GOVEltNMEN'l' OF INDIA

ARCHJEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

ARCHLEOLOGICAL LIBRARY

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THE HISTORY OF INOlA

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THE HISTORY OF INDIA

A s Told by irs Ow11 Historians

THE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD

THE POSTHUMOUS PAl'BRS

Ol'

SlR H. M . ELLIOT

17649 Edited by John Dowson

~~ SUSIL GUPTA (INDIA) PRIVATE LTD

CALCU'ITA U

First Edition 1869 Second Edition 1958

CitURAL At<CH,,t::OLOGJGAI UBRARY. Nt:.W >fU .Hl.

Aea. llo ... .... .. .tJ.k.'fJ... · · · ..... -o... . ..... l..f : .. (.f:r'f. .... f. ...... , .. / ...... ..._._. c, L~ . o :z- ~-~ .:' ·--•':~~an N• .. -..... . ....... - ... 7-

PubUtbcd by Su•ll Oupto for Susll Oupta Ondla) Pt. ltd. I 3S, Otlt1ara$n A.enue, c.Jeutlll-12, and printed by Jmr,.Du N•m t>cr at Exn ass Pal>rmtl l'mvAn Llld1TID, 20-A, Gour t.aba Street, Caleana-6.

PUBLISHERS' NOTE

The volume comprises nine articles dealing with minor histories and histarians reproduced from volumes IV and VII of tho original edition of tho work.

The Memoirs of Khawas Khan and Shuja'l Khan, the Extracts from Waki'llt·l Mushtakt, Tarlkhf Hafiz Altru antl Tarlkh.f Mubarak Slwhl appeared In the Volume IV, and the rest are drawn from Vol. VII of the original edition.

The Editor in .course of his prefatory rcmada ob~ervcs:

"The extraclli fi'om the WakJ' at·i Mushtakl will show the truo value of a wodc once often quoted, but now little known. It Is a favourable specimen or the anecdotal literature of the age, and though asserling to claims. to be considered ns a consecutive .historical record. it contains numerous interesting passages beucr worthy of attention than many of the stories recorded by the professed his-­torians.

"The Tarikh·l Mubarak Shahi now makes its first appearAnce. It is an e.•cecdingly rare work, nnd a knoW· ledge> of it bns long been anxiously desired, for lt covers Ills l "hiatus of about sixty years"' which Col. Lees thought it wou ld be difficult to ~U up from "contemporaneous his· torian.s." It is not a work or any literary prete_ns!ons, and it can o:nly be regarded as a plain ·unvarnished chronicle of the period over which ·it travels. Such as iris, however, it is a contemporary record, and all hrter writers have been directly or lndhecfly indebted to it for the history of the troublous times which followed lhe invasion of Timur. Sir}!. Elliot's MS. is incomplete, but as Nizam Ahmad, the autho~ of the Tabokat-1 Akbari, made great use of this WOik, and often quoted long passages verbatim, t.be defi· ciencies of the former have be,en supplied, by quoting

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from tbe latter suoh passages as were required to complete lhe history of the Saiyid dynasty down to the end of rhc reign of 'Aiauddin in 1450 A.D."

The following is n liJt of articles in th.is volume with the names of tho writers.

I. Memoir of Khawas Kban-Sir H. M. Elliot. 2. Death of Sbujat Khan-Sir 'H. M. E!Uot. 3. Wakl'at-i Muslzataki-A Munsbi and Sir H. M. Elliot. 4. Tarikh of lradat Kbao-Capr. Jonnth.nn Scott. 5. Tarikh-i Babndur Shahi-Lt. Anderson. 6. Tarikh-i Shah AJam Babndur Shnb-Editor. 7. Tbral Noma-Editor. 8. Tori­kill Hafiz Abru- Sir H. M. Elliot and Edltor. 9; Tarikh-i Mubarak-Sbahi- Editor.

CoNTHNTS

PAOli ). Masnad 'A.li Khawns Khan 2 2. Death of Sbuja'at Khan 5 3. Waki'at·l Mushraki 7 4. Khan Jahan Lodi 11 s. MiaD Zaiilu·d din 14 6. Khawas Khan 19 7. The Nobles of Sultan

Sikandar's Reign 20 8. Mugbula and the Raja

of Chnmparao 21 9. Otl1cr nobles of Suhan

Sikandar's reign 23 10. Mian l,:la'rufFormull 24 11. Sber Shah 25 12. Sulan Mahmud of Mandu 28 13. Account of Suit !In

Gbl1u,d din Khilji, Klog of Maodu 30

14. Tarikh-i lradat Khan 3~

15. A'zam Shah 37 16. Shah • A lam Bahadur Sbab 48 17. The sons o{Babadur Shah so 18. Character of Bsbadur Shah :

His Courl 51

19. Prince Kam Bakhsh 53 20. Ghaziu-d din Khan

Firoz Jang 54

21. .Death aod Character of Kban-khanan 56

22. Death of Babadur Shah 57 24. Letters of Aurangazab 63

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PAO£ 2S. Tarilclr-111ahatlur Shah/ . .. 6S 26. Tarikb·i Sbab Alam

Bahadur Shah 68 27. 'lbrat-Nama 68 28. Murder of Husain AU Khnn ... 7l 29 T~rlkh·i Hafiz A.bru 72 30. Tarlkh-1 Mubarak-SIIahl 77 31. Reign of Sultan Feroz shah ... 78 32. Reign of Tugbllk Sbab 90 33. Sullan Muhammad Shah 92 34. Su!U\11 'Alau-d din

Sikandar Sbab 99 35. Sullrul Mabmud Shah 100 36. Mubarak Sba.h 125

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• STUDIES 1N !NOlAN HISTORY

Vol. VI

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MASNAD 'ALI KfiAWAS :KHAN

THER£ is no connected account of this officer in any of the Afghan histories. Those who treat of him sepamtcly 611 their smtements with what to us are the most u11.· interesting events of his life. Thus, in the Tarilth·i Khan· ]allan (MS:, pp. 187-190), there is a ltmg eulogy upon hi~ great ¥uhammadan , iirlues, and especially b.is lavish prodigaUty' in behalf o£ l:11.y fakir:. ';['he Waki'at·i Mtllh· tahi (MS., pp. U2·17) gives these and other particulats: b11t, nocwitlutanding its prolixity, is not complete even in U1ese five long pagc.f, as au llaitu& occurs before we come to the time of his d<ritth. The Tarikh-1 Dlt'lid.i (MS., I'P· .ag•-7) nlso celebrates his inilimiminate liberality to 'these sanclim.onious vagabonds .. nncl gives a.g an illustration that he had no less than 2500 apartments in his palace, in eacb of whlch 1 oo of these obese vermin wexe pampered at th.e ~-•te o£ two sil·• of corn per diem, great and small. Doubt· less, tl1e c.'aggerntion of numbers is enomwus; but admit· ing even one biUldrcdth part to be true, it again leads to ll1e .refleCtion whlcl1 ·similar laudatioM bav~ excited­What misery must have beea entailed upon the wretched phlnder'ed people to supply the extravagances a.nd establiili the piety and benevolence of these ostentatious "Patrons of profeued' devotees.

With respect to his death, this work simply ..tells us that he was !<illcd without hftving committed . any fault. In short, all these authors dwell more upon the execellenee and liberality of his cuisine, than upon his tragic end, and the deUberate ~r6dy and knavery o£ the base king at who.'!e instigation he was murdered. There is no occasion to notice any of the political events of his life, for they will be found frequently mentloned in the l"eigus of Sbet Shah and lllam Shah ; but it is curious to remark

• Tbi~ wUl be round r.ranstated in the annotations. oC1>r. Dorn·s Hl•tory of t/1< ll{gll~"'· pm U., FP· Jo6-8. In "JIU!e boOk cntlllctl the .V~ojrot llfgliania (~IS., p. 136). tlll& prolusion is aurlbutcd 10 Sher Shta.h, bw .be W35 tQO wiit and practiml u. m.an for suc:b, rnllie~.

• STUDIES lN INDIAN HISTORY

that, on bu lint int.roduction to public life, when he !uccccded to the title o£ Khawa$ Kha.n, upon the occasion .of bis elder brother's being drowned ilL the ditch of the fort of Gaur, he came into slight collision with his future murderer lslam Shah, then Prince Jalal Khan. khawns Khan urged. an immediate attack, to whidt Jalal Khan

,gave his reluctant cooli'mt ; but generously attributed the .victory, when gained, to the COU(age and Cot:J:gy of Kllawas ~Khan.'

lt hns been remnrked elsewhere, bow conftrsed is the record of his career at the beginning of Islam Shall's reign. It may, therefore, ~c necessary ro mention. that, nftcr flying from Mewar with nll his n1·tlllery, in which he was strong, he remained some time in Sirhlnd, wltither 'Azam Rumayun ~dvanced against him by Islam Shah's orders, with 40,000 men ; but they had a secret understanding with each other, and Khaswas l<han retired leiSurely on his advance, and entered Rohll.khaod, whCJ•c, after for a long time desolating the royal parg<mas at the foot of the Kamaun hills, he joined the Niazi3 befot•e Lhe battle of Ambala, and on the day of action dcsert.t!d Utcm on the plea of their wishing to exclude any man of the Sur family from the !Ucce&sion to the empire. Hi$ movements here appear to hnvc been very extraordinary, for instead of joining Islam Sltah, to whom he had communicated bi6 intentions, and from whom be n;tight have expected to ~receive the imroediat.e (CWard of his perfidy. he again Tettrrned to his !taunts under the bills, and finally sought the protection of the · Raja of Kam:tttn, who conducted himself with great magnanimi,ty during the events we s!:tall now 1\ave to ~eeord. He entered the Raja's country by the pass Qf Dabar. and fixed his residence at Albahi. Ahmad Yadgar is the author who give$ by f.:tr the full.est and most consistent ~ccount of hi.~ death in n passage extending irol'n. pp. 336 to 342 of his history, which.,!' here proceed to abstract.

' &:c "Shcr Shah", P. 74·

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After the Raja of .Rajauri lutd presented a white elephant, and so ingratiated himself with tb.e K.ing that he was reinstated in hls territories, Idam Shah returned from those pares, and remained some time •t Agra.

Here inteiHgence was brought him by his spies, that KhaWlls Khan had establiabed bimsel,f upon a lofty moun· ta.in in the domin.ions of the Raja of Kamaun, who bad assigned him some villages fo> his support, as well ai a daily allowance of cash. Upon this, Taj Khan Kiran.i, who held the Suba o£ Sambhal,' was d.irected to use every possible means to get Ule refugee into his power. "H bi,s hand could not .reach there, be was to do. it by m~ssagc:s1 promising royal benefactio~ueb as th~ imperial cllslricts a t the foot of the hills, whleb would be made over to h.im. :By holding ouL hOp<$ such as these, Tnj Khan might be able to send him io chains to Court."

