fs;efuq;fs;efuq;fs;efuq;fs;efuq;fs; : fz;b> fhyp> nfhOk;G> gJis

ehLfs;ehLfs;ehLfs;ehLfs;ehLfs; : fdlh> ,e;jpah> mnkupf;fh> rPdh


Cu;> khztu; ngau;> ghlrhiy ngau; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;

$w;W thf;fpaq;fs;> nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;


jdJ ngau;> ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fs;> ghlrhiyapd; ngau;>

Cupd; ngau; vd;gtw;iw cWg;gikaTk;> njspthfTk;

vOJjiyf; fzpg;gpLf.

gwitfs;> kpUfq;fs;> ez;gu;> Cu;fs;> ehLfs;

xt;nthd;wpYk; Iite;J ngau;fs; vOjr; nra;J fzpg;gpLf.

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Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;

01. mwpKfk;01. mwpKfk;01. mwpKfk;01. mwpKfk;01. mwpKfk;

~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;| vDk; ,f;fw;wy; $W> kdpjd; kPJk; kdpjrKjhaj;jpd; kPJk;

gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa my;yJ nrYj;Jfpd;w ngsjpf> r%f> capupay;

njhFjpfs; njhlu;ghfTk; mtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epfoNtz;ba fw;wy; nranyhOq;F

njhlu;ghfTk; topg;gLj;JfpwJ.||

Foe;ijg; gUtk; njhl;L ,ay;ghfNt kdpjd;> jdJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd;ghy; Mu;tq;nfhz;L> fpukkhf

mr;Rw;whlYld; ntw;wpfukhf ,ilj;jhf;fk; Guptjw;F mtrpakhd Nju;r;rpfis mila

Kaw;rpf;fpd;whd;. ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ jdJ GyDWg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtNjhL mtw;wpd;

czu;jpwd;fis tifg;gLj;jy;> ju;f;fpj;jy; Nghd;w mwpTrhu; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;Sfpwhd;. mt;thNw mtw;wpd; Clhfj; jdJ nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; njhlu;ghly; jpwidAk;

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Sfpwhd;. jhd; thOk; Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisf; fz;lwpjy;> Nrfupj;jy;>

kPs ntspg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd gps;isapd; tho;f;ifr; nrad;Kiwapd; Xu; mq;fkhFk;. ,J ,ay;ghf

ve;jNthu; capupapYk; epfo;tnjhd;whFk;. gps;isapd; mg;Nghf;if tpUj;jpnra;tNj ~~Rw;whly;

rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; mbg;gilahFk;.

md;whl tho;ifapy; re;jpf;Fk; rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;sf;$ba> ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpr;

nrad;Kiwapy; gq;fspf;ff;$ba> rkepiyahd MSikAila xUtuplj;Nj vOj;jwpT> fzpj

mwpT> rkak; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfNshL NkYk; gy JiwfSf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfSk; tpUj;jpailjy;

Ntz;Lk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; mKyhf;fg;gl;l Muk;gf;fy;tpg; ,f;fiyj;jpl;lq;fspy; mofpaw;fy;tp>

Mf;fj; njhopw;ghLfs;> clw;fy;tp> Muk;g tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w ghlq;fspd; fPo; mj;Nju;r;rpfis

miltjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. Mdhy; Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ~~Rw;whly;

rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vDk; tpupthd ghlj;jpd; fPo; gy;NtW JiwfSf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfisr;

re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;wthW ntspf;nfhzu ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; 16 fUg;nghUs;fis ikakhff;nfhz;L> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;

vd;w ghlj;jpd; ghlj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mofpay;> Mf;fk;> clw;fy;tp Mfpa JiwfSf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;nfhzu;tNjhL> rkak;> jha;nkhop> fzpjk; Mfpa gpujhd

ghlq;fis tsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. juk;

xd;wpy; gps;isfspd; ciuahlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisAk; ,r;nraw;ghLfspD}lhf

ntspf;nfhzuyhk;. ,g;ghlj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghLfis xOq;F nra;Ak;NghJ MrpupaUf;Fj; Jizahf>

cjtp GupNthu; ,Ug;ghnudpd; mtw;iw xOq;fikj;jy; ,yFthf mikAk;. mg;ghlrhiyapNyNa

juk; 5> 6,y; fy;tp gapYk; gps;isfspd; cjtpia ,jw;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l rfy gFjpfSk; mjpYs;sthNw ,yq;ifapd;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l rfy gFjpfSk; mjpYs;sthNw ,yq;ifapd;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l rfy gFjpfSk; mjpYs;sthNw ,yq;ifapd;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l rfy gFjpfSk; mjpYs;sthNw ,yq;ifapd;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l rfy gFjpfSk; mjpYs;sthNw ,yq;ifapd;

vy;yhg ; ghlrhiyfspYk; eilKiwg;gLj ;jg ;gly; Ntz;Lk ; vd;gjpy ;iy.vy;yhg ; ghlrhiyfspYk; eilKiwg;gLj ;jg ;gly; Ntz;Lk ; vd;gjpy ;iy.vy;yhg ; ghlrhiyfspYk; eilKiwg;gLj ;jg ;gly; Ntz;Lk ; vd;gjpy ;iy.vy;yhg ; ghlrhiyfspYk; eilKiwg;gLj ;jg ;gly; Ntz;Lk ; vd;gjpy ;iy.vy;yhg ; ghlrhiyfspYk; eilKiwg;gLj ;jg ;gly; Ntz;Lk ; vd;gjpy ;iy.

,g;gUtg; gps;isfspd; Rw;whly; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mt;tiuaiwapDs;,g;gUtg; gps;isfspd; Rw;whly; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mt;tiuaiwapDs;,g;gUtg; gps;isfspd; Rw;whly; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mt;tiuaiwapDs;,g;gUtg; gps;isfspd; Rw;whly; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mt;tiuaiwapDs;,g;gUtg; gps;isfspd; Rw;whly; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mt;tiuaiwapDs;

fhzg;gLgit> epfOgit ahTk; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; nghJthditfhzg;gLgit> epfOgit ahTk; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; nghJthditfhzg;gLgit> epfOgit ahTk; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; nghJthditfhzg;gLgit> epfOgit ahTk; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; nghJthditfhzg;gLgit> epfOgit ahTk; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; nghJthdit

my;y. vdNt gps ;isfSf;fhfr ; nraw ;ghLfisj; njupT nra;Ak ;NghJmy;y. vdNt gps ;isfSf;fhfr ; nraw ;ghLfisj; njupT nra;Ak ;NghJmy;y. vdNt gps ;isfSf;fhfr ; nraw ;ghLfisj; njupT nra;Ak ;NghJmy;y. vdNt gps ;isfSf;fhfr ; nraw ;ghLfisj; njupT nra;Ak ;NghJmy;y. vdNt gps ;isfSf;fhfr ; nraw ;ghLfisj; njupT nra;Ak ;NghJ

jdJ #oy; tsq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW mtw;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;jdJ #oy; tsq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW mtw;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;jdJ #oy; tsq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW mtw;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;jdJ #oy; tsq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW mtw;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;jdJ #oy; tsq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW mtw;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;

Rje;jpuKk; nghWg;Gk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.Rje;jpuKk; nghWg;Gk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.Rje;jpuKk; nghWg;Gk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.Rje;jpuKk; nghWg;Gk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.Rje;jpuKk; nghWg;Gk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.

vdNt > Mr p u pa u ; mw pTiug ; G to pf hl ; ba py ; jug ; gl ; Ls ;s me ;je ; jf ;vdNt > Mr p u pa u ; mw pTiug ; G to pf hl ; ba py ; jug ; gl ; Ls ;s me ;je ; jf ;vdNt > Mr p u pa u ; mw pTiug ; G to pf hl ; ba py ; jug ; gl ; Ls ;s me ;je ; jf ;vdNt > Mr p u pa u ; mw pTiug ; G to pf hl ; ba py ; jug ; gl ; Ls ;s me ;je ; jf ;vdNt > Mr p u pa u ; mw pTiug ; G to pf hl ; ba py ; jug ; gl ; Ls ;s me ;je ; jf ;

fUg ; ng hUs pD}l hff ; Fw pj ; j Nju ; r ; r p fis miltjw ; f hf > cj ; NjrfUg ; ng hUs pD}l hff ; Fw pj ; j Nju ; r ; r p fis miltjw ; f hf > cj ; NjrfUg ; ng hUs pD}l hff ; Fw pj ; j Nju ; r ; r p fis miltjw ; f hf > cj ; NjrfUg ; ng hUs pD}l hff ; Fw pj ; j Nju ; r ; r p fis miltjw ; f hf > cj ; NjrfUg ; ng hUs pD}l hff ; Fw pj ; j Nju ; r ; r p fis miltjw ; f hf > cj ; Njr

nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nraw;ghLfis ePq;fs; Mf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nraw;ghLfis ePq;fs; Mf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nraw;ghLfis ePq;fs; Mf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nraw;ghLfis ePq;fs; Mf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nraw;ghLfis ePq;fs; Mf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

Fw pj ;j Nju ; r ; r pfis milaj ;jf ;fthwhfr ; nraw ;ghLfis j pl ;lk pl ;LFw pj ;j Nju ; r ; r pfis milaj ;jf ;fthwhfr ; nraw ;ghLfis j pl ;lk pl ;LFw pj ;j Nju ; r ; r pfis milaj ;jf ;fthwhfr ; nraw ;ghLfis j pl ;lk pl ;LFw pj ;j Nju ; r ; r pfis milaj ;jf ;fthwhfr ; nraw ;ghLfis j pl ;lk pl ;LFw pj ;j Nju ; r ; r pfis milaj ;jf ;fthwhfr ; nraw ;ghLfis j pl ;lk pl ;L

Mf;fpf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fs; fuprid fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.Mf;fpf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fs; fuprid fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.Mf;fpf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fs; fuprid fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.Mf;fpf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fs; fuprid fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.Mf;fpf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fs; fuprid fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.

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02. Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gUtj;jpw;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;02. Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gUtj;jpw;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;02. Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gUtj;jpw;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;02. Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gUtj;jpw;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;02. Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gUtj;jpw;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;

juk; xd;W Kjy;; juk; Ie;J tiuapyhd ,f;fw;wy; gug;gpD}lhf khztuplj;Nj gpd;tUk;

Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

jdJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd; mofpid ,dq;fz;L mjD}lhf ,urid ngWthu;.

tpisahl;L> Xa;T> fspg;G vd;gd tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd mk;rq;fnsdf;fUjp mtw;iw

ehshe;j tho;tpy; nghUj;jkhfr; Nru;j;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

mofpay; njhlu;ghdtw;iw kjpj;J mtw;iwj; jdJ ntspg;ghl;L eltbf;iffspd; NghJ

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

MNuhf;fpa tho;tpw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilg; gof;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

kdpjdpd; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;ghu;.

jdJ Rw;whlypy; trpf;Fk; capupdq;fs;> mtw;wpd; rpy ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nraw;gLthu;.

kdpj r%fk;> kdpj elj;ijfs;> kdpju; kPJ mtw;wpd; Mjpf;fk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld;

nraw;gLthu;.

Gtp mjd; tsq;fs;> ntsp vd;gd kdpjd; kPJ nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;if Muha;thu;.

#oy; ghJfhg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; jdJ nghWg;ig tpsq;fp; mjw;Nfw;gr; nraw;gLthu;.

jdJ Rw;whlypy; rf;jpg; gad;ghL> tpirg; gpuNahfk; vd;gd r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpid $u;e;J Nehf;fp kjpg;ghu;.

vjpu;fhy NtiyAyfpw;F Njitahd mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf jkJ #oypYs;s

nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; Njitf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

03. Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;||03. Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;||03. Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;||03. Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;||03. Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs;ghlrhiyr; #oYld; ,irtile;J nraw;gLthu;.

tPl;by; kfpo;r;rpAlDk;> gaDWjpAila tifapYk; Ml;fSld; ,ilj;njhlu;G nfhs;thu;.

jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf mtjhdpg;ghu;.

mDgtq;fspD}lhf ,yFthd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

gof;f tof;fq;fis mDrupj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila fle;jfhyj; jfty;fisj; Njbawpthu;.

MNuhf;fpa tho;Tf;fhf> ew;gof;fq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.

el;Gld; ciuahb> jfty;fisr; rupahfg; gupkhWthu;.

maw;#oypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J cWj;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

jk;ikAk; jkJ maw;#oiyAk; Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; NgZtjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.

VidNahu; tpUk;gj;jf;f tifapy; jkJ elj;ijfisg; NgzptUthu;.

mbg;gil nka;e;epiyfisg; NgzptUthu;.

md;whl Ntiyfspd; NghJ jkJ ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.

ntspiag; nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;jp> tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLthu;.

Fwpj;j Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l Ntiyfspy; $l;lhfTk; nghWg;GlDk; <LgLthu;.

Rw;whlw; gy;tifik Fwpj;J cWj;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; VidNahUf;F cjt Kd;tUthu;.

fhl;rpg; gyiffspy;> glq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> kw;Wk; vOj;J %yk;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fisg;

ngWthu;.

jkJ mDgtq;fisr; rpj;jpuq;fshfTk; cUt Mf;fq;fshfTk; ntspapLthu;.

Rw;whlypy; cs;s xypfs;> Xirfs;> mirTfisAk;> mtw;Wf;Fupa ghj;jpuq;fisAk;; Nghyr;

nra;J fhl;Lthu;.

mgpeak; nra;J ebj;J> Mbg;ghLthu;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyfspd;NghJ ,iaghf;fj;Jld; cliy mirg;ghu;.

gy;;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.

ngw;w mDgtq;fisAk;> Nrfupj;j jfty;fisAk; jdpahfNth> $l;lhfNth xU njhFjpapdu;

Kd;dpiyapy; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

tPl;bYk; ghlrhiyapYk; jkJ flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J cWj;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

04. ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vd;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd04. ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vd;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd04. ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vd;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd04. ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vd;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd04. ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vd;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

topg;gLj;jy; topg;gLj;jy; topg;gLj;jy; topg;gLj;jy; topg;gLj;jy;

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; gps;isapd; Rw;whly; 16 fUg;nghUs;fs; thapyhf tpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.rfytw;iwAk; jpUg;jpfukhd mDgtq;fshfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gps;isfSf;F ,lkspf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fg; NghjpasT jpl;lkplYk; Maj;jKk; mtrpakhFk;.

,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s fUj;JfSf;Nfw;g mwpKf KiwfisAk;> fw;wy; KiwfisAk; gpuNahfpj;Jg;

ghlq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

jfty;fisj; NjbawpjYk; jfty;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Muk;gf;

fl;lj;jpy; tha;nkhopahfTk; gUkl;lhd glq;fs; %yKk; jkJ mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;

gps;isfis Cf;Ftpf;Ff. gbg;gbahf> nrhw;fisAk;> thf;fpaq;fisAk; XusT tpsf;fkhd

glq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gps;isfis topg;gLj;Jf.

rfy> NtiyfisAk; Kaw;rpfisAk; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gps;isfisf; FOf;fshf Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jTk;. vdpDk; Muk;gr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; FOtpy;

nrayhw;w Ntz;ba Kiw njhlu;ghfg; gps;isfSf;F topfhl;LjYk; cjtp GupjYk; mtrpakhff;

$Lk;.

VNjDk; fUg;nghUs; njhlu;ghff; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ gbg;gbahff;

FtpAk; jfty;fisAk; nghUs;fisAk; (gbg;gbahff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;) xU fz;fhl;rpahf

khw;Wf.

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Fwpj;jNthu; xOq;fpy; fUg;nghUs;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gltpy;iy. ve;jnthU Neuj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd

fUg;nghUis ve;j ,lj;jpypUe;Jk; njupTnra;tjw;F MrpupaUf;Fr; Rje;jpuKz;L. fhyj;jpw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdthW fUg;nghUs;fisj; njupTnra;tjdhy; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; kpf

,yFthf mikAk;.

05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;

~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vDk; ghlk;> fw;gpj;jiy tpl fw;wYf;Nf Kjyplk; toq;Ffpd;w

xU fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;KiwahFk;. KO tFg;igANkh FOf;fisNah jdpj;jdp khztiuNah

fw;wy; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;.

Mrpupau; Kd;$l;bNa ,jw;fhf Maj;jq;fisr; nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpj;j re;ju;g;gj;;jpy;

ntt;NtW FOf;fis ntt;NtWgl;l Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;. gue;j ghlg;gug;ig cs;slf;Ftjw;F

,J topNfhYk;.

khztu;fSf;fhfj; jpl;lkpLk; Ntiyfspy;> mtjhdpg;Gfs;> fsg; gpuahzq;fs;. ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;>

FWQ;nraw;wpl;lk;> Nrfupj;jy;;> tfpghfNkw;wy; Nghd;w gy;NtW fw;wy; mZFKiwfspD}lhfTk;>

kdpju;fs;> E}y;fs;> mr;R Clfq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhfTk; jfty;

Nrfupg;gjw;Fupa eltbf;iffs; mlq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

06 .06 .06 .06 .06 . ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;

juk; xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| ghlj;jpy; ehs; KOtJk; Nkirf;fUfpy;> fjpiuapy;

mku;e;jpUg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf gy;NtW nka;e;epiyfspYk; kfpo;r;rpAld; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;

gps;isfisf; fhzf;$bathwhfNt ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl ;lq;fSk;

xOq;fikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

ghlrhiy Neuj;jpDs;> juk; xd;wpy; fw;Fk; gps;isfs;> gpujhdkhf

tpisahl;Lld; $ba nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;fhd Rw;whliy xOq;F nra;jy;.

jpwe;j ntspapy; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;G trjpfis toq;Fjy;.

ghlrhiyapd; tpisahl;Lf;fs;> mofpaw; nraw;ghLfs;> NtW ,izg;ghl eltbf;if

fspd;NghJ juk; xd;wpd; gps;isfisAk; gq;Fnfhs;sr; nra;jy;.

Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ghlrhiyapy; Nky; tFg;Gf;fspy; (juk; 5>6,y;) cs;s

gps;isfspd; cjtpiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.

07 .07 .07 .07 .07 . khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;

khztuJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; gzpfis xOq;Fnra;Ak;NghJ> mtu;fs; fw;wy; njhlu;ghf ntspf;fhl;Lk;

Mw;wy;fs;> Mw;wypd;ikfs; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd tpsf;fj;ij Mrpupau;fs; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,jw;fhf tFg;giwapy; ,ilawhJ elj;jg;gLk; jfty; Nrfupg;Gr; nrad;KiwNa ~~fzpg;gPL||

vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. khztiuf; fzpg;gpLtjd; Nehf;fq;fs; gythFk;. vdpDk; Muk;gj;

juq;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPlhdJ gpujhdkhd ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mtw;Ws; xd;W fz;lwpjyhFk;. jkJ tFg;giwapy; ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; khztpf;Fk;

mtutUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW fy;tpia toq;Ftjhapd; Mrpupau;> xt;nthU khztd;/khztp

njhlu;ghfTk; njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;. fz;lwpe;j jfty;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L> xt;nthU khztDf;Fk;/khztpf;Fk; Nghjid rhu;e;j gpd;D}l;liy toq;FtNj ,uz;lhtJ

Nehf;fkhFk;. vdNt Muk;gj; juq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPlhdJ> khztiuj; ju

tupirg;gLj;jy;> xU khztid kw;nwhUtUld; xg;gpl;L kjpj;jy;> khztiu mtu;fsJ

Mw;wy;fspd;gb tifg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mg;ghw;gl;l xd;W vdf; fUjyhk;.

Muk;gj; juq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPl;il Mrpupauhy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w epajp rhu;e;j>

Kiwrhuhj njhlu;r;rpahd xU fzpg;gPL vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; cj;Njr Nju;r;rpfSf;F

mika cUthf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs;> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; mlf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

khztu; ,g; gpukhzq;fis ve;j msTf;F vl;bAs;shu; vd;gijf; fzpg;gPl;bD}lhf Mrpupau;fs;

fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly;> Kiwrhuhj tifapy; khztiu mtjhdpj;jy;> mtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;>

nray; milTf;Nfhitfisg; NgzptUjy;> tPl;L Ntiyfis kjpg;gply; Nghd;w Kiwrhuh

cj;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;Jjy; Muk;gj; juq;fspy;

tFg;ghrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. myF ,WjpapNyh jtiz ,WjpapNyh md;wp> fw;gpj;jw; gzpfs;

epfOk; NtisapNyNa fzpg;gPl;il elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpia NkYk; rpwg;ghf khztu;f;F

toq;Ftjw;fhf> xt;nthU khztDf;Fk;/khztpf;Fk; rpwe;j fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;fhf ed;F

,dq;fhzj;jf;f xU nrad;KiwNa fzpg;gPL vd;gij Mrpupau; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

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Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; (juk; 1)Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; (juk; 1)Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; (juk; 1)Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; (juk; 1)Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; (juk; 1)

fUg;nghUs; : 1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;fUg;nghUs; : 1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;fUg;nghUs; : 1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;fUg;nghUs; : 1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;fUg;nghUs; : 1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;

Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;

ghlrhiyapDs; jd;Dld; neUq;fpr; nraw;gLNthupd; ntt;NtW

tfpgq;Ffis ,dq;fz;L nraw;gLthu;.

ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwapYs;s xOq;FtpjpfSf;Ff;fl;Lg;gl;L

xOFthu;.

ghlrhiyf; fyhrhuj;jpw;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.

ghlrhiyr; #oypd; mikg;ig ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf Ma;e;jwpthu;.

ghlrhiyapYs;s VidNahu; njhlu;ghf gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

ghlrhiy jdf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd Xu; ,lk; vDk; czu;Tld;

nraw;gLthu;.

tFg;giwia mofhfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; NgZtjpy;

gq;Nfw;ghu;.

tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Rje;jpukhd mirTr; nraw;ghL

fspy; <LgLthu;.


ghlrhiyapd; ngau;> tFg;ghrpupia> mjpgu; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;

ghlrhiyapd; gy;NtW ,lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;

,g;ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp fw;Fk; jdJ %j;j rNfhju rNfhjupfSk;

jdf;F ed;F njupe;j khztu;fSk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fs;

ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwapYs;s nghJ xOq;FtpjpfSk;

tof;fq;fSk;

tFg;giwapd; cl;Gwj;ijAk;> ntspg;Gwj;ijAk; Rj;jkhfTk;

xOq;fhfTk; mofhfTk; NgZtjw;F epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba gzpfs;

rpWtu; Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk; tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;

gLj;jpr; Rje;jpukhd mirTr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LglYk;

mZFKiwfSk; nraw;ghLfSk;mZFKiwfSk; nraw;ghLfSk;mZFKiwfSk; nraw;ghLfSk;mZFKiwfSk; nraw;ghLfSk;mZFKiwfSk; nraw;ghLfSk;

mofpay; mk;rq;fs; nfhz;l rpwpa tpohtpid xOq;F nra;jy;.

,jw;F juk; 6 my;yJ juk; 5 khztu;fspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sYk; mtu;fsJ jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gk; nfhLj;jYk;;.

tFg;ghrpupaiuAk; mjpgiuAk;> mjpguJ mYtyfk; mike;Js;s

,lj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

ghlrhiy tsitr; Rw;wpg;ghu;j;J> ntt;NtW ,lq;fis ,dq;fhzr;

nra;jy;. tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ij mtjhdpj;J> cgfuzq;fisg; gad;

gLj;jp tpisahlr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy; (Mgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glj;jf;f

re;ju;g;gq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.) %j;jrNfhju rNfhjupfs;

,Uf;;Fk; ,lq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;

tFg;giwiar; Rj;jpfupj;jy;> myq;fupg;gjw;fhd gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs;

nra;jy;

moFgLj;jy;> Rj;jg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghLjy;> MLjy;>

mit gw;wpa fijfisf; $wy;


fspy; <Lgly;

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fUg;nghUs; : 2.0 vkJ tPLfUg;nghUs; : 2.0 vkJ tPLfUg;nghUs; : 2.0 vkJ tPLfUg;nghUs; : 2.0 vkJ tPLfUg;nghUs; : 2.0 vkJ tPL


tPl;L mq;fj;jtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiyfis kjpj;J gaDWjpkpf;f

tifapy;; mtu;fSld; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fspd; tfpghfq;fis ntt;NtW Kiwfspy;

Kd;itg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW tfpghfq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf tpUe;jpdiu cgrupg;ghu;.

tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; nry;yg; gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghf gupTzu;Tld;

nraw;gLthu;.

gpuhzpfspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngwj;jf;f

thW nraw;gLthu;.

tPl;by; tpisahlg;gLfpd;w rpy rpWtu; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.


jkJ tPl;by; trpg;Nghu; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

tPl;Lf;F tUif jUk; cwtpdu;fs;> ez;gu;fs; gw;wp tpguq;fs;

tPl;bYs;sitAk; mtw;why; ngwf;$ba gad;fSk;

tPl;Lf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw toq;FNthu;

tPl;by; nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW NtiyfSk; mtw;Ws; jd;dhy; nra;af;

$ba NtiyfSk;

FLk;gj;jpdupd; ntt;NtW tfpgq;Ffis ebj;Jf; fhz;gpj;jy;

nry;yg; gpuhzpfSk; mtw;why; Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fSk; ghJfhg;Gg;

ngWk; tpjKk;

tPl;;by; tpisahlg;gLfpd;w tpisahl;Lf;fs;


tPl;L mq;fj;jtu;fs;> tPl;by; nra;ag;gLk; mbg;gil Ntiyfs; vd;gd

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjYk; mt;Ntiyfisg; Nghyr; nra;Jfhl;lr;

nra;jYk;

tPl;by; ,lk;ngWk; Ntiyfs; njhlu;ghf tpisahl;L tPl;bD}lhf

mDgtk; ngwr; nra;jYk; Nghyr; nra;Jfhl;lr; nra;jYk;

tPl;by; tpisahlg;gLk; rpy tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgl tha;g;Ngw;gLj;jy;

tPl;by; eilngWk; Ntiyfisg; gw;wpAk; tPl;bYs;Nshu; gw;wpAk;

ghly;fis ghlTk; ebj;Jf; fhl;lTk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;

tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; nry;yg; gpuhzpfis ,dq;fhzYk;> gpuhzpfisg;

Nghd;W nra;Jfhl;lYk;.

tPl;by; cs;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fs;> mq;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;fs;

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;

cgfuzq;fs; gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; cgNahfq;fs; gw;wpAk; ghly;fisg;

ghLjYk; ebj;Jf; fhl;LjYk;

vspikahd rpy cgfuzq;fisf; ifahsr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;

mtw;why; Mgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glhjthW ifahs;tJ gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sr;

nra;jy;

tPl;bd; ghJfhg;G> myq;fhuk;> Rj;jk; Mfpad gw;wpa Mf;fq;fspYk;

nraw;ghLfspYk; <Lglr; nra;jy;

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fUg;nghUs; : 3.0 Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;fUg;nghUs; : 3.0 Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;fUg;nghUs; : 3.0 Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;fUg;nghUs; : 3.0 Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;fUg;nghUs; : 3.0 Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;


ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F tUk; gpuhzpfis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

gpuhzpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

mirTr; nraw;ghLfspD}lhf gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfis vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

gy;NtW nghUs;fshy; gpuhzpfspd; khjpupAUf;fis Mf;Fthu;.

gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghLtjpYk;> ghlYf;Nfw;g MLtjpYk;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghfg; gupTzu;T fhl;Lthu;.

gpuhzpfisg; ghj;jpuq;fshff; nfhz;l tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.


Njhl;lj;jpw;F tUk; gpuhzpfs; (gwitfs;> gpuhzpfs;> G+r;rpfs;

Nghd;wit) gw;wpa jfty;fs;

gpuhzpfs; cz;Zk; czTfs;

gpuhzpfspd; rpwg;ghd elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fSk;> mtw;iwr; nra;J

fhl;LjYk;> gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; njhlu;ghd tpisahl;Lf;fSk;

gpuhzpfSk; #oypd; xU gFjp vd kjpj;Jr; nraw;gly;

gpuhzpfspd; khjpupAUf;fis Mf;FjYk;> gpuhzp Kf%bfis

Mf;FjYk;

gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghLjYk; mire;jhLjYk;


#oypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpuhzpfis ntt;;NtW ,ay;;GfSf;Nfw;g

tifg;gLj;jy;

ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; fhzf;$ba gpuhzpfis mtjhdpj;jy;>

mtw;Ws; rpy gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa tpNrl jfty;fisg; ngWjy;

ntt;;NtW tpjj;jpy; mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;

gpuhzpfisg; Nghd;W nra;J fhl;Ljy;> gpuhzpfspd; khjpup cUf;fis

Mf;Fjy;> gpuhzpfs;Nghd;W Kf%bfis nra;jy;> ghly;fisg;

ghb kfpo;;jy;

gpuhzpfSf;F cjTk; ew;gz;ig ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba FW ehlfq;fis

ebj;jYk;> eldkhLjYk;

gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;

fUg;nghUs; : 4.0 ePUld; tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 4.0 ePUld; tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 4.0 ePUld; tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 4.0 ePUld; tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 4.0 ePUld; tpisahl;L


ePUf;Fk; nghUs;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd elj;ijfisg; gy;NtW tpjkhff;

ifahz;L mDgtk; ngWthu;.

ePupid Xuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhuplj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Kiwfisf;

ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.

ePupd; JizAld; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisg; Gupthu;.

gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ ePupidr; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ePupidj; njhlu;GgLj;jp tpNehjkhd gy;NtW tpisahl;Lf;fspy;

<LgLthu;.

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gy;NtW nghUl;fs; ePUld; fhl;Lk; elj;ijfs;; (kpjj;jy;> mkpo;jy;>

ePupy; kiwe;J Nghjy;)

nghUl;fs; ePupy; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij khw;wf;$ba Kiwfs;

(vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpjg;gtw;iw mkpor; nra;jy;. mkpOk; rpy

nghUl;fis kpjf;fr; nra;jy;)

ePiu Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk;; ntt;;NtW

Kiwfs;

ePupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpgj;Jf;fs;

ePUld; njhlu;Gila Mf;fq;fs;

ePiuj; njhlu;GgLj;jp <Lglf;$ba tpisahl;Lf;fs;

ePupdhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;

ePiur; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;jy;


ePUld; gy;NtW nghUl;fs; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf

nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;

Xuplj;jpypUe;J NtNwhu; ,lj;jpw;F ePiu vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Kiwfisf;

ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;

nray; Kiwapyhd nraw;ghLfs; Clhf> ePupypUe;J ehk; ngWk;

gad;fs; kw;Wk; ePiur; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba tpjk; njhlu;

ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngwy;

ePupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahly;>

fz;fhl;rpfspD}lhf mwpt+l;lk; ngwy;

ePupd; cjtpAld; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisr; nra;jy;

ePUld; njhlu;Gila fijfs;> ghly;fs;> eldq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw

Kd;itj;jy;

ePiug; gad;gLj;jp rpy tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgly;

fUg;nghUs; : 5.0 Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;fUg;nghUs; : 5.0 Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;fUg;nghUs; : 5.0 Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;fUg;nghUs; : 5.0 Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;fUg;nghUs; : 5.0 Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;

Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;

Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis kfpo;r;rpAld;

$Wthu;.

Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fspy; kfpo;r;rpAld; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila tpisahl;Lf;fspyPL

gLthu;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;> ghly;fs; Nghd;w

tw;iwg;ghLthu;@ MLthu;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; ngw;w mDgtq;fis ntt;NtW Clfq;fspD}lhf

Mf;fG+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.


Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; tPl;bYk; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

Gj;jhz;Lld; njhlu;Gila ghuk;gupaq;fs;

Gj;jhz;L tpisahl;Lf;fs;

Gj;jhz;L njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;

Gj;jhz;bw;Fj; jahupf;Fk; gyfhuq;fspd; khjpupfs;

Gj;jhz;Lld; njhlu;Gila mDgtq;fis Kd;itj;jYk; ebj;Jf;

fhl;lYk;

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Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; tPLfspYk; Rw;Wg; Gwq;fspYk; fhzf;$ba

khw;wq;fisg; gw;wpa jkJ mDgtq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

fye;JiuahlypyPLgly;

tpisahl;L tPLfspd; Clhf gz;biff;fhy ghuk;gupaq;fs;> gof;f

tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa nrad;Kiwahd mDgtq;fisg; ngWjy;

Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa tpNrl tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;

Gj;jhz;Lg; gz;bifAld; njhlu;Gila ghly;> ehl;Lg; ghly; Nghd;w

tw;iw ghLtjw;Fk;> MLtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;

fsp kz;izg; gad;Lj;jp gz;biff; fhyq;fspy; jahupf;Fk;

gyfhuq;fspd; khjpupfis Mf;Fjy;> kdJf;Fg; gpbj;j Gj;jhz;L

epfo;Tf;fhl;rpfis tiujy;

fUg;nghUs; : 6.0 ehk; fhZk; thdk;fUg;nghUs; : 6.0 ehk; fhZk; thdk;fUg;nghUs; : 6.0 ehk; fhZk; thdk;fUg;nghUs; : 6.0 ehk; fhZk; thdk;fUg;nghUs; : 6.0 ehk; fhZk; thdk;


thdk; gw;wpa mtjhdpg;Gf;fisg; gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

thdj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpe;J mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; thdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;J

mirTr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; mtw;iw ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

thdk; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghb kfpo;thu;.

ntspiag; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgLthu;.


thdj;jpw; fhzg;gLgit

thdj;jpy; fhzf;$bad gw;wpa Mf;fq;fs;

,uT> gfy; thdj;ij mtjhdpj;jYk;> gfy; thdj;jpw;Fk; ,uT

thdj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fSk;

thdj;jpy; fhzf;$bait njhlu;ghd fijfSk; ghly;fSk;

ntspiag; gad;gLj;Jk; mirTr; nraw;ghLfSk; tpisahl;Lf;fSk;;

thdpy; fhzf;$batw;iw rpj;jpuq;fshf tiujy;


thdj;ij mtjhdpj;jYk; mq;F fhzg;gLgit gw;wp mwpf;ifg;

gLj;jYk; (tha;nkhopahf > eldk;> Nghyr; nra;tjd; %yk;)

gfypw; fhZk; thdj;ijAk; ,utpw; fhZk; thdj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L

mtjhdpg;gjw;F tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,dq;fz;l gz;G

fis rpj;jpuq;fs;> ghly;fs;> eldq;fs; %yk; Kd;itj;jy;

thdpy; fhzg;gLgtw;iw gy;NtW nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fp

Kd;itj;jy;

ntspiag; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;

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fUg;nghUs; : 7.0 ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;fUg;nghUs; : 7.0 ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;fUg;nghUs; : 7.0 ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;fUg;nghUs; : 7.0 ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;fUg;nghUs; : 7.0 ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;


ehk; cz;Zk; czTfisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

cly; tsu;r;rp gw;wp mf;fiwAld; nraw;gLthu;.

Fwpg;gpl;l Neuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; czTfisAk; ghdq;fisAk;

cl;nfhs;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.

Cl;lkpf;fjhd Ntis czitj; jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wp mf;;fiw

nrYj;Jthu;.

clypd; rPuhd tsu;r;rpf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfspyPLgLthu;.

czTk; RfhjhuKk; njhlu;ghd gof;ftof;fq;fis vLj;Jf;$Wk;

ghly;> Mly;fspy; <LgLthu;.

ey;tho;tpw;fhd Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

gy;NtW nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp czTg; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd

Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.


gpujhdkhf jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;Nj ehk; vkJ

czitg; ngWfpd;Nwhk;

tsu;r;rpf;fhfg; Nghjpa msT czit cl;nfhs;sy; mtrpak;

czitj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW nray;fs;> mtw;Ws;

xd;wpidr; nra;J ghu;j;J mDgtk; ngWjy;

czT jahupf;Fk;NghJk; cl;nfhs;Sk;NghJk; Rj;jk; NgZtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

czit cl;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gw;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; fUkq;fSk;>

gw;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fupa gof;fq;fSk;

czT cl;nfhs;tJld; njhlu;Gila ghuk;gupag; gof;f tof;fq;fSk;>

mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;wp elf;Fk; gof;fKk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

czT cl;nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; Rj;jkhd ePiug; gUFtjd;

Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

czT> Rfhjhug; gof;fq;fs;; njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;> fijfs;> ehlfq;;fs;

gy;NtW nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp czTg; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd

Mf;fq;fs;


cztpYk; ghdq;fspYk; mlq;Fgit kuQ;nrb nfhbfspypUe;Jk;>

tpyq;FfspypUe;Jk; fpilg;git vd;gjid mDgtk; %yk; mwptjw;

fhfr; nraw;ghLfspyPLgly;

jdJ clk;gpd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpa mDgtq;fisf; fye;Jiuahly;

%yKk; nraw;ghLfspd; %yKk; ngWjy;

czitj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba ew;gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;

Rj;jj;ij NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

czT Ntisnahd;iwj; jahupf;f tha;g;Ngw;gLj;jy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Neu cztpw;fhf kuf;fwpfs;>fPiu tWty;>

gor; ryhJ> gog;ghdk; jahupj;jy;

gw;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfis ,dq;fhzy;> gw;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;

fhd rupahdJk;> KiwahdJk; gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa Neub

mDgtq;fisg; ngwy;

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Rfhjhug; gof;f tof;fq;fis tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lk; ehlfnkhd;iw

ebj;jy;> ghly;fisg; ghLjYk; MLjYk;

gy;NtW tpjkhd nghUl;fis cgNahfpj;Jg; goq;fs;> kuf;fwp

tifspd; khjpupAUf;fis tbtikj;jy;. Kf%bfis Mf;Fjy;

clw; gapw;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpy tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;

fUg;nghUs; : 8.0 jfty;fs;; ngWk; Kiwfs;fUg;nghUs; : 8.0 jfty;fs;; ngWk; Kiwfs;fUg;nghUs; : 8.0 jfty;fs;; ngWk; Kiwfs;fUg;nghUs; : 8.0 jfty;fs;; ngWk; Kiwfs;fUg;nghUs; : 8.0 jfty;fs;; ngWk; Kiwfs;


jdJk; jdf;F neUf;fkhdtu;fspdJk; jfty;fis kupahijAld;

$Wthu;.

VidNahupd; jfty;fis kupahijAld; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

kupahijAlDk; el;GlDk; fye;JiuahLthu;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyfspd; NghJ VidNahUld; kupahijahfr; nraw;ghL

fspyPLgLthu;.

jhk; fz;ltw;Ws;> Nfl;ltw;Ws; xd;iw mq;f mirTfSld;

Kd;itg;ghu;.


jd;idg; gw;wpa jfty;fis kw;nwhUtuplk; $Wjy;

kw;nwhUtUila jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf tpdhTjy;

ghlrhiy gw;wpa jfty;fis kw;nwhUtuplk; tptupj;Jf; $wy;

jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk; Kiwfs;

xU jftiy mq;f mirTfSld; Kd;itj;jy;


jd;idg; gw;wpa jfty;fisf; $Wtjw;Fk;> kw;nwhUtuplkpUe;J jfty;

fis tpdhtpg; ngWtjw;Fk;> nray;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;

fz;l my;yJ Nfl;l Vjhtnjhd;iw mq;f mirTfSld; Kd;itj;jy;

jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk; ntt;NtW topfisg; gw;wpf; fz;lwpjy;> ghlrhiy

apy; jfty; toq;Fk; gy;NtW Kiwfis mtjhdpj;jYk; mtw;iw

mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;

jkJ mtjhdpg;Gf;fspd; cjtpAld; ngw;w jfty;fs; Fwpj;J Rje;jpu

khfj; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspaply;> rpj;jpuq;fs; %yk; fUj;Jf;fis

ntspaply;

fUg;nghUs; : 9.0 Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 9.0 Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 9.0 Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 9.0 Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 9.0 Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;


jdJ maw; #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; itg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;thu;.

ghlrhiyf;F maypYs;s ,aw;ifr; Rw;whlypd; NtWghLfis

mtjhdpj;J> mjd; mofpidg; NgZtjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.

