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HISTORY OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE MEDICINE Unit BHP FK Unit BHP FK Unisba Unisba

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HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Unit BHP FK Unisba. Objectives. After the lecture the students are expected to : understand the evolution of medical knowledge throughout the centuries could name prominent persons in the history of medicine - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: HISTORY OF MEDICINE

HISTORY OF HISTORY OF MEDICINEMEDICINE

Unit BHP FK Unit BHP FK UnisbaUnisba

Page 2: HISTORY OF MEDICINE

ObjectivesObjectives

After the lecture the students are expected to :

understand the evolution of medical knowledge throughout the centuries

could name prominent persons in the history of medicine

explain their works and struggle and find them as the source of moral strength

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Medicine is the art of scienceMedicine is the art of science

A man can be a competent doctor without a knowledge of medical history

but an acquaintance with

medical history can make him a better doctor

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ClassificationClassification

Pre – historian Era Ancient civilization

Egypt Greek

Medieval Medicine (500-1500) 16th - 20 th century Medical history of Indonesia

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PRE-HISTORIAN ERA

o Paleopathologyo Paleomedicineo Paleopathologistso Study from teeth or bones from :

fosilized - humans-animalo Fosilized bacteria

500.000.000 years

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Cause of disease is evil spirit, which enter the body

Holes in the skull by stone tools To liberate evil spirits

who might be causing headache or epilepsy

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MEDICINE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

> 4.000 B.C – 500 AD EGYPT : Disease is sent by the gods as

punishment to the sinner = Healing is performed through ritual religion concept by priests

GREECE : Covered a period about 1000 years, Continuous changes Asclepius Disease was no longer regarded as a

supranatural phenomenon It was approached for rational, naturalisitic

scientific point of view

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Greek Medicine Comes to ROME

The most famous work is of Celcus

Largely influenced by Hippocrates thoughts

Hight technic of ligature & cataract operation

The name Asclepius is changed to Aesculapius

Hippocrates ( 460 – 377 B.C) Hippocrates Hippocrates

oathoath

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MMEDIEVALEDIEVAL M MEDICINEEDICINE

DARK AGESDARK AGES= Monastic medicine= Monastic medicine

•Monks played a predominant role in medicine

•e.g. 12th century :•Teaching of St. Hildegard

•Important to strenghten the sick body with stand more easily the attack of the devil

•1130 – the monastic medicine officially closed

•12th – 15th century

•Impact of Arab Science•on the western world

•Arabic numerals •Arabic terns• * alcohol• * algebra• etc•End of 15th century

•The vitality & creativvity •of medieval Island •medicine disappear

•500 A.D – 1.500

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•Ibnu – Sinna / Avicenna (980 – 1037)

•Major Arabic medical encyclopedia•Al-Qanun fi al - tibb (the Canon)

•Leading medical text book of the Western•and Eastern world for hundreds of years•Translated into Latin

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•RENAISSANCE ERA

•The Black Death (1348-53)

•⅓ - ½ population of Europe †

• 1490 Plaque + new frightening illness : Syphilis

•PLAQUE (Pes)

• A powerful agent of change

• Affecting medicine, social & economic cond

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• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

• founder of modern anatomy

• Paracelsus (1493-1541)

• frontal attack on the humoral

• theory of Galen

16th Century

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•Medicine in the 17th Century

• Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

Pioneer in microscopic work

Analysis of the structur of the

lung, the spleen, the kidney,

the liver & the skin

Discovery of the capillaries

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 - 1723 )

•First discription of bacteria,•striped muscle and spermatozoon

• Wirsung ductus Wirsungi

• de Graaf Graafian follicles

• Francis Glisson discription of rickets (crakhitis)

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•James Lind (1761-1794) and Thomas Trotter (1760-1832)

• Led a valiant and effective fight against scurvy-typhus, • other disease killing large numbers of sailors• Citrus fruit for prevention and cure of scurvy

•Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

• Demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox• produce protection against smallpox in man• without ill effect to the patient

• The method is called vaccination

• Reduced the occurrence of smallpox

• The eradication of smallpox (WHO)

•MEDICINE IN THE 18th CENTURY

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•Medicine had been scientific in intention•for a long time

•But only during the 19th Century did it become

•to a large extent scientific in fact

• In the first half of the 19th Century :

• The best medical schools were in

• Paris, Dubln, London and Vienna

•MEDICINE IN THE 19th CENTURY

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•In the Middle Ages •Medicine had been centered round libralies