Several messages were despatched at the same time to th<; Raja, who indignantly rcjilied, "l-Iow cnn I throw ioto fetters a man who has sought my protection ? As long as I have breath i~t my body, !never ean. be guilry o£,511ch baseness."• Islam Shah llitmelf theu wrote to Khawas Khan, to say that he forgave him, and wishecl that what had passed should all be forgotten between them; that the Rana of Udipur had again raised h.is head~ ·and plundered several of the xoy:d possession!, and carriecl olt the wives and children of Musulmaru; that none of the nobles had succeeded in their measures agaiost him ; ond that '\11 tbcir hopes were now oentred i1l Khawas Khan. "All this is assertccl with nil the sinccrity than can attath to an oath before God : and after that, an ongagm~cnt and guarantee was ingrosseci. 'o)'l saffron·

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• Thla ungra.ltEul scou.ndrd had owed his ptdl!!'1'lllC'nl (o Khli.~u K.h;m. Tn the !ub.scque:nc lilif.Otf. of the Afghans, we tlnd b1m In reb¢lllon ~~g11Jnst hilf Jicge.lonl. an<L IU()porting his uturpallont by -•ha Sll!f'C m~n.J· of tying an~t torgt-·r)' w.bich he (Ound Jb •·uc:ccs!~ on tlus ooowon.

• The Maltlli.awi AfgJrani te.pl'tsentt that the RBja !laid be wJa .incapable of affording him [>r01ection any longer, llDtl that &h~w;:s Kh:tn carne hinuelf lO DchH and suucndc:red htmsclf.

.'lfl1Dli1.S IN !NDJA~ J·llS1'01L¥

coloured cloth, and despatched. And 'l:tl j Khan wns at the same time instructed ro usc every k.uld of cajolery and Hattery. ln order to lull that bird into security, and entice him imo the net ; for the wounds which his con· duct l1ad ltnplanted in the King's breast could not be hc:.led but by tlte salve of h!.s murder.''

On the receipt of these missives, Khawns Khrrn's immediate impulse wa.s to obey them, but he was strongly di.!lsuadcd by his adhcrcnt.s ancl the Raja, who Tcprescntctl that the Klllg was perft<liou$, that lte hatl destroyed mi»t of hb nobles, and how thezl could he allow Khawas Khau to' Cllc:lpc, ,;,ho had been ret\ limes Clppo~d to him iu battle ? These remonstrances were, however, of no avail.

When Taj K.h.an wrote to inform ,His Majasty dmt J<hnwas Khan had rrn'ived within twcmy kos of Snmbhal, "The king, who entertained i11 his heart the· most inveterate h~tred, Jotgot his sacred promi$cs and lti~ oath before Cod, and Wt'Ote, saying, 'The moment he arrive! slay him, and hnviJ>g nuffcd his body witlt straw, despatdJ it to Dchli.' ''

1 W.lien 10Jawas Kh;m anivcd at the town of: Sirsi, Taj Kb.an advanced with !}is army 10 mc.ct him, and at night sent his myrmidons w assassinate b.im. "On the morrow, wben preparing to execute the royal commands, they found, on U1c rcn10val of the sheet fr"Om his body, that i~ ,was covered with about ten sirs: of nowcrs. T~j Khan was . alanncd at what lte bad done. Nevertheless, under the prcre.Djptory instructiorts he had received, he cut. off that head, which was the ornament of prostration in pra)'er, and bound it on a spear-head, Ukc that of a common malefactor or murderer, and sent it on to its destfuadon accempanicd by the body stuffed w.ith st:raw."• ~·0n iu arrival, Islam Shah ordered that it should be in)-·

··paled In the front of the Red Gate; and it is said, tliat when 'tJill was done, a fllack wintl arose whlcl) darkened

'BriBgs 'aao:ribe< till! event· to 957 ~.u, (1550 A.l>). but not on the authority of his original

STUDlllS It>' INDIAN HISTORY 5

lbc whole world, and sll1:h an earthqunke w:w (ell that the loftiest buiJdi,ugs fell to U1e ground. From that date; moreover, calumlcies befell the reign of !slam Shah."

He seems to b.ave been buried .in Pchli ; for the Mall h1t1n·i ll/gltani infOrms us that wllen, after exposure for tlu:e.e successive nighbl, a load of roses, notwitP<tand· in!\" the doubllng of tlie guard, was found to have been thrown over the body, Islam Shnh was inSpired with remorse; and ordered that he ahould be solemnly' interred . . firishta also says that his ·corpse \vas interred ac Dehli n(te.r h.is assassination by Taj 1<.ban ; that his comb is frequented even at the prcsem da.y; and that the oommon people, esteeming him to be a saint, go there toHltter prnyCl"ll for" success itl their underr.:ik.in~.

But t have also h.ad his tomb pointed. out to me at Khawaspur in c.be Upper Panjab, between the Jelam and the Chinah. He is in thnt neighbourhood also held in high. repute (or b.is piety and courage; and there arc several populat songs sung in hls praise, under the ,appcl­lntion of "Sakhi" or "generous."

DEATH OF SHUJA'AT KRAt'J . We t·c.,d so mudt respecting the acri!)ns of this g~Jaqt officer durit\g the reigns of Sher Shah and Islam Shah,1

thlll 1.herc is no need here 10 expatiate upon them. Most of the authors who have made any mention of !tis death' concur in repreoenting it as a natural one, bul as the following d~U!ils appear lti!(hly probable, and are illustrative <!f the ignominy aud baseness which ptevailed. at thi& period, I will abstract ltu aceounL of them from Ahmad Yadgar (MS., pp. 845·850).

Sh'!ja'at Khan. Gh:u.i Khan S!Uj and Iiajl ,Kban wer·e direi:j:ed by hlam Shah to lead an .expedition agai~t

' Aniortgn oUlcr r.nonunlentt Of hiS rule. It lhe town of 'Sh.ujat wnlpnr, ncar Ujjain.

• See Ma):h14n·i ~~~~~l1aroi (MS., p. ,,6), and Ta-rikl•·i. Kha•J·. J•'""' (MS .. p. Ut). ·i•ibht.a tllyt he dotd u Malwa ln. ¢< "· mil. tho others -l.oo aay aft or ·the <Je•lb of !Jiam Sh•h. ·

6 STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY

Surat Sing Rathor, whose principality w~ Chonsu. Tile .ole reason !or this wanton attack seems to have been that he !tad a white elephant and a beautiful daughter. The elephant, though .so remarkable for its docility in the stable that even .chHdren .might play with jts trunk and tusks. was equally celebrated in the field fof it& valou.r and ferocity, insomuch that no strange dl'iver dare approach it.

Sural Sing chnnced to be al Dwarl:.a when he heard of the arrival of th4 formidable force ; but two R~jput chicftaillS, Rumpa and Pampa, h•tving becrt lcfl behind to manage tbc :u·n.y during his absence, collected ten or· t wclve thousand veteran soldiers, and crcctt'<.l an earthen circumvallation round Chonsu, with a deep clitch, pi'O· tccted by ou~vorks in different places.

One day, afu:.r the anny of Islam Shah !tad reached that neighbourhood, they carne suddenly upon the village of Nal:.ar, where the Rajputs were standing negligently in detached bodies, and had tal:.en no lllClU;tS for securing their outposts in that portion of the dcfcr1ccs. T ltc three nobles, after a short conSllltation, determined upon an immediate au.ack_, and the lot fell. upon Shuja'al Kh:m co leacl the advan,co, with 4000 cavalry and scvco or eight elephants. Haji Khan and Ghazi Khan were to support him respectively on 'the right and left. Tb.e Rajputs maintained their ground against every att.nck of ~huja'at Khan, !.hough. clirected with. the uunost vigour and unf>etu6sity ; nnd at \he same time, "the two nobles retired, both qn the right a:nd left, becatue Islam Shah

·was ill-clisp06Cd towards Shuja'at Khan, though lte pre· tended to be otherwise, on account of Daulat Khan Ujiab. the Khan's adopted .son, who was a ~tamite of 1he King's. He had, therefore, directed them secretly on the day of batUe to let h.im advance heedlessly, and not give liim any support wh'en he required it, in order that he might be slain." Coruequetttly, . when Sl-.uja'at Khan fonnd himself deserted hy hi$ colleagues, being determined to sell liis life dearly, he put himself al the nead of two

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I STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY i

thousand of hls own cavalry, and astonished eveh hil infidel opponents by bis deeds of gallantry, "until bi.t horse fell covered with wounds ; when, being drive.n to defend himself on foot with his bow a.od ~n:ows, he made every bolt which he sped send an infidel to hell."

"I:he next dny, the Hindus being defeated by the other two generals, performed the i4tlllar, when one thousand women became victinu in that sacrifice. Immense plunder fell into the h .ands of the victors, and O'casure was Clll'cied off which it had taken three or four generations to amass. ''The King was bigbly rejoicccl to near of Shuja'at Kban's death, and ordained a splendid festival to be held. He recounted tO Daulat Khan U jialn all lhc feats of valour which had been achieved by SbuJ!I'at Kh.nn and in order to assuage his grief, elevated him to the -rank which bad been enjoyed by hi$ adoptive fathc.r.u•

What a pltternal k.ing I What loyal and obsequious nobles I

WAKl'AT·Z MUSBTA.X/

TU£ author of this work, Shaikh Rizl.u.Jla Mwhtaki. ¥IllS

born in 897 n., and died jn 989 n., (t4g•·•s8• A.D.).' In the body of the work he names his father Shailth Sa'du·lla. He speaks of ltinuclf in his preface as having associated from early youth with the most learned meo of ilia age, and having greatly benefited by their colloquies. l!rom .

• Defore thla (if ·we cxctpl Ujjn'h'l1 wbjd1 hiJ !atJter wa.s co·m­p<llcd to give up to bim) he npp<anl to have held no lpedllc rank, but pcrhap1 took. precedence of all Lhc. nobles, :LS ~iog tbc personal r-avoltrltc at t.he K.it1g. The Makllran·i 11fghani te11s \ II be w~ at liberty to dnw nt any dmc: a Inc of ropee:s !mm the Treuun. 11llt youhg tutd favoured p-enon !l.ppenn, ' lrorn 10n1e ftW thit. reCQrdcd of hlm. to ha:ve been better th;tn the genimt.l rnn ol· hi• ''ile conlcniponri.es .. Be waa -murdered1 a.ftcr hb 'fatbci'• (katb, by h.La perfidious brotbe:r Bnt Dah.adur, who has left bebJnd hhn t name of celebrity in M>IWII.