#oypd; gy;tifikiaAk; moifAk; ghly;fs;> mirTfs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;>

FWehlfq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ntapy;> kio> fhw;W Mfpad njhlu;ghfr; Rw;whlypy; eilngWk;

khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;Jg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

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,aw;if #oypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;> jpBnud Vw;gLk; epiyikfs;

njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

kio> ntapy;> fhw;W Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba vspik

ahd Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.


jdJ #Oypd; Rj;jKk; xOq;Fk;

ghlrhiyiar; #oTs;s kuQ;nrbnfhbfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;

fhw;W fhuzkhfr; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;

#upa xspgLtjhy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;

kio ehl;fspy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;

Rw;whlypy; fhw;W> kio> ntapy; Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

gw;wpa ghly; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghLjy;> ebj;jy;> fij $wy;

Rw;whlypd; khw;wq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lk; Mf;fq;fs;


jkJ maw; #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; NgZtjw;Fr; nra;af;

$bait gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;@ jk;khy; nra;af;$batw;Wf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;

ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; cs;s ,lnkhd;iw Nju;e;

njLj;J mtjhdpj;Jf; fz;l jfty;fisr; rpj;jpuk;> ghly;> mirT>

eldk; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jy;

kioapdhy; Vw;gLk; #oy; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;. mtjhdpg;Gf;fis

tha;nkhop %ykhfTk;> ghly;fs;> Mly;> rpj;jpuq;fs; %yk; ntspg;

gLj;jy;

fhw;wpdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;@ fhw;W

nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf nra;af;$ba vspikahd nraw;ghLfspy;;

<LgLjy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,Nyrhd nghUl;fis fhw;wpy; gwf;fr; nra;jy;

- gQ;R> gY}d; Nghd;wit

fhw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;Fk; ghly;> Mly;fs;

fhw;W kw;Wk; Vida jpBu; ,aw;if epfo;Tfshy; Vw;glj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs;

Fwpj;j mDgtq;fisf; fye;JiuahlYk; mit gw;wpa tpopg;Gg;ngwYk;

,aw;iff; fhuzpfspdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fisf; $Wk;

FWehlfq;fs;

mirT njhlu;ghd jirehu; tpUj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwr;

nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;

ntapypdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;> #upa xspapd; gad;fs;;

Mfpad gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlYk; nraw;ghLfs; rpytw;iwr; nra;J

ghu;j;jYk;

fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; : 10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gkpd;ikAk; 10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gkpd;ikAk; 10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gkpd;ikAk; 10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gkpd;ikAk; 10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gkpd;ikAk;


tpUg;Gf;Fupajy;yhjjhf ,Ue;j ,lnkhd;iw tpUg;Gf;Fupa Xu; ,lkhf

khw;Wtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

VidNahu; tpUk;ghj elj;ijfisj; jtpu;j;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

ehk; tpUk;ghj NghjpYk; ehk; Kfq;nfhLf;f Neuplj;jf;f vjpu;ghuhj

epfo;TfSf;F vt;thW Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk; vd MNyhridfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

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ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tpUk;Gfpd;w tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; Mly;>

ghly;fspYk; jhKk; Nru;e;J <LgLthu;.

jhk; tpUk;Gk; Mf;fnkhd;iwj; jhk; tpUk;gpa Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr;

nra;a Kd;tUthu;.


#oypy; cs;s vkJ tpUg;Gf;Fupa tpUg;Gf;Fupaitay;yhj ,lq;fis

mtjhdpj;jy;

#oypYs;s tpUg;Gf;Fupajy;yhj ,lnkhd;iw tpUg;Gf;Fupa Xu; ,lkhf

khw;Wtjw;Fr; nra;a Ntz;bait

kdpjuplj;NjAs;s> ehk; tpUk;ghj elj;ijfis ,dq;fz;L mt;thwhd

elj;ijfisj;; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;s ehk; nra;a Ntz;bait

jhk; VidNahuhy; tpUk;gg;gLk; xUtuhtjw;F jk;kplj;Nj Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;badTk;> tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;badTkhd gof;fq;

fSk; ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;ba gof;fq;fSk;

ghlrhiyapy; ,lk;ngWk; ehk; tpUk;ghj epfo;Tfs; (tpgj;Jf;fs;>#oy;

khR Nghd;wd) mt;thwhd epfo;Tfisj; jLg;gjw;Fk; mtw;wpypUe;J

tpyfp ,Ug;gjw;Fk;> vk;ikg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ehk; nra;a Ntz;bait

jkf;F tpUg;gkhd mDgtnkhd;iw/epfo;nthd;iwr; rpj;jpukhf tiujy;jkf;F tpUg;gkhd Mlnyhd;iw/fijnahd;iw/Nghyr;nra;J fhl;lnyhd;iw Kd;itj;jy;

tpUg;gkhd tpisahl;Lf;fs; rpytw;wpyPLgly;


#oypYs;s tpUg;Gf;Fupajy;yhj ,lnkhd;W Vd; mt;thwhd epiyf;

Fs;shfpAs;sJ vdf; fye;Jiuahb me;j ,lj;jpid tpUg;Gf;Fupa

,lkhf kw;Wtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly;

tFg;G khztu; ed;F ,urpf;ff;$badTk; tpUk;gf;$badTkhd

tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ghly;fs;> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> NtW

Mf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;wpyPLgLjy;

maw; #oypy; ,lk;ngWk; tpUg;Gf;Fupadty;yhj epfo;Tfis (tpgj;Jf;

fs;> ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;> Neha;fs;) gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jYk;

mtw;iw jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffisg; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahlYk;

fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; :fUg;nghUs; : 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;;vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;;vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;;vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;;vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;;

tpjk;tpjk;tpjk;tpjk;tpjk;


vkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwg; ngw;Wj; jUtjw;fhfg;; ngw;NwhUk;

%j;NjhUk; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij kjpg;ghu;@ mt;thW fpilg;gtw;iwr;

rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

vkf;F md;whl czTf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;wtw;Ws; ,aYkhdtw;iw

tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjpy; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.

efuj;jpd; my;yJ fpuhkj;jpd; re;ij gw;wpa mDgtq;fisf; $Wthu;.

re;ij eltbf;iffisg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ntt;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; goq;fs;> fha;;fwp tiffspd;;

khjpupfis mikg;ghu;.

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gytif czTg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk;> re;ijapYs;Nshu; gw;wpAk;

Mly;> ghly;fspy; <LgLthu;.

fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> fspg;G+l;Lk;

tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.


vkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwj; jUtjw;fhfj; jha;> je;ij> %j;Njhu;

nraw;gLk; tpjk;

ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk; vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk; tpjk;

efur; re;ijapy; my;yJ fpuhkr;; re;ijapy; eilngWgit

re;ijapy; mDgtq;fs; ngWjYk; mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;

(tha;nkhopahf> Mly;> rpj;jpuk; %yk;)

ehk; cgNahfpg;gtw;iw tPzhf;fhjpUj;jy; Nghd;w ey;y gof;fq;fs;

fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisf; nfhz;L tpisahlj;jf;f

tpisahl;Lf;fs;


juk; xd;wpd;; khztu;fSf;F md;whl NtiyfSf;fhfj; Njitg;gLgit

vit vd khztUldhd ciuahlypd; %yk; ,dq;fhzy;@ mDgtq;

fisg; ngwj; Njitahd nraw;ghLfspyPLgLjy;

fpuhk my;yJ efu re;ijnahd;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nry;yy;> mtjhdpg;gpd;

%yk; ngWk; jfty;fisg; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;

(tha;nkhop %ykhf> Mly; %ykhf> Nghyr; nra;jy; %ykhf>

ghly;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> Mf;fq;fs; %ykhf)

fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisf; nfhz;L tpisahl;Lf;fspy;

<Lgly;

tFg;G kl;lj;jpy; my;yJ ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; re;ijnahd;iw xOq;F

nra;jy;

fUg;nghUs; : 12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;JfUg;nghUs; : 12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;JfUg;nghUs; : 12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;JfUg;nghUs; : 12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;JfUg;nghUs; : 12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;J


re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;w rupahd nka;e;epiyfis mDrupj;Jg; gazQ;

nra;thu;.

ehk; ghlrhiyf;F te;JNghFk; tpjk;> kdpju;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J

nra;Ak; tpjk; njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ VidNahuplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; cjtpfis

kjpj;J> ,ad;wtiu VidNahUf;F cjTthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;Ak; Kiwfisg; ghb> Mb> mgpeaj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ jdJ ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jpr;

nraw;gLthu;.

tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgLtNjhL> rkepiyiag; NgZthu;.

gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jdJ mDgtq;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhf

Kd;itg;ghu;.


khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;>VidNahu; ghlrhiyf;F tUk;NghFk; tpjk;

fhy; eilahfTk;> gy;NtW nghUl;fis J}f;fpf; nfhz;Lk; gy;NtW

thfdq;fspYk; Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;Ak; Kiwfs;

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Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhf kdpju; gad;gLj;Jk; ntt;NtW tif thfdq;fspd;

khjpupAUf;fis Mf;Fjy;

ele;J nry;Yk; nka;e;epiyfs;> epw;Fk; nka;e;epiyfs;

ghijapy; gazQ; nra;aNtz;ba tpjk;> gazQ; nra;Ak; NghJ

epfof;$ba tpgj;Jf;fSk; ghJfhg;Gg; gof;f tof;fq;fSk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;> Mly;fs;> fijfs;> kw;Wk;

Nghyr; nra;jy;

rkepiyiag; Ngzf;$ba tpisahl;Lf;fs;


Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;; NghJ Ngz Ntz;ba nka;e;epiyfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;

fhfr;; nray;Kiw nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;

epw;wy;> mku;jy;> rkepiyahf elj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; rupahd nka;e;epiy

fisg; gofpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;

khztu;fs;; ghlrhiyf;F tUk; NghFk; tpjk; gw;wp ciuahLjy;>mJ

njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;> Mly;fs;> gq;Nfw;W ebj;jy;fis Kd;itj;jy;

Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW thfd tiffis

mtjhdpj;jy;. glq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fspd; JizAld; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f

nraw;ghLfs;@ mtw;iw ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;

(tha;nkhop %yk;> glq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> tiuGfs;> Mly;> ghly;fs;

%yk;)

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;; NghJ jkJ ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;> tpgj;Jf;

fisj; jtpu;;f;fj;jf;f tpjk; gw;wpa nrad;Kiwj; njhopw;ghLfspy;

<Lgly;;

ntt;NtW thfd tiffs; gazQ; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijAk; mtw;wpd;

xypfisAk; Nghyr; nra;J tpisahlj;jf;f tpisahl;Lf;fspYk;;

rkepiyiag; Ngzj;jf;f tpisahl;LfspYk; <Lgl tha;g;gspj;jy;

fUg;nghUs; : 13.0 xspAld;(ntspr;rj;Jld;) tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 13.0 xspAld;(ntspr;rj;Jld;) tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 13.0 xspAld;(ntspr;rj;Jld;) tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 13.0 xspAld;(ntspr;rj;Jld;) tpisahl;LfUg;nghUs; : 13.0 xspAld;(ntspr;rj;Jld;) tpisahl;L


ahNjDnkhd;iw ehk; fhz;gjw;fhf ntspr;rk; (xsp)> fz;zpd; ghu;itj;

jpwd; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthu;.

fz;zpd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.

ntspr;rj;ij ntsptpLk; xsp Kjy;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr;

Nrfupg;ghu;. gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgl;L epow;Nfhy Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.

ntspr;rk; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghb MLthu;.


ahNjDnkhd;iwf; fhz;gjw;F ntspr;rk;> fz;fs; Mfpait kpfTk;

mtrpakhdit

fz;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

epoy;fisf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs;

#upa ntspr;rk; jtpu> ntspr;rj;ijg; ngwj;jf;f NtW Kiwfs;

Kfk; ghu;f;Fk; fz;zhbapdhy; (jsthbapdhy;) xspia ntt;NtW

gf;fq;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gpaDg;GjYk;> mJ rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fSk;

epw ntspr;rk; rhu;e;j ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fs;

xspAld; njhlu;Gila nghUl;fs; gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghf vOjg;

gl;Ls;s ghly;fisg;ghb MLjy;

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ahNjDnkhd;iwf; fhz;gjw;F ntspr;rk; Njit vd;gJ gw;wp

mwpT+l;lk; ngwYk; mJ njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfspy; <LglYk;

Kfk; ghu;f;Fk; fz;zhbiaAk; xspiaAk; gad;gLj;jp ntspr;rj;jpd;

xspapd; jpiria khw;w KbAk; vd;gJ gw;wpa mDgtq;fisg;

ngWtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly;;

,aw;ifahd ntspr;rk; #upadpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ. gy;NtW

ntspr;rq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu; ngWk; mDgtq;fs; gw;wpa fye;Jiu

ahly;

ntspr;rk; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisj; jhsj;Jld; ghLjYk; mjw;Nfw;g

MLjYk;

xspiaAk; ntspiaAk; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;Ak; epoy; njhlu;ghd rpy

tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;

epoy;fisAk; ntt;NtW epw ntspr;rj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW

Mf;fq;fs; Gupjy;

fUg;nghUs; : 14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;fUg;nghUs; : 14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;


maw;#oypy; kdpju; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fs;>mtu;fs; jkJ ghJfhg;igg;

NgZk; tpjk; Mfpad njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njb mwpf;ifg;gLj;J

thu;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLNthu;> gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;> fUtp

fs;> Milazpfs;> mtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiyfs; mlq;Fk; nray;fs;>

mtu;fs; Xa;itf; fopf;Fk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jpr;

nraw;gLthu;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; kdpju;fspd; Nritfshy; vkf;Ff;

fpilf;Fk; gad;fis kjpj;J mtu;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

Ntiyfs; nra;ag;gLk; ,lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila ,lk;ngWk; epfo;T

fs;> rk;gtq;fs;> mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;

ghly;fs;> Mly;fshf Kd;itg;ghu;.

kdpju;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fSs; jkJ kdijf; ftu;e;j re;ju;g;gq;

fisr; rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.

kdpju; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; cgfuzq;fspd; khjpup

fis Mf;Fthu;.


maw; #oypy; fhzg;gLk; njhopw;rhiy/ gz;iz/ jr;Rj; njhopyfk;/tpyq;Fg;gz;iz> kPd;gpbf;Fk; ,lk;... Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; kdpju; nra;Ak;

ntt;NtW Ntiyfs;

ntt;NtW NtiyfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfs; / cgfuzq;fs;

Ntiynra;Ak; Xu; ,lk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;

(mq;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLgit> Ntiy nra;Nthupd; Milazpfs;>

czT> ghJfhg;G Nghd;wit)

Ntiy nra;Nthu; fisg;igg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ghLk; ghly;fs;

Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;$Wk; ghly;fSk; Mly;fSk;>

mq;f mirTfSk;

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maw;#oypy; Ntiynra;ag;gLk; Xu; ,lj;ij mtjhdpj;jy;. mt;

tplj;jpy; epfOgit gw;wpa jfty;fisr;Nrfupj;jYk; ntt;NtW

tpjkhf mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;

Ntiy nra;Nthupd; czT> Ntiyapy; <LgLtjw;fhd Maj;jk;>

nghWg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpj;J mDgtk; ngwy;

Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;ij mtjhdpj;Jg; ngw;w jfty;fis tfpghfNkw;W

ebj;jy;;> ghLjy;> tiujy; %yk; ntspf;fhl;l tha;g;gspj;jy;

$l;lhf Ntiy nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila

fijfs;> nrtptopf;fijfs;> ghly;fs; Mfpatw;iw Kd;itj;jy;

fUg;nghUs; : 15.0fUg;nghUs; : 15.0fUg;nghUs; : 15.0fUg;nghUs; : 15.0fUg;nghUs; : 15.0 Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;


#oypd; gy;tifj; jd;ikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf> ,yFthd ifahz;L

ghu;j;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.

maw;#oypYs;s rpy ,lq;fspy; kuf;fd;Wfs; tsUk;; tpjj;ijAk;

mk;kuq;fspy; thOk; gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mwpf;ifg;gLj;J

thu;.

#oypypUe;J Nrfupj;j ntt;NtW nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fisr;

nra;thu;.

#oypypUe;J Nrfupj;j ntt;NtW nghUs;fspdhy; epwq;fisj; jahupj;J

Mf;fq;fis moFgLj;Jthu;.

#oypd; gy;tifikiaf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; nfhyh[;> fsp Mfpa

Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.

#oypd; gy;tifikia ,urpj;J Mly;> ghly;> mq;f mirTfspy;

<LgLthu;.

cs; ;slf;fk;cs; ;slf;fk;cs; ;slf;fk;cs; ;slf;fk;cs; ;slf;fk;

ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU gFjpia mtjhdpj;J

gy;NtW tbt ,iyfs; cs;s kuq;fs;> gy;NtW epw ntt;NtW

tbtg;G+f;fs; cs;s kuq;fs;> epwf; fw;fs;> kzy; kz;> rpwpa gpuhzpfs;

... Nghd;wit njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwpjy;

ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ maypy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L

,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;

ePu;g;ghq;fhd ,lq;fspy; ed;F tsUk; tpNrlkhd jhtu tiffSk;

mt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; thOk; gpuhzp tiffSk;

#oypd; gy;tifikiaf; $Wk; ehl;lhu; ghly;fisf; Nfl;lYk; ghLjYk;

MLjYk;

maw; #oypy; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;w nghUs;fisf;

nfhz;L gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs; Gupjy;


maw;#oypd; gy;tifikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Fwpg;ghd rpy

,lq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;

ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; tsUk; jhtuq;fis mtjhdpj;jYk; jfty;fis

ntt;NtW tpjkhf mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;

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#oypd; gy;tifikia ntspf;nfhzuj;jf;f tifapy; mq;f mirTr;

nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;

nfhyh[;> fspkz; Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp #ow; gy;tifikia

Mf;Fjy;

#oypy; ,Ue;J ngWk; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fk; Gupjy;

fUg;nghUs; : 16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;fUg;nghUs; : 16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;fUg;nghUs; : 16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;fUg;nghUs; : 16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;fUg;nghUs; : 16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;

Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;

ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk; jkf;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfis ngWtjw;Fk;

cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp Guptjw;Fk; Kd;tUthu;.

cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp GupAk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;> epfo;Tfs;

Fwpj;J czu;Tld; Mly;ghly;fspy; <LgLthu;.

tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLNthu; Fwpj;J gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

VidNahUf;F cjtpathW $l;lhf tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.


md;whl tho;tpy; VidNahupd; cjtpiag; ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk;

VidNahUf;F cjtp GupAk; re;ju;g;;gq;fSk;

cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp GupAk; re;ju;g;gq;fis Kd;itj;jy;

cjtp ngWk;NghJ gz;ghf ele;Jnfhs;sYk; cjtp Gupe;NjhUf;F

ed;wp $wYk;

tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLNthiu ,dq;fhzy;> mt;thwhNdhu; gad;

gLj;Jk; gy;NtW nghUs;fs;> my;yJ iriffs; (Cd;W Nfhy;fs;>

nts;isg;gpuk;G> ifj;jb Nghd;w)

cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp nra;jy;

cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fis Mf;Fjy;

gpuhzpfSf;Fk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfSf;Fk; vkJ cjtp Njit vd;gij

czu;jy;

md;whlg; gzpfspy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; VidNahupd; cjtp Njit

vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; rk;gtq;fs; / fijfs; / re;ju;g;gq;fs;VidNahUld; xj;Jioj;J tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lf;fs;

VidNahupd; cjtpAld; $l;lhf Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.


md;whl Ntiyfspd;NghJ VidNahupd; cjtpiag; ngWk; tpjk;

gw;wpa mDgtq;fs; Fwpj;J ciuahly;

ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk; cjtp Njitg;gLk; rpyiu ciuahlypD}lhf

,dq;fhzy;

gu];guk; cjtp ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ntspf;nfhzuj;jf;fthwhd

fijfs; (ehl;lhu; fijfs;> Mf;ff; fijfs;) ehlfq;fs;

md;whlk; nra;Ak; Ntiyfis Nghyr; nra;jY}lhf Kd;itj;jy;>

cjtp Njitg;gLNthu; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f cgfuzq;fis Mf;fy;

gpuhzpfSf;Fk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfSf;Fk; vkJ cjtp Njit vd;gJ

ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; tifapy; Mly;> ghly;fs;> fijg;ghly;fis

Kd;itj;jy;

gu];gu xj;Jiog;Gld; tpisahlg;gLk; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLjy;

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Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;;b

1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;;1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;;1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;;1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;;1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;;


ghlrhiyapDs; jd;Dld; neUq;fpr; nraw;gLNthupd; ntt;NtW

tfpgq;Ffis ,dq;fz;L nraw;gLthu;.

ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwapYs;s xOq;FtpjpfSf;Ff;fl;Lg;gl;L

xOFthu;.

ghlrhiyf; fyhrhuj;jpw;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.

ghlrhiyr; #oypd; mikg;ig ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf Ma;e;jwpthu;.

ghlrhiyapYs;s VidNahu; njhlu;ghf gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

ghlrhiy jdf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd Xu; ,lk; vDk; czu;Tld; nraw;

gLthu;.

tFg;giwia mofhfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; NgZtjpy;

gq;Nfw;ghu;.


fspy; <LgLthu;.


nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1

juk; xd;W tFg;Gf;F tUkhW mjpgiu mioAq;fs;. Kd;$l;bNa

miog;G mDg;GtJ mtrpakhFk;. 6Mk; my;yJ 5Me; ju khztupd;

JizAld; ,uridG+u;tkhd xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;

fhd xOq;Ffisr; nra;f.

mjpgu; tUif jUk;NghJ mtiu tuNtw;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F

tha;g;gspf;Ff. (ntw;wpiy nfhLj;jy;> tzf;fk; $Wjy;> ]yhk;

$Wjy;... Nghd;wthW) khztuJ gy;NtW Mw;wy;fis Kd;itf;f

tha;g;gspf;Ff. xt;nthU gps;isf;Fk; mjpgUld; ciuahl tha;g;

gspf;Ff. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; juk; xd;W khztu;fSf;nfd tpUe;Jgrhu

nkhd;wpid elj;JtJ ey;yJ.

mLj;J khztiu tpspj;J ciuahw;w mjpgUf;F tha;g;gspf;Ff.

jdJ ngau;> Cu;> ghlrhiyapy; cs;s trjpfs;> Mrpupau; Fohk;>

khztu; jiytu;fs; Nghd;w tpguq;fisr; RUf;fkhfTk; ftu;r;rpfu

khfTk; Kd;itg;gJ ey;yJ. fhiyapYk; khiyapYk; ghlrhiyapy;

eilngWk; nghJ Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;> khztuJ ghJfhg;Gf;fhf

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;> rl;ljpl;lq;fs; (mtu;fs;) mjpgiur;

re;jpf;ff;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fs; Nghd;w jfty;fis khztUf;F

mwptpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ. gpd;du;> mjpgu; mk;khztu;fisj; jkJ

mYtyfj;Jf;F mioj;Jr;nrd;W mq;F fhzg;gLgit> mtu;

mku;e;jpUf;Fk; ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Ljy; ey;yJ. kzp> fbfhuk;>

cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;wit Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf. gbg;gpid

juj;jf;f xU fijia my;yJ ghliy khztUf;F Kd;itj;J

vspikahf tpsf;fkspg;gJ kpf ey;yJ.


ghlrhiy tstpy; Ma;e;jwptjw;fhd xU fsg;gpuahzj;jpw;F

khztiu mioj;Jr; nry;f. ghlrhiyiar; Nru;e;j VidNahUf;F

Kd;$l;bNa ,J gw;wp mwptpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyapd; ntt;NtW

,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;tjw;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jlitfs; mioj;Jr;

nry;y Ntz;b Vw;glf;$Lk;. me;je;j ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghf fUj;J

ntspapl khztUf;F tha;g;gspAq;fs;. tpdh- tpil Kiw %yk;>

Ma;e;jwpe;J ghlrhiyapy; ntt;NtW ,lq;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fhz;

gjw;F khztUf;F topfhl;Lf.

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khztiu tpisahl;L Kw;wj;Jf;F mioj;Jr;nry;y Kd;du;> mjid

mtjhdpj;J FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. tpisahl;L

Kw;wj;jpy; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpTWj;J

tJ Kf;fpakhdJ. xt;nthU khztd;/khztp njhlu;ghfTk; tpNrl

ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; (vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L:

CQ;ry;> rkepiyf; FWf;Ff;Nfhy;> Vzpg;gbr; rl;lfk;>...) Fwpj;J

tpsf;fkspAq;fs;. mjidg; gad;gLj;jp tpisahb kfpo tha;g;gspAq;

fs;. xt;nthU gps;isf;Fk; tpisahl tha;g;gspAq;fs;.

rpy khztu;fs; tpisahLk;NghJ VidNahu; ifjl;ly;> ghl;Lg;

ghLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; <LgLj;JtJ ey;yJ.

gpwpnjhU jpdj;jpy;> khztiu tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;

nry;Yf.

ghlrhiy khztu; rfyUf;Fk; tpisahLtjw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l

gFjpNa tpisahl;L ikjhdk; vd;gij czu;j;Jf. gpd;tUk;

nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

gbg;gbahf mLj;j ehl;fspy; ,r;nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl

tha;g;gspAq;fs;.

tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpy; RahjPdkhf cyhTjy;.

RahjPdkhf XLjy;.

xU Fwpj;j ,yf;if Nehf;fp XLjy;.

RahjPdkhf xNu ,lj;jpy; Js;spg;gha;jy;.

,U ghjq;fisAk; Cd;wp Kd;Nehf;fpg; gha;e;J nry;yy;.

tpisahl;L Kw;;wj;jpYk;> tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpYk; ngw;w mDgtq;

fisj; Jizahff;nfhz;L> mt;tplq;fspy; Vw;glj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs;>

mt;thwhd tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;f;fj;jf;f Kiwfs; Mfpad Fwpj;J

khztuJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j topg;gLj;Jf.


tFg;G khztUs; %j;j rNfhju/rNfhjupfSf;Fk; maypy; thOk;

khzt ez;gu;fs;/ez;gpfSf;Fk; ,t;tFg;Gf;F te;J khztidr;

re;jpf;f tha;g;gspf;Ff. %j;j rNfhju rNfhjupaupd; tFg;GfSf;F

khztiu mioj;Jr; nrd;W> mt;tplj;Jf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd topia

mwpe;J nfhs;s tha;g;gspf;Ff. gpwpnjhU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jkJ %j;j

rNfhjupia/rNfhjuid my;yJ ez;giur; re;jpg;gjw;fhf mtu;fsJ

tFg;Gf;Fr; nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mJ Fwpj;J MrpupaUf;F

mwptpj;Jtpl;Lr; nry;Yjy; mtrpak; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.


kWgf;fj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpid Njitf;Nfw;g ngupajhf;fp

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjid ed;F mtjhdpf;f tha;g;gsp

Aq;fs;. jhd; tpUk;Gk; glk; ahJ ? vd tpdtp mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij

tpdTf.

tFg;Gj; jsghlq;fs; xOq;F Fiye;J tFg;gpDs; Fg;ig $sq;fs;

rpjwpf; fhzg;gLk; xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; khztu;fs; midtUf;Fk;

tFg;Gf;F ntspNa nrd;W tFg;gpd; epiyikia mtjhdpf;f tha;g;

gspf;Ff. tFg;gpy; ,Uf;ff;$lhjit vit vd;gJ Fwpj;J khztuJ

ftdj;ijj; jpir jpUg;Gf. jiu> Rtu;fs;> Nkirapd; Nky; vd;wthwhf

rfy ,lq;fspd; kPJk; ftdQ; nrYj;j tha;g;gspf;Ff.

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mOf;file;Js;s ,lq;fisr; Rj;jpfupg;gjw;fhfr; nra;aj;jf;fit

Fwpj;J tFg;Gf;F ntspNa ,Ue;jthNw fye;JiuahLf.

tFg;igj; Jg;Guthf;Ftjw;fhf khztu; nra;aj;jf;ftw;iwAk;>

%j;Njhiuf; nfhz;L nra;tpf;fj;jf;ftw;iwAk; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fz;L

nfhs;sr; nra;;f. khztu;fs; nra;aj;jf;ftw;iwr; nra;tjw;fhf khztu;

FOf;fis <LgLj;Jf. (mjpf J}R rpy gps;isfSf;F xt;thikia

Vw;gLj;jf; $Lk;. vdNt %f;ifAk; thiaAk; kiwg;gjw;F Vw;w

xU ~~%f;;F - tha;%b|| my;yJ nkd;Jzp gw;wpf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.)

Jg;Guthf;fpagpd; tFg;igg; ghu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf. Jg;Guit kjpf;f

topg;gLj;Jf. mjw;fhd xU ghliyAk;> MliyAk; Mf;f topg;gLj;Jf.


Fg;ig nghWf;FNthk;. Fg;ig nghWf;FNthk;.

ehq;fs; Fg;ig nghWf;FNthk;.

tFg;G moFngw Fg;ig nghWf;FNthk;.

ehq;fs; Fg;ig nghWf;FNthk;.

tFg;igr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfr; nra;aj;jf;fit gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf. tFg;igr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUf;Fk; nghWg;ig khztu;

FOf;fsplk; xg;gilf;Ff.

~~tFg;ig NkYk; moFgLj;JNthk;|| vDk; jiyg;gpy; gy;NtW

Mf;fq;fisr; nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: G+r;rhb> Rtuyq;fhuq;fs;. Fg;igf;$il> Jilg;gk;...

Nghd;wtw;iw Mf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

Mf;fq;fis moFgLj;Jtjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L xU fz;fhl;rpia xOq;Fnra;f.

tFg;ig mofhf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf njhlu;e;Jk; nra;aNtz;bait

Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf. tFg;G maw; gFjpia moFgLj;J

tjw;fhfr; nra;aj;jf;fit Fwpj;J khztuJ ftdj;ij nrYj;jr;

nra;f. tFg;ig mOf;filar; nra;Ak; nghUs;fis mg;Gwg;gLj;jy;

Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf. Fg;igf; $il> Fg;igf;Fop/fplq;F Nghd;wtw;wpd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. Njitg;gbd; %j;Njhupd; cjtp

Ald; khztuJ gq;fspg;Gld; mt;thwhd trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jf.

jpz;izapy; rpy G+r;rhbfis itj;Jg; guhkupg;gjw;fhd xOq;Ffisr;

nra;Aq;fs;. G+r;rhbfis /G+k;ghj;jpfis mofhfg; guhkupg;gjw;Fr;

nra;a Ntz;bait Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf. fis kw;Wk; G+z;Lfisg;

gpLq;Fjy;> thb cyu;e;j gFjpfis mg;Gwg;gLj;jy;>Njitahd NghJ

grisaply;> ePu; Cw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iw ntspf;nfhz;L tUf. mt;

Ntiyfisf; FOf;fsplk; xg;gilf;Ff. ,t;Ntiyfspy;; <Lgl

khztUf;F Mu;t%l;Lf.

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2.02.02.02.02.0 vkJ tPLvkJ tPLvkJ tPLvkJ tPLvkJ tPL


tPl;L mq;fj;jtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiyfis kjpj;J gaDWjpkpf;f

tifapy;; mtu;fSld; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fspd; tfpghfq;fis ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; Kd;

itg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW tfpghfq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf tpUe;jpdiu cgrupg;ghu;.

tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; nry;yg; gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghf gupTzu;Tld; nraw;

gLthu;.

gpuhzpfspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngwj;jf;f

thW nraw;gLthu;.

tPl;by; tpisahlg;gLfpd;w rpy rpWtu; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.



jkJ tPl;bYs;s mq;fj;jtu; xt;nthUtu; gw;wpAk; khztUld;

ciuahLf.

mtu;fs; tPl;by; nra;git ahitnad ciuahLf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: - xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jkJ jhahu; tPl;by; nra;Ak;

Ntiyfs;> je;ij nra;Ak; Ntiyfs;> rNfhju

rNfhjupfs; nra;Ak; Ntiyfisr; Rje;jpukhfr;

nra;J fhl;l ,lkspAq;fs;.

- ,r;rkaj;jpy; mtu;fs; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfis

Nghyr;nra;J fhl;l KbAk;.

,r;nraw;ghLfisg; ghlyhf Kd;itf;f tha;g;gspf;f. (gps;isfs;

nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk;NghJ cupa jhsj;ij toq;Ff.)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vq;fs; ,d;gf; FLk;gk; - mij

vz;Zk; NghJk; ,d;gk;

jq;fj; jhj;jh jiyik - ,dpJ

jhq;Fk; vq;fs; FLk;gk;

cioj;J tUthu; mg;gh - md;G

Cl;b tsu;g;ghu; mk;kh

miof;f khkh khkp - te;J

md;gha; Kd;Nd epw;ghu;

rpd;df; fijfs; jpdKk; - ghl;b

nrhy;ths; ,dpjha; vkf;F

mz;zd; jk;gp mf;fh - Nru;e;J

md;gha; thOk; FLk;gk;

tpisahl;L tPLfis mikj;Jf;nfhs;s tha;g;gspf;Ff. tPLfspy;

cs;Nshu; md;whlk; nra;gtw;iw Nghd;W nra;a (khztiu) topg;

gLj;Jf. fhiy> gfy;> khiy Neuq;fspy; nra;Ak; Ntiyfs; NtWgLk;

tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

tPl;Lf;F tUk; cwtpdu;> ez;gu;fs;> tpUe;jpdu;fs;> rka Futu;fs;

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Nghd;wtu;fSld; ele;J nfhs;Sk; tpjk;> mJ njhlu;ghf mtutup

ilNa ciuahly;> tuNtw;wy;> tpUe;Njhk;gy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

<LgLj;Jf.

tpisahl;L tPl;by; nra;Ak; Ntiyfs; Fwpj;J ciuahLf. tPl;by;

eilngWk; Kf;fpa Ntiyfis ,dq;fhz tha;g;gsp;f;Ff. tPl;by;

eilngWk; gpujhd NtiyfSs; rka mDl;lhdq;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit

vd;gij czu;j;Jf.

tPl;by; jhk; nra;Ak; xU Ntiy tPjk; Fwpg;gpl ,lkspf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Gj;jfq;fs; > Nghu;it> epj;jpiu nra;Ak; fl;by;/gha;> Mfpatw;iw Neu;j;jpahf> cupa ,lq;fspy;

itj;jy;.

tPl;by; gytif Ntiyfs; cz;nldTk;> ahtUk; xw;Wikahf

xj;jhirahf Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> rpwpNahuhf ,Ug;gpDk;

ehq;fSk; tPl;LNtiyfSf;F cjtNtz;Lk; vdTk; ,jd; %yk;

typAWj;;Jf. xt;nthUtUk; nra;Ak; Ntiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

vLj;Jf;$wp mjid kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. jhk;

tPl;by; NtiyfSf;F cjTk; tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fis Kd;itf;f

tha;g;gspf;Ff.

tPl;by; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyfisg; Nghyr;nra;a tha;g;gspf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ePu; ms;Sjy;> tpwF ntl;Ljy;> ghuk; Rkj;jy;>

kukupjy;> njhl;biy Ml;Ljy;> epyj;ijf;

nfhj;Jjy;;;; Nghd;wd.

tPl;by; nra;ag;gLk; NtiyfSs; kdJf;Fg;gpbj;j> gpbf;fhj mDgtq;

fis Kd;itf;fr; nra;;;f.

tpisahl;L tPl;Lf;F te;j cwtpdu; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsJ

mDgtq;fis ciuahLf.

tpisahl;L tPl;bd; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis rpj;jpuq;fs;> khjpupfs;

%yk; cUthf;fr; nra;f.

tPl;bw;F tUk; cwtpdu;fis> ez;gu;fis md;Gld; tuNtw;W cgrupj;

jy; xU ey;y gof;fk; vd vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

tpUe;jpdUs; vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F vk;khy; KbAkhd

msT cjTjy; ey;yJ vd;gij czu;j;Jf. mt;thwhd fijnahd;iw

ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy; %yk; Kd;itf;Ff.(,jw;fhf tsu;e;j khztupd;

cjtpiag; ngWf.)

mt;thwhNdhUf;F cjTtij xU ey;y gzpahf kjpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.


jkJ tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; nry;yg;gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis

Njbawpe;J tUkhW khztuplk; Kd;$l;bNa $Wf.

cq;fs; tPl;by; tsu;f;fg;gLk; nry;yg; gpuhzpfs; vit?

mg;gpuhzpfis miof;f mitfSf;F ,lg;gl;Ls;s tpNrl

ngau;fs; vit?

mg;gpuhzpfs; cz;Zk; czTfs;> Fbf;Fk; ghdq;fs; ahit?

nry;yg;gpuhzpfis ,dq;fhzf;$ba ntspg;Gw ,ay;Gfs;

ahit?

gpuhzpfSf;nfd mikf;fg;gl;l tpNrl trpg;gplq;fs; vit?

gpuhzpfSf;F czT nfhLg;gJ vt;thW? gpuhzpfis Fspg;ghl;L

tJ vt;thW? mit ,Uf;Fkplj;ij Rj;jg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW?

mt;Ntiyfisr; nra;gtu; ahu;?