•Following 3 centuries •Focused on bedside medicine

•In the first half of 19th Century

•Hospital medicine

•Second half of the 19th

Century and later•Laboratory Medicine

•MEDICINE IN THE 19th CENTURY

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GREAT ADVANCES IN

• Microscopic anatomy

• Physiology

• Pathology

• Pharmacy

Clinical Medicine

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J. HENLE (1809 – 1885)

• Discovery and discription of macro-anatomic structure

• Fender of the theory “epidemics were prodused by micro-organism transmitted through contagion”

Proved true by Pasteur and Koch

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E. PURKINJE (1787 – 1869)

• Introduced the term “ protoplasma”• Pointed out the importance of fingerprints

for indentification purposes

W. WALDEYER (1837 – 1921)

• Neuroanatomy neuron theory• Carcinoma cells stem from epithelial cells• Better understanding of the tonsils• Named the chromosome

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FELIX HOPPE-SLEYER (1825 – 1895)

(Pupil of Rudolf Virchow)Discovered the hemoglobin in 1862

R. VIRCHOW

• Discovered leukemia• Studies of embolism & thrombosis• The most respected medicalman in his

time• Leader of the Liberal opposition in

Parussia defeated by Bismarck

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MICROBIOLOGY

“Epidemics were produced by micro-organism transmitted through

contagion”Microbiology

Laboratory medicine

Disease-causing microorganism :bacteria first seen by

Leeuwenhoek

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1983 “Pasteurization”

Attacked the problem of anthrax and chicken cholera

Preventive vaccination against “rabies”

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822 – 1895)(a chemist)

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Vaccination was extended by :

Fraenkel

Widal & Wright

Haffkine

diphteria

typhoid fever

Cholera & plaque

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ROBERT KOCH (1843 – 1910)

Explained phases, the life cycle of the anthrax bacillus “Koch Postulate” on contagious diseases

Discovered the tuberculosis bacillus

Produced “tuberculin” – a valuable diagnostic aid

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JOSEPH LISTER (1827 – 1912)

Heard Semmelweis’ work

Introduced the principles of

Asepsis in surgery

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TRENDS IN 20th CENTURY MEDICINE

Opening up the field of modern haematology Established the present classification of

leukocytes Obtained an effective drug in 1910 first

called “606” (the 606th combination)

PAUL EHRLICH (1854 – 1915)

later called Salvarsan against syphillis

WASSERMAN (1906) Serological test for syphillis

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KONRAD ROENTGEN(1845 – 1922)

MARIE and PIERRE CURIE

ALEXANDER FLEMING

Discovered X-raysUsed for diagnostic purpose

Discovered Radium (1898) used for radio-therapy

Developed Penicillin in 1929

C. EIJKMAN

F.C. COMPTON, J.D. WATSONAnd M.H.F. WILKINS

The discoveries of Vitamin (Noble Prize 1929)

Noble Prize (1962)“Elucidation of three-demensional molecular structure of DNA”

FREDERIC GRANT BANTING& CHARLES BEST

Discovered Radium (1898) used for radio-therapy

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History of History of medicine in medicine in IndonesiaIndonesia

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Pengobatan Asli

• Mengandung unsur :

SpiritualKegaibanRamuan tanaman

• Dukun bayi :

Sampai sekarang

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ZAMAN PENJAJAHAN BELANDA

• Ilmu Kedokteran Eropa

INDONESIA

Dokter Militer

Tenaga pembantu vaksinasi

(Vaccinateur)

• Takut penjalaran penyakit cacar

• Vaccinateur

Pendidikan KedokteranSederhana

“Dokter Jawa”

• Pusat pembutan vaksin cacar di batu tulis

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PENDIDIKAN KEDOKTERANGeneeskendegeHoogeschool

1. Sekolah dokter Djawa

2. Stovia (Jakarta)

1902

Sekolah Dokter

• Soetomo• Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo

Budi Utomo (1908)

3. Nias (Surabaya)- 1913

1851 - 2 tahun1856 - 3 tahun1875 - 7 tahun

Geneeskundigre Hoogeschool1927

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LEMBAGA PENEMUAN ILMIAH

Lembaga Pasteur

Lembaga Eijkman

Lembaga Malaria

Lembaga Kusta

Lembaga Makanan Rakyat

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Penyakit-penyakit yang menjadi masalah di Indonesia dalam masa penjajahan Belanda