• Nt•'mutu·ll• coliJ lilm Mautllll• Mwbukt, wi~>OIII glvlnr hi• name (Makluan·i dfgltoni, MS.. fol. • r.). ·

STUDJ:r..S IN lNDJJ\N HlSTOR Y

tbelll he used to hear several extraordinary relations of l>ygooe dmcs, which, together with what he bad derived from the CXCt'(.iSe of his ow.n powers o£ observation, he used to recount ror the instruction and cdi!ication of his friends. "!'hey we:re so much strucl\ with the murvcls he related, :J,nd the value of Ills communications, tha~ they would bring him pen and ink, nnd beseech him to record in n more pct•mancnt form Lhe result of his researches; and nt la$1, upon a particular friend of his suggesting that the uuthor should compile an hi.srork•l work_ fot· the advantage of those who wc.rc p:u·riul ttl stu:h inquiries, he undertook the task, and we have the result in the Wnl<i'tLIA Mu.<btliki.

He is spoken of in terms of high commenda tion b)' Shaikh '1\bdu·l Hakk anti Shaikh Nuru·l ,Hakk ill tht Tarilth·i Ffl!l<hi and tile Zubtlntrt·l Tnllml'ii<lt , He i~ styled uncle by both these wt·!tcr~ ;' bur a£ 'Abdu-l Hakl< was the (aLiter of Nuru·l Hakk, he muSL necessarily stand in n remoter relation lo ouc of them. He is reprcscJ\!ed as a !,>TCat traveller, as b:.vittg mixed with rnnny celebrated men, as an eloq ucnt and learned man, comistcnt and pure in his conduct, moch devoted to spiritual exercises, and especially .in the doctrines and practices oF Sufi·ism, fully acquaimcd with the history of politics of his time. and his conversation as very cngnging and replete with wit, repartee, and anecdote. Jn his Pcnian. compositions l:l:c nyl,ed hhmelf MushMk, in his Hindu] Rnjmr. Ele posse"cd· the' rare accompii.lhment at thnt 1.ime of con· sidc,rabl~ knowlcc)ge of the Hindui language. He quote.\ s~vcral distichs i\t the course of his history, and "his Paimab~tl ]ob Niran.;an and oth<tr tzeatiscs in Hindi' nrc celebrated Lltroughout the world." He had cight brothers, all possessed of rare qualifications ; and as far a~ hi.~ grand·

. • • ~b<lu·l R>kk's &lAy 011 lie< Lil.crary Jiisll>ey of De/Ill (MS .. fol. •o v.). ond N'uru·l Hnkl<.'• Zubdolu·l Tnll!~rllch (MS., fol. So r.), nnd 4klnrrrc·l 4Ahyor (MS., fol. 191 <.). ·

• The dislinctfon b~tw~L tlH~ Hindu£ and Rfud.i i~ obs~rvfd 1x)lh by 1 ADdu.) · R11kk and Nmu-1 Hakk, but they arc tvtdontly meant to apply to the same language.

S1'tl0li!S IN li~OIAN HISTORY

nuphew can be understood, it would appear that their colltemporaries were ummimous in ascribing to them the merit of having effected :~ considerable improvement ia the populnr language of t.he country. T11e family appears to have bad a bins towards historical composition ; for, indcpendeutly ·of the lwo works noticed above, our a'ulhor's grandfather, by name Shailili Flroz, who is said to h.1vc c!xcellcd equally with his peu and sword, wrote an heroic poem upon the war between Sultan llahlo! and Sultan Husahi Sharki, 'Abdu·l Hakk mentions that he had It in his: pos5ession, but had I04t it, leading us to infur tbnt lt was very scarce, Shaikh Firoz died .in 86o n. ( 456 A.D.).' He app<oars to be entitled to a portion ol the snint.•hip which attaches to the nnme of bu gtandwn, fot' he was much devoted to spirilllal exercise$. indulged in visions and ecstasies, ;mtl was cspeciJilly lcat·ncd in tltc docll'incs and practlccs l)f Su.Ji·ism. His retigions pre· ceplor wa.1 Shaikh Muhammad Miskin, who resided nt Kan.auj, ;uid wn• much revered Pl' hi< credulous disciples. It is related of him that when his house was dcsb:oyed by fire, a store of rice wa$ burnL along with his other goods. "It matters twt." said he, "the harvest of us who are scorched ( wllh nrc as well as the light divine) will not all be destroyed," nnd threw the gmin upon the ground, when lo ! every seed of the grain, when they <:ame t~:> reap it, was found to he double. When this marvellous produce was brought before Sultan Sikandar. he devoutlr thnnked Cod that s11ch men wet:c produced in his time.•·

Sultan Jlnhtol Shnlt Snlnm S'kan<lu Sultr.n Ibrahim B:thar Datbhllh Hum•yun ll•d>h.t• Al<bJU' llad.ttah

• Ak.~aru-1 Akioyar (MS., £oL s•s v,), • Thete il o..n account of thls aaJnt fn t.bc Alcltbltfu·l Alclrynr (MS .•

fo1. tQI), :tnd at the end of lt lberc is a budalOtf notic:c o( MtiJII· l<ki. · See nlso Tnbahnt·l Sltnll-}nlmni (MS .. (ol. •37 \',) ,

•• STUDll-:S IN INDIAN lliSTOllY

Sher Sllah lslam Shah

J)p. 95•1 ' 1 I)J). UJ•I-irl

S\Jium Muhmm.l (' Adali) tmd Sur dynnoty •.. PP· '4,t'46

Ghiyun·d din l(ltilji (M Molw•) I'P· 14ij· >r,~ Nl\:nu·d diu Khil/'i ... •.. pp. t~·1li5 Sultan MuUI[or S >oh (Of Gujorol) . .. pp. t08·t67 Ml«<<IIWOOUI An«dotca •.. pp. 168·110

Sh;q·-SmaU Folio~ contofning .:uo pagea of 17 liues eaclJ.

Dut it is not to be mpposcd that the treatment or the history is so methodical ns the above table would leave one to suppose. On the contrary, the work ia very ill~.trranged, long digressions urc frcqucutly introduted, ond referenre ia ng:tin made to reigns wbkh hayc been previously disposed of, and to matters whitlt he con!csscs be had forgotten. Thus, in the midtllc of the :reign o( [slam Shah, we have an account of some of the nobles of lbrahlm Shah, and then of Sultan Sikandar, so as to leave the impression, that hc.rc at lease there mu5t be some error of the copyist or the binder ; for such a strange transposition could scarcely bave mken place either by design, or the mosc treachcrmas lapse of memory. Anec· dotes arc nho intcrspc~:sed of the cclcb<ttted chiefs and sainu of tbc time, and silly storie.• of miracles, apparitions, demons, enchantment, and jugglery def~nn the work-:­exllihiting the extraordinary credulity Qf the •uthor, ns well as of the ngc in whiclt he liv~d. It contain~. how· c;vcr, much that is iptcresting, and we nrc occasionally favoured with a few illustrations of the manner., 11£ the

· times. It ajfords, therefore, n rather copioli!J field rm· extract, especially as it ia exceedingly rare. Many of the !lodes attributed to tho author's heroes arc popularly related of otb.er sovereigns.

llesidcs tlu~ one in '"Y 0w11 pnsses5ion, I know of only one copy of tltis work in India." and tbat is an cxcellcm copy in the 11asklt character in the Moti 'Mahal library lit Lu~know.• It ·;, strange that the Wnl<i'~t·i Mmlltaki

• reol. Lees hAd never seen 11 copy : :nul n_lthougb he bad &net wlll• fhe nunc o( ''ftl::..ulan:\ Musluak.i," .hc:2 dJd not know rhe lltlc: <>( lo is book. Journ. ll. A. S .. vol. ill .. 11.1. , p. iM·l

STUDIES IIi tNDtAN HI$TOIW II

should be so uncommon, for it was much quoted by con­temporaries.' and conto.ins abundance of trivilll •torie.. well suited to the tastes and intellects of the p1·esenl generation,

K/lan ]ahem L~di IN giving an account of the nobles of Sultan Sikandar's time, J shall not speak of those· whom I hav~ not seen, but only t.bose with whom l was personally acquainted. I commence with those who were in his service while at Agra.

Masnad 'Ali Husain Xhan, who was cllllcd Kha~>

Jahan Lodi, had made it n rule tl12t whatever fixed .;alary • h<> gave to h is soldiers, he ·never deduct~d :my­thing from it: but when, after the lapse of niuety years. the sovereignty departed J'J·om the Afghans, their allow­ance.~ were stopped.

l t wa.< nlso his rule, that every one of his at«uJdanl< should be pre5ent whenever be was in bb camp ; but when he was in his palace, if any pdrron wen t to him Utecc, he would aak. him why lle came. Jf the Jll'at) ~ plied, he came to salute !tim, he would say, "You have come of your own accord, th.ere is no necessity for your attendance:, except when I am in tl\e camp. Now, thouglr r arn at home, you &till come to me. It appears that you hltVe no love for your own family. What must they thin~ of you ?'' After saying this, be would immediate!)• dismiss him, no~ even allowing him to &it down.

If any person died, his allowances were transferred to IUs so.n. 1£ he had no ann, they were given to bis sister's or brother's son, or son·in-law, or any of hill rela· tion$ who survived him. If there was no such relation. his wi.fe was ordered to bring her brother or nephew, and the llllowancc was given to him. 11' she also had none.

• Betides tho 'in.sHmces quoted nbove1 see Nllo'\mu·d dt" AhmAd. :T'abokal·i A kbari (MS., !ol. • v.}. and All•b·d•rt Falti Sirhindl. A Abor· """'" (MS .. fol. 1 v.).

• lstlqam(ll :1 new \t.~ of 1h.a ·w:otcf.

~ ruDlES lN tNDIAN to$TOR:t

ohc· W!IS :1dvl.sed to adopt a son. from her other relations: and if she bad no rcl:u.ion, then any wcll-bor.n child. If she had nny fit slave, the was allowed to adopt him, but she was en joined to send .him to school, and teach him tl1e arts of archery and riding. ln short, in no mlll1llcr WM any .fixed nllown.ncc ever stopped. If any learned or religious man hru! a11 interview with. him, be was favoured with. the gtnnt oE n village, n piece of Land, or ·some pension. He always took care of his ncighliours, and re.Paired Ute .mosques which had fallen into disrepair.