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,j;jfty;fis tha;nkhop %ykhff; $wTk;> Nghyr; nra;aTk;>

ebj;Jf; fhl;lTk;> mgpeak; nra;aTk; rpj;jpuq;fs; %yk; ntspg;

gLj;jTk; khztiutopg;gLj;Jf. khztu; Kd;itf;Fk; jfty;fisg;

gw;wp; fye;JiuahLf.

jj;jkJ tPLfspy; tsu;f;Fk; gpuhzpfisAk; mg;gpuhzpfis

miof;Fk; nry;yg; ngaiuAk; $Wtjd; %yk; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghL

fspyPLgl newpg;gLj;Jf.

mg;gpuhzpfspd; elj;ij Kiwfs;> mit vOg;Gk; xypfs; Nghd;w

tw;iw Nghyr; nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.

nry;yg; gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghd tpisahl;Lf;fis Mf;Ff.

mNjNghd;W tPLfspy; tpisahlg;gLk; gy;NtW tpisahl;Lf;fs;

ahit? vd khztu;fsplk; tpdtp nghUj;jkhd rpy tpisahl;

Lf;fis tpisahl tha;g;gspf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khq;nfhl;il tpisahl;L (nfe;Jjy;)

xspj;Jg; gpbj;J tpisahly;

tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; nry;yg; gpuhzpfspd; kPJ ,uf;fk; Vw;glf;$bathW

fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.

xt;nthU gpuhzpapdJk; elj;ijiar;; Rje;jpukhf Kd;itf;f

khztiuj;J}z;Lf.

khztu;fspd; mirTf;Nfhyq;fis mtjhdpj;J tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl

Ntz;ba NtW mirTfisg;gw;wp khztupd; ftdj;ij <u;j;J

gpd;D}l;ly; toq;Ff.

fpspnahd;W fPr;rply; (grp fhuzkhf)@ eha;f;Fl;b ge;ij cUl;br;

nry;yy;@ G+id xspj;J epd;W gha;tjw;fhfj; jUzk; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;bUj;jy;. Nghd;w gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfisg; Nghyr; nra;a

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghd tpLfijfis Kd;itf;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tPl;ilRw;wp tUthd;> tPl;ilf;fhj;jpLthd; mtd;;;;

ahu;?

tpil: eha; (tpLfijia Kd;itj;J> ,lu;g;gL

kplj;J tpil fhz cjtj;jf;f Fwpg;Gf;fisAk;

toq;Ff.)

gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa Mly;fs;> ghly;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

gpuhzpfSf;F md;G fhl;Ljy; mtrpakhFk;.mtw;wpw;Fk; gy;NtW

Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. mtw;wpypUe;J

ghJfhg;Gg;ngw ehk; nra;a Ntz;bait ahit? vd khztUld;

ciuahLf. mJ Nghd;W gpuahzpfSf;Fk; Neha;fs; Vw;glhJ

ehk; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;bait njhlu;ghf fye;JiuahLf.

fljhrp> ml;ilg;ngl;b> jhtu ,iy> fspkz; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;

gLj;jp gpuhzpfspd; khjpup cUf;fis mikj;J mtw;iw moFgLj;j

topg;gLj;;;;Jf.

rpy gpuhzpfis rpj;jpukhf tiua topg;gLj;Jf.

kdpjDf;F cjTk; gpuhzpfs; vit? vd tpdTf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khL> eha;> Fjpiu Nghd;wd.

Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,g;gpuhzpfs; cjtpa tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa fijfis

Kd;itf;Ff.


tPl;L cgfuzq;fspd; glq;fis my;yJ khjpupfis mtjhdpf;fr;

nra;f. ,q;F tpNrlkhf fj;jp> Nfhlup> kz;ntl;b> cuy;> cyf;if>

Jk;Gj;jb> tpsf;Ffs; Nghd;w nghUs;fspd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

thndhypg;ngl;b> mLg;G> kpd;rhu cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw

itg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;j gpd;du; mtw;iw

cupa ,lj;jpy; itf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jf.

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xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fSs; jkJ tPl;by;

cs;stw;wpd; ngau; $wr; re;jug;;gk; toq;Ff. mit xt;nthd;Wk;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; nghUj;jkhdjh vdf; fye;JiuahLf.

xt;Nthu; cgfuzj;jpdJk; cgNahfk; gw;wp; khztUld;

fye;JiuahLf. mt;Tgfuzq;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wp FOthfg; Nghyr;

nra;J fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpsfha; miuj;jy;> kh ,bj;jy;> Njq;fha;

JUTjy;> tay; nfhj;Jjy;> iftz;bapy;

rhkhd; Vw;wpr; nry;yy;> ePu; epiwe;j Flj;ij

my;yJ thspia vLj;Jr; nry;yy; Nghd;wd.

ntt;NtW cgfuzq;fs;> ghtidg;nghUs;fs; gw;wpa tpLfijfis

Kd;itf;Ff.

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ahu;?

,t;thwhd Gof;fj;jpYs;s tpLfijfisAk; Gjpa

Mf;fq;fisAk; Nrfupj;J Kd;itf;Ff.

NtW nghUl;fs; cgNahfpj;J Nkir> fjpiu Nghd;wtw;wpd; khjpup

cUf;fis Mf;Ff.

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tw;iwf; nfhz;L fl;by;> Nkir> fjpiu Mf;Ff.

cgfuzq;fis cupa ,lj;jpy; itf;fhik> rupahfg; gad;gLj;jhik

vd;gdtw;why; Vw;glj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> mtw;iwj; jtpu;g;gJ

Fwpj;Jk; khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.


Kiwahfg; guhkupf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU tPl;bd; glj;ij / Gifg;glj;ij/khjpupAUitr; rku;g;gpf;Ff. mg;glj;ij> khjpupia my;yJ Gifg;glj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. khztu; tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

tPl;il> cl;Gwj;ijr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;.

Kw;wj;ij> (ntspg;Gwj;ijr;) Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;.

Fg;ig $sq;fis mfw;Wjy;.

mofpw;fhfg; g+ tsu;j;jy;.

tPl;bYs;s nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; xOq;fhf itj;jy;.

tPl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sit.

tPl;L Kw;wj;jpd; moiff; $Wk; gpd;tUk; ghliyg; ghlr; nra;f.

,ijg;Nghd;w ghly;fis Mf;fpf; nfhs;f.

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tbthd Kw;wkhk;

$sk; Fg;ig VJkw;w

nfhs;is moF Kw;wkhk;.

Mbg;ghb ehk; kfpo

mike;j tz;z Kw;wkhk;.

vd;Wk; ehq;fs; $b epw;Fk;

vq;fs; tPl;L Kw;wkhk;

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3.03.03.03.03.0 Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;


ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F tUk; gpuhzpfis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

gpuhzpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

mirTr; nraw;ghLfspD}lhf gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfis vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

gy;NtW nghUs;fshy; gpuhzpfspd; khjpupAUf;fis Mf;Fthu;.

gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghLtjpYk;> ghlYf;Nfw;g MLtjpYk;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghfg; gupTzu;T fhl;Lthu;.

gpuhzpfisg; ghj;jpuq;fshff; nfhz;l tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.

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khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff. ghlrhiy Njhl;lj;jpw;F my;yJ

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rpwpJ kiwe;jpUe;J Njhl;lj;jpw;F/taYf;F tUk; gpuhzpfis

khztiumjhdpf;fr; nra;;f.%d;W gpuhzpfis ed;whf mtjhdpj;jy;

NghJkhdJ.

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nra;f. mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;FkhWk; gpd;du;

glk; tiuAkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf. (vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: epwk;>myF> fhy;fs;>

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nrYj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

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khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

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jdpahfj; jpupfpd;wdth? $l;lq;fshfj; jpupfpd;wdth?

cz;Zk; czTf;Nfw;g mtw;iw tifg;gLj;Jf.

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Njd; Nrfupf;Fk; gpuhzpfs;

goq;fis cz;Zk; gpuhzpfs;

Fg;ig NkLfisf; fpswp czT Njbj;jpd;Dk;

gpuhzpfs;.

mtjhdpj;j gpuhzpfspilNa goq;fs;> ,iwr;rp> NrhW Nghd;w

gytifahd czT tiffis cz;Zk; gpuhzpfs; cs;sdth?

mt;thwhd gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis fye;JiuahLf.

gpd;tUtd Nghd;W mtjhdpf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

jl;nlhd;wpy; rpwpjsT rPdpia ,l;L mjid Xuplj;jpy;

itf;fTk;. mq;F vWk;Gfs; tUk; tpjk;> gpd;du; vWk;Gf;

$l;lk; mq;F te;J Nru;e;j tpjk;> jl;by; Vwpa gpd;du;>

mit ele;J nfhz;l tpjk; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpf;fr;

nra;f. ,Wjp tiuapy; eilngWgtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

,J Nghd;w ntt;NtW nghUs;fisj;Njb my;yJ ehb

te;jilAk; gpuhzpfs; gw;wpf; fz;lwpe;J tFg;gpy;; mj;jfty;

fis Kd;itf;f topg;;gLj;Jf.

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vWk;Gfs; Nfhilfhyj;jpy; ,uT gfyhff; f\;lg;gl;L czT Nrfupj;J

itf;fpd;wd. ,J njhlu;ghd ghly;fis FOthfg;ghl topg;gLj;Jf.

NtW gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa ghly;fisAk; ghltopg;gLj;Jf.

,uz;L vWk;Gfs; xd;iw xd;W re;jpf;Fk;NghJ ele;Jnfhs;Sk;

Kiwia mgpeak; nra;J fhl;l khztiu newpg;gLj;Jf.

,t;thwhd elj;ijfisf; fhl;Lk;; NtW gpuhzpfis ghlrhiyj;

Njhl;lj;jpNyh tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpNyh gps;isfs; fz;bUg;ghu;fs;. mJ

njhlu;ghd mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fis $w tha;g;gspAq;fs;.


#oypYs;s gpuhzpfs; Xuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;F vt;thW

nry;fpd;wd vd mtjhdpf;f newpg;gLj;Jf. mk;Kiwia ebg;gpd;

%yk; fhl;lr; nra;f. tiue;J fhl;lTk; KbAk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: - gwitfs; Nghd;W gwj;jy;

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- thj;J eilapy; nry;yy;

- Mik Nghd;W nry;yy;

- ahid Nghd;W nry;yy;

rpy gpuhzpfspd; glq;fis tiue;J ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; njhq;ftpLf.

khztu;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; ,lj;Jf;Fg;Ngha; mg;gpuhzpiag; Nghd;W

ghtid nra;J nry;y topg;gLj;Jf. vy;yhg; gpuhzpiag; Nghd;Wk;

ghtid nra;J nry;y tha;g;G toq;Ff.

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gpupf;f KbAkh vdf; Nfl;lwpf.

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- gwe;J nry;Yk; gpuhzpfs;

- ele;J nry;Yk; gpuhzpfs;

jhk; fz;lwpe;jtw;iwg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgl

khztUf;F tha;g;gspf;Ff.

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tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g xt;nthU FO

tpw;Fk; khztu;fs; rkdhfg; gpupe;J nry;yf;$ba tifapy;

gpd;tUk; gpuhzpfspd; tPLfSf;F khztu;fisf; FOthfg;

gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

1. G+idapd; tPL

2. fpspapd; tPL

3. Kaypd; tPL

ehapd; ghj;jpuj;jpw;fhf xUtiuj; njupT nra;J nfhs;f.

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~~ts;> ts;|| vdf; Fiuj;J tpisahl;il Muk;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

G+id Kay;

tPL tPL

eha;

fpsp

tPL

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,t;tpisahl;by; xt;nthU tPl;bYk; fhzg;gLk; gpuhzpfs; Nghd;W

ele;J/gwe;J/gha;e;J nry;y khztu;fis topg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

(G+id Nghd;W> Kay;Nghd;W> fpspNghd;W)eha; Fiuj;jTld; xt;nthU

tPl;bYk; ,Uf;Fk; gpuhzpfs; tPl;iltpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;.

mg;gpuhzpfs; Fwpj;j vy;iyapy; Rje;jpukhf Xb ehaplkpUe;J

jg;gpf;f Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. eha; me;jg; gpuhzpfisg; gpbg;gjw;Fj;

Juj;jpr;nry;y Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau; irif toq;Fk; tiu gpuhzpfSk;

Fwpj;j vy;iyapy; Xl Ntz;Lk;.

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nry;y Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fpilapy; eha; VNjDk; gpuhzpiag; gpbj;jhy;

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Vw;wtu; gpbgl;l gpuhzpapd; FOtpy; Nru Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf

ehapd; ghj;jpuNkw;fpd;w khztd; Vw;fdNt Vida gpuhzpfspd;

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gpbj;jTld; FOittpl;L ntspapy; nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW

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toq;Ff.

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mikg;gjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf. ,jw;fhfj; jhtu ,iyfs;>

fljhrpfs;> fspkz;> gQ;R Mfpatw;iw cgNahfpf;fyhk;.

jhtu ,iyfs;> fljhrp Nghd;wtw;why; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;w khjpup

cUf;fis ePz;l jbfspy; nghUj;jp mit gwf;Fk; tpjj;ijf;

fhl;Lk; tifapy; mq;Fkpq;Fk; Xbr;nry;yr; nra;;f. jbfspy;

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apYs;s Fl;ilahd Rtupd; gpd;dhy; kiwe;J Xbr; nry;yy; %yk;

gwit gwf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;lTk; KbAk;.

gy;NtW gpuhzpfs; xypf;Fk; rg;jq;fisg; Nghyr; nra;a re;ju;g;g

kspf;Ff. khztiu mjw;fhf Cf;fkspf;Ff.

ghlrhiy Njhl;lj;jpw;Fk;> tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpw;Fk; tUif jUk;

gpuhzpfs; Xa;itf; fopf;Fk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;fr; nra;;f.

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njhlu;;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jr; nra;f.

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re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

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ahff; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gij khztuJ

mDgtq;fspD}lhff; fye;JiuahLf.

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mwpe;J mit Nghd;W ebf;f my;yJ Nghyr; nra;a (tz;zj;Jg;g+r;rp>

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fijnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gf. (,q;F Mrpupau;> fijnahd;iwf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd Muk;gj;ij toq;Ftjpy; ftdk;

vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.) fijiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ Njitahd

,lq;fspy; gpuhzpfspd;xypfisg; Nghyr; nra;tjhy; GJikia

Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3epwf;fljhrp> gQ;R> gy;tif tpj;Jf;fs;> fspkz; Nghd;w nghUs;

fisg; gad;gLj;jp khjpup cUf;fis Mf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

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topg;gLj;Jf.

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,U gpuhzpfs; NeUf;F Neu; re;jpj;J ciuahly;

Nghd;wd.

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gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; khztiu <LgLj;jp ghly;

fSf;Nfw;g RahjPdkhf MLtjw;Fk; topg;;gLj;Jf.

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ghu;f;f thUq;Nfh.

fhijf; fhij mirj;J tUJ

ghu;f;f thUq;Nfh.

Jk;gpf;ifia tPrp tUJ

ghu;f;f thUq;Nfh

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tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jf. re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fkhapd; ghlrhiyj;

Njhl;lj;ijg; ghu;f;fr; nry;Yk; NghJ gpuhzpfspd; tho;tplq;fis

mtjhdpf;Ff. mit njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;f tha;g;Ngw;

gLj;Jf. mJ gw;wp fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

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FUtpf;$L> vWk;Gg;Gw;W> rpye;jptiy Mfpad

cjhuzq;fshFk;. (,tw;iw Nrfupf;fj; Njit

apy;iy.) J}uj;jpy; epd;W fiwahd;

Gw;nwhd;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;ayhk;.

gps;isfspdhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gy;NtW gpuhzpfspd; tho;tplq;fs;

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elj;Jf.

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fhw;wpdhy; ghjpg;Gwhj tifapy; mike;Js;sjh?

fLk; kioapypUe;J ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpy;

mike;Js;sjh?

vjpupfs; neUq;f Kbahj #oypy;

mike;Js;sjh?

tPl;by; trpg;gjhy; khztu; ngWk; ed;ikfisg; gw;wp mtu;fSf;F

Qhgfg;gLj;Jf. gpuhzpfSf;F mj;jifa ghJfhg;G jkJ tho;tplq;

fspd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;wjh? vd tpdhtpf; fye;JiuahLf.

iftplg;gl;l mzpy; $nlhd;iw> FUtpf; $nlhd;iw> Njd;tij

nahd;iwf; ifapy; vLj;J mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztUf;F tha;g;Ngw;

gLj;Jf. mtw;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F gpuhzpfs; gad;gLj;jpAs;s

nghUs;fs; vit? mtw;iw vq;fpUe;J ngw;Ws;sd? vt;thW

nfhz;L te;Js;sd? Nghd;w tpdhf;fspD}lhfr; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; jkJ

mDgtq;fis Qhgfg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk; tha;g;Ngw;gLj;Jf.$l;ilf;

fl;Ltjw;fhfg; nghUs;fis mLf;fpAs;s tpjj;ijg; ghu;f;FkhW

nra;f.

jhk; mtjhdpj;j gpuhzpnahd;wp;dJ tho;tplj;jpd; khjpupAU

nthd;iwf;fspkz;> itf;Nfhy;> Jk;G> rpW Fr;rpfspdhy; mikf;fr;

nra;f.

tho;tplj;jpy;/$l;bd; xt;nthU gFjpapdJk; xt;nthU nghUspdJk;gad;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

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czit Nrfupj;J itg;gjw;fhf

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fhl;Lf.

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xUtpj jpUg;jpiag; ngw;w NghjpYk; gpuhzpSf;Fj; Jd;gk; Vw;gl;l

ikia tpsf;Ff. mj;jifa Jd;GWj;jypdhy; vkf;F vj;jifa

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vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

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kapYf;Fg; Nghu;it nfhLj;j Ngfd;

rpWgps;isfs; ghk;igj; Jd;GWj;jpa NghJ jLj;j

nfsjk Gj;j ngUkhd; Nghd;wd.

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gpuhzpfSf;F cjTtjw;nfd vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fisg;

gw;wp khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.

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cjtpiag; ngwTk;. juk; xd;W khztu;;fisAk;;;;; ehlfj;jpy; Nru;j;Jf;

nfhs;f.

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4.04.04.04.04.0 ePUld; tpisahl;LePUld; tpisahl;LePUld; tpisahl;LePUld; tpisahl;LePUld; tpisahl;L


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epfo;e;Js;stw;iw mtjhdpf;f tha;g;gspf;Ff. mtjhdpg;Gf;fis

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mwpf;ifg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.


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NghJk; ePu; tPz;tpuakhtijj; jtpu;f;FkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

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tpisahl;il Muk;gpf;f irif nra;f. Nghj;jiy ePupdhy; epug;gpa

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Fbf;Fk; Nfhg;igapd; msit tiue;J epwe;jPl;ly;

Nghd;w KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

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xt;nthU khztDk; jhk; gUFk; ePupd; msitg; gw;wpa jfty;fisf;

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ebf;fr; nra;f. ,jw;fhfj; Njitahapd; juk;

5> juk; 6 khztupd; cjtpiag; ngWf.

v-L: ehd; Kfk; fOtpNdd;.

mg;gh filf;Fg; Nghdhu;.

mk;kh NrhW rikj;jhu;.

mz;zd; Fspj;jhu;.

ehiaf; Fspg;ghl;bNdhk;.

NjePu; jahupj;jhu;.

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5.05.05.05.05.0 Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;

Gj;jhz;Lf;F Kd;du; Vwj;jho xU thuj;ijAk; Gj;jhz;L tpLKiwf;Fg;

gpd;du; Vwj;jho xUthuj;ijAk; ,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhf xJf;fpf;nfhs;f.

Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupakhf> cwtpdu; tPLfSf;;Fr; nry;tijg; gpuNjrj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdthW Gj;jhz;L jpdj;Jf;F Kd;dNuh gpd;dNuh ,lk;ngwr;

nra;ayhk;. gy;NtW ,dq;fSf;Fupa Gj;jhz;L itgtq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wTk;;

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jTk;. KbAkhapd; mt;thwhd itgtq;fspy; gq;F

nfhs;sTk; tha;g;gspf;Ff.

Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis

kfpo;r;rpAld; $Wthu;.

Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fspy; kfpo;r;rpAld; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila tpisahl;Lf;fspyPL

gLthu;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;> ghly;fs; Nghd;w

tw;iwg;ghLthu;@ MLthu;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; ngw;w mDgtq;fis ntt;NtW Clfq;fsp

D}lhf Mf;fG+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw


Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lj;Jf;fhf tPl;ilj; jahu;g;gLj;Jk; tpjk; njhlu;

ghf khztu; ngw;Ws;s mDgtq;fis epidt+l;b> mtw;iw

Kd;itf;FkhW Mu;t%l;b Mrpupau; jkJ khztu;fSld; fye;Jiu

ahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: - tPl;il J}R> xl;liw jl;b> rhzk;> fspkz;

nkOfpj; Jg;guthf;Fjy;

- tPL gOJghu;f;fg;gl;L nts;isabf;fg;gL

fpd;wik

- tPl;il moFgLj;Jtjw;fhd NtW eltbf;iffs;

- czTg; nghUs;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L Maj;jq;fs;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wik

- gyfhuq;fs; jahupj;J Maj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gL

fpd;wik

Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; maw;#oypy; epfOk; ,aw;ifahd khw;wq;fs;

njhlu;ghf khztuJ mDgtq;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

mJ njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

maw;#oypy; kuQ;nrb nfhbfs; G+j;Jf; fha;j;J moFld;

fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wik

mg;goq;fis cz;Ztjw;F mzpy;fs;> gwitfs;> ntsthy;fs;

Nghd;w gpuhzpfs; tUfpd;wik

mg;gpuNjrg; gps;isfSk; gotiffis cz;L kfpo;fpd;wik

ghlrhiy tpLKiw fhykhjyhy; gps;isfs; tpisahb

kfpo;fpd;wik

khztupd; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspf;nfhzUtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk;


Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; tPl;by;/maw;#oypy; khztu; nraw;gLk;

mofpa re;ju;g;gq;fisr; rpj;jpukhf tiujy;. mr;rpj;jpuq;fis

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;

Gj;jhz;bd; moiff; $Wk; ghly;fisj; Njbf;nfhz;LtUtjw;F

khztiu topg;gLj;jYk; mtw;iw tFg;gpy; ghLjYk;

khtpiyj;Njhuzk; fl;Ljy;> NfhykpLjy;> G+ myq;fhuk;

Nghd;w Mf;f Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jy;

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tFg;gpy; khjpupg; Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lnkhd;iw xOq;Fnra;f.

,jw;fhfg; ngw;Nwhupd; cjtpiag; ngWtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lj;Jf;fhf juk; 5> juk; 6 khztu;fspd;

gq;fspg;igAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lj;Jf;fhf tFg;igAk; maw;#oiyAk;

Rj;jpfupj;J moFgLj;Jtjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; midtUk; nghUj;jkhf cilazpe;J Gj;jhz;Lf;

nfhz;lhl;lj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;sr; nra;f.

mupajuk;> KWf;F> rf;fiug; nghq;fy;> thiog;gok;> gyfhuq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;l czT Nkirnahd;iw tFg;gpy; jahu;

gLj;Jf. ,tw;iw fhy Neuj;Jld; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;sy; ed;W.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lj;Jf;fhf xU ehSf;Fupa Neu #rpnahd;iw

(RgNtisfis cs;slf;fp) jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

mjw;fika gpd;tUk; ghuk;gupaq;fSs; rpytw;iwNah ngUk;ghyhd

tw;iwNah Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd; NghJ nra;J fhl;lr;

nra;f.

kUj;JePu; Nja;j;jy;

ePuhly;

Gj;jhilazpjy;

topgLjy;

ngw;Nwhiu tzq;Fjy;

NfhapYf;Fr; nry;yy;

k];[pJf;Fr; nry;yy;

Njthyaq;fSf;Fr; nry;yy;

iftpNrlk; ngWjy;

Rg Neuj;jpy; mLg;G %l;b czT jahupj;jy;

czT gupkhWjy;

tpisahly;

CQ;ryhly;> fapwpOj;jy;> tpisahl;Lg;nghUl;fs;

cwtpdu;fis tuNtw;wy;

iftpNrlk; toq;Fjy;

cw;whu; cwtpdu; tPLfSf;Fr; nry;yy;

iftpNrlk; ngWjy;

ehs; ghu;j;J ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yy;/njhopYf;Fr; nry;yy;

Nghd;wit.

(tFg;giwapYs;s khztu;fspd; rkaq;fSf;Nfw;g njhopw;ghLfis

khw;wpAk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;s Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.)

rk;gpujhaq;fis epiwNtw;Wk;NghJ Njrpa nfhbia Vw;Wtjw;F

Maj;jk; nra;f. Njrpa nfhb KO ehl;ilANk gpujpepjpj;Jtg;

gLj;JtjhfTk; ,t;thwhd Njrpaf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd;NghJ Njrpa

nfhbia Vw;Wjy; ,lk; ngWtjhfTk; khztu; mwpar; nra;f.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSf;F> mjpgiuNah gpwpnjhUtiuNah

gpujk tpUe;jpduhf mioj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. gpujk tpUe;jpdiuf;

nfhz;L Njrpa nfhbia Vw;Wtpf;Ff.

khztu; ftdkhf epw;ghu;> gps;is Njrpa fPjj;ijg;ghb kupahij

nrYj;Jthu;. ,t;thwhd mk;rq;fspYk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

tpisahl;L epfo;r;rp xd;wpid xOq;Fnra;J Muk;gpf;Ff. Gj;jhz;Lf;

nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd;NghJ fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fs; njhlu;ghff;

ftdQ; nrYj;jpg; nghUj;jkhd tpisahl;Lf;fisj; njupT nra;J

nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. Fwpg;ghf> gpuNjrj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gps;is

fspd; taJf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fisj; njupT

nra;J nfhs;sy; ey;yJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nrhfp tpisahl;L> jhak; Nghly;> gy;yhq;Fop...

Nghd;wit

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tpisahl;Lf;fisj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ khztupd; jd;ik>

mtu;fsJ Njitfs;> tpUg;G Nghd;wtw;wpy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

jdpj;jdpNa ntw;wp ngWtij tpl FOthf> mzpahf ntw;wp;

ngwj;jf;f tifapy; tpisahl;Lf;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tJ

ey;yJ. Njitg;gbd; ,t;thwhd tpisahl;Lf;fis cUthf;fp

Kd;itg;gJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. FOthfr; nraw;gLtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; ntspf;nfhzUf

gpd;tUk; ghliy ghb Mb kfpo tha;g;gspf;Ff.

GJ tUlk;GJ tUlk;GJ tUlk;GJ tUlk;GJ tUlk;

rpj;jpiu Mz;Nl th th th

rpd;dtu; vkf;F ,d;gk; jh

cw;wtu; vy;yhk; Nruyhk;.

ce;jd; tuthy; kfpoyhk;.

CQ;ry; fl;b Mlyhk;.

caug; gl;lk; Vw;wyhk;.

rpj;jpiu vd;why; gyfhuk;.

rpd;dtu; vkf;Fg; GJ Mil

epj;jpiu tpl;L vOe;jTld;

rhj;jpu Kiwapy; ePuhly;

Gj;jk; Gjpa MilAld;

Nfhapy; NghNthk; fil NghNthk;.

mg;gh jUthu; iftpaok;

mk;kh jUths; Kj;jq;fs;.

- ,isajk;gp jahde;jh -

Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G: khztu;fspd; rka> gz;ghLfSf;F KuNdw;glhj tifapYk;

Vida rka> gz;ghLfis kjpj;J elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid

czUk; tpjj;jpYk; ,f;fUg;nghUspid Kd;itg;gJ kpf

Kf;fpakhdJ.

,f;fUg;nghUis xt;nthU rkaj;jtu;fSf;Fk; Vw;whw;Nghy;

me;je;jf; fhyg;gFjpapy; fw;gpj;jiy nghUj;jkhdjhf mikj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;.

Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fis epiwNtw;wpa gpd;du; Rthurpakhd

mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;l ngw;Nwhu;/%j;Njhu; rpyiu tFg;Gf;F

mioj;Jg; Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk; njhlu;ghf mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fis

(rpWtuhf> ,isQuhf ,Ue;jNghJ) Kd;itf;f ,lkspf;Ff.

,f;fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis typAWj;Jf.

mf;fhyj;jpy; Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSf;fhfj; jahuhfpa

tpjk;.

(czTg; nghUs;fs; Nrfupj;j tpjk;> tPLfisj; jahu;g;gLj;jpa

tpjk;> Milazpfisj; Njbg;ngw;w tpjk;)

mf;fhyj;jpy; Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fspy; <Lgl;l tpjk;.

mf;fhyj;jpy; Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;l tpjk;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpd; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fis Nghyr;nra;J

Kd;itf;f tha;g;gspf;Ff.

gyfhuq;fs;> czTg; nghUs;fspd; khjpupAUf;fis fsp Nghd;w

%yg;nghUs;fshy; Mf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; nghUj;jkhd rpj;jpuq;fis

tiua khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L;: gyfhuq;fis tiujy;.

Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghly;fs; gw;wpj;

Njbawpe;J rpytw;iwf; nfhz;L ghlr;nra;J XupU ghly;fis

jhsj;jpw;Nfw;g khztUld; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.

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6.06.06.06.06.0 ehk; fhZk; thdk;ehk; fhZk; thdk;ehk; fhZk; thdk;ehk; fhZk; thdk;ehk; fhZk; thdk;


thdk; gw;wpa mtjhdpg;Gf;fisg; gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

thdj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpe;J mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; thdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;J

mirTr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; mtw;iw ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

thdk; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghb kfpo;thu;.

ntspiag; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgLthu;.



jpwe;jntspahd xU ,lj;Jf;F khztiu mioj;Jr; nry;f. ,Nyrhd

,iynahd;iwNah fljhrpnahd;iwNah E}ypy; fl;bf; nfhs;f. E}iyg;

gpbj;jgb ikjhdj;jpy;/ntspapy; Xl khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. khztu;

ngw;w mDgtq;fisf; fye;Jiuahl tha;g;gspf;Ff. fljhrp NkNy

nrd;wjh? > nry;ytpy;iynadpd;> mJ Vd; NkNy nry;ytpy;iy?

(,iyapd; gUkd;> ,iyapd; tbtk;> E}ypd; ePsk;> ,iyapy; E}y;

fl;lg;gl;l ,lk;...) Nghd;wit njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

thid Nehf;fp mq;F fhzf;$ba Nkfq;fs;> tpkhdq;fs;> gwf;Fk;

gwitfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. fljhrp Mfha tpkhdk;>

fljhrp nuhf;fl;> fljhrpg; gwit Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;J thdj;jpy;

mDg;g topg;gLj;Jf. mit rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; fPNo tpOfpd;wikia

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sr; nra;f. $Ljyhd Neuk; thdpy; nuhf;fl; my;yJ

mJ Nghd;w Mf;fnkhd;iw mtjhdpj;J mJ gw;wp fye;JiuahLf.

(mjd; tbtk;> gUkd;> nrYj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.)

fljhrpahy; gl;lnkhd;iw Mf;fp thdpy; nrYj;jp> epfOgtw;iw

mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf. mJ njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisf; fye;Jiu

ahLf.

thdk;> gwitfs;> Nkfq;fs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghd ghly;fisr;

nrtpkLf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

mjw;Nfw;g ebg;gjw;Fk; NtW nghUj;jkhd ghly;fisg; ghLtjw;Fk;

topg;gLj;Jf.


,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; ntspiag;gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd mDgtq;

fisg; ngWtjw;fhf khztiug; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf.

,jw;F khztiu tpisahl;Lj;jplYf;F my;yJ nghUj;jkhd Xu;

,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;f. gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl tha;g;

gspf;Ff.

vy;iynahd;iwf; fhl;b mjDs; RahjPdkhf XLjy;.

rpwpJ J}uk; Xbr; nrd;W NkNy gha;jy;> kPz;Lk; Xbr;nry;yy;>

,t;thwhf gy jlitfs; nra;a ,lkspf;Ff.

gpd;du; ,t;thW tpdTf.

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ahUf;F KbAk;?

NkNy gha

NkNy gha;e;J ifjl;l

Mfha tpkhdk; Nghy nry;y

njhlu;e;Jk; ,t;thwhd rpy nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl ,lkspf;Ff.


khztu; midtUf;Fk; jk;ikg; gl;lq;fshff; fUjr; nrhy;f.

~~gl;lq;fs; NkNy nry;fpd;wd|~~gl;lq;fs; NkNy nry;fpd;wd|~~gl;lq;fs; NkNy nry;fpd;wd|~~gl;lq;fs; NkNy nry;fpd;wd|~~gl;lq;fs; NkNy nry;fpd;wd||vdf; $wpaTld; rpwpJ J}uk;

Xbr;nrd;W NkNy gha topg;gLj;Jf. ~~gl;lq;fs; J}uj; J}ur;~~gl;lq;fs; J}uj; J}ur;~~gl;lq;fs; J}uj; J}ur;~~gl;lq;fs; J}uj; J}ur;~~gl;lq;fs; J}uj; J}ur;

nry;fpd;wd||nry;fpd;wd||nry;fpd;wd||nry;fpd;wd||nry;fpd;wd||vdf; $wpaTld; NkYk; J}uj;Jf;F Xbr;nrd;W gha

topg;gLj;Jf. ~~gl;lq;fs; fPNo ,wf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld.||~~gl;lq;fs; fPNo ,wf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld.||~~gl;lq;fs; fPNo ,wf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld.||~~gl;lq;fs; fPNo ,wf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld.||~~gl;lq;fs; fPNo ,wf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld.|| vdf;

$wpaTld; epyj;jpy; mku topg;gLj;Jf. ,r; nraw;ghLfspy; khwp>

khwp <LgLk;gb mwpTWj;Jf.


,uT Neu thdpy; fhzf;$bad njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLf. thdk;

njhlu;ghfTk; mjpy; fhzf;$bait njhlu;ghfTk; gpd;tUtd Nghd;w

ghly;fisj; jhsj;Jld; ghb Ml topg;gLj;Jf.(Njitahapd; ghlrhiy

apd; rq;fPj Mrpupau; my;yJ ngupa khztiuf; nfhz;L ghlr;nra;f.)

ghly; 1ghly; 1ghly; 1ghly; 1ghly; 1

mz;zh ,q;Nf th mz;zh

mq;Nf NkNy ghu; mz;zh

tpz;zpy; kpd;Dk; kzp mz;zh

tPrp vwpe;jJ ahu; mz;zh

rpd;dr; rpd;d kzp mz;zh

fz;izr; rpkpl;Lk; kzp mz;zh

vz;zpg; ghu;j;Jr; nrhy; mz;zh

vj;jid Mapuk; kzp mz;zh?

----- mk;gp -

ghly; 2ghly; 2ghly; 2ghly; 2ghly; 2

,utpy; G+j;j G+,utpy; G+j;j G+,utpy; G+j;j G+,utpy; G+j;j G+,utpy; G+j;j G+

nky;y nky;y efUk;

nts;spj; Njiug; Nghy

Ky;iy tz;zk; kpd;Dk;

cs;sk; nfhs;is nfhs;Sk;

Rl;l Njhir Nghd;w

tl;l tbT epyT

vl;b ,Ue;j NghJk;

njhl;Lj; jOTk; xspahy;

capu;fs; J}q;Fk; ,utpy;

cyiff; fhty; fhf;f

cau;;e;j thdpy; Njhd;wp

cyTk; tpbAk; tiuapy;

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gupjp rpe;Jk; xspia

,utpy; thq;Fk; epyT

,utpy; G+j;j G+g;Nghy;

CQ;ry; MLk; thdpy;

- rp. tpehaf%u;j;jp -

,g;ghly;fis khztUld; jhsj;Jld; ghbahbathW ,urpg;gjw;F

re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

,utpy; thdj;ij mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. ,uT thid mtjhdpj;J

mJ gw;wpa jfty;fis kWjpdk; mwpf;ifg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.

trjpapUf;Fkhapd; khj;jpuk; FOthfr; Nru;e;J ,uT thid mtjhdpf;fr;

nra;f. jfty;fis Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ rpy khztu;fs; tha;nkhop

%ykhfTk;> NtW rpyu; rpj;jpuq;fs;> glq;fs; %ykhfTk; jfty;fis

Kd;itf;fyhk;. mit gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.

gfy; Neu thdj;jpy; fhzf;$ba gz;GfSf;Fk; ,uT Neu thdj;jpy;

fhzf;$ba gz;GfSf;FkpilNa Ntw;Wikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;l gpd;tU

tJ Nghd;w ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;Jf.

,t;tl;ltiziag; G+uzg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> epwe;jPl;ly;> glk; tiue;J

mtw;iwg; gy;NtW nghUl;fis cgNahfpj;J myq;fupj;jy;>epwj;jhs;fsp

dhy; nghUl;fspdJ tbtq;fis ntl;bnahl;Ljy; Nghd;w Kiwfis

gpd;gw;wyhk;.

gfy; Neu thdk;(#upa xspAld;) ,uT Neu thdk; (re;jpu xspAld;)

vLj;Jf;fhl ;LvLj;Jf;fhl ;LvLj;Jf;fhl ;LvLj;Jf;fhl ;LvLj;Jf;fhl ;L vLj;Jf;fhl;L vLj;Jf;fhl;L vLj;Jf;fhl;L vLj;Jf;fhl;L vLj;Jf;fhl;L

1. ntspr;rj;ijf; fhl;l ntz;epwk; 1. ,Ul;ilf; fhl;Ltjw;Ff; fWg;G epwk;

2. gfypy; gwf;Fk; gwitfspd; 2. ,utpy; gwf;Fk; gwitfspd;

glq;fs; glq;fs;

thdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs;> topghLfs;>

ghuk;gupaf; fijfs;> fijfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Kd;itf;fr; nra;f.

#upad;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> ,utpy; G+f;Fk; G+f;fs; gw;wpa fijfs; njhlu;ghd

rpy epfo;Tfisg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;Jf; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.

,jw;fhf juk; 5> juk; 6 khztu;fspd; cjtpiag; ngwyhk;.

jdpahfNth> FOthfNth> xd;W Nru;e;J ghly;fisg;; ghlTk;> ebj;Jf;

fhl;lTk; topg;gLj;Jf.

Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; Gjpa ghly;fis Mf;fTk; mtw;iwg; ghlTk;

re;ju;g;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Ff.

el;rj;jpuk;> #upad;/re;jpud; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; eilngWk;ciuahliy Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

epwj;jhs;fs;> nkOFr; rPiy> Jzp> gQ;R Nghd;wtw;wpDjtpAld;

,uT thdpy; fhzf;$bad rpytw;iw Mf;f topg;gLj;Jf.mtw;iw

tiue;Jk; fhl;lyhk;.

gfypYk; ,utpYk; thdpy; fhz;git gw;wpa tpLfijfis Kd;itf;Ff.

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7.07.07.07.07.0 ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;


ehk; cz;Zk; czTfisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

cly; tsu;r;rp gw;wp mf;fiwAld; nraw;gLthu;.

Fwpg;gpl;l Neuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; czTfisAk; ghdq;fisAk;

cl;nfhs;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.

Cl;lkpf;fjhd Ntis czitj; jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wp mf;;fiw

nrYj;Jthu;.

clypd; rPuhd tsu;r;rpf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfspyPLgLthu;.

czTk; RfhjhuKk; njhlu;ghd gof;ftof;fq;fis vLj;Jf;$Wk;

ghly;> Mly;fspy; <LgLthu;.

ey;tho;tpw;fhd Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

gy;NtW nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp czTg; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd

Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.



czthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; VNjDk; xU nghUisf; nfhz;LtUkhW

Kjy; ehspy; gps;isfSf;Ff; $Wf. gps;isfs; nfhz;Lte;j czit

jkJ FOepiyapy; Nrfupf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

FO epiyapy; czTg;nghUl; fz;fhl;rpnahd;iw elj;Jf. me;je;jf;

FOtpdu; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;s czTg; nghUs;fspd; ngau;fisf;

$wr; nra;f.

me;je;jf; FOtpdupd; czTg;nghUs;fis tpUk;gpathW tifg;gLj;j

topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L::::: gpuhzpfspy; ,Ue;J> jhtuq;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk;

czTg; nghUs;fs; vd;wthW.

gpd;dH xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xt;nthU czT tif fpilf;Fk;

tpjj;jpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;L jdJ FOtpw;Fr; Nruhj czit cupa

FOf;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f newpg;gLj;Jf.

jkJ FO Nrfupj;j czT tifiag; ngauplTk;> ngaHg;gyif

nahd;iwg; nghUj;jTk; topg;gLj;Jf.

czT tifia mtjhdpj;Jf; fUk;gyifapy; Fwpj;jthW> gpd;tUtd

Nghd;w jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;Ff.

ve;j tifahd czT ,q;F $Ljyhf cs;sJ?

ehk; nghJthf cz;Zk; cztpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; nghUs;fs;

ahit?

vkJ tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$ba czTg;nghUs;fs;

ahit?

filapypUe;J ngwf;$ba nghUl;fs; vit?