1.Cacar

2.Beri-beri

3.Xelophthaluria

4.Kolera

5.Kusta

6.Malaria

7.TBC

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a. Dr. L. Otten (1926)Penyempurnaan vaksin dalam larutan

Vaksin kering

Menghilangkan sistem penyaringan …….

b. Kusta / Lepra Dr. J.B. Litanela

Sistem baru :

• Eksplorasi• Pengobatan• Pemisahan c. Malaria

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d. Lampar / pestDr. Slamet karena penyakit yang diberantasnya

e. Framboesia

f. Kolera

g. Trachea

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ZAMAN PENDUDUKAN TENTARA JEPANG

(1942 – 1945)

Gunseikan (Kepala Daerah Militer)

Kantor Dinas Kesehatan

= Eiseika

Kepala = Dr. Buntaran M(dalam pengawasan ketat)

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PERANG PASIFIK

Mobilisasi besar - bahan makanan

Mobilisasi obat-obatan

Penderitaan rakyat luar biasa

• Kurang makan

Mati kelaparan

• Kurang pakaian baju bagor

• Kekurangan obat-obatan

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ZAMAN PERANG KEMERDEKAAN

• Indonesia merdeka 17 Agustus 1945

• 1947 – Serngan militer Belanda I

• 1949 – Serangan militer Belanda II

Menyambut

Perjuangan dokter

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• 1949 Belanda menyerahkan seluruh kedaulatan ke Indonesia

Republik Indonesia Serikat

Men Kes : Dr. J. Leimena

Republik Indonesia

Men Kes : Prof.dr. Soetopo

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Selain berbakti dalam ilmu kedokterannya, kaum dokter Indonesia juga ikut menyum-bangkan jiwa raganya dalam perjuangan bangsa di segala lapangan.

Prof. dr. Satrio

Penyusun Buku Sejarah Kesehatan Nasional Indonesia

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DOKTER-DOKTERYang gugur, tewas atau hilang selama Pendudukan Tentara Jepang dan Perjuangan

Kemerdekaan

Nomor N a m a Peristiwa / tempat / waktu

1.Prof.A.MOCHTAR Oleh Jepang dituduh mencampur basil tetanus dalam

vaksin, kemudian ditembak mati dalam tahanan Kem Pei Tai (1945) di Jakarta.

2.MARAH ACHMAD Dituduh tersangkut dalam peristiwa

penyampuran basil tetanus dalam vaksin. Dalam tahanan Ken Pei Tai gugur akibat siksaan (1945)

3.SOELAIMAN SIREGAR Dituduh tersangkut dalam peristiwa

penyampuran basil tetanus dalam vaksin. Dalam tahanan Ken Pei Tai gugur akibat siksaan (1945)

4.KAYADU Dalam tahanan Ken Pei Tai (karena

aktivitas-aktivitas politik) mengalami siksaan-siksaan yang hebat dan gugur oleh karenanya (1945)5

.KARIADI Dalam “Pertempuran 5 hari” di

Semarang (1945) gugur sebagai korban keganasan Jepang.

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Nomor N a m a Peristiwa / tempat / waktu

6. LUKARDI Dibunuh oleh Jepang di Tanjung Redep (1945)

7.

D. PESIK Dibunuh oleh Jepang di Tanjung Karang / Lampung (1945)

8.

GUROJO Dibunuh oleh Jepang di Tual (1943)

9. DUSTIRA Sebagai dokter muda mengikuti perjuangan dalam TKR, gugur disekitar Bandung (1945)

10.Prof.ABDULRACHMANSALEH

Gugur beserta kawan-kawannya (Adi Soetjipto cs) dalam pesawat terbang yang ditembak oleh Belanda. Dimakamkan di Pekuncen/Yogyakarta (1947).11.SUPRAUN Sebagai dokter tentara gugur dalam pertempuran di daerah Mojokerto di tahun 1947, dimakamkan kembali di taman Pahlawan Mojokerto.

12.HADIONO SINGGIH Sebagai dokter tentara gugur dalam pertempuran di daerah Mojokerto di tahun 1947, dimakamkan kembali di Taman Pahlawan Mojokerto.

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Nomor N a m a Peristiwa / tempat / waktu13. RIDWAN (drs med) Dalam menunaikan tugas sebagai

Perwira Kesehatan gugur tahun 1948 di Buahbatu (daerah Bogor)

14.MUWARDI Dalam peristiwa PKI/Madiun diculik oleh

lawan dari tempat tinggalnya di Solo dan tidak pernah kembali lagi (1948).

15.