One morning, :Sandagi Minrt Ladnn Dnu.isbmand wcnL to the Khan Jahan, an,d when he asked him what bro11gbt hiln there so early, he answered tl1at he wished to eat khichri, but tl1at he tliought he could not have ll prep:trcd in. time; be bad therefore thought of some rich man in whose bouse he· could find it ready. He rcmcm· bcrcd Llie Khan, a11d irnmcdiatcl y came to hlm. The Khan said that he never ate !tlticilri, but other thin!!' 1vcrc beiog ma.cle rcndy: if he liked kltic!tri, it should he prepared for him. The Mian nnswercd, "The same difficulty exists here ; while you arc getting lt ready, 1.hc time for eating it will have passed. Th.c. Khan said, "While it is getting ready 1 'Viii send for some sweet· meats for you from the bawr." The. Mian said, "Very good. but tell the man to bring the money t Q rnc. L will direct him wbRL he should bring." When the •no•Jey was brought, the Mian said to the man, "Give iL to me, and you go and ptepafe the kliic/tri." ln. sb.orl, wbcn ic was ready, and the Mian had. finished it, he said he had eaten too freely, and l.t would be very trouble­some for him lo st.and tl1e motion of a Utter. The .Kh.1n asJ:cd, ''Why do you go in a litter, have you no h.orse ?" He replied that a horse whi.cb goes uneasily i! worse than a litter, and that his horse had very u.npleasant ·paces. The Khan said, "I will give you one of my own horses wh.il;h goes very easily." T he Minn exclaimed, "Why should J not ride if there be such a horse at my dispc»al I " Tbe Khan ordered h.is men to bring a ccr-

S'fUOU!.S IN INDIAN IU~TQR Y l j

taln horse, nod it was brought just as it stood in the stable, with only its clothing on it. He ordered it to .be made oyer to the Mian, who said, "ln conscquct~ce of my belley ~ing so ·full. 1 complain~d of the Vtter ; but .now a greater dilficttlty hns arisen, for t Mver om ride a llorse with a naked bad." The Khan sm iled. and :oent for a saddle, which l"~f brought and put on lhe l.torse .. The Mian then naked whether be was to keep the anilmtl at his howe, or send i.1. back. "Keep lC lit your hnuse,'' replied the Khan. The Mian said there WitS nobody ro take care of it. On this he was told that a scrvao.t should be employed. on monthly wages fot· the pttrpQse. The Mian ugn.in asked what it ate, and was told Lhat it always ate rulsc, coarse sugar, and clarified bmter. The Mian •aid, "Where arc such things to be got in Lllis llOOr mnn's bouse 1" So these '"ere also ordered to be given to rum. Again he said, "When this saddle becomes old, at\Oll)er will be required, ami n.ew doth.ing will also be needed whe11 the old is worn .out." He was told to tru:.e uway those articles al.!o. He then ~aid, "[t wottld be very troublesome to send the horse-keeper every day for its food ; it would b~ a grcnL favour if you were LO grnnt me a village, ll•e- income of ivhicl\ wlll do for all Utesc expenses nL once, viz., the wages of tho groom :tnd the horse's food, a.n<l .its ~addle, a nd its clothing, nnd its green fodder." This request of his was also cotnplicd with, and n villnge was gr.mted l'l.im in the district of llnd~lUl. On his caking leave, he said he bad ll!ken hls dinner and recc~ved a horse :lnd u villnge, but tbe Litter· carriers wlw had brought bim there bad got 11othing. On thls sornc money w.. given to them, and th,en . nt last tl1c Mian tOOk bU depnrt11rc. Such wa) the ge•1c!r()o do/ of ~{han Jnhan Lodi I

When he died, his son, whose name was Ahmed Khan, neither got the title of Khan ·J•han nor bis fatber!s rank. Mian Zai nu·d din a)ld Mian Zabaru-d din wet·~ two officers of the deceased Khan Jahan, and his anmy and parganas were ·given ·over to t heir cl\arge. A ,r<>yal

•• STUDIES IN INDIAN HlSTORY

ftm~~au was also sent at tho samt time to the address ~f Zaima·d din, infor ming b.itn that these privileges were granted by His Maj~sty of his own free motion, and not in consequence of Zainu·d din's connection witll Khan J ah an Locli. From that time Zninu·d din took the muster of the ;<rmy, and bad charge of lbe parga11as. Tne jagir of tl•e archets was maint;lin£d, to bo enjoyed by them. To Ahmad Kllan, son of Khan Jaltan, a u:act was granted from the disarict of Kaithal, in the name of his mother, besides an annual allowance of one I~ of ttwkat fol' the purchase of hor·ses, one Inc of tatakas for his clothing, and anolbcr Inc for betcl·lcaves and otbtr rn.isccl lanemis expenses. • • •

Miata Zailau-d di11

I slial l now mention some of t~e moral qunlitics of Mian 7.:tinu·d din, in otdcr to sh.o1v th.o.t tne officers of those d~ys were so ClXeellent lba~ even divines of the present ~gc are llOt equnl to them. He rose ~o early th.nt he bathed and read ail his prayers and performed all his religioUll duties bc{ore sun·rlse. lu the daytime, he read the ten divisions of lbe Kur'an, standing all the time on his legs. He went over seventeen divi!ions of that book ci'Cry day. and never sat down while he was performing r.bi5 duty. Rc also read one of the ta/unilas of GbauSlt·s

.~iklain, and tlte whole of Iiisn·i Hn.ri11, besides other ltliscellantous prayers, alld WC!lt rltrough five hundred differeni postux;es oE devotion, all standing. hom mid· night tUl noonday . he W<IS. lilways employed in worship. Ouring tltis time b.e never spoke on worldly subjects; if there Wits anything necessary to be donL", he directed his servant to do it by signs. '1>\'b.ile he wns taking ,hi$ mcab he discoursed on scientific subjects. He dined always with lwned and religious rotn, and took a llttle· rest nfter his dinner. !a the afternoon l1e used to speak on secular subjects, and give direction$ respectiJtg household busiriess, and other matters which it m\gP,t be necessary for hlm to speak of. After this, he again attended his prayers,

STUJ)TES (N t:NDIAN RJSTORY

and ·redorJl1ed other religious duties. ffc then read the cvct~ing pl'llyers, repea.ting them much oftener than is en joined by his religion. He did not <;>btain leisure from these religious performances till f<>ur hours and a half of the night had passed : and then he sat a lirtle with his friends, 1tnd took as a supper so~e fruit or rice boiled in riillk. Having done this he retired to his chamber. None of his servants of either sex neglected to read Lhcir prayers. Whenever he brought any slave from the market, he first placed hlm vnder the care of a tutor, in ord.et that .he might learn his prayers and become acquainted with tb.c precepts of the Muhammadan law, till which time he gave h.im no employment. On Friday wgh.lS, from the time of evening pl'aycr, if tb.crc was any Hindu in his assembly, he turned him out, and would not even look on the face of a Huldu during th.at night. One day three persons = &om the Sultan to c.all him, but he would not go : and it was reported to His Majesty that although three men had been sent for Miau Zainu-d din, yet he had nnt chosen to come. The Sultan teplled that it was Friday night, and he will not come; he may be ~ailed after he has done with his prayers. He kept fast on Thursdays and Frida)"', besides the common fas.ting days. He never neglected these duties in any season­summer or w.inter. He :tlways. attended public prayers. on Fridays, even if be was t.en kos off; His kitchen Wlts so large that food was given to every one th.tec times • day, whether b.e belonged to his own people or was a sttanger, and from what•oever place be came. [n the ,month of Rama1.l\n, rice boiled in milk was given to every applicant in the evening, when they broke fast, ·and also early in 'the morning. Whatever any pcr.son Wt!nted to eat wa.~ given to him.

Every yeor he. called all his relations, male and female, from Dehli t<;> Agra, to sec them. On their departure b'e nsked 'them all what they wished t& h;we, and gave them wha~ they asked. Whenever. by way of charity, he paid th.e expenses of a marriage eecemony,

STUDI~S IN INDIAN tiiSTOil\'

whether the bridegroom 1'13! b.i.< relalioll, ne~bboUl·, ,,.. a stranger, be gave the bride money, clothes, n bed with its appurtenances, and . also a pnllli i£ she were of sufficient l'llnk. ln ·shorr, he did aU tha~ is required of a father. If any guests came imo the house of those who lived on !tis estate. he sent all kinds of food fat them from hu OIV11 kitchen in such. quantity thnt not only wns it sullici.:nt for them, bpl for their Set'lantls also. Dnring the anniversary days of the l'rophet's death (may pe;u;e be to him I) food -or the v-.Utte of two thousand ftmAm was dail,y prepared during the L1vclvc d<Lys. On the fim and last da.y of the festival, vict uttb o.F :ill kh1ds, and or good flavour, and halwt~ were pt·epare<l in large quanti­ties, at the expense of fout• thousand lmthas. ft should be considered what would now be the value of four thousancl lttnkas o£ those d ays. At last, when Sultan Sikandnr died, b.e lose his GovcromClH. Al1macl Khan, son of Khall Johao S~iyid, and be both coorioucd withot•l "uy employment; and they had saved no money to Uvc on.. Still many people continncd faithfully to acrve ltim. and he nlso continued benevoltm co all, at:cording- to the extent <>f his 1t1eans : but he w:.s often in wnnr of moucy to meet his expenses!

One day Shaikh Sa'du-JI:., father of the writer of this book. who from infancy was attached. to him. went to him u ncx pcctcdlt, and saw papers before him '~ltich ho tore one by one into pieces and gave to hi.s slave, wbo steeped them in .n basin of water. The Shnikb asked h im wltat be· was <foing. T he Mian repUed that some gre-.u J anp .noble p=ons !~ad •taken money from him which he • did no t give tltetll with the imcntion of receiving b~cl;. They, however, had seJ" him the bondt. Now tllat he l"ns without emp(oyment or means of subsucence, he

• •th.c vid.ssltudet ot ~nch an O$rett«~,rlou$ fon1 :die:et na with no l'<i)'IHJ>IlV'Y· TJJC onJy c:xcugc thnt c:nn be :t.dvnuctd for lhis vt(:{ot•s cxt.rav~S~occ ll; tbat If dH~. c:.hi~f.s did .not 6:p01d aU rheJr ~~~· Han1ne g_afnJ as fuc. as they were: nc:C')uared, t.hc SaJt~tn would ,have done Jt for theiD1 •

STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY '7

11\ought thll ltc might not he able to resist the tempta­tion of kuo•ving hln~Self to be in possess.ion of these l>onds; ~Vhlch amounted in value to tbrce lacs of ta>1lrus; and migbt wlsb to avail himself of them. Also that b is sons after !tis death. might come forward and claim the money, if he did uot d~troy these bond.< during his lifedme.

t'l1s friends also had simjlat noble dispositions. My £athct·, fo1· instance (may Go<;! be merciful to him I), had a numerous family. When Zainu-d din's cxpen~~es were reduced, my fathers f.tmily and ,friends rcfnonstnted with him (ol' continuing on h is est:ablislunent, observing that oilier persons holding or1ices of greater emoluments no longer remained in tbe s.ervice of the Minn, whereM .he tcmained for two or ilircc years, He replied that i t was through the wise dispensatiot\ of God that he got his employment, that people who are compelled to work for their livelihood, if pay be wirhdx:awn. will no longer ser've, and tb.at what he wished was .moderate, and 'that his d.esires w:ere satlsRed. He bad accun;tul.ated, he nid, enottgb dttring bis· service to enable him co maintain himself and the Mia11 for two or three years. And upon bis friends again remarkiog tltat they well lmc1v be had nothing of hu own, he said he would S<lll his ·bouse.' and books, he would have no care as long :u anything re\nnined in h4 possession. So, without receiving any salary, 1:\e remained ilirec yelltl with Mian Zainu-d din, and after liis death, £ow: years with his sons, serving the family altogether for a period ·of G.fty-five ycat·s.