Nghd;w tpdhf;fis tpdtpf; fye;JiuahLf.

gr;irahf my;yJ mtpj;Jk; rikj;Jk; czthf cl;nfhs;sf;$ba

jhtug; gFjpfisf; nfhz;l(,iy> fha;fs;> jspu;> jz;L> Ntu; fpoq;F>

Nghd;w) kuQ;nrb nfhbfisr; #oypy; ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf xU tPl;Lj;

Njhl;lj;Jf;F khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nry;f. mtw;iw tsu;f;Fk;

Kiwfs;> ed;F tsUk; ,lq;fs;> mtw;Wf;Fr; Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;

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gpuhzpfs; Nghd;w jfty;fis tpdtp mwpa topg;gLj;Jf. ,t;thwhd

gapu;fs; rpytw;iw tFg;Gf;F mUNf ghj;jpapy;/ rhbapYk; tsu;f;f

Cf;Ftpf;Ff.

gUFk; ghdq;fs; rpytw;wpd; ngau; $w newpg;gLj;Jf. re;ijapypUe;J

ngWk; ghdtiffspYk; ghu;f;f> tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwf;$ba

ghdtiffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.

NghjpasT ePiug; gUFtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; typAWj;Jf.

(ngw;Nwhupd; cjtpAld; gps;isfSf;F rj;Js;s xU NtisAzitg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Kaw;rpg;gJ rpwe;jJ)


tpisahl;L tPL fl;b md;iwa jpdj;Jf;F kz;; NrhW rikf;Fk;

nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf. NrhW rikg;gjw;fhfg; ngupa ghidiag;

gad;gLj;jy;> Kjypy; NrhW gupkhwg;gLjy; Nghd;wit njhlHghff;

fye;JiuahLf. NrhW Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWtjhfTk;> vkJ ehl;L

kf;fspd; gpujhd czT NrhwhFk;.Nghd;w tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahl

ypy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. Nrhw;Wld;> fha;fwpfs;> Kl;il> fUthL> fPiuj;

Jitay; Nghd;wit Nru;g;gjdhy; rj;Js;s czitj; jahupj;Jf;

nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gijAk;> jkJ cly; tsu;r;rpf;F ,e;j vy;yhg;

nghUs;fSk; cjTk; vd;gijAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.

cly; tsu;r;rpf;F ,aw;ifahd czT tiffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

typAWj;Jf.

khztu;fs; re;ijapypUe;J thq;Fk; czT tiffs; gw;wp Nfl;lwpf.

gOjilahJ NgZtjw;fhf ,urhadg; nghUl;fs;> RitA+l;bfs;

Nru;f;fg;gl;l nraw;if czTfs; ghdq;fs; Efu;tjw;F nghUj;jkw;wit

vd typAWj;Jf.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff. ehk; czthff; nfhs;Sk; kuf;fwp

tiffs;> goq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; khjpupAUf;fis fspkz;zpdhy;

my;yJ jhd; tpUk;gpa Clfnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fTk; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.


gog;ghdk;/ gof;fyit jahupg;gijr; nra;J fhl;Lf. jahupj;j ghdj;ij/gof;fyitia cz;L Ritf;f tha;g;gspf;Ff. jahupj;j me;j

cztpid VidNahUf;F gupkhWk; NghJk; mjid Ritj;J cz;Zk;

NghJk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gof;f tof;fq;fis filgpbf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

czT jahupf;Fk;NghJ rPdpAk;> cg;Gk; Nru;f;fg;gLk; vdTk; czit

cz;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW jahupg;gjw;fhf NkYk; gy nghUs;fs;

Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wd vdTk; typAWj;Jtjw;fhf fye;JiuahLf.

ghlrhiyapy; kidapaw; $lk;/rikayiw ,Ug;gpd;> mjidg; ghu;it

apLtjw;Ff; $l;br; nry;Yf. czT jahupf;Fk;NghJ jhd; jw;NghJ

nra;fpd;w> jk;khy; nra;af;$bait gw;wp tpdtp> mJ gw;wpa mDgtq;

fis ntspapl tha;g;gspf;Ff.

czT cz;z Kd; iffisf; fOtpf;nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;jy;

toq;Ff. if fOTtij mtjhdpf;Ff.

,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fspy; (Ngrpd;fspy;)rk msT ePu; ,l;L> xd;wpy; khj;jpuk;

midtUf;Fk; iffOt ,lkspf;Ff.

,U ghj;jpuq;fspYk; (Ngrpd;fspYk;) cs;s ePiu ntt;NtW ,uz;L

(CLfhl;lf; $ba) Nghj;jy;fspy; ,l;Lf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. NtWghl;il

,dq;fhz topg;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLf. ,jD}lhf czT cl;nfhs;s

Kd;du; iffisf; fOtpf; nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fpf;

nfhz;L iffOTtjw;F kpfg;nghUj;jkhd Kiw vJ vdj; Njbawpa

topg;gLj;Jf.

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gps;isfis Kfk;ghu;f;Fk; fz;zhb Kd; epd;W jkJ gw;fisg;

ghu;f;f ,lkspf;Ff. gOjile;j gw;fs; cs;sdth vdg; ghu;f;F

khW mwpTWj;Jf. gw;fs; gOjiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;J

iuahLf. gw;fSf;F ,ilNa rpiwg;gl;bUf;Fk; czTj; Jzpf;iffs;>

gw;fs; gOjila VJthfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff. czT cl;nfhz;l

gpd;du; gw;fis ed;F Jyf;fpf; nfhs;tjhy; gw;fs; mt;thW gOjil

tijj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff. jkJ mDgtq;fis


J}upif> gw;gir Nghd;wtw;iw cgNahfpj;J gy;Jyf;Ftjw;F tha;g;

Ngw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Ff. fhiyapy; gw;fisr; Rj;jk; nra;jpuhj

khztu;fs; njhlu;ghf $ba ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

gy;tupiria vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;> Gd;KWty;G+f;Fk; (rpWtu;) Kfq;fis

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. fPo;f;fhZk; tpjkhd khjpup thrfq;fis

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

jpdKk; gy;Jyf;f gofpf;;nfhs;Nthk;.

,dpg;ig cz;lgpd; gy;iyj;Jyf;FNthk;.

gw;fs; mRj;jkhf ,Ug;gjdhy;> gOjiltjhy; Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffis

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; FW ehlfq;fis Mf;fp> %j;j khztu;fspd; gq;fspg;

Gld;> mjid tFg;gpy; ebj;Jf;fhl;l re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

gy;iyj; jpdKk; Jyf;fpLNthk;.

gsgsg;ghf;fp itj;jpLNthk;.

ey;y gof;fk; Mf;fpLNthk;.

ehSk; mjidf; filg;gpbg;Nghk;.

,J Nghd;W Mf;fpa ghly;fis khztu;fs; ahtUk; Nru;e;J ghb>

Ml topg;gLj;Jf.

gy;njhlu;ghf ew;gof;fq;fs;> jPa gof;fq;fs; gw;wp ciuahbj;

Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.

xU jtizapy; ,uz;L jlitfNsDk; gw;fisg; gupNrhjpj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;F khztUf;F tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Ff.

ehs;NjhWk; gw;fisj;Jyf;fp Rj;jkhfg;Ngz Ntz;Lk; vdtypAWj;Jf.

Mrpupaupd;> gy;itj;jpaupd;> kUj;Jtj; jhjpapd; cjtpAld; gw;fisr;

rupahfj; Jyf;Fk; Kiwia nra;Jfhl;l re;ju;g;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhLf;Ff.


rPuhd tsu;r;rpf;F czT> ghdk; Nghd;wit Njitg;gLtJ Nghd;Nw

ehs;NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra;jYk;> Xa;Tk; mtrpak; vdf; $Wf.

,J njhlu;ghf jpdKk; rw;W Neuk; cly; jir rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLtjw;Fk;> clw;gapw;rpfspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; tha;g;Ngw;gLj;jp

Xa;thf ,Ug;gJk; kpf mtrpak; vd;gij vLj;Jf; $Wf. gpd;tUk;

nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

Xuplj;jpy; XLjy; : Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jgb Xuplj;jpy; XLjy;.

elj;jy;: Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jgb elj;jy;. (10 kPw;wu; mstpy;)

XLjy; : Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jgb XLjy;. (10 kPw;wu; mstpy;)

mkUjy;> gLj;jy; Nghd;w nka;e;epiyfSld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk;

nraw;ghLfspyPLglr; nra;f. RahjPdkhf ky;yhe;J gLf;FkhW

khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf. xU fhiy Koq;fhy; kl;lj;jpy; kbj;J

,UiffshYk; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L njhilia khu;gpy; gLkhW fhiy

nfhz;Ltur; nra;f. kPz;Lk; mf;fhiy nkJthf ePl;Lf. mLj;j

fhiyAk; ,Nj tpjkhfr; nra;f.

epyj;jpy; mku;e;jpUe;J jiyia kbj;J> ,uz;L iffspdhYk;>

Koq;fhy;fisf; fl;bf;nfhs;f. gyKiw ,t;thW nra;AkhW $Wf.

,t;Tlw;gapw;rpia xNu jpdj;jpy; nra;J Kbf;fhJ njhlu;e;J rpy

jpdq;fSf;Fr; nra;tjw;Fj; jpl;;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;f.

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8.08.08.08.08.0 jfty;fs; ngWk; Kiwfs;jfty;fs; ngWk; Kiwfs;jfty;fs; ngWk; Kiwfs;jfty;fs; ngWk; Kiwfs;jfty;fs; ngWk; Kiwfs;

Nju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfsNju;r;rpfs;; ;; ;

jdJk; jdf;F neUf;fkhdtu;fspdJk; jfty;fis kupahijAld;

$Wthu;.

VidNahupd; jfty;fis kupahijAld; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

kupahijAlDk; el;GlDk; fye;JiuahLthu;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyfspd; NghJ VidNahUld; kupahijahfr; nraw;ghL

fspyPLgLthu;.

jhk; fz;ltw;Ws;> Nfl;ltw;Ws; xd;iw mq;f mirTfSld;

Kd;itg;ghu;.


nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1

tFg;gpy; jkJ ez;gu;fspd; jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; nraw;

ghl;by; khztiu <LgLj;jr; nra;f. ,jw;fhf tpisahl;Lj; njhiy

Ngrpfis cgNahfpj;J khztu;fs; ,t;tpUtuhff; fUj;Jg; gupkhwpf;

nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLj;Jf. ntw;Wj; jPg;ngl;b/Nahfl; fpz;zk;/E}y; Nghd;wtw;iw cgNahfpj;J> tpisahl;Lj; njhiyNgrp mikf;Ff.

Nkw;gb fUj;Jg;gupkhwypd;NghJ> jhd; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilj; jfty;

fis> (vLj;Jf;fhl;L: (vLj;Jf;fhl;L: (vLj;Jf;fhl;L: (vLj;Jf;fhl;L: (vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ngau;> Cu; Nghd;wit) nrhe;j mDgtq;fs;

my;yJ NtnwhU epfo;T gw;wp ez;gUf;Fj; jfty; toq;f KbAk;.

,t;thW jfty; toq;Fk;NghJ> me;je;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tpdakhff;

fye;JiuahlTk;> kdq;ftUk; tpjj;jpyhd elj;ijfis ntspf;

nfhzuTk; NjitahdMNyhridfisAk; cjtpfisAk; gps;is

fSf;F toq;Ff.

fhiy te;jdk;> jaTnra;J> tzf;fk;> ed;wp> kd;dpf;fTk; Nghd;w

$w;Wf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jf. ciuahlypy; <Lgl tpUk;ghj khztu;

fis ruskhf ciuahLk; gps;isfSld; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;f. ,r;

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tha; nkhop Mq;fpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;ij

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;f.


ghlrhiy Mrpupau; xUtupd; my;yJ taJ Kjpu;e;j xUtupd; vspik

ahd mDgtnkhd;iwf; Nfl;lwpar;nra;J> mjid tFg;G> khztu;

Kd;dpiyapy; ntspg;gLj;jr; nra;f.

jhd; Nfl;Ls;s ,yFthd fijnahd;iw tFg;gpw;F Kd;ghf te;J

mq;fmirTfSld; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

nra;J fhl;ba ebg;Gf;fspd; cjtpAld;> khztu; ngw;Ws;s jfty;

fisf; Nfl;lwpf.

KbAkhapd; ntt;NtW ehl;fspy;>ntt;NtW jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; thndhyp/njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahl/ mjidg; Nghy;

Kd;itf;f tha;g;G Vw;gLj;Jf. mt;thW vkf;Fg; Gjpa jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gtu;fisg; ghuhl;l topg;gLj;Jf. ,f;fUg;nghUspd;

gpd;du; khztu;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; jfty;fisj; Njbawpar;nra;J

mtw;Ws; Kf;fpa jfty;fis vy;yh KOtFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. vy;yh khztUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;ff;$ba

thW ehs;NjhWk; ,jid xU tof;fkhf;fpf; nfhs;sr; nra;f.

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rpWtu; jk; taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fis vspa Kiw

apy; Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

fUj;Jf;fisr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;NghJ iriffisg; gad;gLj;jTk;> irif

fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;fTk; tha;g;Ngw;gLj;Jf.

jfty;fisg; ngWk;NghJ nrhw;fisg; Nghd;Nw nka;e;epiyfs; gw;wpAk;

mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.


ehshe;jk; nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffspy; ntsptUk; rkfhy epfo;TfSs;

,k;khztu;fSf;F cfe;j Gifg;glnkhd;iw rku;g;gpj;J mJ njhlu;

ghd jfty;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahl topg;gLj;Jf.

thuhe;jk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l glq;fspypUe;J tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;

nghUj;jkhd Rtu;g;gj;jpupifnahd;iw mwpKfQ; nra;f.

khztu; cldbahfg; gupTzu;tpw;F cl;gLk; glnkhd;iwr;

rku;g;gpj;J mJ gw;wpf; fijg;gjw;Fg; gps;isfSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

vOj;J %ykhfTk; jfty;fs; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf gpd;tUk; mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;F Mtd nra;f.

ghlrhiyapDs;:ghlrhiyapDs;:ghlrhiyapDs;:ghlrhiyapDs;:ghlrhiyapDs;:

mwptpj;jw; gyif> tFg;Gg; ngau;g;gyif> ghlrhiyg; ngau;g;gyif

Nghd;wit.

ghlrhiyapd; maypy;:ghlrhiyapd; maypy;:ghlrhiyapd; maypy;:ghlrhiyapd; maypy;:ghlrhiyapd; maypy;:

fsr; Rw;Wyh xd;iw Vw;ghL nra;f. ghijfspd; ngau;g;;gyif> tpw;gid

epiyaq;fspd; ngau;g;gyiffs;> tpiyg;gl;bay; Nghd;wtw;iw

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. ,q;F Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; khztu;fs;

thrpg;gjd; %yk; mDgtq;fisg; ngw cjtp nra;ayhk;.

khztiuf;nfhz;L thrpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,q;F vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;

gltpy;iy.

,t;thNw epow;glq;fs;> tiuag;gl;l glq;fs; NghyNt vOj;Jf;fs;

%ykhfTk; jfty;fs; fpilf;Fnkd typAWj;Jf.

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9.09.09.09.09.0 Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;


jdJ maw; #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; itg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;thu;.

ghlrhiyf;F maypYs;s ,aw;ifr; Rw;whlypd; NtWghLfis

mtjhdpj;J> mjd; mofpidg; NgZtjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.

#oypd; gy;tifikiaAk; moifAk; ghly;fs;> mirTfs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;>

FWehlfq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ntapy;> kio> fhw;W Mfpad njhlu;ghfr; Rw;whlypy; eilngWk;

khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;Jg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

,aw;if #oypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;> jpBnud Vw;gLk; epiyikfs;

njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

kio> ntapy;> fhw;W Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba vspik

ahd Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.



tFg;ig Muk;gpf;Fk; NghNj tFg;ig ed;F $l;br; Rj;jg;gLj;Jf.

Nru;e;jtw;iwf; Fg;igf; $ilnahd;wpy; ,Lf. ehspy; filrpg; ghl

Neuj;jpYk; kPz;Lk; tFg;igf; $l;br; Rj;jg;gLj;Jf. mg;NghJ NrUk;

Fg;igia NtNwhU $ilapypLf. mt;thW Nru;f;fg;gl;l Fg;igfis

xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fr; nra;f. mq;F fhzg;gLk; gpujhd $Wfis

Ntwhf;Ff. (fljhrp> kzy;) tFg;G mRj;jkilAk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf.

kw;WNkhu; jpdj;jpy; fhiyapy; NkirfsJk; fjpiufsJk; miktplq;

fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f. ghlrhiy KbtilAk; Neuj;jpy; kPz;Lk;

miktplq;fis mtjhdpf;Ff. tFg;giw mRj;jkiltijAk; fjpiu>

Nkirfs; xOq;fw;Wf; fhzg;gLtijAk; mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

mijj; jLg;gjw;Fupa topKiwfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. tFg;igr;

Rj;jg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mJ vy;yh khztupdJk; $l;L Kaw;rpahf

,Ug;gJ rpwe;jjhFk;.

tFg;Gf;F ntspNaAs;s Kw;wk; my;yJ mJ Nghd;w NtNwhu; ,lj;ijj;

Nju;e;njLj;J ghlrhiy Muk;gkhtjw;F Kd;du; mt;tplj;ij

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. ghlrhiyapd; filrp ghl Ntisapy; kPz;Lk;

mt;tplj;ij mtjhdpj;J> ,g;NghJ mt;tplj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;

fisf; ftdkhf ,dq;fz;L nfhs;f. (,iyfs;> fpisfs;> Fg;ig

$sq;fs;> J}Rfs; Nghd;wd) ,t;thW #oy; mRj;jkilAk; tpjj;ij

,dq;fhz;gjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf. Rw;Wr; #oiyr; Rj;jkhfg; Ngz

khztiuj; J}z;Lf. (#oiy moFgLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;wpl;lnkhd;iw

eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.)

rpj;jpuq;fspd; %yk; tFg;igAk; maw; #oiyAk; Rj;jg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa

fUj;ijr; rpj;jpu%lhf ntspaplr; nra;f.

Rj;jk;> xOq;F> myq;fhuk; njhlu;ghd ghly;fis Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;>

ghLtjw;Fk;> fijfisr; nrtpkLg;gjw;Fk; khztiu Cf;Ftpf;Ff.

~~ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;|| vDk; njhdpg;nghUspy; tFg;igAk;

#oiyAk; moFgLj;jy; njhlu;ghf nra;Js;stw;iwAk; ed;F

guhkupj;Js;s Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

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ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;F ntspNa kuQ;nrbfs;

cs;s Rw;whly; xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;J khztiu mq;F mioj;Jr;

nrd;W rpW FOf;fshf;fp RahjPdkhf kuQ;nrb nfhbfis

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. FOtpw;F xU kuj;ij> xU gw;iwia my;yJ

xU gFjpia xg;gilf;Ff. jhtu,iyfs;> G+f;fs;> rpW gpuhzpfs;>

kuq;fs;> nrbfs; nfhbfs; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf@

<LgLj;Jf. mtu;fs; fz;Lgpbj;j tplaq;fisg; gw;wp ciuahLf.

rpj;jpuq;fs;> glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp mtu;fs; fz;l

tw;iwKd;itf;fr; nra;f.

Nju;e;njLj;j ,lj;jpd; moifg; gw;wp ciuahLf.(,lj;ijj; Nju;e;

njLf;Fk; NghJ G+f;fs; G+j;Js;s kuQ;nrb nfhbfs; cs;s ,lj;ijj;

Nju;e;njLg;gJ Kf;fpak;) mt;tplj;jpd; moifg; gw;wp khztUld;

ciuahLf. rpy G+f;fs; thb epyj;jpy; tPo;e;Js;s KiwiaAk; NtW

G+f;fs; kuj;jpNyNa G+j;Js;s KiwiaAk;> nkhl;Lf;fs; rpy tpupe;J

tUtJ njhlu;ghfTk; ftdk; nrYj;jp G+tpd; tdg;igg;gw;wp khztupd;

kdij <u;f;fTk;. mr;rkak; G+tpd; epwj;ijAk; kzj;ijAk; gw;wp

ciuahLf. (G+f;fis Kfu;e;J ghu;f;f khztUf;F ,lkspf;f

Ntz;lhk;.)

xU G+itAk; xU ,iyiaAk; njhl;Lg;ghu;f;f topg;gLj;jp mJ

njhlu;ghf jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; G+tpd;> ,iyapd; tbtk;

njhlu;ghf jkJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jTk; khztUf;F tha;g;G

Vw;gLj;Jf. epwk; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;JtJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

G+itNah> ,iyfisNah mtrpakpd;wpg; gwpg;gJ #oypd; tdg;gpw;F

jPq;fhf mikAnkd typAWj;JtJ ,q;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

#oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fisf; $Wk; ghly;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W>

Nfl;L ,urpg;gjw;Fk; ghb kfpo;tjw;Fk; mgpeak; nra;J fhz;gpg;gjw;Fk;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.


rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; kio nga;af;$Lk; vd ePq;fs; fUJk; re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpy;

,g;ghlj;ij Muk;gpf;Ff. ,d;W kio nga;Akh? ePq;fs; Vd; mt;thW

$WfpwPu;fs;? ,d;W ntapy; ehis tpl tpj;jpahrkhdjh? ehk;

ntspNa nrd;W ghu;g;Nghk;. khztu;fshff; FOf;fshf;fp jpwe;j

ntspapy; fhzg;gLk; jd;ikia mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

thdk;> kuQ;nrbfs;> gpuhzpfs;> kdpju;> gwitfs; Nghd;w #oypd;

gy;NtW $Wfis xt;nthU FOTf;Fkhd jiyg;Gfshf toq;Ff.

jhk; fhz;gtw;iwf; $wr; nra;f. khztuhy; $wg;gLk; tplaq;fis

ml;ltizapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f. xt;nthU fzKk; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;

fis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;j khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nkfq;fs; G+kpf;Fr; rkPgkhjy;> kionga;a thdk;

jahuhFk; tpjk; vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

Kfpy;fspd; epwk; khw;wkiljy;> rpy rkak; kpd;dy;

Vw;gly;> ,b Kof;fk;> fhw;W tPRjy;> gwitfs;

$Lfis Nehf;fpr; nry;yy; Nghd;w fhl;rpfs;.

kio nga;Ak; re;ju;g;gnkhd;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. kio nga;a

Kd;dUk;> nga;Ak; NghJk; mtjhdpf;Fk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff;

fye;JiuahLf. mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;J ftdk;

nrYj;Jf.

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kio nga;Ak; re;ju;g;gj;jp;y; kuQ; nrbnfhbfs; eidAk; tpjk;>

kio ePu; gha;e;NjhLk; tpjk; Mfpad gw;wpa khztupd; fUj;Jf;fis

tha;nkhop %yk; $wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

khztupd; fUj;Jf;fis rpj;jpuq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jr; nra;f.

fhfpjf; fg;gy;fisr; nra;J> mtw;iwg; gha;e;NjhLk; ePupy; kpjf;f

tpl;L> mtjhdpj;J> mit kpje;J nry;Yk; tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

kio gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghlYk;> mg;ghlYf;Nfw;wthW ebj;Jf;

fhl;LjYk;> ,jw;fhd ebg;Gf;fis FOf;fshfr; rku;g;gpf;fTk;

tha;g;gspf;Ff.

kiokiokiokiokio

nghopf nghopf kioNa eP

G+kp vq;Fk; Fspu;e;jpl

tUf tUf kioNa eP

thba gapu;fs; nropj;jpl

nga;f nga;f kioNa eP

ngUk; gapu;fs; tsu;e;jpl

tpiuf tpiuf kioNa eP

tpiutha; Fsq;fs; epuk;gpl

topf topf kioNa eP

tay; epyq;fs; tpupe;jpl

tpiue;J tUf kioNa eP

twpa kf;fs; Fiw Nghf;f

kiof;F Kd;dUk; kioapd;NghJk; #oypy; epfOgtw;iw mirTfshf


vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,Njh fLikahf ,b Koq;FfpwJ.

ahUf;F KbAk; kiof;F Kd; $LfSf;F

tpiuAk; gl;rpfisg; Nghd;W gwe;J fhz;gpf;f?...

Kfpiyg; Nghy kpje;J nry;y...

fhw;wpy; MLk; kuk; Nghy; mira...

kpd;dypdhy; Vw;gl;l tpgj;Jg; gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf. mjw;fhf kpd;dypdhYk; ,b Kof;fj;jpdhYk; gpuNjrj;

jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s mopTfisg; gw;wp %j;Njhuplk; Nfl;L mwpe;J nfhs;sr;

nra;f. mtw;iw Rakhf tFg;gpy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;j khztiu topg;

gLj;Jf. ,J gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. kpd;dy;> ,b Kof;fk; Mfpad

Vw;gLk; rkaq;fspy; ehk; ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ vt;thW

vd;gtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahlypy; ntspg;gLj;Jf.


jpwe;j ntspf;F khztiu mioj;Jr; nry;f. gQ;Rj; Jz;Lfis

thapdhy; Cjp NkNy gwf;fr; nra;f. fhw;wpdhy; mjw;F vd;d elf;

fpd;wJ vd tpdTf.

fhw;wpy; mire;jhLk; nfhb/Nrhlid Nghd;wtw;iw jahupf;fr; nra;f.fhw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F mika nfhbapd; mirtpy; Vw;gLk;

khw;wj;ij ftdpf;fr;nra;f.

fhw;W clypy; gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk; njhlu;ghff; $Wtjw;Fr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. fhw;W tPRk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tPRk; jpirf;F vjpu;j;

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jpirahf XLk;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wk;> tprpwp Nghd;w nghUnshd;wp

dhy; fhw;iw tprpWk;NghJ clypdhy; czug;gLfpw khw;wk; njhlu;

ghff; fye;JiuahLf.

fhw;W vkf;Fg; gad;jUk; re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;s

tha;g;gspf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gha;kuf;fg;gy;> ney; J}w;Wjy; Nghd;w glq;fisf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. mg;glq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiu

ahLf. khztu;fspd; mDgtq;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf;

nfhs;f.

fhw;wpdhy; kdpjUf;F Vw;gLk; ,ilA+Wfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg;

glq;fisf; nfhz;L my;yJ tpgj;J Vw;gl;l ,lnkhd;Wf;Fr; nrd;W

ghu;itapl tha;g;gspf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ghijapd; FWf;Nf kuk; tpOe;J fhzg;gLk; ,lk;

tPl;bd; $iu fhw;why; Nrjile;J fhzg;gLk; ,lk;

CJtu;j;jp xd;iw vupar; nra;J mjpypUe;J Gif nry;Yk; tpjj;ij

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;J fhw;W nry;Yk; jpiria ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.

fhw;wpdhy; nray;glf;$ba Mf;fq;fis epu;khzpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L; :vLj;Jf;fhl;L; :vLj;Jf;fhl;L; :vLj;Jf;fhl;L; :vLj;Jf;fhl;L; : gk;guk;> gu#l; Nghd;wd

fhw;W njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghlTk; fijfisr; nrtpkLf;fTk;

topg;gLj;Jf.

fhw;Wf;Nfw;g #oy; nraw;gLk; tpjj;jpid ebj;Jf;fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.


NghjpasT #upaxsp fpilf;fg;ngWk; ehsd;W kuj;Jz;L> fUq;fy;

Jz;L> ,Uk;Gj;Jz;L Mfpatw;iw ntapypy; itj;J #lhf;fr;

nra;J mit #lhf cs;sdntd mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; nra;f. ,Uk;G>

fy; Nghd;wd mjpfstpw; #lhfpd;wd vdTk; kuk; Fiwe;jsT

#lhfpd;wJ vdTk; mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;f. mjid mwpe;Jnfhs;s

tpdhf;fis tpdt topg;gLj;Jf.

ntapy; mjpfkhd xU ehspy; khztu;fis ntspNa mioj;Jr;

nrd;W #upantapy; fhuzkhf maw;#oypy;; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fis

,dq;fhzr; nra;f. mLj;j ehl;fhiy> Kjy; ehs; mtjhdpj;j

mNj ,lj;ij kPz;Lk; mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. ePu; tw;wpAs;s ,lj;ij

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

ney;iy cyu;j;Jjy;> ryit nra;ag;gl;l Milfis cyu;j;Jjy;

Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; ntapypdhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fis

mwpar; nra;f.

jj;jkJ iff;Fl;ilfis ghlrhiyapy; fOtp cyutplr; re;ju;g;g

kspf;f.

ntapypdhy; gad;ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fis rpj;jpuk; %yk; fhl;l topg;

gLj;Jf.

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10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gpd;ikAk;10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gpd;ikAk;10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gpd;ikAk;10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gpd;ikAk;10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gpd;ikAk;


tpUg;Gf;Fupajy;yhjjhf ,Ue;j ,lnkhd;iw tpUg;Gf;Fupa Xu; ,lkhf

khw;Wtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

VidNahu; tpUk;ghj elj;ijfisj; jtpu;j;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

ehk; tpUk;ghj NghjpYk; ehk; Kfq;nfhLf;f Neuplj;jf;f vjpu;ghuhj

epfo;TfSf;F vt;thW Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk; vd MNyhridfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tpUk;Gfpd;w tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; Mly;> ghly;

fspYk; jhKk; Nru;e;J <LgLthu;.

jhk; tpUk;Gk; Mf;fnkhd;iwj; jhk; tpUk;gpa Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr;

nra;a Kd;tUthu;.



khztUf;fhd Rw;wyhnthd;iw xOq;F nra;;f. ghlrhiy tsT>

ghlrhiyf;F tUk; ghij> Nfhtpy;/ Njthyak;/ gs;spthry; nry;Yk;

ghij Nghd;w VjhtnjhU ,lkhftpUf;fyhk;. khztUf;Fg; gpbj;j

khd> gpbf;fhj ,lq;fs; ,g;ghijapy; mlq;fNtz;Lk;. ghijf;fhd

topfs; milahskplg;gl;bUg;gpd; ed;W. tpUg;gkhd ,lj;jpYk; tpUg;g

kw;w ,lj;jpYk; eLtjw;fhf ,uz;L ntt;NtW epwq;fspy; nfhbfisj;

jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tpUg;gkhd ,lkhapd; mq;F eLtjw;F ~~kQ;rs;

epwf;|| nfhbfisAk;> tpUg;gkw;w ,lkhapd;

~~Cjh epwf;|| nfhbfisAk; jahu;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;syhk;.

Rw;Wyhtpy; nry;Yk; NghJ jf;fthW ciuahb Vw;wthW nfhbfis

elr; nra;f.

Rw;Wyhtpd; Kbtpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jpf;

fye;JiuahlypyPLgLf.

,lq;fs; tpUg;gkhdjhf/ tpUg;gkw;wjhf mikaf; fhuzk;

mf;fhuzpfspd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jgtu; ahu;?

tpUg;gkw;w ,lj;ij tpUg;gkhd ,lkhf khw;Wtjw;F vd;d

nra;a Ntz;Lk;?

Xuplk; gpbj;jkhd ,lkhtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

gpbj;jkhd ,lkhf khw vtuJ ve;jr; nraw;ghL fhuzkhfp

As;sJ?

tFg;giwiaj; jkf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd ,lkhf khw;wpf;nfhs;sr; nra;af;

$bad gw;wp fye;JiuahLf. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff;

ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

Rj;jk;> cgfuzq;fis xOq;fhf itj;jpUj;jy;> myq;fhuk;> Kwpe;j

my;yJ cile;JNghdtw;iw jpUj;Jjy;> Fg;ig $sq;fis jf;f

thW mfw;Wjy;> mjw;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fis Mf;Ftjw;Fk;

ghtidf;Fg; gofpf;nfhs;tJk;> Fwpj;j cgfuzq;fis mjw;fhd

,lq;fspy; itg;gJk;> khztuJ ghJfhg;Gk;.

jkJ Gj;jfq;fis ed;F guhkupf;f topg;gLj;Jf. cilfis xOq;

fhf cLj;Jjy;> ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lk;> kyry $lk; Mfpa ,lq;

fisr; Rj;jkhfg;Ngzy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;Jiu

ahb mtw;iwj; jf;fthW xOq;fikf;fr; nra;f. khztupdhy;

jdpahfr; nra;a Kbahjtw;iw %j;jtu;fspd; cjtpAld; nra;tpf;f

newpg;gLj;Jf.

Rj;jg;gLj;jpajd; gpd;du; mt;tplj;ij mNj epiyapy; Ngz cupa

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;f. ,it gof;fkhf khWk; tiu ftdQ;

nrYj;jp jFe;j mwpTiu toq;Ff.

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gy;NtW Kfghtq;fisf; fhl;Lk; Kfq;fis Njitahd mstpy;

tiue;J khztUf;Ff; fhl;Lf. (kfpo;r;rp> Gd;dif> gak;> Nfhgk;

Nghd;wd)

mk;Kfq;fspd; Kfghtq;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. kpfTk;

tpUg;gkhd Kfj;ij Nju;e;njLf;fr; nra;f. rpupj;jy; / Gd;difj;jy;VidNahu; tpUk;Gk; xd;whf vLj;Jf;fhl;b fye;JiuahLf.


Fspj;jy;> jiy thUjy;> gy; Jyf;Fjy;> Jzpfisj; Jitj;Jr;

Rj;jkhf itj;jy; Mfpad ,lk;ngWk; tpjk; gw;wp ciuahLf.

Rj;jk; nra;a cjTtJ ahu; vdf; Nfl;f. jdJ Ntiyia ,ad;w

tiu jhNd nra;Jnfhs;sj; J}z;Lf.

el;Gld; #oiy moFgLj;jr; nra;a Ntz;bait. $l;Ljy;> Fg;igf;;

$ilia %bitj;jy;> Nghd;w ew;nray;fSk;> mRj;jkhf ,Uj;jy;>

#oiy mRj;jg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w jtwhd nray;fSk; mlq;fpa

~~ghk;Gk; VzpAk;|| (Snakes and Ladders) ml;iliaj; jahupj;J

tpisahLf. jhaf;fl;ilia cUl;b> ew;nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk;

glj;Jf;F te;jhy; Vzpapd; CNl Nkyhd fl;lj;Jf;Fk;> jPa

gof;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk; glj;Jf;F te;jhy; ghk;gpd; thapd; CNl fPo;f;

fl;lj;Jf;Fk; tu NeupLk;. ,t;thW rpW FOf;fshf Nru;e;J tpisahL

tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

jkJ Rj;jk; gw;wpj; jhNk fzpg;gPl;Lf;nfhs;s elj;j topg;gLj;Jf.

jpdKk; mt;thW fzpg;;gpl;L ml;ltiznahd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sr;

nra;f. ,jw;fhf FwpaPLfs; %yk; milahskplr; nra;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Rj;jk; kpf ed;W.

Rj;jk; jpUg;jpfukhdJ.• Rj;jk; jpUg;jpfukhdjy;y.

,jidj; jdpg;gl;l ml;ltizahfg; Ngzp tUkhW $Wf.

iff;Fl;ilnahd;iw cgNahfpf;FkhW MNyhrid $Wf.

efk; ntl;l cjTk; xU cgfuzj;ij ghJfhg;ghf tFg;gpy;

itj;jpUe;J efk; ntl;l mjid cgNahfpf;f khztUf;F

tha;g;gspf;Ff. mjid tFg;gpy; njhlu;e;Jk; itj;Jf; nfhs;;f.

~~Rj;jkhf> mofhf ,Ue;jhy;> vy;NyhUk; mofhdtu;fs; Mthu;fs;>

,jdhy; KO tFg;Gk; moF ngWk;|| vDk; fUg;nghUisf;

nfhz;l rpWtu; ghliy Mf;fpf; $l;lhf ebj;Jg;ghLk; tha;g;ig

Vw;gLj;Jf.


mz;ikapy; (fle;j thuq;fspy;) epfo;e;j tpgj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;

fisr; Nrfupf;Ff. mtw;iw khztu;fs; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f. tpgj;Jf;

fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;ngwr; nra;a Ntz;bad gw;wp ,dq;fhz

khztu; FOf;fSf;F tha;g;G toq;Ff.


i. twl;rpapdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w rpukq;fisAk;>mjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w

vkf;F tpUg;gkw;w tplaq;fs; gw;wpAk;; fye;JiuahLf.

mt;thwhd rpukq;fs; (Fbg;gjw;F> Fspg;gjw;F ePu; ,y;yhkw;

Nghjy;> gapu;r;nra;if ghoiljy;>kdpjUf;Fk;> kpUfq;fSf;Fk;

czT mUfpg;Nghjy;> kpd; ntl;L Nghd;w)tFg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;j

khd epfo;nthd;iwg; gw;wp ciuahb kio ,y;yhikahy;

Vw;glf;$ba jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fr; nra;f.

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ii. fLk; kio fhuzkhf rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; nts;sk;> kz;rupT

Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mt;thwhd gFjpfspd;

khztUld; mJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. mt;thwhd epfo;T

fspd; NghJ ghJfhg;Gg;ngw Ntz;ba Kiw gw;wp tpdTf.

mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fisr; rpj;jpukhf tiue;J fhl;l

khztiu J}z;Lf. mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.

iii. gps;isfSf;F mbf;fb Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; gw;wpa mDgtq;fis

Ak; jfty;fisAk; Nrfupf;Ff. czT> FbePu; Mfpatw;wpd;

Rj;jk;> Esk;G> < Nghd;wit guTk; ,lq;fis mopg;gJ

Nghd;wit gw;wp khztupd; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;Gf. ghlrhiyr;

Rw;whlypYk; tPl;Lr; Rw;whlypYKs;s mj;jifa ,lq;fis

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. tFg;gpy; $wpa gpd;du; mt;tplq;fis

mopf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb mjidr; nraw;gLj;JtJ

gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf. fij> ebg;G Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;

,yFthd ,t;tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fyhk;. (Rfhjhuk;>

Ngh\hf;F gw;wpa E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> Rfhjhu

Cu;tyq;fs;> fz;fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; elhj;Jjy;.)


jpwe;jntsp tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLglg; nghUj;jkhd #oYf;F

khztiu ntspNa mioj;Jr; nry;f. jkf;F kpfTk; tpUg;gkhd

tpisahl;ilg; gw;wp vy;yh khztuplk; Nfl;lwpf. ,jd;gb mjpf

khNdhu; tpUk;Gk; tpisahl;by; <Lgl xOq;F nra;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ge;njwpjYk; gpbj;jYk; (khztUf;F Vw;w ge;J)

xU fhypdhy; nfe;jpr; nrd;W khztiug; gpbj;jy;>

mk;Gyp gha;jy;> fl;lk; gha;jy;> ML gpbj;jy;...