SUSANTO MANGUNSUPONTJO

Sebagai anggota PNI oleh pihak pemberontak (PKI Madiun) dibunuh di Pati (1948).

16.LOEKMONO HADI Korban pemberontakan PKI di Madiun

17.SUWANDAR Dalam perjalanan dinas dari Solo ke Pati, beserta rombongan masuk perangkap PKI di sekitar Ngawi dan ikut terbunuh (1948).

18.PURNOMO Pada saat menjalankan tugas PMI sekitar kota Solo (1949), terkena oleh bom yang dijatuhkan oleh Belanda.

19.PRATIKNYO Alam menjalankan tugas gerilya waktu Perang Kemerdekaan-II, gugur di daerah Klaten bagian Utara (1949). Telah dimakamkan di Taman Pahlawan Yogyakarta.

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Nomor N a m a Peristiwa / tempat / waktu

20. SUDJOJO PURWO-SUPRODJO

Dalam menjalankan tugas gerilya di gunung Merapi sewaktu Perang Kemerdekaan ke-II (1949). Telah dimakamkan kembali di Taman Pahlawan Yogyakarta.21

.SUBANDI Dalam menjalankan tugas gerilya

sewaktu Perang Kemerdekaan ke-II, gugur di sekitar Kalisat Jawa Timur dan telah dimakamkan kembali di Taman Pahlawan Jember (1949).22

.DJASAMIN SARAGIH Pada waktu tentara Belanda menyerbu

kota Pematang Siantar dalam pengungsian ke Kebon Jahe dibunuh oleh Laskar Rakyat karena karena terdapat padanya tablet “MB” (Pabrik May and Baker), yang diartikan oleh Laskar tadi sebagai Militer Belanda (1947).

23. G. TOBING Gugur pada waktu tentara Belanda menyerbu kota Tebing Tinggi, Sumatera Timur, di tahun 1947.

24. PIET ALI Gugur sebagai korban pertempuran dalam peristiwa “Andi Azis” di Makassar tahun 1950.

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Nomor N a m a Peristiwa / tempat / waktu

1.ISMANGIL Sebagai Dokter PETA ditembak mati oleh

Jepang di Jakarta (1944), karena dituduh sebagai satu di antara “pemberontak-pemberontak” dalam peristiwa BLITAR

2.SUSILO Sebagai seorang cendekiawan, beserta

dokter-dokter lain di Kalimantan dibunuh Jepang (1944). Semasa hidupnya menjabat Inspektur Kesehatan Kalimantan dan berkedudukan di Banjarmasin. Sangat besar jasanya dalam pemberantasan penyakit malaria.

3.RUBINI Sebagai seorang cendekiawan, beserta

dokter-dokter lain di Kalimantan, dibunuh oleh Jepang (Pontianak 1944)

4.ACHMAD DIPONE- GORO

Sebagai seorang cendekiawan, beserta dokter-dokter lain di Kalimantan, dibunuh oleh Jepang (Pontianak 1944)

5. SUNARSO Sebagai seorang cendekiawan, beserta dokter-dokter lain di Kalimantan, dibunuh oleh Jepang (Pontianak 1944)

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Nomor N a m a Peristiwa / tempat / waktu6. AGUSDJAM Sebagai seorang cendekiawan, beserta

dokter-dokter lain di Kalimantan, dibunuh oleh Jepang (Pontianak 1944)

7. ISMAIL Sebagai seorang cendekiawan, beserta dokter-dokter lain di Kalimantan, dibunuh oleh Jepang (Katapang/Kalbar 1944)8. TUMANGKOL Dibawa oleh Jepang dari tempat tinggalnya (Sampit) kemudian tidak pernah kembali (1944)

9. J.J. DUNGUS Dibawa oleh Jepang sewaktu Balikpapan dibom oleh sekutu; tidak pernah kembali (1944).

10.KANUYOSO Sebagai seorang cendekiawan, beserta

dokter-dokter lain di Kalimantan, dibunuh oleh Jepang (Balikpapan 1944)

11. MOCH. GORO Gugur akibat siksaan Jepang di P. Seram (Kairatu 1943/1944)

12.USMANI Dibunuh oleh Jepang di Maluku (Tobelo/

Halmahera, 1943/1944)

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PERISTIWA PENTING DI ZAMAN KEMERDEKAAN

• 1974 - Prof.Dr. Sulianti Saroso

di WHO menjadi Ketua Sidang Umum

World Health Assembly

• 1975 - Indonesia dinyatakan bebas penyakit cacar

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