There wns a Mughal by name Mamon. Having T~l!J.led his situation at some other plnce, he entered the ~:V.~GI; of. Mi:an Znillu·d din. Soon after Sultan Si.kandar hlei.l, <\00 me Mian became poor. the llfugbal temain!!(l sill! t'a.i,.~tfully nttacl•cd to him, for b.e · w;u a very good man. • • 4i

• One ilay, hi.! son was leading a mare lo tbe river . to

w~ter, and in tl1e sand he felt wmething under his foot .

•

t8 s-TIJI>IJ;S IN INDIAN B1$1"0R Y

The boy took it up, and saw that it was :t scabbard of gold. He brough.t it inunedhtel )' to his father, :md showed it to him, saying that lte bad found i.t in the bed of the river. Miinmn toOk the boy by the hand nnd brought the "'cabbard to Mian 7.ailm-d din, reque<stitll( h im to make it ovet:' to its owner. The Mian sent it tn the tva<i?':. office. In those days it '~as a rule that if any person found a thing I ying in any place, be was to bcing it to the police, and lt was hung nt the arch of the cit)' gate. U an owner nppcared, tLDd on inquiry cstabl!Bhed l!ls claim, it was del.ive.rcd to him. tt appeared, thnt :1

Hindu named Jugraj, was passing through the gate, wbon he rcoogruT.ed the scabbard. n.nd informed the poilcc tb.ac it belonged to llim. Tb.cy asked him if bo remem.bercd how much the gold oo it 11·cighed. He replied li!tecn loins. After inquiry the article was given over to him. • • On ascertaiil.ing wb.o the discoverer was, Jugraj offered hill! two hundl;ed 11111/uts, buL be would noL a~pt them . .H~s £riends advised him to take the money, because it was offered Lo bim as a free gilt. But he ~trenuou.;ly decllued to Yec.cive any remw1eratlon.

Orr every Monday the M ian repeated the prayers khatam durud 200,000 times; and gave boiled rice wortli four hundred lanAtU in afuu to th.e n.ame of the Propbct, may peace be to him I On Thursdays he repeated the ikhlas 1 oo,ooo times. and prepared sweconeats at the e~pense of fou..- b.undrcd tanka.s to be of'fcred in the name o(_thc S.ail)_t G~ausn-s Snklain. These oblations were !"'ade wilhou.t ~hy deViatipn. twice !!VerY wec.Jt, ~fiat u · fortu· nate 'time it w\u wli& the ~irlg wa. so good, and the officers so WO\'.thy of him 1

'Tl)e lleCOnd brother, whose 11\llllC W~1 M.ip.n Znbr~ll·a din, was also exc,eedingly pious. • • • He gcncmlly lived eight months to Dehli, lind four mon~ ilt Agra. As lop[ as he was in the former place be ever:y Monday invited. w the Sha,...i Hall% an assembly of learned and rel~oui men, S.um; poeta, li.terar,y persons, singers, and mttnciims. H e had' a v<!Jy large and liberal kitchen, fl'om which vic·

STUDIES IN INDIAN .HISTORY

tuals were freely distributed. On Wedncsd~ys. an assem· bly of the same people was convened in the monastery of Sultan u-1 Mashaikh, on tb.e banka of the )amuna. In the same manner the parry assembled every Thursday at the place whe;rc the print of the J.>rophet's feeL lYllS preserved iq one of the palaces in Firozazad. On Frid.-t}'ll b.e attended the weekly prayers in the eity. Again, on Saturw•ys a; party was colleclt!d in a palace at the village of Mulclla, nnd there he amused hinuclf with bunting for two days. He :Uso took there !ill female e5tablilhrocnt nod tent$ wlth him; but if he went to any place for one night only, they never accompanied him •

• • • • Khatva.r Khan

Khawas Khan. who was the predecessor ot Mian :Shua, having been ordered by the Sultan to march towanh Nngat·kot, in order to bring tl\e I:UU country under sub­jection, •ucoeeded in· conquering it, and having sacked the in6deb' temple of Debi Shankar, brought :•way the stone wlllch they worshipped, together with a copper umbrclht, which was placed over it, and 011 which a date was engraved in Hindu ch.aracten. ~:eprcsenting it to be two thousand yean old. When the stone was sent to the Xing. it: was given over to tJte butchers to make weight$ out of lt lot the purpose of weighing their meat. From the copper of the umbrella, several pots were made, in which water might be warmed, and -which were placed in tlte masji<ls and the King's own palnce, so tba< every one might wash b.is hartds, feet, and face in them, and pe<form his purifications before praye['l;. PteviotlS to the time when .Khawas Kh= was appoin_ted, the jagirs o£ sotlle.opeople of that part of the country amounted to three l11cs of ttmks. He increased them to fifteen lacs. When he returned to the Coun, being seized by a .fatal sickncM, be intimated that be had something to say to the King, and 1vas aslted whether he would send lhe message, ol• wished lo speak himself. He replied he wished .to speali.

ITUD!f.S lN {NDL~N IUS'l'ORY

personally. The King s:rid i.£ be had strength enough to come,· he might, and if no~ he himself would go to him. Upon this, d1e Kh.nn came to Court, seated in his f>ttlhi; and informed the King that be had brought the diroa!l',r and b.is own accounts, and requested lhat somebody might be ordered to ex.'Ulline them. liis Majesty rcpHcd, "I had ~ppoimcd you my Viceroy, invested with full power. What aocount.s llJlve r to settle with you 1 Wlutt )'OU did WM just as if l h:~d done it myself." The Khan agai11 said, "I have given some thi"b" tC) people wiUtou t yow: royal orders ; if you maintain the grnniS, it Is good ; jf not, you may deduct their value from .roy pny;" There were some mericorions people who had very little mainte­nance, and some again were entirely clestilltte. Tbcir provis.lon formerly amounted only t.o three lacs oj lonhas, whic;h be bad increa>ed to fifteen lacs. His Mu jesty said, "1 llave just told yoo tbat you were my Vicemy, and I know that whatever was done, wns for my ad' •11ntage, ond thetilare I readily sanction it." He theu ordered the papers to be brought, and hnd tbcm nil steeped in wnter :and obliterated,

• • • • • The nobles of Sultdta Sikandar's reig•1

Among the great nobles of Sultan Si.kandar's time was Saif .Khan Acha-lthail. .Re had 6ooo horse under blm, and was deputy of 'A7.am Humnytm, the jagirdar of Karra, who used to buy ROOO copies 'Of the KmJan every year, and bad '45,000 horse under his t;Ommand, and 700 ·elephants. Tllere were also Daulat Khllll·khani; who .had 4000 cavalry; 'Ali Khan Uslii, who had 4000 abo; Fircn Khan Sarwani, who had 6000. Amongsc other 'Dobies tllere were 15,000 more distributed. Ahn1ad Kltall ~,.the son of Jumal Khrul LOd.i Sar<mg·khani, ·when he wa$ -appnirued to Jaunpur, had to,ooo cavalry ·under him. Sultnn ·Sikalidar went twice against tbe infidle$'1 of llhata_, wben the l'flja fled, and placed tlte river, between

STUDlliS lN INDIAN .!HSTORY tt

him aud. pw·suit. But bi:s country was ravaged before Ute Impcri1tl tl'oops returned.

Mughula and the Raja of G liamparan

Mian Hu.<ain F:~nnuli was jagirdar (makta') of Sarm and Champaran, which are called Jal-khet, or lield of water. l{e was a very brave man. nestde.s the villages compris­ing his jogir (muwajib), he had 'taken ~o,ooo villages from the infidel&. At one time, when he himself was proceed­ing towards the territory of Champaran to attnck the Raja, nnd was encamped on the bank£ df tltc Gandak, Mughnla Kirani, who wu one of his nobles, wanted to know bow £.w the Raja was from there. He was told that he was in the fort on the other side of Lbc river. He ag11in asked how many ko$ it was. The pcoJ?Ie said that the riVtt alotle divided them, but thnt the breadth. o~ the stream was seven kos. Mughula, on bearing tbat only the stream intervened, said, "The in6del chief is on the other bank, :md I arn fitting on t!UJ. What kind of Islam is this if I delay? He then made a vow that unu'i. be had Oltacked him be would hold every 'kil)d of food and drink. a& unlawful as a c:m:asc. Saying this he rose up, and mounted his horse, exclaiming, "In the name of God I" All the people advised him not to be so prccipi· tate, as the stream was seven ko1 in breadth. .He said he would not mind even if it .were seventy kos, because he ha.d taken a vow upou himiself. let the event be what it may I He thea plunged his horse into the stream. In •orne places he obtained a footing on the bottom : in others, where it was deeper, he wns obliged to. make the awmal swim. His people also followed him in the satpe manner. Haibat Khan. Bnhadur Khan, and Ikbtiyu IQian, who ·were also nobles of the Kiranl tribe, when they heard· that Mughula bad thrown himself 'illtO the rivc!r. followed the example, and all tbe soldiers fo the army. wheresoever they were encamped, went and ptUJJged into the stream.