Nghd;wd.

mLj;J kpfTk; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifahNdhu; tpUk;Gk; tpisahl;il

Ak; tpisahl trjpf;Nfw;g tha;g;Ngw;gLj;Jf. ,jw;fhfTk; vy;NyhuJ

xj;Jiog;igAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.


jkf;F tpUg;gkhd ghly;> fij> ehlfk; Nghd;wtw;iw Kd;itf;f

khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. ,jw;nfd ,l trjpAs;s

Xuplj;jpw;F khztiu mioj;Jr; nry;f. epfo;r;rpfis Kd;itf;Fk;

NghJ jdpahfNth rpW FOthfNth> ahtUk; xd;whfNth Kd;

itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. jkf;FtpUg;gkhd Gj;jspg;Gf; fUtp

nahd;iw cUthf;fp ,irf;f KbAkhapd; mjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff. ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ghba ftpijnahd;iw my;yJ ghl

nyhd;iwf; FOthfg; ghl re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. FOthfg; Gj;jspg;Gf;

fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fTk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.


gpup];ly; ml;il> bikj; jhs;> thu;dpRj; jhs;> fspkz;> Njq;fha;g;g+>

kzy;> ,iy> G+> g];uy;> ePu;r;rhak; Nghd;wtw;iwr; Nrfupf;f. ,l

trjpAs;s Xuplj;jpw;F khztiuf; $l;br; nrd;W> ,g;nghUs;fSs;

jkf;F tpUg;gkhdtw;iw cgNahfpj;J Mf;fnkhd;iwr; nra;a khz

tiu <LgLj;Jf.

rpj;jpunkhd;iw tiutjpYk; khztiu <LgLj;jyhk;. ,r;nraw;ghl;il

Muk;gpf;f Kd;du;> jhd; epUkhzpf;f tpUk;GtJ vd;d vd tpdTf.

gpd;du; xNu tplaj;ijf; $wpa khztiu xU FOthf;Ff.

nghUl;fis toq;fp ghlrhiyapNyNa Nkw;gb Mf;fq;fisr;

nra;J> tFg;giwapy; fz;fhl;rp xd;iw xOq;F nra;f. ngw;Nwhiu

jkJ gps;isfspd; fz;fhl;rpiag; ghu;g;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;Ff.

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11.0 vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;; tpjk;11.0 vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;; tpjk;11.0 vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;; tpjk;11.0 vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;; tpjk;11.0 vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;; tpjk;


vkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwg; ngw;Wj; jUtjw;fhfg;; ngw;NwhUk;

%j;NjhUk; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij kjpg;ghu;@ mt;thW fpilg;gtw;iwr;

rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

vkf;F md;whl czTf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;wtw;Ws; ,aYkhdtw;iw

tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjpy; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.

efuj;jpd; my;yJ fpuhkj;jpd; re;ij gw;wpa mDgtq;fisf; $Wthu;.

re;ij eltbf;iffisg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ntt;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; goq;fs;> fha;;fwp tiffspd;;

khjpupfis mikg;ghu;.

gytif czTg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk;> re;ijapYs;Nshu; gw;wpAk;

Mly;> ghly;fspy; <LgLthu;.

fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> fspg;G+l;Lk;

tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.



miu bikg; Ngg;gu; msthd jhs;fs; rpytw;iw vLj;J> gpd;tUk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;b fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ Nghd;W rpj;jpuk; tiue;J xl;b

cgfuzj;ijj; jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.

ngau;fSld; cUtg; glq;fisAk; gad;gLj;j KbAkhapd;> kpf

ed;W. ,y;yhtpbd; cUtg;glq;fs; tiuag;gl;l ngupa ml;iliag;

nghJthf tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa gpd;du; glq;fs; tiuag;gl;l

rpwpa ml;ilfisf; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.

Njitahapd; NkYk; fl;lq;fis 1 Mk; 2 Mk; epuy;fSld; NrUq;fs;.

epuy; 1epuy; 1epuy; 1epuy; 1epuy; 1 epuy; 2 epuy; 2 epuy; 2 epuy; 2 epuy; 2

,Q;rp fil

fwpNtg;gp;iy

gr;ir kpsfha;

Nrl;

Gj;jfk;

Gj;jfg; ig tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk;

5 khztu; nfhz;l rpW FOnthd;Wf;F>xU gbtk; tPjk; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.

Kjyhk; epuypYs;s xt;nthU nghUisAk; ngwf;$ba ,lj;ij

2Mk; epuypypUe;J ghu;j;J mk;Gf;Fwpfspdhy; ,izf;f MNyhrid

$Wf. $l;lhfr; nraw;ghl;byPLgLj;Jf. (1Mk; epuypd; xU nghUs;

2Mk; epuypd; ,uz;L ,lq;fSld; ,izf;fg;glyhk;.)

Nkw;gb ml;ltiziag; ghu;j;J mjdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;

fisf; fye;JiuahLf.

vkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;wpy; mjpfkhdtw;iw ehk; vq;fpUe;J

ngWfpd;Nwhk;?

filapypUe;J thq;Fk; nghUs;fis Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tJ

vt;thW?

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ve;nje;jg; nghUs;fis mt;thW Fiwf;fyhk;? (rpf;fdk; gw;wp

Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.)

mtw;iw thq;fpf; nfhLg;gJ ahu;? tPl;by; jahu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;

$bait vit?> fhR ,d;wp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bait ahit?>

gapu;; nra;J nfhs;sf; $bait vit?> gapu;r;; nra;ifapd;NghJ

cq;fshy; vt;thW cjt KbAk;?vDk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzuf;

$bathW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.

gpd;tUk; ghliyg; ghb Ml newpg;gLj;Jf. gpd;du; ghlypd; fUj;jpw;

Nfw;g khztu;fis ebf;f itf;Ff.

ghly;ghly;ghly;ghly;ghly;

fha;fwpahk; fha;fwp

fhiyapy; gwpj;j fha;fwp

fj;jup ntz;b jf;fhsp

ful; G+rdp> ghfw;fha;

rj;J epiwe;j fha;fwp

re;ijf;F tUk; fha;fwp

gr;ir epwf; fha;fwp

gRikahd fha;fwp

fha;fwpahk; fha;fwp

fz;izf; ftUk; fha;fwp


Nkirapd; Nky; itf;ff;$ba rpwpa ,uz;L ngl;bfspy; fil>

Njhl;lk; vd rpj;jpuk; tiue;J ngau; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfis xl;b

itf;Ff.

khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; nfhLf;ff; $bathW glj;Jld; $ba

nrhy; ml;ilfisj; jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L::::: muprp> ntz;bf;fha;> kPd;> ty;yhiu> gaW> gg;ghrp

fil> Njhl;lk; vDk; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L ngl;bfisAk; Nkir

apd; kPJ itf;f. nrhy;yl;ilfis xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; toq;Ff.

ml;ilfisg; ghu;j;J mjpYs;sijg; ngwf;$ba ,lj;ijf; fhl;Lk;

ngl;bapy; jhk; tpUk;gpathW jkJ ml;ilia ,LkhW $Wf.

mjd; gpd;du; xt;nthU ngl;bapYKs;s ml;ilfspd; njhifia

vz;zpg;ghu;f;FkhW $Wf.

mjpfkhd ml;ilfs; ve;jg; ngl;bapy; cs;sd? mjw;fhd fhuzk;

ahJ? vd;gdgw;wp ciuahLf.


re;ijiag; ghu;g;gjw;fhf khztu;fSld; nry;f. tFg;gpw;F te;J

mJ gw;wpg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; fye;JiuahLf.

* re;ijapy; nghUl;fs; nghjp nra;ag;gl;bUe;j Kiw

* fz;l egu;fSk; mtu;fs; nra;j NtiyfSk;

* tpahghug; nghUs;fis mq;Fkpq;Fk; nfhz;L nrd;w tpjk;.

re;ijapy; ngw;w mDgtj;jpw;Nfw;g> fz;l re;ju;g;gq;fs;> epfo;Tfis>

tfpghfNkw;Wr; nra;J fhl;Ltjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

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goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghlr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

re;ijapd; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis tiue;J fhl;l tha;g;gspf;Ff.

goq;fs;> kuf;fwpfs;> jpd;gz;l tiffs; Nghd;wtw;iw Mf;fTk;

khjpupAUf;fis mikf;fTk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

khjpupr; re;ijnahd;wpid elj;j tha;g;gspj;J trjpfisAk;

Vw;gLj;Jf.

Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G: ~~QhapW re;ij|| (Adpnrg; ntspaPL) Rtnuhl;b ,Uf;Fkhapd;

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjidAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.


fljhrp> fsp kz;> fpNs Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpathW re;ijapy;

fz;l fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fis Mf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

Mf;f nghUl;fis tFg;G kl;lj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;Ff.


cz;ikg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L tFg;G kl;lj;jpy; my;yJ ghlrhiy

kl;lj;jpy; re;ijnahd;iw xOq;F nra;J nfhs;f.

,q;F nghJthf re;ijapy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fisg; nghjp

nra;jy;> fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy;

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jf.

tpahghupf;Fk; nghUs;nfhs;tdT nra;NthUf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gl

Ntz;ba el;GwT> fz;zpakhd ,ilj;njhlu;ghly;> Kf kyu;r;rp

Nghd;w gz;Gfspy; khztupd; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jf.

re;ij elj;jpa ,lj;ij Rj;jg;gLj;j khztu;fs; ahtiuAk; <L

gLj;Jf. vjidAk; tPzhf;Fjy; nghUj;jkw;wJ vdTk;> tPzhf;fhky;

nraw;gly; rpwe;jJ vd;w fUj;J kdjpy; cUthff;$bathW ciu

ahliy elhj;Jf. nghUs;fisf; mopj;njhJf;Fk; NghJ NtW

NjitfSf;F cgNahfpf;ff; $batw;iw xJf;fptplhJ mt;thwhd

nghUl;fis Kiwahf Nrkpj;J itf;FkhWk; khztUf;Ff; $Wf.


goq;fs; my;yJ fha;fwpfs; rpytw;wpd; glq;fs; nfhz;l 4 my;yJ

5 ml;ilfisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. mtw;iwr; jpwe;j ntspapy;

rpy ,lq;fspy; itf;Ff.

khztu; midtiuAk; jpwe;j ntspf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W Rje;jpukhf

Xl itf;Ff. rkpf;iQ xyp vOg;gpaJk; jhk; tpUk;Gk; gok;/fha;fwpapd;tifAk; glKk; nfhz;l ml;ilAs;s ,lj;Jf;F Xbg;Ngha; epw;Fk;gb

$Wf. ,jidg; gy jlitfs; nra;tpf;Ff.

kPz;Lk; khztiu xd;W Nru;j;J mtu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp mf;FOf;

fis Nkw;gb goq;fs;/fha;fwpfSf;fikag; ngaupLf. rkpf;iQ

xyp vOg;gpaJk; jj;jkJ FOf;fspd; glq;fs; cs;s ,lj;Jf;F Xbg;

Ngha; epw;Fk;gb $Wf.

gonkhd;wpd;> kuf;fwptifnahd;wpd; ngaiuf; $wpaTld; mg;ngaiu

Aila FOit xNu ,lj;jpy; XLjy;/if jl;ly;/epyj;jpy; mkuy;

Nghd;w nka;e;epiynahd;iw nra;J fhl;LkhW $Wf. vy;yhf;

FOf;fSk; gy;NtW nke;epiyfisr; nra;J mDgtk; ngw tha;g;

gspf;Ff. rkpf;iQf;Nfw;g nka;e;epiyfis khwpkhwpr; nra;tjw;F

newpg;gLj;Jf.

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12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;J12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;J12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;J12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;J12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;J


re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;w rupahd nka;e;epiyfis mDrupj;Jg; gazQ;

nra;thu;.

ehk; ghlrhiyf;F te;JNghFk; tpjk;@ kdpju;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J

nra;Ak; tpjk; njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ VidNahuplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; cjtpfis

kjpj;J> ,ad;wtiu VidNahUf;F cjTthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;Ak; Kiwfisg; ghb> Mb> mgpeaj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ jdJ ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jpr;

nraw;gLthu;.

tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgLtNjhL> rkepiyiag; NgZthu;.

gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jdJ mDgtq;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhf

Kd;itg;ghu;.



ghijapy; NghNthu; tUNthu; gw;wpj; Njbawptjpy; khztiu

<LgLj;Jf ghijapy; NghNthu; tUNthupd; gytpjkhd nka;e;epiy

fis mtjhdpf;FkhW khztUf;Ff; $Wf. jiyia itj;jpUf;Fk;

tpjk;> if fhy;fis Ml;Ljy;> mbnaLj;J itf;Fk; tpjk; clypd;

,ay;G Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;JkhW $Wf.

gytifahd elf;Fk; nka;e;epiyfisAk;> epw;Fk; nka;e;epiyfis

Ak; mtjhdpj;jjd; gpd;du;> khztu; Kd;du; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;NghJ

fz;Ls;s nka;e;epiyfisg; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;f.

fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ ntspf; nfhzug;gl;l nka;e;epiyfisg;

Nghyr; nra;jgb> tpisahl;nlhd;wpy; <Lgl topg;gLj;Jf. ,jw;fhf

tFg;ig vl;L Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Ff. xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;

tpj;jpahrkhf ele;J nry;Yk; nka;e;epiyfisr; nra;Jfhl;l topg;

gLj;jTk;. tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fspd; njhiff;Nfw;g FOf;fspy;

,Uf;f Ntz;ba njhifiaj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: iffis tPrpagb RahjPdkhf elg;gtu;fs;

KJfpy; ghuk; Rke;J nry;gtu;fs;

Njhspy; ghuk; Rke;J nry;gtu;fs;

iffspy; ghuk; J}f;fpr;nry;gtu;fs;

jiyapy; ghuk; Rke;J nry;gtu;fs;

FOf;fs; khwp khwp tpj;jpahrkhd nka;e;epiyfisr; nra;Jfhl;L

khW $Wf. FOf;fs; tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwapy; ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ>

Vida FOf;fs; re;jj;Jf;Nfw;g ifj;jl;lr; nra;f.

kuf;Fw;wpg; ghynkhd;wpy; ele;J nry;gtupd; glj;ijf; fhz;gpf;fTk;.

mg;ghyk; gw;wp ciuahLf. tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpy; epyj;jpypUe;J

30 cm (1 mb) cauj;jpy; fpilahfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s> xU rk

epiyahd jz;Lf;fUNf my;yJ FWf;Ff; NfhyUNf khztiu

mioj;Jr; nry;f. khztiu elf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

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khztu; elf;Fk;NghJ Fjpf;fhy;> cs;sq;fhy;> tpuy; Edpfs; vd;w

thW clypd; vil khWk; tifapy; elf;f khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

gazk; nra;Ak; gy;NtW nka;e;epiyfis mtjhdpj;Jg;; ngw;w

mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;L jkJ kdijf; ftu;e;j xU epiyia

glk; tiue;J fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOthf;fp NgUe;jpy; nry;NthiuAk;>

NgUe;J tUk;tiu ghijapy; fhj;J epw;NghiuAk;> Nghy nra;J

fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. rkepiyaw;w ntt;NtW nka;e;epiyfspy;

epw;Nghu; mt;thW rpwpJ Neuk; epw;Fk; NghJ mDgtpf;Fk; rpukq;

fisg; gw;wpf; $w khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

fhy;fis rpwpJ mfw;wp itj;Jr; rkepiyahf epw;Fk; rupahd

nka;e;epiyia mwpKfQ; nra;f. ,t;thW epw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

Ak; trjpiaAk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

gazk; nry;tJ njhlu;ghd Ritahd fijfisAk; ciuahly;

fisAk;; rku;g;gpf;f tha;g;gspf;Ff. Mrpupaupd; mDgtq;fisAk;

,q;F Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;f.


gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs;

gw;wpa ,yFthd jfty;fisg; gw;wp ciuahLq;fs;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ele;Jnry;yy;> khl;Ltz;bapy; nry;yy; Nghd;wd...

tFg;G khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;F tUk; Kiwapidg; gw;wp tprhupj;J

njupe;J nfhs;f. tFg;G jfty;fs; Fwpg;gplf; $basT gy;tifiaf;

nfhz;bUf;fhjpUg;gpd;> Mrpupau;fs; cl;gl ghlrhiyapy; cs;s

VidNahiu cq;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L nray;gLf. NjitNaw;gbd;

ghlrhiyf;F tUk; ahtiuAk; ,jw;fhff; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s NeupLk;.

gy;NtW epwq;fspyhd tl;l ml;il jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. mtw;iwg;

gpd;tUk; tpjj;jpy; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.


ele;J tUNthu; - kQ;rs; epwk;

<UUspfspy; (Bicycle) tUNthu; - rptg;G epwk;

ce;JUspfspy;(Motor cycle)tUNthu; - fWg;G epwk;

NgUe;Jfspy; (Bus) tUNthu; - ePy epwk;

Ntd; tz;bfspy; (Van)tUNthu; - gr;ir epwk;

njhlUe;Jfspy; (Train) tUNthu; - fgpy epwk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW me;je;j Kiwapy; ghlrhiyf;F tUgtu;fSf;F

me;je;j epw tl;lk; xd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.

nghUj;jkhd jbj;j ml;ilnahd;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;f. mjpy; xt;nthU

thfdj;jpw;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s epuy;fspy; khztu; gpuahzk; nra;Ak;

tpjj;jpid milahskpl jdf;F toq;fg;gl;l tl;lj;ijj;jhspy;

gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Nfw;gf; Fwpj;j epuypy; xl;l tha;g;G

toq;Ff.

nghUj;jkhd jbj;j ml;ilapy;> xt;nthU thfdj;jpw;fhfTk; epiu

fisj;jahupj;J khztu;fs; jUk; epw tl;lq;fis> xl;Ltjd; %yk;>

tFg;G khztu; Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;Ak; Kiw gw;wp tiuigj; jahupj;

Jf; nfhs;f. (tiuG vd;w gjj;ijg;gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;Ff.)

jahupj;Jf;nfhz;l tFg;G tiuigf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpathW khztUld;

fye;JiuahlypyPLgLf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tFg;gpy; $LjyhNdhu; ghlrhiyf;F vt;thW

tUfpd;wdu;?

tFg;gpy; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifahNdhu; vg;gbg;

ghlrhiyf;F tUfpd;wdu;?

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ghlrhiyf;F te;J Nghf cjTNthu; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf;$w

khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; jUf. mt;thwhd ciuahlypd;NghJ

cjTNthiu kjpf;f khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

ghijapy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;Ak; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; re;jpg;NghUf;F cjtp

nra;a NeupLjy; gw;wpa epfo;T mlq;Fk; fijnahd;iwr; rku;g;gpf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: RftPdKw;W ghijapy; tPo;e;J fple;jtu;fSf;F

cjtpa re;ju;g;gk;.

ghijiaf; flf;f Kad;w ghu;itaw;w my;yJ

tajhdtu;fSf;F cjtpa re;ju;g;gk;.


kdpju;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;Ak; gytifahd thfdq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf. jhk; tpUk;Gk; thfdj;jpd; khjpupiaj; jahupf;f

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. Njitahd nghUl;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis

toq;fp khztUf;F cjTf. khztu;fs; rpyu; xd;W Nru;e;J thfd

nkhd;iwj; jahupf;f Kd;tUthu;fshapd;> mjw;Fk; topfhl;Lf.

mjid epw%l;l my;yJ nfhyh[; Kiwapy; moFgLj;jpf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;j khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. mJ njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLf.


thfdk;> mtw;wpy; gazk; nra;Nthu;> ghijapy; nry;Nthu;> fhty;

Jiw (nghypR) cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; Nghd;w egu;fisf;nfhz;l

tpisahl;L efunkhd;iwj; jpwe;jntspapy; epUkhzpf;f. efupy;

fz;l gy;NtW egu;fspd; ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;l newpg;

gLj;Jf.

ghlrhiyapd;> jpwe;j ntspf;Fr; nry;Yf. ntt;NtW thfd tiff

is Nghyr; nra;J> thfdq;fspy; rj;jq;fis vOg;gpathW nry;y

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

CJFoy; rkpf;iQf;Nfw;g - fl;lisf;Nfw;g cldbahfr; nraw;gL

tjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf. CJFoYf;Nfw;g epw;wy; (rptg;Gf;

nfhb - epw;wy;> kQ;rs; epwf; nfhb - jahuhjy;> gr;ir epwf;nfhb

- Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;yy;)

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ilntspapy; thfdq;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nkhjpf;

nfhs;shjthW> jpirfis khw;wpagb nry;yr; nra;f. mjw;fhfg;

ghijia Fwpj;njhJf;Ff. thfdq;fs; nry;Yk; topapy;> topj;jil

fis (Ruq;fg;ghijfs;> Gifapujf;flit...Nghd;wtw;iw) itf;Ff.

mjw;Nfw;g mq;F gazk; nra;a newpg;gLj;Jf.

ehk; ghijapy; nry;Yk; NghJ nra;gtw;iwAk; gpd;gw;Wk; rl;ljpl;lq;

fisAk;> gl;baw;gLj;jp> tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. KbAkhd msTf;F

glq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jf.

khztiu ele;J nry;gtu; Nghd;Wk;> thfdNkhl;Lgtu;Nghd;Wk;>

nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;Ff. thfdq;fs; Nghd;W ebg;gtu;fs;>

ghijapy; tUk;NghJ> ele;J nry;gtu;fs; ghijiaf; flf;Fkplq;

fspD}lhfr;; nry;yr; topg;gLj;Jf.

iffis cau;j;jp thfdq;fis epWj;JkhW irif nra;jgb ghij

iaf; flf;f topg;gLj;Jf. mg;NghJ ghijapy; XLk; thfdq;fisg;

Nghyr; nry;Nthu;> cldbahf epd;W ghijiaf; flg;gtu;fs; nrd;w

gpd;du; njhlu;e;J nry;y topg;gLj;Jf.

ghijapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w tpgj;Jf;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu

ahLk; NghJ> Nkw;gb nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ngw;w mDgtq;fisj;

Jizahff; nfhs;f.

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13.0 xspAld; tpisahl;L13.0 xspAld; tpisahl;L13.0 xspAld; tpisahl;L13.0 xspAld; tpisahl;L13.0 xspAld; tpisahl;L


ahNjDnkhd;iw ehk; fhz;gjw;fhf ntspr;rk; (xsp)> fz;zpd;

ghu;itj;jpwd; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij tpsq;fpr;

nraw;gLthu;.

fz;zpd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.

ntspr;rj;ij ntsptpLk; xsp Kjy;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr;

Nrfupg;ghu;. gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgl;L epow;Nfhy Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.

ntspr;rk; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghb MLthu;.


nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1khztiu jpwe;jntspf;Ff; $l;br; nry;Yf. fz;fis %bf;nfhz;L

cq;fisg; gpbf;FkhW khztuplk; $Wf.

Cjpia Cjpagb mq;Fkpq;Fk; nrd;wthW ePq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;

,lj;ij czu;j;Jf. ePq;fs; mtu;fsplk; gpbglhJ jg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;du; cq;fis Vd; mtu;fshy; gpbf;f Kbahkw; Nghapw;W vd

tpdtp ciuahliy Muk;gpf;Ff. mtu;fs; cq;fisf;fhz

KbahjpUe;jNj ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; vDk; tpilia ntspf;nfhzuf;

$bathW fye;JiuahLf. cq;fsJ NtW mDgtq;fisAk;

,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

ngupa ml;ilg;ngl;bnahd;wpy; rpwpa nghUnshd;iw (jPf;Fr;rp>

<u;f;F> nghj;jhd; (njwp) Nghd;wnjhd;iw) ,l;L xsp cl;GfhjthW

ngl;bia ed;F %Lf. ngl;bapd; xU gf;fj;jpy; rpW Jthunkhd;iw

,Lf. xt;nthU khztdhf mioj;J Jthuj;jpD}lhf ngl;bapDs;

ghu;j;;J cs;Ns ,Ug;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wjh vd tpdTf.

Fwpg;gpl;l msT Neuj;ij ,jw;F xJf;Ff. gpd;du; ngl;bapd;

NtNwhu; gf;fj;jpy; rpW Jthunkhd;W ,Lf. mjD}lhf xsp cl;Gf

Ntz;Lk;. KjyhtJ Jthuj;jpD}lhf kPz;Lk; ngl;bf;Fs; ghu;f;fr;

nra;f. ,g;NghJ cs;Ns ,Ug;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wjh? ,J Vd;

vdf; fye;JiuahLf. fz;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; xsp ,y;yhj NghJ

ahnjhd;iwAk; ghu;f;f KbahJ vdf;fye;Jiuahb fhuzj;ij

ntspf;nfhzUf.

fLk; xspia Neuhfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ fz;zpy; vd;d eilngWk;

vd;gijg; gw;wpa mDgtq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf. fLk; xsp

fz;fSf;Fj; jPikahdJ vdTk;> fz;fis mjpypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $Wf. Nkw;gb nraw;ghLfs; ,uz;ilAk;

xd;W Nru;j;J fijnahd;iw / epfo;nthd;iw cUthf;FtJ ey;yJ.

nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2xspAld; njhlu;Gila tpLfijfs; rpytw;iw Kd;itf;Ff.

Njitahd NghJ tpilf;fhd Fwpg;Gfis czu;j;jp top fhl;Lf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 1. gfy; tpsf;F - fjputd;

2. $Lthd; Fiwthd;@ khjnkhU ehs;

epiwtilthd; mtd; ahu;? re;jpud;

gps;isfs; mwpe;Js;sdTk; ntspr;rj;Jld; njhlu;GiladTkhd

NtW tpLfijfisr; $wr; nra;f.

thdpy; fhzf;$ba xsp gw;wp ciuahLf.

kpd;kpdpg;G+r;rp gw;wpa mDgtq;fis ciuahl tha;g;G Vw;gLj;Jf.

xsp ntsptpLk; NtW G+r;rp;fs; gpuhzpfs; gw;wp ciuahLf. mit

gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;Ff.

kf;fspd; gy;NtW tpjkhd ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wpAk; khztupd;

ftdj;ijj; jpUg;Gf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: J}f;fzhq;FUtp $L fl;bagpd; tPl;bDs;

,Ul;lhf ,Ug;gjdhy; kpd; kpdpg;g+r;rpiaf; $l;by;

gpbj;J itj;J xspiag; ngWfpd;wJ.

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fpuhk kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if gw;wpAk; ftdj;ij <u;f;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 1. ,uhl;rrpapd; ntapy; (#upad; kiwtjw;F

Kd;gjhf rpy ehl;fspy; Nkw;F thdpy; nre;

epw fLk; nta;apy; vwpf;Fk;. ,jid

~~,uhl;rrpapd; ntapy;|| vd;gu;.

2. ~~ntapYk; kioAk; eupf;Ff; fypahzk;||

Nghd;wit ,tw;Wf;F %j;Njhupd; cjtpiag;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.

xspAld; njhlu;Gila gpuhzpfs; nghUs;fs; gw;wpa ghly;fis

ghLjy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: #upad;/re;jpud;/el;rj;jpuq;fs;/kpd;kpdpg;G+r;rpNghd;wit njhlu;ghff; fw;gidf; fijfis

Nfl;gjw;Fk; ghly;fisg; ghlTk; tha;g;gspf;Ff.

ghly; - #upadhu;ghly; - #upadhu;ghly; - #upadhu;ghly; - #upadhu;ghly; - #upadhu;

#upadhu; te;jhu; - kpF

RWRWg;gha; ele;jhu;

fhupaq;fnsy;yhk; - xU

if nehbapw; nra;jhu;.

tpsf;Fg; Nghyj; jpfo;e;jhu; - ey;

ntspr;rk; ms;spj; je;jhu;

tof;fpy; khwkhl;lhu; - jd;

topapw; nry;yyhdhu;.

ntapiy ms;spg; nghopthu; - jd;

tpUg;gk; Nghy elg;ghu;

tay;fs;> gapu;fs; tsu - mtu;

kioiag; nghopa itg;ghu;.

- thfiu thzd;- thfiu thzd;- thfiu thzd;- thfiu thzd;- thfiu thzd;

ed;wp : rpd;dr; rpd;dg; G+f;fs;ed;wp : rpd;dr; rpd;dg; G+f;fs;ed;wp : rpd;dr; rpd;dg; G+f;fs;ed;wp : rpd;dr; rpd;dg; G+f;fs;ed;wp : rpd;dr; rpd;dg; G+f;fs;


ed;F #upa ntspr;rk; gLfpd;w ,lnkhd;Wf;F khztiuf; mioj;Jr;

nry;Yf. mq;F xUtUf;F kw;nwhUtupd; epoiyg;ghu;f;FkhW $Wf.

epoYf;Fupatiu ,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wjh? mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;gJ

vg;gb? jkJ epoypUe;J tpyf Kaw;rpj;jthW J}uj;Jf;Fk;> ,q;F

kq;Fk; xLkhW $Wf.

#upa ntspr;rk; ,y;yhj jUzj;jpy; / ,lj;jpy; epoiy Kd;Nghy;

,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wjh? vdf; fz;lwptjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

,dq;fhz Kbahkw; Nghtjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? ,tw;wpd; %yk;

ntspr;rj;jpdhy; epoy; cz;lhfpd;wJ vd tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

jkJ miktplk;> epoypd; miktplk;> #upadpd; miktplk; gw;wp

ciuahLf. epoYf;F vjpu;j;jpirapy; #upad; miktij vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lf. ntt;NtW tifahd epoy;fis (kuj;jpd;> J}z; xd;wpd;>

fl;blnkhd;wpd;) mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

epoy; rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fspy; FOf;fis <LgLj;Jf.


epoy; kpjpj;jy; tpisahl;L (Nrhb Ml;lk;)epoy; kpjpj;jy; tpisahl;L (Nrhb Ml;lk;)epoy; kpjpj;jy; tpisahl;L (Nrhb Ml;lk;)epoy; kpjpj;jy; tpisahl;L (Nrhb Ml;lk;)epoy; kpjpj;jy; tpisahl;L (Nrhb Ml;lk;)

khztiu Nrhb Nrhbahf;Ff.

Nrhbapy; xU khztdJ epoiy kw;iwa khztdhy; kpjpf;fr;

nra;f. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Kjyhktu; ikjhdj;jpy; mq;Fkpq;Fk;

XLk;NghJ ,uz;lhk; khztu; mtiuj; Juj;jpr; nrd;W mtuJ

epoiy kpjpf;FkhW $Wf. mt;thW xUtu; epoiy kpjpj;jhuhapd;

kw;wtUf;Fk; epoiy kpjpf;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk; tifapy;

kPz;Lk; MLkhW $Wf.

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epoy; kpjpj;jy; (FO tpisahl;L)epoy; kpjpj;jy; (FO tpisahl;L)epoy; kpjpj;jy; (FO tpisahl;L)epoy; kpjpj;jy; (FO tpisahl;L)epoy; kpjpj;jy; (FO tpisahl;L)

ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J khztu;fs; nfhz;l rpW FOf;fis mikf;Ff.

FOtpd; xU khztdpd; epoiy VidNahiu kpjpf;FkhW $Wf.

mk;khztd; ikjhdj;jpy; XLk;NghJ VidNahu; mtiuj; Juj;jpr;

nrd;W mtuJ epoiy kpjpf;f KaYk;gb $Wf.


khztu; JizAld; gpd;tUtdtw;iw Maj;jk; nra;f.

#upaDf;fhf Kf%bnahd;Wk; re;jpuDf;fhf Kf%bnahd;Wk;>

kpd;kpdpg; g+r;rpfSf;fhf njhg;gpfs; rpyTk; kuq;fSf;fhf fpisfs;

rpyTk; jahu; gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.

tFg;G khztiuf; FOf;fshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

FO 1 (kiyAk; #upaDk;)FO 1 (kiyAk; #upaDk;)FO 1 (kiyAk; #upaDk;)FO 1 (kiyAk; #upaDk;)FO 1 (kiyAk; #upaDk;)

gps;isfis ifiag; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L kiyapd; mikg;GNghy

tupirahf epw;fr; nra;f. #upa Kf%bia mzpe;Js;s xU

gps;isia kiyapd; gpd;dhy; epWj;Jf.

FO 2 (fhLk; re;jpuDk;)FO 2 (fhLk; re;jpuDk;)FO 2 (fhLk; re;jpuDk;)FO 2 (fhLk; re;jpuDk;)FO 2 (fhLk; re;jpuDk;)

gps;isfisf; ifiag; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;l gw;iwf; fhl;ilg;Nghy;

epw;fr; nra;f. re;jpu Kf%bia mzpe;J nfhz;Ls;s gps;isia

gw;iwf;Fg; gpd;dhy; xspe;jpUf;FkhW $Wf.

FO 3 (tupirahd kuq;fs;FO 3 (tupirahd kuq;fs;FO 3 (tupirahd kuq;fs;FO 3 (tupirahd kuq;fs;FO 3 (tupirahd kuq;fs;/kutupirfs;)kutupirfs;)kutupirfs;)kutupirfs;)kutupirfs;)

kuf; fpisfis cau;j;jpg;gpbj;jgb ,ilf;fpilNa ,uz;L> %d;W

khztu;fshf epw;fr; nra;f.

FO 4 (kpd;kpdpfs;)FO 4 (kpd;kpdpfs;)FO 4 (kpd;kpdpfs;)FO 4 (kpd;kpdpfs;)FO 4 (kpd;kpdpfs;)

kQ;rs; epw njhg;gpfis mzpe;Js;s gps;isfis kuq;fSf;fpilNa

mq;Fkpq;Fk; gwe;J jpupAkhW $Wf. ,jw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd

ghlnyhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Kjypy; ghliy vy;NyhUlDk;

Nru;e;J ghLf. ,uz;lhtjhf me;je;jf; FOtpw;fhd ghliyj;

Nju;e;njLj;Jj; jf;f mq;f mirTld; ghlr; nra;f. mLj;J FOf;fs;

khwpr; nraw;ghl;byPLglr; nra;f.


Kw;wj;jpy; ,ltrjpAs;s Xuplj;jpw;F khztiu mioj;Jr; nry;f.

rpW FOthftpUj;jy; rpwe;jJ. xU khztid/khztpia tpUk;gpa

epiyapy; epw;FkhW $Wf. VidNahiu mtdJ epoiy epyj;jpy;

tiuAkhW $Wf. me;epoiy FO xd;W Nru;e;J #oypypUe;J

Njbg; ngWgtw;iw (G+tpjo;> epw ,iy> kuj;J}s;> G+f;fs;> fw;fs;>

Njq;fha;g;G+> epwj;jhs; Jz;Lfs;>rpwpa Jzpj;Jz;Lfs; Nghd;w)

gad;gLj;jp glj;jpd; gFjpfis myq;fupf;f topg;gLj;Jf.xt;nthU

FOTk; G+u;j;jp nra;j Mf;fj;ij kjpg;gpLf.


Kfk; ghu;f;Fk; fz;zhbfs; (jsthbfs;) rpytw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.

tFg;igr; rpWrpW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xU FOtpw;F xU fz;zhb

tPjk; nfhLf;f. #upa xspgLk; jpwe;j ntspf;Fr; nrd;W fz;zhb

kPJ #upa xspgLk; tifapy; fz;zhbiag; gpbj;J mjd;kPJ

gLk; xspia mq;Fkpq;Fk; mDg;g topg;gLj;Jf. gpd;du; tFg;gpw;Nfh

Fwpg;gpl;l Xuplj;jpw;Nfh xspiaj; jpUg;gp mDg;GkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

xU fz;zhbapd; kPJgLk; xspia kw;nwhU fz;zhb kPJ tpor;

nra;J> elg;gtw;iwAk; epfoj;jf;ftw;iwAk; mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;

gLj;jr; nra;f.

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jhopapYs;s ePiu mirj;J> fz;zhbnahd;wpd; xspia mjd;

kPJ tpor; nra;J Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

gsgsf;Fk; cNyhfg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ fz;zhbapd; xspgLkhW

mikj;J mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.


Mbiaj; jpUg;gp> ngw;w xspia tFg;gpd; Rtupy; Fwpg;gpl;l Xuplj;jpy;

tpor; nra;f. gpufhrkhd xspiaj; jUk; kpd; #Sk; ,jw;Ffe;jJ.

mt;thW ngWk; xspf;fw;iwapd; FWf;Nf if tpuy;fshy; gpbj;J

tpuypd; epoiyr; Rtupy; tpor; nra;f. mtw;iwg; ghu;f;FkhW khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.

khztUf;F ,t;thNw epoy; cUtq;fis cUthf;fr; nra;f.

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuhzp cUf;fis cUthf;FtPu;fshapd; mit

fspilNa ciuahlnyhd;iw elhj;j topg;gLj;jyhk;.

gpuhzpfspdJk; gwitfspdJk; cUtq;fis <u;f;F/rpW jbfspy;nghUj;jpg;gpbj;J Nfhy; nghk;kyhl;lq;fis Mf;Ftjpy; khztiu

<LgLj;Jf.

jahupf;fg;gl;l nghk;kyhl;lq;fis Kd;diug;Nghd;W ciuahliy

Ak; cs;slf;fp epoy; nghk;kyhl;l ehlfnkhd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

fij $Wk;NghJk; ghly;fisg; ghLk;NghJk; epoy; nghk;kyhl;lq;

fis MLtpf;fyhk;. ,jw;nfd juk; 6 my;yJ juk; 5 khztu;fisr;

r%fkspf;fr; nra;ayhk;.


CL njupaf;$ba gd;dpwg; nghUs;fs;. (epw nrNyhNgd; jhs;fs;>

nky;ypa Jzpj;Jz;Lfs;) Mfpatw;iw nfhz;LtUkhW khztuplk;

$Wf.

nfhz;L te;j nghUs;fisf; fye;J rpy Ftpay;fshf;fp mtw;iwr;

rpW FOf;fSf;Fg; gpupj;Jf;; nfhLf;f. jug;gl;l nghUs;fspD}lhf

xspia Nehf;Ftjw;Fk;> #upa xsp epwq;$ba xspahfj; Njhd;Wk;

nghUs;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;Fk; khztUf;F topfhl;Lf.

jbj;j jhisr; nrt;tfkhf ntl;b> Gj;jfk; Nghd;W ,uz;lhf

kbj;Jf; nfhs;f.Jisfs; ,uz;il ntl;b mjpy; epw CL njupAk;

jhs; xd;iw cl;nrYj;Jf.

trjpapUg;gpd; epwf; fz;zhbf; Ftisnahd;wpDs; nkOFtu;j;jp

xd;iw Vw;wp epw xspia mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.ghj;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf

epw ntspr;rf;$nlhd;Wk; nghUj;jkhdJ. vdpDk; gps;isfSf;F

nkOFtu;j;jpiaf; nfhSj;jr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. khztupd;

ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.


khztUld; Nru;e;J ,yFthd ntspr;rf; $Lfis cUthf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:- xU gpup];ly; ml;ilapypUe;J Vwj;jho 30 rjk kPw;wu; ePsKk;

15 rjk kPw;wu; mfyKKila xU gFjpia ntl;bf;nfhs;S

khW khztUf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

- nrt;tf tbtKila me;j ml;ilj; Jz;bd; kj;jpapy; ahNjDk;

tbtj;jpy; xU gFjpia ntl;b ePf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.

- ml;ilg;gFjp ntl;b ePf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; epw nrNyhNgd; jhs;

Jz;nlhd;iw xl;LkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.

- nrNyhNgd; jhs; xl;lg;gl;l gf;fk; cl;Gwkhf mikAkhW

gpup];ly; ml;ilj;Jz;il cUistbthf tisj;J me;jq;

fis xl;bf;nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.