STUDIES tN INDIAN HISTORY

Mian HU$3in, who was in his tom, ~sited w~t the uproar WaJ about, and was told that the whole ·army had gone towards the river ; lhat Mughula hAd entered i t first, and afterwards every person that heard of his £eat had emulated the example. The Mian also took horse, and overtook Mogbula in lhe water, and urged him to go back. He replied, "You employed me for service, and now I shall do my duty. When tltc work cann9t be done by a 3ervant, it is ·time for lhe mastet to take the trouble upon himself. To-day yon shall see my exertion. Do yon return in safcL)'-1 will not." Although ho wns much dissuaded, he would not listen lo anylhing; ao tltc Minn was also obli~d to go on, bccnuse the whole army had thrown chcnasclvcs into tlu: water. At snnseL they :tpproached the infidel Raja, 'rcpos.ing happy in the tliongbr tbat a lar~ river was between hlm and his enemy. arul that even in a whole year it would be im-· possible for them to cross it. Suddenly an uproar arose in the cicy, for it '~as reported from the watch-tower tllat the Afghans had arrived, but the Raja would not credit it; and wa~ engngccl in his pastintes when the Afghans were upon him, uod forced llim to fly for his life. By chc will o£ God, that clay Mughula became a martyr. Mian liusain gTeatly lamented his lo>-•, and said, "Would to God th.at to-cla:y there had been no victory, for that and the plun,der combined are no compensation for the loss swtail)ed in the death of Mughula I"

' Th.us; after a diirat.i!>n o~ two hu~drf!;d years, destruc­tion £ell upon tjle 'Jdngdo,m of the Raja; and all the riches and t:reasutes whi.cb were amassed dUring that period were dispersed· in plunder. The shoes of chc in.fidels who lost their live.• in chis action were collected b~ Shaikh Daud Kamhu," who w:u a shikkdM of Mian

••,,Ve· find thb monatM mentioned ebewhere In tbe Woki'nFI Mu.fllldki ... taking O\ll hi! da$$'"'· and boasting tltll no '"" Lhl')l aoJooo mc:ri hftd .fldlen its victuns, by W"f or intimidating tbC Shn.ikllm~o.S ·of ChanderJ, wh.,.e be was emplovoo by Hula in 1oilul lo sup.erintend b.iJ police ~1'"111ngemenu. '

STUDIES IN INDIAN IUSTORY tS

Husain ; and when mclted down no less tl>nn to,ooo mohur.t of gold were obtained from them. . " . . . .

0 th•r 110bles of S!Aittm Sil<andm's reign Ooe b.1lf r.be whole country wa$ assigned in jagir to the l'armulli, and the other balf to the oil>er A!ghm tribes. At tbi3 time, the Lob.mis and Farntulis predominated. The cbief of the Sarwanis was 'AU>m Humayun, and the prlndpal chieft:Uru of the Lodis were four, viz. M'ahm.uu Khan, who had Kalpi ln jagir; Mian 'Al am, to whom Ecawu and Chandwar WCI'C assigned ; Mul>arttk Khan, wl\o9C jagir Wtl.S Lucknow' ; 'and Daulat Khan who held t.ahore. Amongst the Sahu·khnils, the clliefs were Husain Khnn and Khan Jnlum, both descended from the same ance>Wr as Sultan !lahlol ; llnhlol, so11 of 1\ala, son of Hnhrnm : H usain Khan, son of l'iror. Khan, son of llahram; anct Kutb Khan Locli Sahu·khail, who 1Iouri.lhed in c.he time o[ Sultan Bnblol.

I shall uow givo an accoUJot of the Farmulis. T he disrricts (ikt~) of Saran and Cb:unparan were held by ~iian Husain : Oudb, Ambala, and Hodhna, hy Mian M11hamm"d Kaln Pahar; Knonuj by Mian Gnd ai : Sh:miSabac:l. ;hnncsar, RJld Shohabnd by Mia11 ' (mad ; Marnhra by T,atar lOtan, brother of Mum Muhammad ; and Hariana. Dcsua, ~nd other detached pa'J!,nlla.r · by l<.ltwajagi Shaikh Sa'id. Each of th~ posswcd surpass· ing brnvm·y aod oourag~. bw. the sons of Shaikh S:t'id were prc-cuiincnt above all for t.heir teaming aml g~J\~roslt):· Shaikh Sa'id :>lso hirnsclf, hcsidl!.! hi~ nobiUty, possessed a great many exccllen<:es.· He was a gnaL favourite , of' Sultan Sikandar, who said one day, that Ar Wlli tb.lrty years since the Rhwnjagi bad been assoCiated with him, and yet he had never done nnyth.ing to offCJ'Id him. He never iold 3n y story twice over; and every difficult qutsll,on tbat he pur. to biro, alW!t)'S met with a ready solution.

• • • • •

STUOXF.S IN INDIAN HIS"I'OI\ Y

Mim1 Ma'mf Famm/i

He wM a ~ainLly, courageous, and generow >~I:UL From the time of Sultan Dablol to thal of Islam Shah, he fought in every battlefidd, b ut nlways escap«J wirJJont u wound, He would acccpl of no reward or prescnL fro1n uuy king, and would never eat food ' f1'QJD Lhe nouse of any Hindu. At the time tbnL the Rann o£ Chlcor invlled Mian Ru$ain Farmuli and other nobles to an c:mertninmeot, Lbc Ranu took a favourite: dish, ond stood offering it to JIH:u1 M<L'ruf. saying, "All the other nobles have honoured mo by pnr· taldng o~ my viund5, and have eaten ; prny du you grt~ti(y me ;md do the same, by turning your hands towards this repast.'' Rc replied, "1 never yet have eaten !'rom the: bouse or a \::!.indo.'' Th.e Rana said, "Only be so kind as to accept Ll1c hospitality of your ~lave." 1,-le Teircratcd his refli!al, "T.n the: whole of my life I have not <lone such a thing, nor can I now consent to do so." Mian Ffusain, addressing him in the Afghan language, said, "M1my thittg3 should be done for expediency's sak~. 'I"o·day, there is an object in the concession ; so pul your hands irlto the dish." Mian Ma'ruf replied, "You :u·e ·my saperi9r, it is ror you to ·grntily llim." AI lase, when all the nobles vehemently pressed rum to comply, be took up a litrl~ with two of hi• fingers and placed it in the ~'Orner o£ his napkin, promising that be .-auld cat it. But when .he departed then.ce, he opened the napkin and threw its COI)[cnr.s upon the ground. So detcrmmed was· be; when lte had once taken n notion into his· head.

Jn the action berween Sher Sh.ah 3.1ld Mal Doo, be was wounde<l with n sword. At that time .be was one huodr~'<l and ~even years ,old. One of the: anecdotes related o( him on thi.1 occasion ·is illustrative of his ~51\al sel£:-deni:d. Sher Shah sent him ~oo,ooo ltmkas M ~­compense for the IVound he bad received. Dut lJe senJ:o:it back with the remark, thal he had never acc:~pred rem11nera'tion from the King. and still ICS! could ~ do so

S''rtltlll\S IN lNOIAN BISl' ORY

now, ~· the inHi<:tion of a wound had .been sustn.ined so!c1y in the cause of God.

• • • • • Shi:r Sltah

During the :reign of Sher Shah many ·regulations were made, and mariy fort$ built. He resumed the rent-free tenures, and made new grants on h.i.s own part. No person of b.igh or low 'degree who went into his presence departed empty and without receiving something. He fixed a da.Uy ,payment o£ 500 tnlcllos of gold uron the poor-house (ltmgar·i fulutra), and night and day he w;u considerate and liberal to tlte needy. He sct'tled allow­ances upM the b1\nd and helplc!IS of eve>')' place :ll\d village 11lld ci.t.y. Two institutions were 'kept up during hls reign wi!lwnt' any interruption ; one, the roligioU$ cscab\ishments ('·imarat i<haua/&), anu the other the ho1ues for the poor : for these two illStitutions confer a geueral betltOt. llL~ priv;lle kitchen was very extensive, lor scvcrnl thousand people fed there eve~y day. Wltocver w:mtcu food ·went to his kitchen and ale u11dcr an order which he bad issued. He himsclf used to take his mcab with learned men and .rhaikhs. There was such ~udty Jn the countty during bU reign that tbefls and highway .robbery were unknown. When ~uch a thing occl.ll'red, the >llfiAaddttms of all the •m:rouoding villages were seized. and restitution for the robbcrr was exacted ftom

. thew. Examinations were b.eld in the villages, and pre­cautions taken thqt tbe like should not occur again. From Gaur to tl\.e confines of his dorniniQns, in every direction, he had built sarais and halting places at every kos; and pot$' of water were placed at the doors of the sarais for tile 1J$e-- of Musulmans ancl aindus-. At · every sarai a mtLSiid, :l.OToyal chamber (kh•nah-i bad.rhalu), and ·a well w~re oonRtructed : .and to every mosque a mu'azzi11 (crier). nn imam (priest), -and shilthd~r (manager) were appointtd, and lands wrre itUotted a1 tbe plnce for their support.

I

STUDIES JN INDIAN HL'ITOR.Y

From Gaur ro the conliues o£ O uab," a road was JJmde baving sarais~ gardens, ;u1d shady and frnit· bc;rring trees.

, Another road wir.b gardens and sarais from .Benares to the country of Mandu near to Bmht~npur. Another road with g-.u·dens and snmi.• f~om Agr.l to J<rdhpur. Another from Bayana to Jaunpur and to Ajmir. There I•'Cre 170<1 sa~ais, and at ·every sarai there were pairs of hor~s ready. so that new3 rravc)lcd goo ltos iu one day. [Here follows the ~tory quoted in the nocc on puge 141 oE "Shcr Shah".)

Sh.cr Shah was occupkd night ;md day witiL tile l)usincss of h.is kingdom, ancl ncv<!.l' allowed )limscJ( 10 be idle. At the end of night he ar~. performed hi• abltr· tions, and said bjs prayers. Afterwitrds he called in his officers and managers to report all the occurrences or the day. For four hour.s be listened to r.hc reading o£ report~ Otl the affairs of the country o.r on the business of the .Gov:ernmenr. establishments. The orders which. he gave were tednced to writing. and were issued '<tnd acted upon: rhere was no Jtced of furlltcr d.iacussion . Thus he remained engaged r.iU moming (fajar) arrived. When it was tim~ for prayers, he performed his devotiotrs in a large congregation, and wenL through all th.c forms <II' prayer. A.ftexwards he received !tis nobles aud solwers, ami m:tde inquiries as to the horses brought <o receive their brands. Then he went om and made a personal inspection of his forces, and settled the allownnces o~ each individual by word of mouth until all was an·anged. He then ntr.ended .to many oth~'T alfairs and audited accounts. Kc summooed to h.iJ presence tlte. offiecrs .. o£ every counrry &om which he received n:vcnue and tribute. lllld received their. accounts. Petitions "'ere reeeivl!!l from every quarter. :tnd replies were sent: he himseH dictated them in Persian. and tbe scribes commjtted th.em to writing. ~v~ perso11 who came r.o wa~t upon him was recei'{eJl in..v.the palace; lie kept money (khat4na) and. reveque (klfor:a)) in all parrs Qf his te~rito~ies, so that, if nece.ssi~y r.eqcircd., soldiers and rnoncy were ready. The.· chief

u Oudh (l>cnlnn).