- Mf;fpa cUisapd; xU me;jj;jpy; (tpspk;gpy;) miytbtj;jpy;

ntl;lg;gl;l jpRj;jhs; ehlhf;fis xl;b moFgLj;JkhW

mwpTWj;Jq;fs;. kW me;jj;jpy; E}y; Jz;nlhd;iwf;fl;b>

njhq;ftplj;jf;fthW jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;

Jq;fs;.

- khztuJ Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; ghuhl;Lq;fs;.

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14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;


maw;#oypy; kdpju; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fs;>mtu;fs; jkJ

ghJfhg;igg; NgZk; tpjk; Mfpad njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njb

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLNthu;> gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;>

fUtpfs;> Milazpfs;> mtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiyfs; mlq;Fk;

nray;fs;> mtu;fs; Xa;itf; fopf;Fk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp

ftdk; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; kdpju;fspd; Nritfshy; vkf;Ff;

fpilf;Fk; gad;fis kjpj;J mtu;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

Ntiyfs; nra;ag;gLk; ,lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila ,lk;ngWk; epfo;T

fs;> rk;gtq;fs;> mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;

ghly;fs;> Mly;fshf Kd;itg;ghu;.

kdpju;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fSs; jkJ kdijf; ftu;e;j

re;ju;g;gq;fisr; rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.

kdpju; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; cgfuzq;fspd;

khjpupfis Mf;Fthu;.



glq;fs;> epow;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rp (KbAkhapd;) Nghd;w Clfq;

fs; %yk; kdpju;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fisg; ghu;f;fr; nra;f.

mJ njhlu;ghf fye;JiuahLf. ghlrhiyf;F mUfpYs;s

mt;thwhd Xuplj;jpw;F nry;tjw;F khztiuj; Maj;jg;gLj;Jf.

kdpju;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij fhz;gjw;F tFg;G khztu;fs;

,yFtpy; nry;yf;$ba ,lnkhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;Ff (tay;> fsj;J

NkL> tPnlhd;W fl;lg;gLkplk;> muprp Miy> nrq;fy; mupAkplk;

Nghd;w ,lq;fs; nghUj;jkhdit. ngupa njhopw;rhiyfs; nghUj;j

khditay;y.)

Ntiyaplj;ijg; ghu;f;fr; nrytjw;F Kd;du; khztiu mjw;fhfj;

jahu;gLj;Jq;fs;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jr;

nra;f.

Nfl;Lj; njupa Ntz;ba jfty;fSk; mtw;iw Nfl;f Ntz;ba

KiwfSk;

fz;lwpaf;$ba jfty;fSk; mtw;iwr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

KiwfSk;

ghJfhg;gpw;fhfr; nra;a Ntz;ba Kiw njhlu;ghd

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

FO mq;fj;jtu; vd;w tifapy; cs;s nghWg;G.

Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fisg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jp

mtw;iw tiue;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjpy; <Lglr; nra;f.

Ntiy Neuq;fspy; kdpju;fs; mzpAk; cilfs;. mtu;fs; cgNahfpf;

Fk; ,yFthd fUtpfs; / cgfuzq;fs;. (FwL> Rj;jpay;> ths;

Nghd;w) gw;wp mf;fiwAld; mtjhdpg;gjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; / njhopw;rhiyapy; ntt;NtW egu;fs; nra;Ak;xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd Ntiyfs; vitnad ,dq;fhz;gjpy;

rpwpa khztu; FOf;fis <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

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ghlrhiyf;Fj; jpUk;gr; nrd;wjd; gpd;du; Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; / njhopw;rhiyapy; jhk; fz;ltw;iw ebj;Jf; fhl;LkhW khztUf;F $Wf.

ebf;Fk;NghJ gytif fUtpfspdJk; cgfuzq;fspdJk; nraw;ghL

fis nra;J fhl;lg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfis mwpKfQ; nra;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: RoYk; rpy;Y> taypy; ehw;W eLif nra;jy;.

Vw;fdNt jahupj;j mupthshy; mWtil nra;Ak;

re;ju;g;gk; Nghd;wd.

xU FOtpdu; Ntiy nra;ahkypUg;guhapd; vd;d eilngWk; vd

tpdTf.

,jD}lhf FOthfr; nraw;gLk;NghJ ahtupdJk; xj;jhir/$l;Lg;gq;fspg;G Kf;fpak; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

Ntiy nra;Nthu; mzpe;Js;s cilffs; gw;wpAk; ghJfhg;G

cgfuzq;fs; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ifAiw> jiyf;ftrk;

mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

mtw;wpd; gad;gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. mtw;wpd; ,d;wpaikahikia

czu;j;Jf.

mtw;wpd; khjpupAUf;fis mikg;gjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.

Xa;T Neuq;fspy; my;yJ fisg;ghWk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kdpju;fs;

ghLk; ghly;fisr; Nrfupf;fr; nra;f. mupT ntl;Lg;ghly;> #lbg;Gg;

ghly; Nghd;wtw;iw nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mupT ntl;Lg;; ghly;> #lbg;Gg; ghly;fs;>

tiyapOf;Fk; ghly; (kPdtu; ghly;fs;)

Nghd;wtw;iwf; Nfl;gjw;Fk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; topg;

gLj;Jf.


ghlrhiy maypy; kdpju;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J nra;Ak; Ntiyfspd;

%yk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;fis (khjpupfshf) tFg;gpy;

Nrfupf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L; : new; nra;if - ney;

njq;Fj;njhopy; - Njq;fha;>

Njq;fha; vz;nza;

Milj;njhopw;rhiy - Jzp

Nkw;gb cw;gj;jpfis ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf.

mg;nghUs;fs; ,y;yhjpUg;gpd; ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rpukq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf.

Ntiy nra;Nthu; vkf;Fj; Njitg;gLgtu; vd;gijAk;> mtu;fs;

vq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd kdpju;fs; vd;gijAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;

tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.


Ntiy nra;gtu; xUtu; fhag;gLfpd;whu; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gnkhd;iw

epidT+l;b> ehk; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;?> ehk; Vd; mt;thW

nra;a Ntz;Lk;? vd;wthwhd epfo;TfspD}lhff; fye;JiuahLf

,t;thwhd epfo;Tfspd; %yk; Ntiy nra;Ak; FOtpdupilNa

,Uf;f Ntz;ba el;Gg; gw;wpa njspit vLj;Jf; $Wf.

xw;Wikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jk; fijfis (rpj;jpuq;f

Sld;) Kd;itf;Ff. mq;F jk;ikf; ftu;e;j re;ju;g;gq;fisr; rpj;jpu

khf tiuar; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

xw;Wikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jk; rpW ehlfj;ij ebj;Jf;

fhz;gpg;gjw;Fk; ,yFthd ghly;fisg; ghb ,urpj;J ebj;Jf;

fhz;gpg;gjw;Fk; tha;g;G toq;Ff.

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15.0 Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;15.0 Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;15.0 Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;15.0 Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;15.0 Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;


#oypd; gy;tifj; jd;ikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf> ,yFthd

ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.

maw;#oypYs;s rpy ,lq;fspy; kuf;fd;Wfs; tsUk;; tpjj;ijAk;

mk;kuq;fspy; thOk; gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

#oypypUe;J Nrfupj;j ntt;NtW nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fisr;

nra;thu;.

#oypypUe;J Nrfupj;j ntt;NtW nghUs;fspdhy; epwq;fisj;

jahupj;J Mf;fq;fis moFgLj;Jthu;.

#oypd; gy;tifikiaf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; nfhyh[;> fsp Mfpa

Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.

#oypd; gy;tifikia ,urpj;J Mly;> ghly;> mq;f mirTfspy;

<LgLthu;.



ghlrhiy tstpy;/ghlrhiy cs;s mUfpy; ,lnkhd;iwg; ghu;it

apLtjw;F nry;yg; NghfpNwhk; vdf; $wp mjw;F Vw;wthW jahuhfp

tUkhW Kd;ida jpdNk khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf.


njhg;gp> ,aYkhapd; nghUl;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd

fhfpj ciw Mfpatw;iw vLj;JtUkhW $Wf.

xU kPw;wu; ePskhd rpy fapw;Wj; Jz;Lfis vLj;J mtw;wpd; ,U

me;jj;jpYk; Kbr;rpl;L tisakhf jahu;nra;J nfhs;f.

khztu;fis 3 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg;gpupj;J tstpYs;s gy;NtW

,lq;fSf;F mDg;Gf. xt;Nthu; ,lj;jpYk; fapw;W tisaj;ij

itf;Ff. mt;tisaj;jpDs; cs;s g+f;fs;> nrbfs;> ,iyfs;

Mfpatw;iw ed;F mtjhdpf;FkhW $Wf. mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;;

nrbtifapy; Njitaw;w xU nrbia khj;jpuk; gpLq;fpf; nfhs;SkhW

$Wf.

mLj;J Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;w nrbtifapd; ,iy xd;iw

kl;Lk; gwpf;FkhW $Wf.

nfhz;Lte;Js;s ciwfspy; mtw;iw ,l;Lf;nfhs;SkhW

mwpTWj;Jf.

gpd;du; G+ tiffisAk; mt;thNw mtjhdpg;gjw;Fk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;

mwpTWj;Jf.

ngupa kuq;fspd; rpW fpisia my;yJ ,iyia Nrfupf;fr; nra;f.

mtjhdpj;j ,lj;jpy; milahsnkhd;iw itj;Jr; Nrfupj;j nghUs;

fis tFg;gpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;f.

xt;nthU FOtpdhYk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jhtu tiffSs; mjpfkhff;

fhzg;gl;l jhtuq;fis vLj;J ngupa Gjpdg;gj;jpupifj;jhspd;

kPJ itf;fTk;. (mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd FOf;fs; ,Ug;gpd; %d;W>

ehd;FFOf;fis xd;W Nru;j;J ,r;nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jp gpd;du;

vy;yh FOf;fspdJk; jfty;fis xd;W jpul;b jftypd; njhFg;

nghd;iw jahupf;fr; nra;f.)

,jD}lhf ghlrhiy tstpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; jhtu tifia

Ak; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk; jhtu tifiaAk; ,dq;fhzr;nra;f.

#oypy; cs;s jhtuq;fis ngau; $wf; $bajhf ,Ug;gpd; mjidg;

ghuhl;Lf.

vz;Ztjw;Fk;> ngau;fis vOJtjw;Fk;> ,yf;fq;fis vOJtjw;

Fk; KbAkhapd; mtw;iw vOj newpg;gLj;Jf.

G+f;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; ,t;thwhfj; jfty; Nrfupf;f topg;gLj;Jf.

rpy G+f;fs;> tpNrlkhd kzq; nfhz;lit. mt;thwhd g+f;fis

(,Ug;gpd;) ,dq;fhzr;nra;f.

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gy G+ tiffisr; Nrfupf;fTk;. NfhapypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; G+f;fis

,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. FOf;fSf;F xt;nthU G+f;Ftpay;

tPjk; toq;Ff. mtw;iw ed;F mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. xU gps;isapd;

fz;fisf;fl;b mg;gps;isiag; g+f;fis thrid mbg;gilapy;

ngau;fisf; $wr; nrhy;yTk;. thrid mbg;gilapy; g+f;fis

ntt;NtW Ftpay;fshf;fr; nra;f. thridf;Nfw;g G+f;fis Ntwhf;Fk;

NghJ> mtw;iw %f;Ff;F mUfpy; nfhz;L nry;yhJ> ifapdhy;

jltp> mjd; tbtj;ij ,dq;fhzTk;> tpuy;fspy; xl;bAs;s thrid

ia mwpe;J nfhs;tjhYk; mtw;iwf; Ftpay;fshf;FtJ ed;W.

mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk; G+ tiffisg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW Mf;fq;

fis Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f. (G+q;nfhj;J> G+r;rhb Nghd;wtw;iwj;

jahupf;fr; nra;f.)

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gpd;du; G+f;fs; tsu;e;jpUe;j mt;tplj;ijg; gw;wpa tpNrlkhd tpguq;

fisf; $wr; nra;f.

,d;ndhUehspy; mNj tstpw;F kPz;Lk; nrd;W Kjw;nraw;ghl;bd;

NghJ KjyhtJ fapw;W tisaj;ij itj;J mf;Fwpj;j ,lj;jpYs;s

fw;fis Nrfupf;fr; nra;f. mtw;Ws; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;

tiffis jdpahd ciwapy; ,l;Lf; nfhs;sr; nra;f.

gpd;du; rpW Fop xd;iwj; Njhz;b mjpypUe;J rpwpjsT kz;iz

vLj;J ,d;ndhU ciwnahd;wpy; ,l;Lf;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

mtw;iwAk; tFg;giwf;Fs; vLj;Jtur; nra;J Kd;diug;Nghy;

gy;NtW tpjkhf tifg;gLj;jp mtw;Wf;Fk; vkJ tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;Jf;Fk;;

,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis fye;JiuahLf.

nraw;ghL epiwTw;wJk; fy;> kz; Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;j ,lj;jpNyNa

,LkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

,j;jfty;fs; midj;ijAk; nghUl;fhl;rpapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW

FOf;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fp cjtpAk; mwpTiuAk; toq;Ff.

nghUl;fhl;rpiag; ghu;itapl ngw;NwhiuAk; miof;fTk;.

nghUl;fhl;rpf;fhd Nkirnahd;iw my;yJ gyifiaj; jahu;gLj;jp

tPl;L tstpy; fhzg;gLk; > ,jw;FKd; fz;buhj jhtuq;fs;>

fy;tiffs; Mfpatw;iw tifg;gLj;jp fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW khztu;

fis Cf;Ftpf;Ff. mtw;iwAk; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tifg;

gLj;Jf.

,g;nghUl;fhl;rp Nkiria rpy jpdq;fSf;F mt;thNw ,Uf;fr;nra;f.

nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2ghlrhiyf;F mz;ikapy; jhtuk; tsu;e;Js;s ePu; nfhz;l ,l

nkhd;iwj; njupT nra;f. (gOjile;j ePu; nfhz;l rJg;G epyk;

khztu;fspd;ghJfhg;gpw;F jPq;F gaf;Fk; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;f.) Mokw;w ePu;nfhz;l ,lk; ,jw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ.

tanyhd;wpw;F mz;ikapy; G+r;rp ehrpdpNah fisehrpdpNah

njspf;fg;glhj ,lkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

glq;fis tiue;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahdit> nghUs;fis

Nrfupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd ciwfs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahu;nra;J

nfhs;f.

njupT nra;j ,lj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztu;fis mioj;Jr;

nry;f. khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfnkdpy; mtu;fis ,uz;lhfg;

gpupj;J ,U ehl;fspy; ,jid Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

nghJthd mtjhdpg;gpd; gpd; khztu;fis FOf;fshf;fp g+f;fs;>

nrbfs;> gpuhzpfs;> kz; Mfpad gw;wpj; jdpj;jdpNa NjbawpAkhW

$Wf. xt;nthU jiyg;gpd; fPOk; nra;af;$ba Ntiyfis

xg;gilfshf gpd;tUkhW jahupj;J gbKiwapy; mtw;iw Nkw;

nfhs;sr; nra;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L::::: G+ tiffis mtjhdpAq;fs;.

mtw;Ws; xt;nthd;iwg; gwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

(Njitahapd; cjtp NfhUf.)

mtw;iw tFg;gpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhf

ciwapy; ,l;Lf; nfhs;f.

gwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj G+f;fspd; epwj;ijAk;

msitAk; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f.

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tFg;gpy; mtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j jahu;nra;f.

mtw;iw khw;wkilahjthW (thlhJ)NgZtjw;fhd Kiwfis

fz;lwpar; nra;f.

,jw;FKd; mtjhdpj;j ,lq;fspYk;> Nrw;W epyj;jpYk; tsUk;

kuq;fs;> fspkz;> gpuhzpfs; Mfpatw;iw xg;gplr; nra;f. mtw;iw

ml;ilapy; xl;b gl;baw;gLj;jp xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis ,dq;fhzr;

nra;f.


kz;> fy; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW

nghUl;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. mtw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fis

Nrfupj;Jg; nghUl;fhl;rpnahd;iw Maj;jk; nra;f. (cUtq;fs;>

glq;fs;> nghUl;fs; Nghd;wd)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrq;fy;> gPq;fhd;> rpnke;J> fy;Yuy;> jpUif>

mk;kp

mg;nghUl;fis cUthf;Fk; Kiwiag; gw;wpa Kd;dDgtj;ijf;

nfhz;l khztu;fs;> mtw;iw cUthf;Ftijg; ghu;j;Js;s khztu;

fs; MfpNahuJ mDgtq;fis tFg;gpy; $wr;nra;f.

mr;nray;Kiwfisr; rpj;jupf;Fk; glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs; Mfpad

,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. mJ njhlu;ghff;

fye;JiuahLf.


cz;ikg;; G+f;fs;> cyu;j;jpa G+f;fs;> G+q;nfhj;J> cyu;j;jpa ,iyfs;

Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

gy;NtW tpjkhd fspkz; tiffis fiuj;J> tbj;njLj;J mjDld;

rpwpjsT giriaf; (gum) fye;J mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp rpj;jpuq;fis

tiuar; nra;f.

gy;NtW ,iyfs;> gl;il> G+tiffis erpj;J vLf;Fk; rhw;Wf;Fg;

giriar; Nru;j;J rpj;jpuq;fis tiua topg;gLj;Jf.

fw;fs;> fzpkz;> kz;> jhtug;ghfq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

KbAkhapd; Kg;gupkhz cUf;fis nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.

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,f;fUg;nghUs; Kbe;j gpd;du; ,e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nghUl;fhl;rpnahd;iw xOq;F nra;f.

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KbAk; ,j;jiyg;gpDs; mjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; gytw;iw cUthf;fpf;

nfhs;syhk;.


khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspnahd;Wf;Ff; $l;br; nry;Yf. gpd;tUk;

nraw;ghl;by; mtu;fis <LgLj;Jf. ,q;F Xuplj;jpypUe;J NtNwhu;;

,lj;jpw;F Xl Ntz;LnkdTk;> mjw;fpilNa XLtjw;Fj; jilfs;

cs;sd vdTk; $Wf.

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$ba ,lq;fs; Nghd;wd (,itahTk; my;yJ xU

rpy)

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xt;nthU ,lj;jpYk; gazk; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;du; khztiu FOf;fshf;fp> FOf;fshf Xlr; nra;f. vy;yh

khztUf;Fk; ,jw;fhd tha;g;ig toq;Ff. rupahf Xba khztiug;

ghuhl;b Vida khztUf;Fk; mjw;fhf cjtp toq;Ff.

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16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;


ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk; jkf;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfis ngWtjw;

Fk; cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp Guptjw;Fk; Kd;tUthu;.

cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp GupAk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;> epfo;Tfs;

Fwpj;J czu;Tld; Mly;ghly;fspy; <LgLthu;.

tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLNthu; Fwpj;J gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

VidNahUf;F cjtpathW $l;lhf tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.

VidNahupd; cjtpAld; $l;lhf Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.



khztiu jpwe;jntspahd nghUj;jkhd ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.

khztiu FOf;fshf;fpg; ge;Jfisf; nfhz;L/ tpj;Jfisg; gad;gLj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ciwfisf; nfhz;L tpisahlr; nra;f.

MrpupaUk; xt;nthU FOTlDk; Nru;e;J rpwpJ Neuk; tpisahl;by;

<LgLf.

cjtpathW xj;jhirAld; tpisahba tpjj;ij khztupd; Qhgfj;

jpw;Ff; nfhz;L tUf. mjidg; ghuhl;Lf.

tpisahl VidNahupd; cjtp Njit vd;gijf; fye;Jiuahb

tpsf;Ff.

kz;NrhW rikj;jy;> njd;Ndhiyapy;/fKF kl;ilapy; itj;J

,Oj;Jr; nry;Yjy; Nghd;w khztUf;F tpUg;gkhd NtW tpisahl;

Lf;fspy; <LgLj;Jf.

xUtUf;F cjtp Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; cjtp nra;Ak;

tpjj;ijAk; fhz;gpf;Fk; fijnahd;iw Kd;itf;Ff. khztUld;

Nru;e;J fijia ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf. juk; 6 my;yJ juk; 5 khztiu

Ak; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

fijapd; tpUg;gkhd xU re;ju;g;gj;ij tiue;J fhl;l khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.


nghk;kyhl;lk; / Kf%b Nghd;wnjhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jpNah epoy;/Nfhy; nghk;kyhl;lk; Nghd;wjd; cjtpAlNdh gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w

epfo;r;rpnahd;iw khztUf;F Kd;itf;Ff.

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mk;kh ghl;biaf; Fspg;ghl;b

czit Cl;b tpl;bLths;

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fPNo tpOe;J tpl;lJNt.

ehDk; tpiue;J XbNa

mjid vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jpl;Nld;

vd; KJfpy; ghl;bANk

jl;bj; jl;bg; ghuhl;bdhs;.

gps;isfSf;Fk; ,jid xj;j mDgtq;fis Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

khztupd; mDgtj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L tPl;bYk; ghlrhiyapYk;

vkJcjtp Njitg;gLNthu; gw;wp ciuahLf.

gps;isfSf;F tpUg;gkhd nghUj;jkhd epfo;Tfis ebj;Jf;fhl;l

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. ,tw;Wf;fhf ghly;fis Mf;fTk; ghlTk;

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

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cjtp Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jk;khy; KbAkhd tpjj;jpy;

cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjt Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> mt;thW jk;khy;

cjt KbAnkdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. ,jw;fhf gpd;tUk; nraw;ghL

fspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf. mgpeak; nra;J fhl;l khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.


mg;gh tpwF ntl;Lfpwhu;. mk;kh tpwFf;fl;L fl;Lfpwhu;. mf;fhTk;>

mz;zhTk;> ehDk; tpwFf; fl;Lf;fis jiyapy; itj;Jf; nfhz;L

tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;fpNwhk;.

ebj;Jf; fhl;ba gpd;du; cjtpa Kiw gw;wp ciuahLf.

mf;fhTk; ehDk; mz;zhTk; tpwFf; fl;Lf;fis jiyapy; Rke;jthW

tPL nry;fpd;Nwhk;. ,jid tiue;J fhl;Lf. tpUk;gpd; nfhyh[;

KiwapYk; Mf;fj;jpyPLgLj;Jf.

khztu; xd;W Nru;e;J ghlrhiyapy; nra;Ak; Ntiyfisg; gw;wp

tpdTf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L::::: tFg;giwia Rj;jk; nra;af; $Wf.

gq;Fgw;wpa tpjj;ij tpdtp nra;j cjtpiag;

ghuhl;Lf.


khw;WtYTs;Nshiuf; (Differently abled) fhl;Lk; glq;fisf; nfhz;l

Rtu;g;gj;jpupif xd;iwj; jahupj;J khztu; ghu;g;gjw;F topNaw;

gLj;Jf. (Rtu;g;gj;jpupifapy; glk; tiuAk; NghJk; mjidj;

jahupf;Fk;NghJk; Njitahapd; %j;j khztupd; cjtpiag; ngWf.)

tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLNthiuAk; mtu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; tpNrl

cgfuzq;fs;> tpNrl nkhopfs; Mfpatw;iwAk; ,dq;fhz;gjpy;

khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

fz;njupahNjhu; - nts;isg; gpuk;G

elf;f KbahNjhu; - ifj;jb> Cd;W Nfhy;> rf;fu ehw;fhyp

fhJ NfshNjhu; - Nfl;ly; Jiz fUtp (Hearing aids)Ngr KbahNjhu; - irifnkhop

khw;WtYTs;Nshu; njhlu;ghf mDjhgk; fUiz> md;G> gupTzu;T

Vw;glf; $bathW khztupd; mDgtq;fisf; Nfl;lthW khztUld;

fye;JiuahLf.


khw;WtYTs;Nshu; cjtp NfhUk; tpjk;. cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;L ed;wp $Wk; Kiw. tpNrl cgfuzq;fs; fUtpfs; Nghd;w

tw;iw mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tpjk;.

~~khw;WtYTs;NshUf;F cjTjy; vkJ flik|| vd khztu; czuf;

$bathW fye;JiuahliyAk; nraw;wpl;lj;ijAk; eilKiwg;

gLj;Jf.

ifj;jbnahd;iwj; jahupj;J myq;fupg;gjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

%j;j khztupd; JizAld; ifj;jbfisj; jahupj;J tpopg;Gydw;

NwhUf;F my;yJ jbA+d;wp elg;gtu;fSf;F md;gspg;Gr; nra;f.


gpuhzpfSf;F ,d;dy; Vw;gl;L rpWtu;fs;/ngupatu;fs; cjTtJ

Nghd;w rk;gtq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

mr;rk;gtq;fisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fis Kd;itg;gpd; kpfTk; ed;W.

,q;F kdpju;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp kpUfq;fSf;Fk; cjtp Njitahd

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cjTjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

mtw;Wf;F cjTtjhy;; kfp;o;r;rpAk; Mde;jKk; fpilg;gij mDg

tpf;fr; nra;f. khztUf;Fg; ghl> Ml> ebf;f NkYk; ,J Nghd;w

re;ju;g;gq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

cjTjy;> cjtp ngwy; gw;wpg; gps;isfSld; el;GwTld; ciuahLf.

xU re;ju;g;gj;ij gy;NtW Clfq;fis cgNahfpj;J tiue;J fhl;Lf.

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ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; Rw;Wyh nry;f. ePu; Njitg;gLk; kuQ;nrb

fis ,dq;fhz khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

kuQ; nrbfs; tsUtjw;F ePu;> cuk; mtrpakhFk;. mtw;iw toq;F

tJ ehk; nra;Ak; ngUk; cjtpahFk; vd khztUld; ciuahLf.

jhtuq;fs;> nrb> nfhbfs;> ePu;> cuk; Mfpatw;iw vk;kplk; Nfl;fpd;wd.

mit vkf;F ,iy> fha;> gok;> fpoq;F Mfpatw;iwj; jUfpd;wd

vd khztUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

,J njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghb khztiu mq;f mirTfspyPLglr;

nra;f.

gps;isfNs!gps;isfNs!gps;isfNs!gps;isfNs!gps;isfNs!

ehq;fs; ahu;?

ehq;fs; jhd; jhtuq;fs;

cq;fSf;F

cz;zf; fha;fwp

cwq;ff; fl;bYNk

,d;Dk; vj;jid vj;jidNah

vz;zp vz;zpg;ghUq;fs;

ehq;fSk; capupfs; jhdd;Nwh

vq;fSf;Fk; grp vLf;fhNjh

jhfKk; jhd; Vw;glhNjh

,e;j cz;ik njupahNjh?

ehq;fs; cz;lhtjhNyNa

ePq;fSk; cz;L tho;fpd;wPu;

ehq;fs; eykha; tho;e;jhy; jhd;

ePq;fSk; ePz;lfhyk; tho;e;jplyhk;.

mjdhy; jhd; nrhy;fpd;Nwhk;

vq;fSf;Fg; gris jhUq;fs;.

ePu; ed;F Cw;Wq;fs;.

ehq;fs; nropg;gha; tsu;e;jpl;lhy;

gw;gy gapu;fs; je;jpLNthk;.

kuq;fSf;F ePUk; cuKK; fpilj;jhy; vt;thW kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;gij rpj;jpukhf tiuar; nra;f.

,g;ghlypy; tpgupf;fg;gLk; kuj;jpd; ,iy> g+> fha;> jz;L vd;gtw;iwg;

nghUj;jkhd gy;NtW epwq;fspy;> jhs;fspy; ntl;bf;nfhs;f. mtw;iwg;

guhkupf;Fk; gps;isfisAk; epwf; fljhrpfspy; ntl;bf;nfhs;f.

mtw;iw nts;isepwf; fljhrpapy; xl;b NkNy cs;s ghlypd;

fUj;J cUthff;$ba tifapyhd Mf;fnkhd;iwr; nra;a topg;

gLj;Jf.


epwf;fljhrp my;yJ epw up#f; fljhrpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.

fljhrpf; rq;fpypfisf; nfhz;L tFg;giwia myq;fupg;gjw;F>

mf;fljhrpfis> rkkhd mfyKila rk ePsKila fPyq;fshf

ntl;bf; nfhs;f. (Vwj;jho 4 nrd;wpkPw;wu; mfyk; 20 nrd;wpkPw;wu;

ePsk;)

khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

ntl;bg;ngw;w fljhrpg; gl;bfisf; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.

ntl;ba fljhrpg;gl;bfspd; njhlu; tisaq;fshf ,izAkhW

,U me;jq;fisAk; xl;bf; fljhrp tisar; rq;fpypffis Mf;fpf;

nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.

jahupj;j rq;fpypfisf;nfhz;L tFg;giwia myq;fupf;Ff.

khztuJ Mf;fq;fis kjpf;Ff.

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khztUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,yFthd vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l

fUj;Js;s rpW $w;Wf;fs;/thf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iwj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.

xt;nthU thf;fpaj;jpYk; cs;s vOj;Jf;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa ntl;b

Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;f.

khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fpf; nfhs;f.

vOj;Jf;fshf ntl;ba xU thf;fpak; tPjk; xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;

toq;Ff.

fl;lis toq;fpaTld; vOj;Jf;fis xOq;FgLj;jp thf;fpaj;ij

mikf;FkhW $Wf.

tpiuthfr; nra;J Kbj;Njhiu kjpf;Ff.

,t;thwhd NkYk; rpy nraw;ghLfisj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: glq;fis xOq;FgLj;jpf; fijia mikj;jy;

VidNahupd; cjtpAld; tpisahlj;jf;f jpwe;jntsp tpisahl;Lf;

fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khztiu ntspahd xU ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr;

nry;f.

(FO khztUf;F nraw;ghl;by; <Lglg; NghJkhd ,lk; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.)

tFg;G khztiu rk njhif khztiuf;nfhz;l 4 my;yJ 5

FOf;fshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

njupTnra;j ,lj;jpy; glj;jpw; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW ,U vy;iyf;

NfhLfs; (A, B) tiue;J nfhs;f. B A khztu;fs;

ngl;b x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

FOf;fspd; Kd;dhy; B Nfhl;bd; kPJ glj;jpw; fhl;bAs;sthWehd;F rpwpa ngl;bfis itf;Ff. ( Vwj;jho 25cm x 25 cm)

ehd;F ge;Jfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.

A Nfl;bd; gpd;Nd FOf;fis xUtd;gpd; xUtuhf epw;FkhW $Wf.

Mrpupia irif toq;fpaJk;> A Nfhl;bd; kPJ epd;W ge;ijf;ifapy; vLj;J Kd;Ndhf;fp xU jlit ghAkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

(xw;iwf;fhy; gha;jy;/ ,U fhy;fshYk; gha;jy;) gha;e;j ,lj;jpy;

ge;ij itj;Jtpl;L tpyfpr; nry;YkhW $Wf.

FOtpy; ,uz;lhktUf;Fg; ge;ijf; ifapy; vLj;J Kjyhktu;

gha;e;jJ Nghd;Nw ghu;j;j ,lj;jpy; epd;Wk; Kd;Ndhf;fpg; gha;e;J

ge;ijf; fPNo itj;Jtpl;L tpyfpr; nry;YkhW $Wf. ,t;thwhf

FOtpd; vy;yh khztUk; ge;ijf; ifapy; Ve;jpg; gha;tjw;Fk;

ge;ijf; fPNo itg;gjw;Fk; tha;g;gspf;Ff. FOtpd; ,Wjp khztu;>

ge;ijf; ifapy; vLj;J Kd;Ndhf;fpg; gha;e;J ge;ij> B Nfhl;bd;kPJ cupa ngl;bapDs; ge;ij vwpa Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.

Kiwahf tpisahl;by; <Lgl;l FOtpdiu kjpf;Ff. Vida

FOtpidAk; rupahfTk; KiwahfTk; tpiuthfTk; nra;tjw;F

newpg;gLj;Jf.

,t;thwhf khztiug; GJg;GJf; FOf;fshf;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl

topfhl;Lf.

FOtpy; khztu; njhiff;Fk;> mtu;fs; ghaf;$ba msitAk;

fUj;jpw; nfhz;L tpisahl;L ,lj;ijj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

Ntz;Lk;.

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nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;


fy;tp kWrPuikg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; juk; 1 ,ypUe;Nj njhlu;ghlYf;Fk;

tpsf;fj;jpw ;Fk; Mq;fpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ek; ehl;bYs;s vy;yhg;

gps;isfSf;Fk; rk tha;g;gspf;f tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. juk; 3 ,y; Kiw rhu;e;j

Mq;fpyk;> fw;gpj;jy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,g;Gjpa mk;rk;

~~nraw;ghl;L mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;|| vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ,g;ngaupdhy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhNw ,jpy; gps;isfs; nraw;ghLfspy my;yJ tpisahl;Lf;fspy;

<Lgl;bUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ciuahlYf;fhf Mq;fpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. tpNrl Mrpupaiu <LgLj;jp Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpy;tpNrl Mrpupaiu <LgLj;jp Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpy;tpNrl Mrpupaiu <LgLj;jp Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpy;tpNrl Mrpupaiu <LgLj;jp Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpy;tpNrl Mrpupaiu <LgLj;jp Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpy;

Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; ,q;F vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg;gltpy;iy.Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; ,q;F vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg;gltpy;iy.Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; ,q;F vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg;gltpy;iy.Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; ,q;F vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg;gltpy;iy.Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; ,q;F vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg;gltpy;iy.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf> Mq;fpyj; Jiwapdhy;> Fwpg;ghf juk; xd;wpy;

fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fshy; fw;gpf;fj;jf;f tifapy;> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;>

fzpjk; Mfpa ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;Ntiyj; jpl;lk; nrtpkLj;jy;> Ngr;R Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf

ftdQ; nrYj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;Gjpa mk;rk; ,Jtiuapy; Rw;whly; rhu;e;j

nraw;ghLfs; vd;w ghlj;jpw;fhfNt mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 2007 njhlf;fk; fzpj

ghlj;Jf;fhfTk; mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

Nehf ;fk ;Nehf ;fk ;Nehf ;fk ;Nehf ;fk ;Nehf ;fk ;

,t;Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gpd;tUk; gpujhd Nehf;fq;fis mila vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLfpwJ.

md;whl thof;iff;Fj; Njitg;gLk; rpy Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nrtpkLg;gjw;Fk;

$Wtjw;Fk; xOq;F nra;J rpW taJ njhl;Nl gps;isfis Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSf;Fg;

gof;fg;gLj;Jjy;.

njhlu;ghlYf;fhfTk; fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; ,yFthd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fw;wy;

#onyhd;iw tFg;giwapYk; mjw;F ntspNaAk; Vw;gLj;jy;.

Mq;fpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J gps;isfspilNa fhzg;gLk; gpd;thq;Fk; jd;ikiaj;

jtpu;j;jy;.

juk; 3 ,ypUe;J Kiwrhu; uPjpahf Mq;fpyk; fw;gjw;fhd tpUg;G gps;isfSs; Vw;gLkhwhd

gpd;dzpia Vw;gLj;jy;.


gps;isfSf;F ciuahlYf;fhd ,yFthd Mq;fpyg; gad;ghl;il tFg;ghrpupaNu mwpKfQ;nra;a

Ntz;Lk;.

,jw;nfd tpNrl ghlNtisia xJf;Fjy; mtrpakpy;iy.

nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyf; fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisr; Rw;whly; rhu;e;jRw;whly; rhu;e;jRw;whly; rhu;e;jRw;whly; rhu;e;jRw;whly; rhu;e;j

nraw;ghLfs;> fzpjk;nraw;ghLfs;> fzpjk;nraw;ghLfs;> fzpjk;nraw;ghLfs;> fzpjk;nraw;ghLfs;> fzpjk; Mfpa ghlg;gug;GfSld; njhlu;Gila nraw;ghLfspd; NghJk;

jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fspd; NghJk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L> jkJ jha;nkhopapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw epfOk;

re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ gpuaj;jdkpd;wp> gps;isfs; mbf;fb fhZk; nghUs;fSf;fhd Mq;fpyr;

nrhw;fis mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;Fk; ,yFthd Mq;fpy tpidr;nrhw;fs;> fl;lisfs; Nghd;w

tw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;w re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Kaw;rp vLf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

gps;isfSld; Rje;jpukhfg; goFk;NghJ mtu;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; tpspj;jy;> tho;j;Jjy;>

MrPu;tjpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw epfo;j;Jtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; fpilf;Fk;. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fis

,yFthd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

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gps;isfs; thOk; #oYf;F neUq;fpaJk;> mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLj;Jfpd;w nghUs;fs;>

tpidr;nrhw;fs;> miog;Gfs;> Mrpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa ,yFthd Mq;fpyr;

nrhw;fsQ;rpankhd;iwj; njhFj;J> mr;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij MrpupaUf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fk;

Nkyjpf RikNaw;glhjthW tpUg;Gf;Fupa tpjj;jpy; mtutupilNa njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gq;fisf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW Mrpupau; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lnkd tpNrlkhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLfpwJ.

,yFthd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fsQ;rpankhd;W cjhuzj;Jf;fhf ,jd; ,Wjpapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjpy; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gps;isfs; mbf;fb gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fspd; Mq;fpyg; ngau;fs;>

gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,yFthd tpidr;nrhw;fs;> miog;Gfs;> fl;lisfs;

Mfpad cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gps;isfspd; mz;ikr; #oYf;Nfw;gg; nghUj;jkhdthW ,r;

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Grade / Theme

Grade 1Theme 1

We and theSchool

Grade 1Theme 2

Our Home

Grade 1Theme 3

Animals thatcome

into the garden

Grade 1Theme 4

Play with water

ACTIVITY BASED ORAL ENGLISHSYLLABUS OUTLINE

Objectives

The student willbe able to

- Use thevocabularyrelevant to thetheme

- Greet someone- Ask questionse.

eg.What’s yourname?

- Namevocabularyitems relevantto the theme

- Identifyvocabularyitems related tothe theme.


- Use givenverbs toexpressmeanings

Vocabulary

BellTapPrincipalOfficeThank youClassroomCanteenWell VaseTeacherChildren

Uncle / AuntFriendsFather / MotherSister / BrotherCat / DogRabbit / Fish /ParrotBrownCleanKnifeMilkRiceDog / CatGarden,Cow /Crow /ButterflyCock,Bird,Hen Hand / Tail /Red / Blue /Black / White /BrownWater, Drink,Cook, Bathe,Wash, Dance,Soap, Row,Green, Basin,Flowers, RedSugar, Salt ,Blue

Structures

Good Morning!What’s yourname?I’m …………

Thank you.

You’re welcome

Good Morning /Afternoon /Evening / Night

Good bye

Do you have apet?

Yes / No

I wash....

I eat.....

I drink.......

Activities

Songa “Good Morning”

Gamea. Roll the ball.

Activitya. Jump up

Songa.“Good MorningDear Father”

Activitya. Changing seats

Songa. “In my garden I see a cow ...”

Activitya. Listen and Point

Songa. “Swim, swimswim together//

Gamea. “Simon says”

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Grade / Theme

Grade 1Theme 5

Sinhala andHindu New Year

Period

Grade 1Theme 6

The sky we see

Grade 1Theme 7

Things we eatand drink

Grade 1Theme 8

HowInformation is

received.


Objectives

- Use relevantvocabularyitems related tothe theme.

- Express whatthey like.


- Ask questionsusing “What”


-Express likes

- Use polite formsof language

- Identifyvocabularyitems relevant

to the theme.

Vocabulary

Paint, Polish,Wash, Shorts,Curtain, Clean,Saree, Biscuits,Cake, Sweets,Banana/ Plantain,Shirt, Sarong,T-shirt, FrockSky, Birds,Clouds,Aeroplane, Sun,Fly, Moon, Clear,Stars, Dark,White, Blue,Kite, Rain,Thunder

Fruit salad,Meat, Mangoes,Fish, Plantains,String hoppers,Hoppers,Pineapple,Bread, Papaw,Break fast,Lunch, Dinner,Rice, Curry,Fruit Salad,Bread

Good MorningEyesPleaseEarsThank youMouthExcuse meHello!Bye!Home workTelevisionRadioTelephoneLettersNewspapers

Structures

Mother has ...

I like ...

What colour is the....?

I like ... and ...

I eat / drink ... in the morning

What’s your name? My name is …

I’m sorry

My father /Mother is …

Activities

Songa. “Mother has a new saree …”

Gamea. “Passing the bag”

Songa.“I see the moon”

Gamea. “ Pass the ball”

Activitya. Listen draw and colour.”

Songa. “I like rice and curry”

b. “I drink milk in the morning”

Gamea. “Fruit Salad”

Songa. I’m Chithra /// What’s your name?

Activitya. Listen and do?

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Grade / Theme

Grade 1Theme 9

Changes in theenvironment

Grade 1Theme 10

Likes anddislikes

Grade 1Theme 11

How we get ourneeds.


Objectives

- Use thevocabularyrelated to theenvironment.

- Identify thechanges in theenvironment.

- Identifyvocabularyitems relatedto the theme

- Express likes and dislikes

- Name

- Some vocabulary related to the theme.

- Learn requests for things politely.

Vocabulary

CleanWindBeautifulHotSweepColdNeatUmbrellaBroomDust binBits of foodBits of paperClassroomRain

Biscuits,Plantains,Ice creamCheese,Beans, Tea

Library,Toilet,ClassroomPlayground

Class teacher,SchoolgardenFriendsA kilo,Two kilos ,Shirt,Water Bottle,Rice, Potato,Book, Dhal,School bag,Fish , Carrot,Jam, MilkToffees,Coconut,Eggs, Potato,Pencil, Lunchbox

Structures

It’s …

A/an

I like …

Please giveme…………

Can I have…………….

Here you are

Thank you.

Activities

Songa. “Bits of paper…”

Gamea. Guessing Game

Songa. “ I like the classroom…”

Gamea. Roll the ball

-Theme pictureactivity

-Listen and draw

An activity basedon the picturedrawn

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Grade / Theme

Grade 1Theme 12

Transport

Grade 1Theme 13

Play with light


Objectives

- Identify namesof vehicles.

- Identify somevocabularyrelevant to thetheme.

- Use the question form…

Vocabulary

ShipBusTrainCarBoatVanAeroplaneBicycleHelicopterMotor – cycleTractorLorryRedBlackTraffic lightsBlueWhiteStopGreenGet readyYellowGoBrown

ShadowSunStarMoonTreeLightBirdDarkTorchLamp

Structures

I see …

This is a …

I come by …

I walk to school

It’s ........…

Is it ….......?

Activities

a. “ I see a car …”b. A van and the bus go…

Songa. The day is light…”

Gamea. Traffic Lights

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Grade / Theme

Grade 1Theme 14

Places wherepeople work

Grade 1Theme 15

Differentplaces in theenvironment

Grade 1Theme 16

People whoneed our help


Objectives

- Identifyvocabularyrelated to thetheme.

- Name theplaces of work.

-Identify somevocabularyrelated to thetheme.

- Use simplecommands

- Use politerequests.

Vocabulary

Paddy fieldBuilding sitePaddyBuildingSeedBrickGrainCementMammotyBucketSickleUniformTractorGlovesFactoryHats

FarmerNurseDriverPostmanDoctorTeacher

SandGardenTreeLeafStoneFruitFieldColoursMangoJakOrangeCoconutCrotonPass the ballVery goodWell done

My grand mother,My grand father,Help blind/Deaf /CrippleWheel chairWalking stick

Structures

He is …

She is …

What is she/he?

There’s…………….

There are…………

I can’t…Can you helpme …

Thank you verymuch …

Let’s go home …

Activities

Songa. “The farmer

sows the seeds...”

Activitya. Pass the bag.

Theme picture(True False)

game (True/False)

Listen and draw

Listen and draw(pair work)

Songa. “I can’t see// Can you help me // “

Gamea. Pass the ball

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Classroom LanguageContent

Greeting and wishesGood morningGood afternoonGood eveningGood byeGood luckAll the bestHappy birthdayHappy new yearMerry Christmas

RequestsMay I come in/go outSilence pleaseListen to me pleaseHurry up pleaseBe quietBe careful

Polite formsThank youPlease excuse meI am sorry

Materials Needed

Simple commandsHands up/downRunJumpStart,StopClap your handsLook at meForm a line/circleDon’t go outGet ready

PraisingGoodVery goodWell doneThat’s RightI like it

Simple question formsWho is shouting?What’s this?What’s that?What’s it?Are you ready?What are they?Is this your ……?Is it a ………..?

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nghWg;ghFk;. xt;nthU Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfspd; cs;slf;fk;> rpq;fsr;

nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> ,yFthd thf;fpaq;fs; Nghd;wit tUlk; G+uhfTk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

nghUj;jkhf mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

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ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;

,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop (rpq;fsk;),uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop (rpq;fsk;),uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop (rpq;fsk;),uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop (rpq;fsk;),uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop (rpq;fsk;)


1.0 xUtiur; re;jpf;Fk;NghJk; tpil ngw;Wr; nry;Yk;NghJk; gz;GlDk;

el;GwTlDk; tho;j;Jf; $Wthu;.

wdhqfndjka - MANghtd;

2.0 jdJ ngaiur; rupahff;; $Wthu;.

uu udojka - kk khjtd;

uf.a ku udojka - k(G)Nf ek khjtd;

3.0 el;GwthfTk; gz;ghfTk; jkJ tFg;G ez;gu;fsplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;ghu;.

.kak - (G)fd;dfokak - (DH)njd;dhkak - ad;d

tkak - vd;d

lshkak - fpad;d

wykak - m`d;d

;shkak - jpad;d

.hkak - (G)fad;dn,kak - (B)gsd;d,shkak - ypad;d

4.0 tFg;giwapy; Mrpupaupd; fl;lisfSf;Nfw;gr; nraw;gLthu;.

ke.sákak - ne(G)fp(T)bd;djdäfjkak - thbntd;d

w;afmdä.ykak - mj;nghb(G)f`d;d

iskdfikak - rpdhnrd;d

5.0 jkf;F neUf;fkhd ez;gu;fsplk;; jfty;fis el;GwTld; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

Thdf.a ku fudlla o@ - xah(G)Nf ek nkhff;(DH)j?

Thdf.a .u fldfya o@ - xah(G)Nf (G)fk nfhN`(DH)j?

6.0 xd;wpypUe;J Ie;J tiuahd ,yf;fq;fisr; rupahf cr;rupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

tl - v(f;)f

fol - (DH)nj(f;)f;=k - Jd

y;r - `(j;)jw

my - g`

7.0 epwq;fspy; Ie;jpidr; rupahff; $Wthu;.

ks,a mdg - epy; gh(l;)l

ly mdg - f` gh(l;)l

r;= mdg - u(j;)J gh(l;)l

iqÿ mdg - R(DH)J gh(l;)ll¿ mdg - fS gh(l;)l

fld< mdg - nfhs gh(l;)l

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8.0 ,yFthd ghly;fisj; jhsyaj;Jld; ghLthu;.

Iyd yd yrs ydjd `h `h ùp `hth

lef,a ueoska wdjd fNy nk(DH)jpd; Mth

ysg f.k .`. .djd `pl(G)nfd (G)fq;f (G)fhthjgmsg weye,Ejd t(l;)lgp(l;)l m`Nyhth

II

yò ydñ bkak wf.a è;j `hkp ,d;d m(G)NfmqxÑ rndkla jdf.a GQ;rp w(B)ghdf; th(G)Nfwdfjd;ska w;g uf.a Mnth(j;)jpd; m(j;)j(l;)l k(G)Nfk,jkakï nnd jf.a eytz;zk; (B)g(B)gh t(G)Nf

III

frdai uf,a kgqfõ lgq Nuhr kNs e(l;)LNt f(l;)L

jk nUfrda Tfydu ysgq td (B)gk;(B)gNuh xN`hk `p(l;)L

kgqj fkdfõ u, isôñ e(l;)Lt NehNt ky rpk;(B)gpkpuu <ufhda meKs Wrñ kk ykNah gdp cwkp

IV

rkajka mdghs iuk<hd wd;td; gh(l;)la; rkzyah

frdaiuf,a meKs î, .shd NuhrkNs gdp (B)gPyh (G)fpahwdfh;a ta úo ta iuk<hd Mnaj; Vtp(DH)j V rkzyah

u,aj, meKs fndkagd ks;ts gdp (B)nghd;(T)lh

iuk<fhda fï ysñosrsfha rkzyNah Nk `pkp(DH)jpupNau,a meKs fndkago Tn wdfõ ks; gdp (B)nghd;(T)l(DH)j X(B)g MNt

Tfí Th ,iaik w;a;gq fol ug x(B)g xa y];]d mj;j(l;)L (DH)njf k(l;)loS,d hkjdfoda (DH)jPyh adth(DH)Njh

Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G:Fwpg ;G: rpq;fs nkhopapy; rpy mz;kpj;j cr;rupg;Gf;fNs jkpopy;

jug;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;f.

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131

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop rpq;fsk; - juk; 1,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop rpq;fsk; - juk; 1,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop rpq;fsk; - juk; 1,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop rpq;fsk; - juk; 1,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop rpq;fsk; - juk; 1


1. xUtiur; re;jpf;Fk;NghJk; tpilngw;Wr; nry;Yk; NghJk; gz;GlDk;

el;GwTlDk; tho;j;Jf; $Wthu;.


tFg;ig Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJk; epiwT nra;Ak; NghJk; jkpopy; tho;j;Jf;$Wk;

vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; mjidj; njhlu;e;J rpq;fsj;jpYk; tho;j;Jf; $w

topg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Mrpupau; tFg;gpw;F tUk;NghJk; tFg;gpypUe;J ntspNaWk;

NghJk; tof;fkhd tho;j;jpd; gpd;du; rpq;fsj;jpYk; tho;j;Jf;

$Wthu;.

tzf;fk; - wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka - MA(B)Nghtd;

~~~~~wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka wdhqfndajka ||||| vd;gJ ePz;l MAs; fpilf;fl;Lk; vd;gjhFk; vd tpsf;fkspj;j

gpd;du;> mt;thW tho;j;j khztu; gapYk; tiu> ehshe;jk; tof;fkhff; $Wjy;.


2. jdJ ngaiur; rupahff; $Wthu;.


tFg;gpw;F Kd;Nd te;J jkpo;nkhop %yk;> jk;ik mwpKfg;gLj;j khztiu

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; rpq;fs nkhop %yKk;> jk;ik mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ij khztuplk; $Wq;fs;.

,t;thW vy;yh khztUk; rpq;fs nkhopapy;>

~~~~~uf.a kuuf.a kuuf.a kuuf.a kuuf.a ku...|...|...|...|...| - ~k(G)Nf ek...| - vdJ ngau;... vdf;$wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.NjitNaw;gLkplj;J jj;jkJ ngaiuAk; Nru;j;J thf;fpaj;ij epiwT nra;a

topg;gLj;Jf. vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L : uf.a ku irka - kNf ek ruz;

,ilf;fpilNa ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> ,j;njhliu

Qhgfg;gLj;Jf@ gupr;rak; ngwr; nra;f.


3. el;GwthfTk; gz;ghfTk; jkJ tFg;G ez;gu;fsplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1

,jw;fhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fisAk;> jpl;lkplg;gl;l nraw;ghLfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tFg;giwapy;> (vLq;fs;) - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.kak.kak.kak.kak.kak||||| - (G)fd;d(jhUq;fs;;) - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fokakfokakfokakfokakfokak||||| - (DH)njd;dvDk; rpq;fsr; nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;J mjd; fUj;ij tpsf;Ff.

mjd;gpd;du; mr;nrhw;fisf; $Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis

Kd;itf;Ff.

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vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Gj;jfk;> ngd;rpy;> Ngdh Nghd;w xU nghUisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b

khztnuhUtuplk; ~~~~~.kak.kak.kak.kak.kak||||| - (G)fd;d vDk; rpq;fsr;

nrhy;iyf; $Wf.

mg;gps;is Fwpg;gpl;l nghUis vLj;jgpd;; mg;nghUis mLj;j khztuplk;

ePl;b ~~~~~.kak.kak.kak.kak.kak||||| - (G)fd;d vd;w rpq;fsr; nrhy;iyf; $wp mg;nghUis mLj;j

khztu;; vLf;fr; nra;f. ,t;thW KO tFg;Gk; mr;nrhy;iyr; $wr; nra;f.

filrp khztd; Gj;jfj;ij Mrpupauplk; nfhLf;Fk;NghJ> Mrpupau; khztiug;

ghu;j;J> ~~~~~fokakfokakfokakfokakfokak||||| - (DH)njd;d vDk; nrhy;iyf; $wpagb ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

~~~~~fokakfokakfokakfokakfokak||||| - (DH)njd;d vDk; nrhy;ypd; fUj;ij kPz;Lk; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fTk;.

~~~~~fokakfokakfokakfokakfokak||||| - (DH)njd;d vdf;$wpagb mjidf; ifapy; vLf;fTk; khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.


- khztiu ,uz;L FOf;fshf;Ff.

- Kfj;ij Kfk; Nehf;fpathW ,uz;L tupirfspw; FOf;fis epWj;Jf.

xU tupirapYs;s gps;isf;F xU ge;ijf; nfhLj;J> ~~,ij vLq;fs;|| vd;gjw;F

fïl .kak.kak.kak.kak.kak (Nkf;f (G)fd;d) vd;Wk;> vjpupYs;s khztd; mjidg; ngWtjw;F

jhUq;fs; fokakfokakfokakfokakfokak ((DH)njd;d) vd;Wk; $wpathW ngWtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf. ,t;thWvy;yh khztu;fSk; nraw;gl tha;g;gspf;Ff.


khztu;fis tl;lkhf epw;f;fr; nra;f. khztu;fs; epw;Fk; tl;lj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj

,U tl;lq;fis (gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W) tiue;J nfhs;f.

khztu;fs;

,U tl;lq;fs;

Mrpupau;

ge;J

tiue;j ,U tl;lj;jpy; xU tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ge;njhd;iw itf;Ff.

tiue;j ,U tl;lq;fspd; ,ilNa Mrpupau; epw;Ff.

khztiu xt;nthUtuhf mioj;J gpd;tUtd Nghd;W nraw;ghl;by;

<Lgl newpg;gLj;Jf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;vLj;Jf;fhl;vLj;Jf;fhl;vLj;Jf;fhl;vLj;Jf;fhl;L:L:L:L:L: - epkyd; (thUq;fs;.) tkaktkaktkaktkaktkak - ~~vd;d|| vd jd; mUNf

miof;Ff.

- gpd; rpwpa tl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ge;ijf; fhl;b>

(vLq;fs;) .kak.kak.kak.kak.kak - ~~(G)fd;d|| vdf; $Wf.vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ksu,ka tkak - epkyd; vd;d

ksu,ka .kak - epkyd; (G)fd;d - gpd; mLj;j tl;lj;ijf; fhz;gpj;J mjpy; ge;ij

(itAq;fs;) ;shkak;shkak;shkak;shkak;shkak - ~~jpad;d|| vdf; $Wf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ksu,ka ;shkak - epkyd; jpad;d - mjw;Fg; gpd; epkyidg; ghu;j;J

(Nghq;fs;) hkakhkakhkakhkakhkak - ~~ad;d|| vdf; $Wf.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ksu,ka hkak - epkyd; ad;d

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,t;thW rfy khztu;fSk; gq;F nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

rupahfr; nraw;gLfpd;w vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; khztu;fisg; ghuhl;Lf.

,t;thW xU ge;ijg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ mjw;F gjpyhf NtW jpl;lkplg;

gl;l tpisahl;nlhd;iwj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.


khztu;fis tl;lkhf epw;fr; nra;f.

,t;topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s ~~`h `h `up `hth|| vd;w ghlypd;

rpq;fs nkhop cr;rupg;gpid (jkpo;nkhopapy;) khztu; ahtUf;Fk;

njupaf;$ba tpjj;jpy; XusT ngupa vOj;jpy; ml;ilnahd;wpy; / fUk;gyifnahd;wpy; vOjpf;nfhs;f.

ghliyg; ghu;f;Fk;gb $Wf. mjw;F rpq;fs nkhopapy; n,kakn,kakn,kakn,kakn,kak - (B)gsd;d-(ghUq;fs;) vdf; $Wtjhf vLj;Jf; $wp n,kakn,kakn,kakn,kakn,kak vd;w nrhy;ypd;nghUis tpsf;Ff.

Mrpupau; ghliy khztu; nrtpkLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jhsj;Jld; ghb> gpd;

khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J ghLf.

gpd; khztu; ahtUk; ghLk;gb $Wtjw;F .hkak.hkak.hkak.hkak.hkak - (G) fad;d -(ghLq;fs;) vdf; $wp .hkak.hkak.hkak.hkak.hkak vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUis tpsf;fpg;ghliyg; ghl newpg;gLj;Jf.

,t;thW ez;gu;fsplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis

cUthf;fp Nkw;gb nrhw;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.


khztu;fis xUtiu xUtu; Kfk; ghu;j;jthW ,U tupirahf epw;fr;

nra;f.

xU tupirapy; cs;stu;fs; mLj;j tupirapy; cs;stu;fsplk; kukukukukulshkaklshkaklshkaklshkaklshkak - ek fpad;d - (ngaiur; nrhy;Yq;fs;) vdf; Nfl;fTk;.

mjw;F mLj;j tupirapy; cs;stu;fs; uu ldkaokauu ldkaokauu ldkaokauu ldkaokauu ldkaoka - kk fhe;jd; -(ehd; fhe;jd;) vd tpilaspf;f mwpTWj;Jf. ,t;thW xt;nthUtUk;

jj;jkJ ngaiu $w newpg;gLj;Jf.

,t;thW vy;yh khztu;fSk; ngaiu tpdtTk; ngaiuf; $wTk;

topg;gLj;Jf.


khztu;fis ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspD}lhf vOj topg;gLj;Jk; NghJ

vOJq;fs; vdf;$Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,shkak,shkak,shkak,shkak,shkak - ypad;d - (vOJq;fs;)

vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp4. tFg;giwapy; Mrpupaupd;; fl;lisfSf;Nfw;gr; nraw;gLthu;.

nraw ;ghLnraw ;ghLnraw ;ghLnraw ;ghLnraw ;ghL

tFg;giwapd; ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ> ~~vOk;Gq;fs;> ,Uq;fs;||