STU.DJE.S IN 1NDIAN EIJS'l'OR Y ., 1 rcMury was in Rohtas, under ~he charge of lkhtiyar Khan. In the country of Lhe Gakhats he had a fort upon the top of a hill, and he maintained a large· forte there, to cite command of which the three gre.1t chiefs Mamad-i 'Ali Khawas Kh.an, Haibat Khan Niyazi, and 'Isa Khan N.iyazi and other. a.mi•·s were (at di(!ercnt llroes) appoint­ed. He had gooo elephants in !tis sl:!lbles, :md the numb~r wns daily increasing. The whole of the territories in his poSS<;ssiou <:onuincd 13,000 parganas, for which shikllda>'.< were appointed. liis forces were numerous, and. o£ every kind of horse :md (oor. Every mnn who came was emer­t:t.!ncd. ~~.ooo infantry and /afgandarr were attach()d to Ius person ; 7000 lafgamlars were in tl1e fort o£ Ha.odu (Mnndu ?) : 3000 lafgtmtllii'S were at Cbito1· ; tSoo at th~ rort llf R:uttambhor: noo al ~he fort of Bayana : 1000 lafgall4ars :tL Gwaliyar (GwaUor) : ~nd IOOil inf:mt1·y a1 ll1u fort or Rohtas. It w:u know11 th~t a suilnble ganison was maintained in every fort in the country. The I<lrce of hone under tlw royal command consisted of 15o,ooo, sOJJle o.f wl~om w~rc appointed on. service, nnd others were sent to their own homes. In every pargana there w:1s a .~hikkdar) o munsij. a treasurer, a _pasian writer, :md a Hinduwi wr~iter, nnd in every sarlutr there was a cl>cif Shiklular and ~ chief munsif. At the branding Lime C\'Cry 111a·n t1\JUC forward and showed his ho-rseu and rendered his ~ccount. M.tmsifs were appointe4 for examining the brands in th~ armies on the frontiers, and tile King b.im­self occasionally' made visi~, to dilferen~ pm-u for this J?l~pose. He ~ept olle nrmy in the upper coumry, ~s ha< been ~lready mentioned, one army in ncmgal, one at Rol'ttas, one in Malwa, one at the fort of Chitor, one in Kfia)~ara, one in the country of Db~ndhcra, one in N'ago-r an(! JudbJ>ur, and in the foi't ·of Ranrambhor ana Bajwar.Y. No fort in tl1e coU:ntry was wiihout a garxL~on or a comm:uidant.) See Vol. IV o(<thls series-She•· Shqh by Abb:tS !than Sb.:u·wa.ni..

n The word in ;he ~f$. I~ ')14raq •amu ;' bur in ihe lnnsla.­tion ft h.Q~ .been re3d 4:- ytwagl; 'a horse. •

nUD!ES IN INDIAN HJSTOR.Y

Sulum Ma:hmud of Ma:ndtl"

[The beginning of this passage ~s defecLive.] One day a merchant arrived with a large company. Amin Shah, according to his custom, demanded n presenL The merchant replied that he was a trader under Sultan Firot, who bad strengthened tne fo•·t of .Kamal, and thnt he was tak,iog grain thither. Amin Shall said, no m:u.ter who lie was, lie must pny d\c regular due, :md go on his 1vay. The merchant told Amin Sh.nh he was going to the King, and thnt if he would forego the duty, he (the mC1'Chant) would induce the King to grant Jilin the country of Mnndu, and to send him a horse and a robe .. Did he prefc•· this or the custo•n duty ? Amin Shah said, that if this were done, l1e also -woul<l become one of the servams of the .King. and would se.rve him to the best of his power. So he allowed the merchant to p:~ss. When the mcwchant came into the presence of tl1e King, h.c represented that there was a man by n:~mc Amiu Shall , who was zamindar of Mandu, and hlid all the roads in his power. tf t.he King were to send n {i1111W1I confcr.ring on h im th~ tcr~itory of Mandu, whicl\ was .entirely deso· late, be would secure tranquillity. The King sent a robe :md a horse by that same m~rcbant, wh.o proceeded to Amin Shah, and presented them to him, and CJ(pressed his devotion. Fr01n this dny forth Amin Shall gave up walking on foor, and took, to Tiding. He also made his friends ride, enlisted horsemen, nnd promoted the culti· ••atlon of the country.

After hi.s death, his son .n'amed Hoshang succeeded !li,m. He l>ccame King, nn'd assumed the style of royalty. The cowut'Y o£ Mandu becrune prosperous, foru were hnill a t dilferenl places, and armies were raised.

A JllaJ1 hy name Mahmud Mughis Khilji came to H'ol;hang, and entered his service. He advised him "<tp confer eighteen pl~ces in jagir on bis (the King's) eigbtee,n •ons. Jo tbat no str'!nger might obtain admission, ~nd that

•• ru 1hiJ: worlt. al~ lhc:: n;un.~ i.'\ writttn Mandu, nol MAndu.

:s'~'UDLES 1N INDIAN lliSTORV

they mlght acquire power during the King's lifetime. Hoshang acted nccordingly. T!Us Mo.bmud was a trcacherom man, and aspued to sovereignty. He firsL sep:unted tl!e King'< sons from him. Afterwards .lte bcc:m'le !ill mluistcr, and gave .hit daughter · in marirage tO the King . .in ot'<lcr lo <ccurc :1 posilion by this relation· shlp. Thu.~ be !irst became minlstl!l', and afterward!~ a relation of the Xing. Twelve ye:u:s be cherished Ws scllemes without impatting· them to any one. He con· suited only witlt himself. He had constructed a place in his home where he used to ·sit. When. he came ft·om the King'~ Court, he went into it, and there he talked to lLimsclf about whnl he bud done. and what he •uust do if the resu lt were :u he expoctcd . One day his £ather remarked . t hat whenever Malt mud returned from the JGng's Coutt, be ~ttended to nothing. e~se. but wem straight into titat room.. He was curiom to !:.now what his sml did there. So when Mahmud went .into that plllte, his fatller also secretly n paittd thither, and listen· ed to what be said. He heard lilin spt.-al:.ing •o( sovereignty. So the father s tepped in, and s truclc him on the head with ·both his hands, demanding why he enteT· tained designs of J'oy:Uty, and nsk.ing if be wislied to ruin himself and all Ws family. Mabmud said, " 0 ilnprudent ma.n I you have cliseon.certed my scheme of twelve years; and b,ave b,~;o.keil ·,down a th rone." ·His father went out from the place, ;lllO told the King his son's .insane design, nnd warnecl biro against the intended treachery. Hcre­up,on Mahmud feigned sickness, hung up curlluns ~~ h,is ClOOl1t and .too~ tO his bed. Whet\ it was daybreak, the :~g sent, some serva!'lls to see bim. The K.ing sen't some physicians to ascertain the !acts. Ma!unud cltew . the cnrtnins close, and made the room darl<. & placed a pot near him, and having caused an animal to be butcltcrcd, he &ani\ its blood. When 'the · physici:uu came, he called them to him, but thcr could not see any· 'thing througl1 the darkness. It is customary for physi· clan~ when they pay a visit, after wailing n little while, C'O

ao ~'TUl)IJ!S lN lNDI.AN HIS1'0R I'

feel the pulse of the patient. As it was very dark, th.ey required a Jiulc light tbnt they might see him and feel his pulse. He arose hastily and asked for the bonn. Wh<Jt il was placed before him, he forced himself lO vomit, and then called Cor the lamp chat they might see what he hAd thro•m up. fle then dt·ew back hi~ bead, a1\d rolk"l about as i£ in pain. W'hen th.e lamp wns lighted, and the basin was put before the physiciaTU, they saw it was· filii of blood. So they dirl nllt feel his pulse, but went and told the King that he was io a. very bad scato. Whether he was loy:tl or unloynl, he llad only a few mirlUtes w live, for he must die in a shore time. The King SCilt his wife co take a last look. of he-r fntbet·. When she came, he (Malm1ud} told her that Hoshang had n!lmero11.1 son.<, and that What he had done was to obt;tin the throne for his grand!on. She, however, must hqlp him in one m:uter. When she asked what that was, be said •he must give $Orne deadly poison to l:!oshang. She confessed ~he httd 11uch a t:hing. and 1>romised to give it to him. So he •cnt her bacl:, and she went and pc(fotmed her task.

On the night when Sultan Hoshang died, Mahmud ~rose and placing rus grandson upon h:is knee he scatCII him upon tho throne. Re surrounded him with men on wb01n he could rely, and raised the canopy over his head. He issued a proclallllltion to the nobles, nnd hncl I'ObC$ of honour prepared. 'lltcn he called them before hirn one b¥ .• one. EveJy one that .recognized .him received a robe, and' '\'Ia• <.tismis~d by another door; but ·every one that

. refused ··was. \.illecb thcte and tb:en, anrl his. body p·uc ou l of sight, liC> that at length al~ his adversaries were remov· cd. After a time he killed' his· grandscn also, and himself became King. So he who bad been 1u.Wr was now King. ln !:he course of his reign be made his eldest son, (after, w•trd.§) Stdtan Ghiyasu-d din, his wazir.

A~~OUtlt of Sullan Ghiya.rtVd di11 Khilji, Kir1g of M,andu,

He was a religious and righteous k.ing. lie w.as a careful

STtJDlllS IN (NDIAN IH~'TOR Y ,, observer of religion, but he also enjoyed the pleasures o( the world. lt was his custont that he kept every night some thousand gold molwrs under his pillow, and in the day he gnve them away to d.eserving people. In his harem thctc were seventy women who knew the Kw'an by heart, and it was the rule that when the Sultan was dressing they were to read it out, and. not to leave oil' till be had ftnishcd putting o.n hia clothes.

One day a porson brought a hoof of an ass, and $aid it was the hoof of the nss of Christ (may pe:u:e be to Him I). He gave ltim J;O,OOO tonkas, and took it from him. WcU. four persou.s brought four hoofs. He look thcu1 all, und granted r.o,ooo ion/u.s to each OI\C of them. Afterwards another person ouue and broul?h.t another hoof. and the same sum was ordered to be gwen to hiro. One o£ his cour1:ie.rs obsetvcd, "My lord, an ass has only fom• (eet, and ( nc.ver beard that it l\ad five, unless per· haps the ass· of Christ had five." ~e replied, "Who ~nows ·? It may be that Lbis last map bas told the. tru.tb, and oue o£ the others wns wrong. Go and give this mh11 al.!o 50,000 to.nltas."