Nghd;w fl;lisfs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;NghJ mtw;iwr; rpq;fsj;jpy;

~~~~~~~~~~ke.sákakke.sákakke.sákakke.sákakke.sákak - ne(G)fp(T)bd;d> jdäfjkakjdäfjkakjdäfjkakjdäfjkakjdäfjkak - thbntd;d|| vdf; $wyhk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L;:;:;:;:;:vOk;Gq;fs; vDk; fl;lisia ke.sákakke.sákakke.sákakke.sákakke.sákak - ne(G)fp(T)bd;d

vd;W rpq;fsj;jpy; $Wq;fs;. mjd; fUj;ij tpsf;Ff.

gy Kiw mNj fl;lisiar; rpq;fsj;jpy; $wp

Jyq;fiyg; ngWf. ahtUk; rupahd Jyq;fisj; jUk;

tiu ,t;thW gapw;Wf.

mt;thNw (cl;fhUq;fs;) jdäfjkakjdäfjkakjdäfjkakjdäfjkakjdäfjkak - thbntd;d vd;gijAk; rpq;fsj;jpy;

mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.

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tFg;gpy; ,yFthd fl;lisfis ,Lk;NghJ> rpq;fsr; nrhw;fisAk;

mt;tg;NghJ cgNahfpf;f KbAkhapd; mtu;fs; mr;nrhw;fis vspjpy;

gapYtu;.

tpisahl;bd;NghJ (ifjl;Lq;fs;) w;afmdä.ikakw;afmdä.ikakw;afmdä.ikakw;afmdä.ikakw;afmdä.ikak - ~~mj;nghb(G)f]d;d||>

(rpupAq;fs;) - iskdfikaakiskdfikaakiskdfikaakiskdfikaakiskdfikaak - rpdhnrd;d Mfpatw;iwAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.

khztu; ,tw;iwj; jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; gapy tha;g;gspf;Ff.


5. jkf;F neUf;fkhd ez;gu;fspd; jfty;fis el;Gwthf tprhupg;ghu;.

nraw ;ghLnraw ;ghLnraw ;ghLnraw ;ghLnraw ;ghL

tFg;gpYs;s khztd; xUtid tpspj;J> cq;fs; ngau; vd;d? vdf;Nfl;L

tpiliag; ngWf. gpd;du; jhd; mNj Nfs;tpia rpq;fsj;jpy; Nfl;gjhff;

$Wf. rpq;fsj;jpy; mf;Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;Fk;NghJ> mjid ed;F nrtp

kLf;FkhWk; mk;khztUf;Fk; VidNahUf;Fk; mwpTWj;Jf.

mjd; gpd;du;> Tfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllao????? -~~x(B)Ng ek nkhff;(DH)j||? vDk;

rpq;fsr; nrhw;fisg; gpioapd;wp cr;rupj;jthW khztuplk; tpdTf.

mjw;F khztu; uu foaúuu foaúuu foaúuu foaúuu foaú - kk (DH)Njtp - ehd; Njtp vdg; ngaiuf;$wpa gpd;du;> mjid kPz;Lk; Nfl;L khztupd; Jyq;fiyg; ngWf.

,uz;L %d;W Kiw ,t;thW $wpa gpd;du;> khztu;fis ,Utu;

,Utuhf Kd;tur; nra;J> xU khztDf;Ff; Nfs;tp Nfl;fTk; kw;w

khztDf;F tpilaspf;fTk; tha;g;G toq;Ff.

mjd; gpd;du; Mrpupau;> Tnf.a .u fldfyaaoTnf.a .u fldfyaaoTnf.a .u fldfyaaoTnf.a .u fldfyaaoTnf.a .u fldfyaao????? -~~xg(G)Nf(DH)fk nfhN`(G)j?||(cq;fs; Cu; vJ?) vd;gijAk; Kd;du; Nghd;Nw mwpKfQ; nra;f.

khztu; midtUk; jdpj;jdpNa cr;rupj;Jf; $wpa gpd;G ,UtupUtuhf

,ize;J xUtu; tpdt mLj;jtu; tpilaspf;f tha;g;gspf;Ff.

tpilaspf;Fk;NghJ uf.a .u uykqjruf.a .u uykqjruf.a .u uykqjruf.a .u uykqjruf.a .u uykqjr - k(G)Nf (G)fk k` Etu-

vdJ Cu; fz;b vdf;$w topg;gLj;Jf. jj;jkJ Ciuf; $wr; nra;tJ

rpwe;jJ.

,t;thW ,UtupUtuhf khztiu tFg;gpy; Kd;tur; nra;J> khwp khwp

Nfs;tp Nfl;fTk; tpilaspf;fTk; tha;g;G Vw;gLj;Jf.

Fwpg;G : Tfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllaoTfí ku fudllao????? vd tpdtpdhy; mjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; tpjj;jpy;

gjpy; juKbAk; vd;gij vLj;Jf; $Wf. mjw;Fg; gapw;Wtpf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: l=udrs - Fkhup (ngau; kl;Lk; nrhy;yhk;)

uu l=udrs - kk Fkhup - (ehd; Fkhup)

uf.a ku l=udrs - k(G)Nf ek Fkhup - (vdJ ngau; Fkhup)


6. xd;wpypUe;J Ie;J tiuahd ,yf;fq;fisr; rupahf cr;rupj;Jf; $Wthu;.


1 - 5 tiuAs;s vz;fs; njspthfg; ngupjhf vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfisj;

jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. ,y;iyNay; fUk;gyifapy; ngupjhfj; njspthf

vOJf. gpd;du; mt;tpyf;fq;fisf; fhl;b rpq;fsj;jpy; vz;Ztjw;F

topg;gLj;Jf.

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1 - tltltltltl - v(f;)f> 2 - folfolfolfolfol - (DH)nj(f;)f> 3 - ;=k;=k;=k;=k;=k - Jd> 4 - y;ry;ry;ry;ry;r -`(j;)jw> 5 - mymymymymy - g` vd xt;nthd;whf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gupr;rak;ngw

tha;g;gspf;f. khztu; ed;F gupr;rak; ngWk; tiu mLj;jLj;j ehl;fspYk;

xOq;F Kiwapy; ,tw;iw epidT+l;Lf. ,Wjpapy; ,yf;fq;fis vOkhwhff;

fhl;br; rpq;fsj;jpy; mjd; ngau; $w topg;gLj;Jf.


7. Ie;J epwq;fisr; rupahff; $Wthu;.


epwf; fljhrpapy; 5 epwg; G+f;fis ntl;bf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

mg;G+f;fis xt;nthd;whff; fhz;gpj;J> jha;nkhopapy; epwq;fisf; cr;rupj;j

gb> khztu;fs; fhzf;$bathW gyifapy; xl;Lf.

gpd; me;epwq;fis rpq;fsnkhopapy; mwpKfQ; nra;f.

gpd;du; Mrpupau; G+itf;fhl;l mjd; epwj;ij rpq;fsj;jpy; khztu; $w

topg;gLj;Jf. gpd; jhk; $Wk; epwg;G+it Nju;e;njLj;Jj; jUkhW $Wf.

jlitf;F xU khztd; xU epwg;G+itf; fhl;Lk;NghJ vjpupYs;s

khztiu mjd; epwj;ijf; $wr; nra;f. ,t;thW vy;yh epwq;fisAk;

vy;yh khztUk; $Wk; tiu nraw;ghl;byPLgLj;Jf.

ks,a mdg - epy; gh(l;)l - (ePy epwk;)> ly mdg - f` gh(l;)l - (kQ;rs; epwk;)

r;= mdg - u(j;)J gh(l;)l - (rptg;G epwk;)> iqÿ mdg - RJ gh(l;)l - (nts;isepwk;)> l¿ mdg- fS gh(l;)l - (fWg;G epwk;) Mfpa Ie;J epwq;fisAk;

,t;thW mwpKfQ;nra;f. khztu; ,e;epwq;fis ed;F ,dq;fhZk; tiu

kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gapw;rp nfhLf;f.


8. ,yFthd ghly;fis jhsyaj;Jld; ghLthu;.


gpd;tUk; ghly;fisj; jhsyaj;Jld; ghlg;gapw;Wf. iffis mirj;Jg;

ghlf;$ba ghliyj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk;> rpq;fsg; ghly;fis ,yFthfg;

ghLk; nghUl;Lk; rpq;fs cr;rupg;Gj; jkpopYk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld;

ghly;fspd; RUf;fkhd nghUSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

yd yd yrs ydjd `h `h `up `hth

lef,a ueoska wdjd fNy nk(DH)jpd; Mth

ysg f.k .`. .djd `p(l;)l(G)nfd (G)fq;f (G)fhthjgmsg weye,Ejd t(l;)lgp(l;)l m`yhth

Mfh Kay; xd;W

fhl;bypUe;J te;jJ.

Mw;wq;fiuapy; epd;wJ.

mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; ghu;j;jJ.

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y`o ydñ bkak wf.a `e;j `hkp ,d;d m(G)NfmqxÑ rndkla jdf.a GQ;rp wghdf; th(G)Nfwdfjda;ska w;g uf.a Mnth(j;)jpd; m(j;)jl k(G)Nfk,jkakï nnd jf.a estd;dk; (BB)ggh t(G)Nf

frdai uf,a kgqfõ lgq Nuhr kNy e(l;)LNt f(l;)L

jk nUfrda Tfydu ysgq td (B)gk;(B)gNuh xN`hk `p(l;)L

kgqj fkdfõ u, iôñ e(l;)Lt NehNt ky rpk;(B)gpkpuu <ufhda meKs Wrñ kk ykNah gdp cwkp

rkajka mdghs iuk<hd ud;td; gh(l;)la; rkzyah

frdaiuf,a meKs î, .shd NuhrkNy gdp (B)gPyh (G)fpahwdfh;a ta úo ta iuk<hd Mnaj; Vtp(DH)j V rkzyah

u,aj, meKs fndkagd ky;ty gdp (B)nghd(T);lh

iuk<fhda fï ysñosrsfha rkzyNah Nk `pkp(DH)jpupNau,a meKs fndkago Tn wdfõ ky; gdp (B)nghd;(T)l(DH)j X(B)g MNt

Tfí Th ,iaik w;a;gq fol ug x(B)g xa y];]d mj;j(l;)L (DH)njf k(l;)loS,d hkjdfoda (DH)jPyh adth(DH)Njh

nghd;dpw tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rp

Njidf;; Fbj;Jr; nrd;wJ.

kPz;Lk; tUkh mg;G+r;rp

kyu;fspy; Njd; Fbg;gjw;F

tz;zj;jpg;G+r;rpNa mjpfhiy

Njd; Fbf;fth eP te;jha;

cd; mofpa nrl;il ,uz;ilANk

vdf;Fj; je;J Nghthah

Nuhrhj; jz;by; Kl;fs;

tz;Nl mq;F NghfhNj

jz;bw;F ehNdh nry;ytpy;iy.

G+tpy; NjDf;Fr; nry;fpNwd;.

tl;l epyhitf; fz;lJ.

wghd; Nghy; vd;wJ.

vdJ ifapy; tUkhdhy;

Foe;ijaha;j; jhyhl;bLNtd;

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tpisahl;L Kw;wk;tpisahl;L Kw;wk;tpisahl;L Kw;wk;tpisahl;L Kw;wk;tpisahl;L Kw;wk;

juk; xd;wpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; khztu;fspd; rkepiyahd tpUj;jpf;F mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpAk;>

cly;> kdntOr;rp> r%f tpUj;jpAk; ,d;wpaikahjdthFk;. mjw;fhf tFg;Gf;F

ntspNa ,urid ngwf;$ba tifapy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l #oypy; nraw;ghl;L

uPjpapy; gq;F nfhs;sf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

rfy khztu;fSf;Fk; ,uridkpf;f nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;ff;$ba

Xu; ,lkhf ~~tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ij||f; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jhy; ngwf;$ba gy gad;fs; cs;sd. kPj;jpwDila gps;isfs;

tFg;giw Ntiyfis kpf tpiuthfr; nra;J Kbg;gu;. mt;thwhd gps;isfis>

Mrpupau; jdJ ghu;itg;Gyj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhfg; ghJfhg;ghf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l tpisahl;L

Kw;wj;jpy; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;. ,J tFg;giw Ntiyfis ed;whfTk;

tpiuthfTk; nra;J Kbg;gjw;F toptFf;Fk;. tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpy; fPNo

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sitf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; cs;sd.

- Eioe;J nry;tjw;F

- MLtjw;F

- VWtjw;F - njhq;Ftjw;F

,jw;fika tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpy; khztu;fs; <LgLk; nraw;ghLfspd;

Clhf Eiojy;> GuSjy;> XLjy;> gha;jy;> njhq;Fjy; Nghd;w mbg;gil

mirthw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

mjD}lhf ,irthf;f Mw;wy;> rkepiy> re;jk;> nefpo;jd;ik> rupahd

nfhz;zpiyfisg; Ngzy; Mfpatw;iw tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

khztupd; ifj;jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

nkhop vz;zf;fUf;fs;> ghu;itg; gpupj;jwpif> Nfl;ly; gpupj;jwpif> vOj;J

Kd; jpwd;> cstpaf;fj;jpwd;fs; Nghd;w nkhopKd; vz;zf;fUf;fs;> fzpj

Kd; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; tpUj;jpf;F topNfhyj;jf;f Kf;fpakhd

Xu; ,lkhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Vzpg;gbr; rl;lfj;jpy; VwtpLf.

mtu;fSf;Fr; RahjPdkhf vNjr;irahf Vw ,lkspAq;fs;.

kpf cauj;jpy; ,Ug;gtu; ahu;? mLj;jjhf ,Ug;gtu;

ahu;? kpff; fPNo ,Ug;gtu; ahu;? vd;wthW tpdhf;fis tpdtp

vz;zf;fUit typAWj;Jf.

epWj;jhLgyifiag; gad;gLj;jp khztuJ epiw njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit

cWjpg;gLj;Jf. (NkNy> fPNo> J}u> fpl;l> Ntfkhf> nkJthf> ngupa> rpwpa....

Nghd;w) vz;zf;fUf;fs; milayhk;.

tupirg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa fzpjg; ghlj;Jf;F Kd;du; ~lau; Vzpapd;||


xj;Jiog;G> $l;lhfr; nraw;gly;> gfpu;e;J gupkhwpf;nfhs;sy;> cjtp xj;jhir

Gupjy; Nghd;w ew;gz;Gfs; tpUj;jpaila topNfhYk;.

csj;jpUg;jpiaAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk; toq;Ftjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd Xu;

,lkhFk;.

Muk;gf; fy;tpg; ghlg;gug;GfSf;Fupa vz;zf;fUf;fis tpUj;jp nra;aj;jf;f tifapy;

tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. vdNt tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpy;

khztu;fs; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ Mrpupaupd;; jiyaPL mtrpakhFk;.

ntt;NtW cgfuzq;fisf;nfhz;L> ngupa jir ehu;fspd; tsu;r;rp> euk;G - jir

,irthf;fk; Nghd;w cly; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtj;jf;f nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jk;

mNj Ntis vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;. gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bD}lhf

,jid NkYk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.

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vdNt khztu;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtf;$ba NkYk; cgfuzq;fisr; Nrfupj;J

tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tJ Mf;fG+u;tkhd Mrpupau; vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

rthyhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vLj;Jf;fhl;L: juk;juk;juk;juk;juk; xd;Wxd;Wxd;Wxd;Wxd;W

jha;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; rpwpa NfhLfs; ,uz;Lf;F ,ilapy; (ntsp) ifapd;

Ez;zpa jirehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vOJtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; cUthFk;. ,jw;F

Ez;zpa jirehu;g; gapw;rp mtrpakhFk;. ,j;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F vOj;Jf;fis

vOj Kd;dUk; mjw;Fr; rkhe;jukhf nghUj;jkhf ngupa jirehu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

(KO cliyAk; mirf;fj;jf;f) nraw;ghLfspy; <Lglr; nra;jy; Ntz;baJ

mtrpakhFk;. ,jw;F tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s/elg;gl;Ls;s lau;

tupirapidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Mrpupau; topfhl;liy toq;f Ntz;ba KiwMrpupau; topfhl;liy toq;f Ntz;ba KiwMrpupau; topfhl;liy toq;f Ntz;ba KiwMrpupau; topfhl;liy toq;f Ntz;ba KiwMrpupau; topfhl;liy toq;f Ntz;ba Kiw

ahUf;F KbAk;? > ahUf;F KbAk;? Ruq;fj;jpd; Clhf> Ruq;fj;jpd; Rtu;fspy;

Kl;Lg;glhjthW nry;tjw;F ahUf;F KbAk;? > ahUf;F KbAk;? laupy; glhjthW

Eioe;J nry;ytjw;F?

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jha;nkhop - capu;f;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;jha;nkhop - capu;f;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;jha;nkhop - capu;f;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;jha;nkhop - capu;f;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;jha;nkhop - capu;f;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;

capu;f;Fwpfis vOj;jpd; NkNy> fPNo my;yJ gf;fj;jpy; vOj Ntz;b cs;sJ.

vdNt Vzpr; rl;lfj;jpy; khztu;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit

Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Mrpupau; cupa topfhl;liy toq;fyhk;. ,jD}lhf

Fwpj;j vz;zf;fUf;fs; tpUj;jpailAk;.

n[];kpd; vDk; khztp fhe;jd;

,Uf;Fkplj;Jf;F NkNy ,Uf;fpd;whuh?

fPNo ,Uf;fpd;whdh?

gpd;du; fhe;jid cauj;jpy; Vwr;

nra;J gpd;tUk; tpjj;jpy; tpdt KbAk;.

,g;NghJ n[];kpd; vd;w khztp fhe;jd;

,Uf;Fkplj;Jf;F NkNy ,Uf;fpd;whuh?

fPNo ,Uf;fpd;whuh?

vd;wthW tpdhf;fis khztu;fsplk; tpdtp

cau;f;Fwpfs; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit

tpUj;jp nra;af; ftdk; nrYj;jy;

nghUj;jkhdJ.

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fzpj vz;zf;fU - tupirg;gLj;jy;fzpj vz;zf;fU - tupirg;gLj;jy;fzpj vz;zf;fU - tupirg;gLj;jy;fzpj vz;zf;fU - tupirg;gLj;jy;fzpj vz;zf;fU - tupirg;gLj;jy;

gps;isf;Fg; gpd; cs;s lau; rpwpajh? ngupajh?

juk; 2 ,y; ,e;j epiyia NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;Aq;fs;. xt;Nthu; cgfuzj;ijAk;

gad;gLj;j topnra;Ak; tifapy; gbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;L :

khztd; mbnaLj;J itg;gjw;F Vw;g Vida khztu;fs; jlitf;F xd;whf

ifjl;b xd;wpw;nfhd;W xj;jpir ghu;j;jy;.

fzpj vz;zf;fU : vNjr;irahd myFfspdhy; jsj;ij msj;jy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mLj;j me;jj;jpw;F vj;jid RtLfs;

fzpj vz;zf;fU : rhu;ghd mikT

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L :vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Kjy; rpul;iliatpl %d;whtJ rpul;ilf;F VwpaJk;

ve;jsT caukpUf;Fk;?

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tPl;L Ntiy tPl;L Ntiy tPl;L Ntiy tPl;L Ntiy tPl;L Ntiy (HOME WORK)

gps;isfspd; Kjpu;T> cstpay; kw;Wk; fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahf

itj;Nj Muk;gf;fy;tp tFg;Gf;fspd; Neuq;fs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid

mbg ; gilahf itj ; Nj Kjd ;ike piy xd ;w pd ; g hlrhiy NeuKk ;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tPl;L Ntiyiaf; (HOME WORK) nfhLf;Fk; NghJ ,J njhlu;ghff; $ba ftdk;nrYj;jp nghWg;Gld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. nkhop> fzpjk;> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;>

rkak; Mfpa ehd;F ghlq;fspYk; xNu jlitapy; tPl;L Ntiyia toq;Fk; NghJ

rpwpa khztu;fs; ,it ahtw;Wf;Fk; Kfk; nfhLf;f NeupLk;. mjdhy; mtu;fs;

kpFe;j rpukj;jpw ;Fk; fisg;gpw ;Fk; cs;shfyhk;. vdNt tPl ;L Ntiyia

toq;Fk;NghJ khztupd; Kjpu;tpw;F Vw;w> mtrpakhd Ntiyfis kl;Lk; rpwpastpy;

nfhLf;Fk; nghWg;G MrpupaiuNa rhUk;.

mNjNghd;W jpdKk; jq;fsJ gps;isfSf;F ghlrhiyapy; toq;fg ;gLk;

tPl;LNtiyfSf;fhf Neuj;ij xJf;ff;$ba ngw;Nwhu;fs; kpff; Fiwe;j njhifapdNu

cs;sdu;.

Fwpj;j Neuj;Jf;Fs; ghlrhiyr; #oypy; kl;Lk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Kbahj fw;wy;

mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Njitahd re;ju;g ;gq;fspy; kl;Lk;

tPl;LNtiyfis (HOME WORK) toq;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gLk;. ,Ug;gpDk;

mit njhlu;ghf njspthfTk; rupahfTk; topg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghfTk; Njitahd

msT Neuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ njhlu;ghfTk; ePq;fs; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

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khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;khztu; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;

fw;Fk;NghJ jkJ khztu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rpukq;fs;> ntspf;fhl;Lk; jpwikfs; gw;wpa G+uz

tpsf;fj;ij> Muk;gf;fy;tp Mrpupau;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; Muk;gj;

juq;fspy; fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;fhfg; gaDWjpAs;s fw;wy; mDgtq;fis xOq;F nra;Ak; jpwidg;

ngw KbAk;. tFg;gpYs;s vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk;> nghUe;Jk; tifapy; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis

xOq;F nra;a ,J topNfhYk;. ,e;jg; gue;j Nehf;Fld; tFg;giwapy; khztdJ Kd;Ndw;wk;

njhlu;ghf ,ilawhJ jfty; Nrfupf;Fk; nrad;KiwNa fzpg;gPlhFk; vdf;Fwpg;gplyhk;. Muk;gj;

juq;fisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fisf; fzpg;gpLk; Nehf;fq;fs; gythFk;. ,lg;gLj;jw; (Placement)gzpfs;> fz;lwp gzpfs;> Nghjdhg; gzpfs;> rhd;wpjo; toq;fy;> Muha;r;rpg; gzpfs; Mfpad

,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. MapDk;> Muk;gj; juq;fspy; fz;lwp gzpfisAk;> Nghjdhg;

gzpfisAk; Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;Nl fzpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfs; elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Muk;gj;

juq;fspy; fw;wypy; NghJ khztu;fs; gy;NtW ,lu;g;ghLfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. Mrpupiafs;

fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ ,t;tplu;g;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;Wf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzy; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt jdJ

tFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU khztDk; khztpAk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ,lu;g;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L me;j

xt;nthU khzt khztpf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdthW fw;wy; gzpfis xOq;F nra;jy; ,jD}lhf

,yFthf mikAk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w Nehf;fq;fis vy;yh khztUk;

milaf;$bathW Mrpupaupdhy; topfhl;l KbAk;. khztu;fis Kjyhktu;> ,uz;lhktu; vd

tupirg;gLj;jNyh rpwe;j khztu;> gytPdkhd khztu; vd tifg;gLj;jNyh Muk;gj;rpwe;j khztu;> gytPdkhd khztu; vd tifg;gLj;jNyh Muk;gj;rpwe;j khztu;> gytPdkhd khztu; vd tifg;gLj;jNyh Muk;gj;rpwe;j khztu;> gytPdkhd khztu; vd tifg;gLj;jNyh Muk;gj;rpwe;j khztu;> gytPdkhd khztu; vd tifg;gLj;jNyh Muk;gj;

juq;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fky;y.juq;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fky;y.juq;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fky;y.juq;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fky;y.juq;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fky;y.

2 .02 .02 .02 .02 .0 khztiuf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFkhztiuf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFkhztiuf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFkhztiuf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFkhztiuf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZF

Kiwfs;Kiwfs;Kiwfs;Kiwfs;Kiwfs;

khztu;fisf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; El;gKiwfisg; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L

tplaq;fspd; fPo; Kd;itf;fyhk;.

2.12.12.12.12.1 khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Kiwikahff; fzpg;gply;khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Kiwikahff; fzpg;gply;khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Kiwikahff; fzpg;gply;khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Kiwikahff; fzpg;gply;khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Kiwikahff; fzpg;gply;

fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp Kd; $l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L Maj;jQ;nra;J>

KOf; ftdj;ijAk; mjd; kPJ nrYj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; fzpg;gPl;il Kiwrhu;

fzpg;gPL vd mwpKfQ; nra;ayhk;. ,jw;fhf Kiwrhu; guPl;irfSk; nraw;ghLfSk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

2.22.22.22.22.2 Kiwrhuh cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp khztupd;Kiwrhuh cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp khztupd;Kiwrhuh cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp khztupd;Kiwrhuh cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp khztupd;Kiwrhuh cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp khztupd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gply;

khztu;fs; fw;wypy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghNj> mjw;Fj; jlq;fy; Vw;gLj;jhjthW

jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F gpujhdkhf tpdhTjy;> khztUld; jdpj;jdp

ahfNth FOthfNth mststhTjy;> khztu;fs; Ntiyfspy; <Lgl;Ls;sNghJ

mtu;fis mtjhdpj;Jj; jfty; Nrfupj;jy;> khztupd; tPl;L Ntiyfis kjpg;gply;

Nghd;w cj;jpfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. ,q;F,q;F,q;F,q;F,q;F Mrpupaupd; njhopy;thz;ik kpfMrpupaupd; njhopy;thz;ik kpfMrpupaupd; njhopy;thz;ik kpfMrpupaupd; njhopy;thz;ik kpfMrpupaupd; njhopy;thz;ik kpf

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. jhk; vLf;Fk; KbTfs; kpfr; rupahditahf mikAk; tif

apy; Mrpupau; kpff; ftdkhfr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vdpDk; Kiwrhuh cj;jpfspd; %yk; khztu;fs; gw;wp tpupthdJk;> jukhdJkhd

jfty;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wikahy;> mit fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; gzpfisg; nghWj;jkl;by;

kpfg;gaDWjpAs;sitahf mikAk; vdyhk;.

Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fs; gw;wp Kiwrhuh topfspy; vLf;Fk; KbTfspd;

jFjp (Validity) cau;thdJ vdg; gy Ma;Tfs; fhl;bAs;sd.

3 .03 .03 .03 .03 .0 fzpg;gPl;L tbtq;fs;fzpg;gPl;L tbtq;fs;fzpg;gPl;L tbtq;fs;fzpg;gPl;L tbtq;fs;fzpg;gPl;L tbtq;fs;

fzpg;gPl;il fw;wyfzpg;gPl;il fw;wyfzpg;gPl;il fw;wyfzpg;gPl;il fw;wyfzpg;gPl;il fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; elj;jyhk;.

mjw;fika fzpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwia ,Wjp epiyf; (Summative) fzpg;gPL> njhlu;f;

(Formative) fzpg;gPL vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

njhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwnjhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwnjhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwnjhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwnjhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiw

ahNjDk; fw;wy; fl;lj;jpd; ,ilapy; njhlu;r;rpahf khztupd; fw;wy; jpwd;fisAk;>

,lu;g;ghLfisAk; fz;lwptNj ,jdhy; fUg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njhlu; fzpg;gPL vdTk;

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miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;gj; juq;fspy; khztu;fs; fw;wypd;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

,lu;g;ghLfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; fl;lhakhdjhFk;. my;yJ mtu;fSf;Fj;

njhlu;e;J fw;wy; fbdkhdjhf mikAk;. ,t;thW fw;wypy; milAk; Njhy;tpapdhy;

mtu;fs; NkYk; gpd;dilthu;fs;. MfNt khztiug; gw;wpj; njhlu;r;rpahfj; Njbawpjy;

Muk;gj; juf; fzpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpakhd xU gz;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,Wjpf;fzpg;gPL,Wjpf;fzpg;gPL,Wjpf;fzpg;gPL,Wjpf;fzpg;gPL,Wjpf;fzpg;gPL

Fwpj;j xU fw;wy; fl;lj;jpd; Kbtpy;> khztu;fs; jkJ fw;wiy ve;j msT ntw;wpfukhf

mile;Js;sdu; vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;jiyNa ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPL vd;gu;. ,jd;gb tUlnkhd;wpd;

,Wjpapy;> Fwpj;j tUlj;jpDs; fw;gpj;j tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpj; jahupj;j

tpdhg;gj;jpunkhd;wpd; %yk; khztupd; militf; fzpg;gpl KbAk;. vdpDk;

,t;thwhdnjhU fzpg;gPl;L Kiw Muk;gj; juq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ,t;thwhdnjhU fzpg;gPl;L Kiw Muk;gj; juq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ,t;thwhdnjhU fzpg;gPl;L Kiw Muk;gj; juq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ,t;thwhdnjhU fzpg;gPl;L Kiw Muk;gj; juq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ,t;thwhdnjhU fzpg;gPl;L Kiw Muk;gj; juq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ

vdf;fUj KbahJ.vdf;fUj KbahJ.vdf;fUj KbahJ.vdf;fUj KbahJ.vdf;fUj KbahJ.

Muk;gj; juq;fspy; epajp (Criterion) rhu; fzpg;gPNl elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F Mrpupauhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kjd;ik gFjpAs;s Kiwrhuh El;gq;fspy; $Ljyhd ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gLk;.

epajp rhu; fzpg;gPLepajp rhu; fzpg;gPLepajp rhu; fzpg;gPLepajp rhu; fzpg;gPLepajp rhu; fzpg;gPL

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;> Nju;r;rp Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g jahupf;fg;gl;l epajpfis khztu;fs;

mile;Js;sduh vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;jy; epajp mbg;gilapyhd fzpg;gPlhFk;.

Muk;gj;juq;fSf;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;lw; Nfhitapd; ,Wjpapy;>

jha;nkhop> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;> fzpjk; Mfpa ghlq;fSf;fhd fzpg;gPl;Lg;

gbtKk; nghJf; fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtKk;; fzpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. fzpjk;>

Kjd;nkhop> Rw;whly;rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; Mfpa ghlq;fSf;fhfTk; nghJf; fzpg;gPl;Lf;fhfTk;

jahupf;fg;gl;l rpy fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

fzpjk;:fzpjk;:fzpjk;:fzpjk;:fzpjk;:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;: ntt;NtW msTila %d;W nghUs;fis my;yJ glq;fis xOq;F

tupirahf itg;ghu;.

Kjd;nkhop :Kjd;nkhop :Kjd;nkhop :Kjd;nkhop :Kjd;nkhop :

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L:vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,yFthd thf;fpaq;fis cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.

Rw;whly;rhu; nraw;ghLfs;:Rw;whly;rhu; nraw;ghLfs;:Rw;whly;rhu; nraw;ghLfs;:Rw;whly;rhu; nraw;ghLfs;:Rw;whly;rhu; nraw;ghLfs;:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;: ey;tho;f;iff;fhf Rfhjhug; gof;fq;fisf; filg;gpbg;ghu;.

nghJf; fzpg;gPLnghJf; fzpg;gPLnghJf; fzpg;gPLnghJf; fzpg;gPLnghJf; fzpg;gPL

vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;:vLj;Jf;fhl;L;: VidNahUf;F cjtp nra;a tpUg;Gf;fhl;Lthu;.

4 .04 .04 .04 .04 .0 nray; milTf;Nfhitnray; milTf;Nfhitnray; milTf;Nfhitnray; milTf;Nfhitnray; milTf;Nfhit

khztu;fisf; fzpg;gpl cgNahfpf;ff;$ba kpfTk; gaDWjpAs;s xU Kiwahf ,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

khztupd; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisAk; mtu;fsJ jpwd;fisAk; njhlu;r;rpahff; fzpg;gpLk;

xU Kiwahfpa ,J mjpf Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ. nghJthf Muk;gj;ju Mrpupau;fs; ahtUk;

khztu; xt;nthUtuJk; Ntiyfisj; jdpj;jdpahff; Nfhitg;gLj;Jk; tof;fKilatu;fshthu;fs;.

,J xU nkr;rj;jf;f Kaw;rpahFk;. vdpDk; nray; milTf; Nfhit Kiwia ,jdpYk;

Kd;Ndw;wfukhd xU Kiwahff; fUjyhk;. ,jd;gb nray; milTf; Nfhit vd;gJ khztdJ

jpwikfSk; mtd; fw;wypd;NghJ vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpukq;fSk; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fUj;jhoj;Jld;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s khztu; Ntiyj; njhFg;ghFk;. ,J khztu;fs; gw;wpa fUj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk;

xU NfhitahFk;. ,jidj; jahupf;Fk; Kiw MrpupaUf;F Vw;g khWgLk;. ,J gw;wpa xU epak

Kiw ,y;iyahifahy; Mf;fj;jpwDila xU Mrpupaupdhy; jdJ Mf;fj;jpwDf;Nfw;g kpf cau;kl;lr;

nrayilTf; Nfhitnahd;iw tbtikj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. nray; milTf; Nfhit xd;wpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;bait ahit? ,jpy; khztuJ Ntiyfspd; khjpupfs; (Samples) cs;slq;Fk;.

vOj;JNtiyfs;> nra;j fzf;Ffs;> tiue;j rpj;jpuq;fs;> Mf;fq;fs; Mfpad ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;.

NkYk; Mrpupaupd; rpW Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; ,jpy; cs;slf;fyhk;.

5 .05 .05 .05 .05 .0 RUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJjYk; nrt;itghu;g;G gl;bay;fisRUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJjYk; nrt;itghu;g;G gl;bay;fisRUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJjYk; nrt;itghu;g;G gl;bay;fisRUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJjYk; nrt;itghu;g;G gl;bay;fisRUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJjYk; nrt;itghu;g;G gl;bay;fis

cgNahfpj;jYk;cgNahfpj;jYk;cgNahfpj;jYk;cgNahfpj;jYk;cgNahfpj;jYk;

Xu; Mrpupau; jdJ khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;> fw;wy; ,lu;g;ghLfisAk; ,dq;fhz

Kaw;rpf;Fk;NghJ> mtu;fs; xt;nthUtiuAk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fis Nrfupj;J itj;jy; mt;thrpupaUf;Fg;

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gadspf;Fk;. tFg;gpy; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ> khztu; gw;wpa gy jfty;fs; MrpupaUf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd

ntdpDk; ,j;jfty;fisf; fUj;jhoKs;sthW gad;gLj;JtJ fpilahJ. MfNt khztu;fs;

gw;wp ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; jfty;fisg; Gj;jfnkhd;wpy; RUf;ff;Fwpg;ghf itj;jpUe;J mtw;iwj;

Njitf;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nrt;it ghu;g;G

gl;bay;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; gad;kpf;f kw;WnkhU KiwahFk;. Mrpupau; topfhl;lw; Nfhitapd;

,Wjpapy; jug;gl;Ls;s epajpfis khztu; mile;Js;sduh vdj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F nrt;it ghu;g;G

gl;bay;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

6 .06 .06 .06 .06 .0 jfty; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; gbtKk; mjidg; gad;gLj;jYk;jfty; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; gbtKk; mjidg; gad;gLj;jYk;jfty; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; gbtKk; mjidg; gad;gLj;jYk;jfty; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; gbtKk; mjidg; gad;gLj;jYk;jfty; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; gbtKk; mjidg; gad;gLj;jYk;

Nrfupj;j jfty;fisf; Fwpj;J itj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ehd;F gbtq;fspd;

khjpupfs; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;lbapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mit jha;nkhop> fzpj> Rw;whly;rhue;j

nraw;ghLfs;> nghJf; fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtq;fs; vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;wpd; xt;nthU khztdpd; ngaUf;Fk; vjpNu> xt;nthU fw;wy; NgWf;fhfTk; xU fl;lk; tPjk;

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fs; me;je;jf; fw;wy; tpisTfis mz;kpj;Js;sduh ,y;iyah vd

Nrhjpj;jwpe;j gpd;du; mjid ,q;F Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghJf; fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtj;jpy;

jug;gl;Ls;s fzpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;ba ngUk;ghyhd ~~fw;wy; NgWfs;|| tUlk; KOtJk;

fz;lwpaNtz;ba tpjj;jpy; gue;jikJs;sd. ,q;F xU jtizf;F xU khztDf;F xU fl;lk;

tPjk; gad;gLj;jf; $bathW xU fw;wy; NgWf;F %d;W fl;lq;fs; tPjk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xt;nthU khztd; njhlu;ghfTk; xt;nthU fw;wy; ngWNgwpd; fPOk; ePq;fs; Nrfupj;j jfty;fspd;

cjtpAld;> gpd;tUkhW FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp mwpf;if nra;ayhk;.

KbT FwpaPLKbT FwpaPLKbT FwpaPLKbT FwpaPLKbT FwpaPL

ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;fpwhu;.

,lu;g;gLfpwhu; / NkYk; cjtp •Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

ahNjDk; xU fw;ww;NgW njhlu;ghf khztu; ntw;wpiaf; fhlLfpd;wduh vd;gij Mrpupau; KbT

nra;tjw;fhff; Fwpj;j fw;ww;NgWf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhfj; jhNk jahupj;j epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

tFg;gpYs;s vy;yh khztuJ milT kl;lq;fisAk; gw;wpa KbTfs; xNu epajpj; njhFjpia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vLf;fg;gLkhapd; mtw;wpd; xUrPu;j;jd;ik Vw;gLtjhy;> cj;Njrg; ngWNgw;iw

miltJ fbdkhf mikayhk;.

7.0 fz;lwpjYk; gupfhuKk;7.0 fz;lwpjYk; gupfhuKk;7.0 fz;lwpjYk; gupfhuKk;7.0 fz;lwpjYk; gupfhuKk;7.0 fz;lwpjYk; gupfhuKk;Kiwrhuh - njhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; fz;lwpjyhFk;. xU khztdJk;

fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtj;jpy; ~~• || FwpaPL ,lg;gLk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gk; njhlu;ghfTk; tpNrl ftdk;nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. khztd; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ,lu;g;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;Wf;Fg; gupfhuk;

fz;L> gpd;du; kPz;Lk; fzpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j ~~•|| vDk; FwpaPL> ~~ || vDk;

FwpaPlhf khWk; tiu ,r;nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;r;rpahf elhj;Jjy; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.

,dq;fz;l fw;wy; ,lu;ghLfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F me;je;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW rpwg;ghd

gupfhuf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis xOq;fikj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,it xt;nthU khztDk;

fhl;Lk; fw;wy; ,lu;g;ghLfSf;Nfw;gNt jPu;khdpf;fg;glyhk;.

,t;thNw Fwpg;gpl;l rpy fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf tFg;G khztUs; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ~~• ||FwpaPl;ilg; ngw;Ws;sduhapd;> mjw;F VJthd fhuzq;fs; gy ,Uf;f KbAk;. mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L

nghUj;jkhd xU eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;wp khztu;fs; cupa fw;wy; NgWfis milar; nra;tJ

Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.

8 .08 .08 .08 .08 .0 Vida tplaq;fs;Vida tplaq;fs;Vida tplaq;fs;Vida tplaq;fs;Vida tplaq;fs; xU khztdpd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kw;nwhU khztdpd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld;

xg;gpLtjd; %yk; fy;tp uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;

fbdkhdjhFk;. MfNt khzt - khzt milTfis xg;gpLtijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

xU khztdpd; jw;Nghija milT kl;lj;ij mtdJ Kd;ida milT kl;lj;Jld;

xg;gpl;L> khztdJ Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;. vdNt ,J gw;wp mf;fiw

nrYj;Jq;fs;. NkYk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis ve;jsTf;F mile;Js;sdu; vd

mwpjYk; mtrpakhFk;.

jdJ tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; fzpg;gPl;L cgfuzq;fis

jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; tFg;ghrpupau; Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

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01. #oypy; Nfl;Fk; xypfis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

02. nrhw;$l;lj;jpy; NtWgl;nlhypf;Fk; nrhy;iy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

03. maw;#oypYs;s nghUs;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;.

04. xj;j vOj;Jf;fs; rpytw;Wf;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWgl;l vOj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.

05. ,lkpUe;J tykhff; fz;fis mirj;Jg; glq;fis thrpg;ghu;.

06. glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fhZk;; nghUs;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

07. tiuaiwAs; tu;zk; jPl;Lthu;.

08. vOj;Jf;fSf;Fupa tbtq;fisf;nfhz;l glq;fis tiuthu;.

09. fl;lisfisr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

10 vspikahd nra;jpfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fisr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

11. ghly;fisr; nrtpkLj;J ,urpg;ghu;.

12. njhlu;ghlYf;fhf mtjhdpj;Jr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.

13. jdJ Njitfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

14. ,yFthd nra;jpfisr; rupahfg; NgRthu;/gupkhWthu;.

15. rpWFO Kd;dpiyapy; fij $Wthu;.

16. ,yFthd ghliyg; ghLthu;.

17. jhk; ghu;j;jtw;iw/Nfl;ltw;iw tha;nkhopahf ntspapLthu;.

18. jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLtjpy; tpUg;Gf; fhl;Lthu;.

19. capu;f;FwpfSld; $ba vOj;Jf;fshyhd nrhw;fis thrpg;ghu;.

20. ,yFthd njhlu;fis> thf;fpaq;fis cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.

21. ,yFthd ciug;gFjpia thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;ghu;.

22. fijg;Gj;jfq;fs;> rpWtu; gj;jpupiffis thrpf;f tpUg;Gf; fhl;Lthu;.

23. jkJ ngaiu vOJk;NghJ cupa tbtj;jpy; vOj;Jf;fis vOJthu;.

24 <nuOj;J> %ntOj;Jr; nrhw;fisg; ghu;j;J vOJthu;.

25. glk; ghu;j;Jr; nrhw;fis vOJthu;.

26. Mrpupau; $Wk; nrhw;fisf; Nfl;L vOJthu;.

jha;nkhop; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

jha;nkhop; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

jha;nkhop; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

jha;nkhop; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

jha;nkhop; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

fzpg;gPl;L msTj; jpl;lk;





KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL


,lu;g;gLfpwhu; / NkYk;

cjtp Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. •

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

Kd; Nju;r;rp

Kd; Nju;r;rp

Kd; Nju;r;rp

Kd; Nju;r;rp

Kd; Nju;r;rp nrtpkLj;jy; NgRjy; thrpj;jy;

nrtpkLj;jy; NgRjy; thrpj;jy;




vOJjy;

vOJjy;

vOJjy;

vOJjy;

vOJjy;

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01. nghUl; njhFjp xd;iw jlitnahd;wpy; ,ay;nghd;Wf;F mika tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

02. tbtj;njhFjpnahd;iw jlitnahd;wpy; ,ay;nghd;Wf;F mika njhFjpfshf

NtWgLj;Jthu;.

03. nghUs; my;yJ jputj;ij ,uz;L msTfspd; mbg;gilapy; (ngupJ my;yJ rpwpJ>

$l my;yJ Fiwa) vd;w mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

04. ,uz;L nghUl;njhFjpfis xg;gpl;L Fiwa/$l/rkdhdJ vdf; $Wthu;.05. tbtj;njhFjpfs; ,uz;il xg;gpl;L Fiwa/$l/rkdhdJ vdf; $Wthu;.06. nghUspd;/nghUl;njhFjp xd;wpd; mikT> tbtk; vd;gtw;iw khw;wpdhYk; msT

khwhikiaf; fhl;Lthu;.

07. tbt tupir xd;wpy; Kd;/eL/filrpapy; cs;s tbtq;fisf; fhl;Lthu;.

08. XusT NtWgl;l nghUl;fs; my;yJ tbtq;fs; %d;wpid tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.

09. 20 tiu vz; ngau;fis njhlnuhOq;fpy; $Wthu;.

10. 20 nghUl;fis my;yJ tbtq;fis vz;Zthu;.

11. 10 nghUl;fis vz;zpg; ngWkhdj;ij vOJthu;.

12. 1 ,ypUe;J 9 tiuahd vz;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fis my;yJ cUj;njhFj;

fisf; fhl;Lthu;.

13. 1 ,ypUe;J 9 tiuahd vz;Fwpfis thrpg;ghu;.

14. 1 ,ypUe;J 9 tiuahd nghUl;fs; my;yJ tbtq;fSf;F xj;j vz;fisj; njupthu;.

15. 1 ,ypUe;J 9 tiuahd vz;Fwpfis vOJthu;.

16. $l;Lj;njhif 9 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthW nghUl;njhFjpfs; ,uz;bd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf;

$Wthu;.

17. $l;;;;Lj;njhif 9 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthW cUj;njhFjpfs; ,uz;bd; $l;Lj;njhifia

vOJthu;.

18. $l;Lj;njhif 9 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthW vz;fs; ,uz;il glq;fspd; cjtpAld; $l;Lthu;.

19. ,U nghUl;fspd; ePsq;fis xg;gpl;L ePsk; $baJ> ePsk; Fiwe;jJ> rkdhdJ vdf;

$Wthu;.

20. cauq;fs; ,uz;il xg;gpl;L cauk; $baJ cauk; Fiwe;jJ rkdhdJ vdf; $Wthu;.

21. %d;W nghUl;fspd; ePsq;fis xg;gpl;L ePsq;Fiwe;j nghUs;> ePsq;$ba vd;gtw;iwj; njupT

nra;thu;.

22. %d;W nghUl;fspd; cauq;fis xg;gpl;L cauq;$ba nghUs; cauq;Fiwe;j nghUs;

vd;gtw;iwj; njupT nra;thu;.

23. ,uz;L nghUl;fis toq;Fk; NghJ epiw $ba nghUs;> epiw Fiwe;j nghUs;

vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

24. ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fis toq;Fk; NghJ Fiwthf ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk;> $Ljyhf

ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; vd;gtw;iwj; njupT nra;thu;.

25. &gha; 1> &gha; 2> &gha;5 ehzaq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

26. ehzak; xd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy; <LgLthu;.

27. fdTUf;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

28. jsthbtq;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fis Mf;Fthu;;.

29. jsthbtq;fisf; nfhz;L ,yFthd Nfhyq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.

fzpjk; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

fzpjk; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

fzpjk; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

fzpjk; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

fzpjk; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;






KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL




khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

Kd; fzpj Nju;r;rp

Kd; fzpj Nju;r;rp

Kd; fzpj Nju;r;rp

Kd; fzpj Nju;r;rp

Kd; fzpj Nju;r;rp

vz;Z

jy; vz; tpsf;fk; $l;ly;

vz;Z


vz;Z


vz;Z


vz;Z


ePsk; ep;iw nfhs;ssT gzk; tbtKk;





ntspAk;

ntspAk;

ntspAk;

ntspAk;

ntspAk;

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Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;


fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;


fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;


fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;


fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;






KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

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FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL




khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

01. ghlrhiyapd; nghJ tpjpfSf;fika ele;Jnfhs;thu;.

02. VidNahu; gw;wpa czu;Tld; tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

03. FLk;g cWg;gpdu; xt;nthUtUk; FLk;gj;Jf;F Mw;Wk; xt;nthU gzpiaf;

$Wthu;.

04. gpuhzpfsplkpUe;j ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf vLf;fNtz;ba eltbf;iffspy;

,uz;ilf; $Wthu;.

05. gpuhzpfis mtjhdpj;J ,dq;fz;l gz;Gfspy;; ,uz;ilf; $Wthu;.

06. ePiur; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

07. Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; Mw;wg;gLk; rk;gpujhaq;fspy; ,uz;ilf; $Wthu;.

08. Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;J cupathW mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

09. ey;tho;f;iff;fhd Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

10. jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ tpdakhfj; Jyq;fy; fhl;Lthu;.

11. vkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; $Wthu;.

12. Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;NghJ Ra ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;Jf; ftdkhf ,Ug;gij ntspg;;;gLj;Jthu;.

13. re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rupahd nka;e;epiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

14. cjtp Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cjtp nra;a Kd;tUthu;.

15. tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLNthu; kPJ czu;TG+u;tkhf ele;J nfhs;thu;.

16. ghu;j;j fhl;rpnahd;iw/ngw;w mDgtj;ij nka;g;ghLfSld; $Wthu;.

17. jhd; fw;w ghlnyhd;iw/ftpijiag; ghLthu;.

18. jhd; fz;l xU rk;gtj;ijr; rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.

19. jdJ #oypy; cs;s nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L> Gjpnjhd;iw Mf;Fthu;.

20. maw;#oy; njhlu;ghff; ftdkhf ,Ug;ghu;.

21. Nrfupf;Fk; jfty;fis ntt;NtW tpjkhf mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

22. ,yFthd ifahz;L ghuj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.

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nghJ -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

nghJ -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

nghJ -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

nghJ -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;

nghJ -

fzpg;gPL-

mwpf;ifg; gbtk;






KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

KbT

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FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL

FwpaPL




khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

khz

tu; ngau;

01. Ra Rj;jk; njhlu;ghf mf;fiw fhl;Lthu;.

02. jdJ #oiyj; Jg;GuT nra;tjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.

03. gpwUf;F cjTtjpy; tpUg;gq;fhl;Lthu;.

04. gpwUld; RKfkhf ciuahLthu;.

05. gpwupd; cjtpia el;GwTld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

06. #oiy Nerpg;ghu;.

07. epiwNtWk; tiu ftdkhf Ntiy nra;thu;.

08. cgfuzq;fisr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

09. gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du; cgfuzq;fis cupa ,lq;fspy; itg;ghu;.

10. Ntiy Kbe;jJk; cgfuzq;fisAk; ,lj;ijAk; Jg;GuT nra;thu;.

11. ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;J vr;rupf;ifahf ele;J nfhs;thu;.

12. Ra fw;wypy; tpUg;gq;fhl;Lthu;.

13. nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,yFthd rpq;fsr; nrhw;fis

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

14. re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;g rpq;fs nkhopapy; tho;j;Jf; $Wthu;.

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mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs;mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs;mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs;mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs;mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs;

1 .01 .01 .01 .01 .0 mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

Nju;r;rp vdf; fUjg;gLtJ mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F Mfpatw;wpd; $l;Lf; fyitahFk;. gy;NtW

tpjq;fspy; Nju;r;rpfs; ,Uf;f KbAk;. rpy Nju;r;rpfs; mjpfsT jpwd; rhu;e;jjhfTk; NtW rpy

Nju;r;rpfs; $basT mwpT kdg;ghq;F rhu;e;jjhfTk; ,Uf;f KbAk;. Kjd;ikepiy xd;iwg;

G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; khztu;fs; rfyUk; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfspy; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij mila

Ntz;Lk; vd Gjpa Muk;gf;fy;tpg; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njspthf tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rpy tplaq;fs; ,f;$w;Wfspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ.

mjhtJ@

• mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

• Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfshy; fUjg;gLtJ ahit?

• ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

• Nju;r;rp xd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpak; mile;Js;sikia vt;thW cWjp nra;ayhk;?

,t; xt;nthd;Wk; njhlu;ghfTk; tpupthfg;ghu;g;Nghk;.

2 .02 .02 .02 .02 .0 mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vdgjhy; fUjg;gLtJmj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vdgjhy; fUjg;gLtJmj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vdgjhy; fUjg;gLtJmj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vdgjhy; fUjg;gLtJmj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vdgjhy; fUjg;gLtJ

ahJ?ahJ?ahJ?ahJ?ahJ?

fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid tpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ mq;F cs;slf;fj;ij jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ Kf;fpa

,lk; toq;fg;gLk;. gy;NtW jpwd; kl;lq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy;

,yFthdJ Nghd;Nw rpf;fyhdJkhd rkhd Nju;r;rpfs; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; epiwT nra;tjw;F Kd;G juk; ,uz;by; khztu;fs; ahtUk; fl;lhakhf

cau; kl;lj;jpy; jpwid ngw;wpUf;fNtz;ba Nju;r;rpj; njhFjp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rfy khztu;fshYk; mila Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ,j;Nju;r;rpfis ehq;fs; mj;jpahtrpa

Nju;;r;rpfs; vd miog;Nghk;. ,jw;Nfw;g mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfspy; cs;slf;fg; gLtjhtJ@

• fw;wiy NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngw;w mwptpid eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

• rpwe;j ew; gpuirahfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; tho;tjw;fhd mj;jpahtrpakhd Nju;r;rpfs;

~~rfyUf;Fk; fy;tp|| vDk; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; rfy khztu;fsplKk; Fiwe;j gl;r mj;jpahtrpa

fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ehk; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.

tFg;gpy; rfy khztu;fSk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba mjp cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; mj;jpahtrpaf;tFg;gpy; rfy khztu;fSk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba mjp cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; mj;jpahtrpaf;tFg;gpy; rfy khztu;fSk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba mjp cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; mj;jpahtrpaf;tFg;gpy; rfy khztu;fSk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba mjp cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; mj;jpahtrpaf;tFg;gpy; rfy khztu;fSk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba mjp cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; mj;jpahtrpaf;

fw;wy; Nju;r;rpjhd; vd xUNghJk; fUj Ntz;lhk;. kpfj; jpwik kpf;f khztu;fshy;fw;wy; Nju;r;rpjhd; vd xUNghJk; fUj Ntz;lhk;. kpfj; jpwik kpf;f khztu;fshy;fw;wy; Nju;r;rpjhd; vd xUNghJk; fUj Ntz;lhk;. kpfj; jpwik kpf;f khztu;fshy;fw;wy; Nju;r;rpjhd; vd xUNghJk; fUj Ntz;lhk;. kpfj; jpwik kpf;f khztu;fshy;fw;wy; Nju;r;rpjhd; vd xUNghJk; fUj Ntz;lhk;. kpfj; jpwik kpf;f khztu;fshy;

tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;sf; $banjdf; fUjg;gLk; Nju ;r ;r pfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; rfytpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;sf; $banjdf; fUjg;gLk; Nju ;r ;r pfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; rfytpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;sf; $banjdf; fUjg;gLk; Nju ;r ;r pfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; rfytpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;sf; $banjdf; fUjg;gLk; Nju ;r ;r pfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; rfytpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;sf; $banjdf; fUjg;gLk; Nju ;r ;r pfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; rfy

khztu;fSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhdnjdf; fUjg;glhj cau; kl;l Nju;;r;rpj; njhFjpAk;khztu;fSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhdnjdf; fUjg;glhj cau; kl;l Nju;;r;rpj; njhFjpAk;khztu;fSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhdnjdf; fUjg;glhj cau; kl;l Nju;;r;rpj; njhFjpAk;khztu;fSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhdnjdf; fUjg;glhj cau; kl;l Nju;;r;rpj; njhFjpAk;khztu;fSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhdnjdf; fUjg;glhj cau; kl;l Nju;;r;rpj; njhFjpAk;

,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vd,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vd,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vd,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vd,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; vd

miof;fg;gLk;.miof;fg;gLk;.miof;fg;gLk;.miof;fg;gLk;.miof;fg;gLk;.

tFg;gpYs;s rfy khztu;fisAk; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpapy; cau; kl;l epiyf;Ff;

nfhz;L nry;tJld;> tFg;G khztu;fspy; mNef khztu;fis vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy; Mrpupaupd; Fwpf;Nfhshf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

3 .03 .03 .03 .03 .0 Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfshy;Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfshy;Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfshy;Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfshy;Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfshy;

fUjg;gLtJfUjg;gLtJfUjg;gLtJfUjg;gLtJfUjg;gLtJ ahit?ahit?ahit?ahit?ahit?

Kjd;ikepiy xd;wpd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; ahtUk; cau;epiyapy; jk; Mw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; njhFjpnahd;W ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mtw;iw ,dq;fhZk;NghJ juk; xd;W> juk; ,uz;Lf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;> Vida fiyj;jpl;l

rhjdq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; Mokhf Muha;e;jwpe;jNjhL kl;Lkd;wp Mrpupau;fs;> Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fs;>

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tpupTiuahsu;fs;> fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpahsu;fs;> fy;tpapayhsu;fs; Nghd;Nwhupd; MNyhridfSk;

ngwg;gl;ld. mj;NjhL mj;jpahtrpankd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;wy; epiyfs; gw;wp ntspehLfspy;

ntspaplg;gl;l E}y;fisAk; crhtpAs;Nshk;.

,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;s mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfspd; njhFjp ghl thupahf my;yhJ nghJthd

Nju;r;rpj; njhFjpahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;jj; Nju;r;rpj; njhFjpapy;>

• njhlu;ghly; njhlu;ghd

• MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd

• #oy; njhlu;ghd

• Ntiy cyfpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd

• rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd

• Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa

• fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd

Mfpa mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhfj; Nju;r;rpfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;d.

4 .04 .04 .04 .04 .0 ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

xU Nju;;r;rpapy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F njhlu;ghd cau; kl;l ,aYikia xU

khztu; jdJ taJf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ntspf;fhl;Lthuhapd; mtu; Fwpj;j mj;Nju;r;rpapy; ~~ghz;bj;jpak;||

mile;jtuhff; fUjg;gLthu;. cau; kl;lj;jpy; jpwidg; ngw;Ws;shuh vd;gjid jPu;khdpg;gjw;F

fzpg;gPL nra;tjD}lhf Nrfupj;j gy;NtW jfty;fSk; Fwpj;j epajpfisAk; Nju;r;rpfSf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLk;.

VjhtJ xU Nju;r;rpapy; ~~ghz;bj;jpak;|| mile;j khztdplk; fhzf;$ba gpujhd ,yl;rzq;fs;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;d.

• Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;F ,iaghd mLj;j cau; kl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpuNtrpf;fj; jahu;

vd;gijf; fhl;Lthu;.

• Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp %yk; njhlu;e;J fw;gjw;fhd Mu;tj;ijg; gpujpgypg;ghu;.

• Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp njhlu;ghfj; jdf;Fs;s jd;dk;gpf;ifia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

• Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp rhu;e;j mwpT> jpwd; Mfpatw;iw gpwpnjhUtUf;Ff; $Wtjw;Nfh>

fw;gpg;gjw;Nfh KbAk; vd;gij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

• Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp njhlu;ghf tpNrl <LghLk;> tpUg;Gk; cz;nld;gij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

• Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtw;iwr;

Rakhfj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ,aYikiaf; fhl;Lthu;.

• Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp njhlu;ghd fUkq;fis $basT rpwg;ghf Mw;Wthu;.

• kdg;ghq;F rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfSf;F cupa nka;gghLfis vg;NghJk; ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

5 .05 .05 .05 .05 .0 Nju;r;rp xd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpak; mile;Js;sikia vt;thWNju;r;rp xd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpak; mile;Js;sikia vt;thWNju;r;rp xd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpak; mile;Js;sikia vt;thWNju;r;rp xd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpak; mile;Js;sikia vt;thWNju;r;rp xd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpak; mile;Js;sikia vt;thW

cWjpcWjpcWjpcWjpcWjp nra;ayhk ;?nra;ayhk ;?nra;ayhk ;?nra;ayhk ;?nra;ayhk ;?

Nju;r;rpnahd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij cWjp nra;jyhdJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfSf;Fs;NsNa

epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba nranyhOq;fhFk;. mjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba ,uz;L gpujhd Kiwfs;

,dq;fhzg;gl;ls;sd.

(m) Kiwrhuh fzpg;gPl;L Kiw %yk; njhlu;r;rpahf Nrfupj;j jfty;fis kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;. (njhlu; fzpg;gPl;L jfty;fs; kl;Lk;)

(M) Nkw;gb (m) gFjpapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf xU ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPl;L

%ykhfNth my;yJ mjpf jlitfspyhd ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPl;bd; %ykhfNth jPu;khdk;

vLj;jy;

Nkw;gb Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis khztu;fs; mz;kpj;Js;shu;fsh

vd;gJ njhlu;ghfj; jPu;khdk; vLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fs;> mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy;

Nju;;r;rpfs; njhlu;ghfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

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