He lu1d ordered 1•4 p~lVIUe scnoanl$ and personal attendant$ thaL when he was in the· enjoymenl of pleasure or CJJgaged in any worldly {'ursttit, they ~hould plare 2

pll!lbof cll>th !>clore him, and tell bim it was his coffin shroud. This they did, and l1e took warning from it. He would rise up, perform his ablutions, beseech forgive· ness from Almighty God, and then engage in worship. fore Jlad nlso enjoined the attendants in h.is /zaram co ~w;;ke him from sleep ; and if he did not arise, tO throw wlitel' on. /l,im, or pull him off from the bed, .,,!>' that h~ might~o~ '1Jeglect the night prayers. io\oo; that if be were eveu-sitfll;lg in a pleasure party, -ahd the time for the nign.t ·pra:yer ·arrived, they should take hiin by the hand an,d lead n~ away: He never uttered 10 them any

. improper or qucrulo\a word$, Intoxicating liquors he would nevtt look upon witli 1\is .eye• nor hear· of. One

s• STUDIY.S 1N INDIAN HlSTOLW

day a poxtion (rna' jw•) was made !or him, and when it was ready he was informed of it. He s.~id it was not to be brougb.t to him w1til he had beard the names of the ingredients in it. Accordingly, the list wa¥ brought :wd read to him. He heard it. There were three bundred and n1ore ingredients in it, and among them was ~ne drachm of nutmeg. He said 1.he medicine was of no use 10 him. More than ~ lac of tanluu ha.d been spent for it, but he ordered it to be brought ~nd thrown into U1c drain. A persou begged that it migllt be given to some­body else; !Jut he replied, what he could not nllow hil11· self to take, be Wo~>ld not give to others. Ouc da)', tlte horse on which be used to ride f.ell sick. On it being reported to him, be ordered medicine to ·be given to it. Next morning, the horse was well. He asked if it was better, and the people replied yc.•. He then nsked if iL recoveted of itself, or if medicine bad been adminsitered. He was told thAt mr.dicin~ had been given. He lhcu asked what medicine. The people said, what the ph)'l'i· cinns prescribed. The King thought it might bt' some· thing that wa.~ prohibited by religion, and rlu:reforc they wouW not tell '•hat it was. He ordered the horse to be turned ·Out of his stable, and left free ln lhe jungle. He was LOid that such a horse should not be set at large lA the forest. but should be given to ~omebody. The King again said, why should he allow to others wh.at be did not approve of for ltimscU. .

On one occuion one of tile neighbours o£ Shaikh Mah.rnud Nn'man, who wa'li'wjth tlte Sulta.n, lc!t the city of Deltll, as other people had left that city and had' rerurncd successful. He told Shaikh Mahmud th;tl, h01ving rernmubcred the King. he h.ad .come from Dehli ; for lle' !tad. ltis daughter to mArry, and h..- waoLcd the Shaik·h co get the King to give him something'- 'I:he Sbaikfi aaid be would giv~ him as much II! he req~d. Bt,~t the man refused, sa}'lng that as other people li:W received the King's bount)', he also h0ped t0 oblmn' something from liim, · and that be would gain r~ct

STUD.ffiS IN INDIAN HISTORY

among the people ol' his tribe by obtaining ihe bounty of tile K.ing of M:tndu. The Shaikh said, what he was goiog to give, the recipient mJglu represent as having been received. f)-om. the King ; fen: who would Jmow that the King had rull given it ? The man replied that be had set his heart upon gaining his object, and that ho would do it himsel£ without the intervention of anotlter. The Shaikh replied., the other people who h.~d come there were the descendanlS of great men, and he hnd obtaioecl property for them tlrrough their ancestors' names. or they themselves possessed some merit which he couhl praise.

; But, said the Shaikh, ''You :u:e n.either noble nor.crn!nent. How . can I recommend you to the King ?" The mDn replied that he did not know, but that lte ha<l come to the Shaikh, <\ntl thu t he must by sonte means or other introduce him to the King; for His Mn jest)' wns very generous, and would give him ~vhatcver fate bad ordain­ed. The Shaikh was ip a grcnt difficulty. When. he went to His Maj~sty'a Court, this man also went after him. When ~ey ticacb.ed the palace gate, wheat wa$ being di~ perued in alms to fakirs and women. Tlie Shaikll said, "Take n handful of wheat." 'I1u: man went and brought it. The Shaikl1 gave him his handkerchief to l<.eep the grains in .it, and the man took it and did accordingly. When the Shaikh went before His Majesty, this man also followed biro thither. The King asked who the man wa.s that was standing behind b.!m. The Shaikh replied, he had learnt the Kur'an by heart : that he bad como from Dcbll, and had b~ouglit some grain$ of wheat, over each of which he had read the whole Kur'an. Tlte King said, "Then 1 ought to go to him : why have you brought, him here ?" The Sllaikh replied l\tat th-e man was no! worthy that Hill Majesty should' go to him. "t:et hiuL be what b~~s}' saia the King. "but the present which he haJJ br.9ught · is; suclt that I should go on my head." The Sliaiib observed tllal His Ma jest}t would act accordiog

./co his j!oodness, but tlJat, as a servant o£ hiS Court, he w~s· "afr_,!fd .be Should be blamed by the ~ters of the ag<~

3

S'llJDlllS IN INDIAN HISTORY

for taking llis Sovereign to the house of :m unworthy pers0n. The King told him not to consider the outward appearance, but to have regard to what concerned rcli· gioil and the soul. At Jut t.he Shaiklt decided that lhe man should be in the jami' masjid on Fdday, and that His Majesty might rake the present from hiJn there. This was approved of by the King, and on Friday the man came. The Shaikh, when the prayers were over, reminded the King, who ordered him to tell the 111an to ascend the pulpit. When he did so, tile King spread out the Jowur patt ol !tis garment, and the m.an cast down the grains.

T .ARIK.H·l IRADA T KHAN

TJus is a good ltistory ot the Mughal Empire from the elOISe of Aurall£ZCb's reign to the commencement of Farruklt S.iyar's. It laas beetl weU translAted by Captain Jonathnn S!Xltt. lt first appeared. in a separate volume, and was subsequcndy incorporated in tile second volume of his "History of the Deccan," of which the first portion w.as tr.anslated from Firishta.

We nrc told in the Ma·asim·l umora that the authoJ;, Mlr Mubaraku·llab lradaL .Khan Waza, wa~ the son of la'hal:. li.han, son. of 'Azim l!:hnn. Both his grandfathet a:nd: father were nomemen of hlgh rank. The forixler was . Mir-bakluhi to the Emperor Ja)langir, and. the latter held va.riow offices of irnportanro under Shah Jahan and Aurangwb. He died soon after !tis appointment to the government of Oudh. His title was also Iradat Kl•an. One of his sons (our author) had his tide conferred o.n him, and in the th.irty•th.ird year ot AJ.Jrang'l.eb was al'pointed Faujdar of J agna, and at other periods of Aurangabad and Mandu. In the reign of Shah 'Alam Bab.adbr ·Shab. lle was governor of tb.e Doab, and the" intimate friend of. ¥u'azzam Khan wazi•·. He died in.

1

·srunru lll TNDIAN HISTORY 85

the time of Farrukb Siyar. His abilitk-s as a poet 1~ere great, and be left a volume of poems behind him.1

[The author opens b.is work with a statement of hU removal from the command of the fort of lmtiyaz'gub. (Adoni), and o~ his su.b.!cqucnt appointment r.o the govern· mcm of Ahsanabad (Kulbarga), and afterwards to Ute ki/a'dari :llld {aufdari of Mandu. He left {he latter place co foliow the foxmncs of Prince Bcdar Bakht as detailed in the follow-ing pages.

In his .Preface the nUI.hor says, "During t.h.c short period. o£ my age, which bas this day arrived at tbc sixty·£ourth year, and tbe 1126tb of the h~ Rijra ( 1714 A.D.), such vicissitudes in worldly all'a.irs, the des­tructiOJl of empu·es, the deaths of many princes, the ruin of anciem houses and noble families, the Eal1 of wortby meiJ nnd tbe rise of tbc tm.worthy, have been beheld by me, as have not been mcntione4 by hi.5tory to ILwe occurred in such nmnber 0r suocessio1;1 for a thousand yean.

"As, on acconnt ot my office, and being eng~ged .in these tranlactiom. I have obtained a perfect knci,willlge of the sources ol' most events, and what to others even information of must be di.fficult, was planned and executed in my sight ; and as l was a sharer as well as spectntor of all the daugen and troubles, I have tjlerefore r.eC?rded th~m.

"My intention, however, nol being r.o compile a history o£ kings or a flowery worlc., but only to relate such evelllS as happened in illy own Jmowledge, I have therefore, pref.crably to a display of learning in lo.fty pbras~ and pompous metaphors, chosen a plain swle, sud) as a ,friend wriiting to a friend would use, for the purp<>se &j in~ormation. .Indeed, if propriety Js : cpnstilted·, loftiness 'of,'style is unfit for plain ttutb, which, eure in its<lf, requires only a simple delineation."

.._ The anchor's account of his work ;s fair and accurate,

·' Thi• II tlll<en from !he J'refaee 10 SaiU's. tr.uulallon.

S'l'UDlP.S JN tNDIAN HISTORY

The book is written in a plain slf)ligl:ttfotward style, and it never wnndcrs b!!f011d the sphere of the author's own observation; but it is full of spiclt, and has all the vigour and vividness of a personal narTative. lradat. Khan was a good roldier, aqd was much trusted ; and not witboul reason, for he evidently was clear-sighted, prompt, and energetic, and he posscs.scd g:t"cat common s<!Dse a11d UO.\o&ual veracity. ln his account of the battle between Jahandar Shah nnd FatT11kh .~iyar he observes, "Every one knows that, after an engagement is once begun, it is impossible for a single person co see more of the opem­tions than those on the immediate qJOt of his own post ; how then, can l say, I distinctly viewed e:very change of two lines cove,ing ground of niiles in -extent? An nutllor once read to Aurang7cb a long account of one of his batdt~~. The Em~ror ollserved at lhe conclusion, thl\t he must certainly lulve b<;en upon a h.igh m.ountain d uring the engagement, wb.ich be had seen so minutely, as he b.imself, though commanding the line, and mounted on an clcpllant, did not perce.iv~ one-third of the pant. cul.ars he bad described.''

The following, Extrads are tmn from Scott's transla­tion, with only a slight ehaqge here an d there of the wording, The original work is divided into inany short chapters, bot Scott did not main.tain the divisions in his translation. At the end will be found two letters writ~ll by ~)ll'angteb. They were trallslated by Scott, and added ~ notes .'to his ~nslation. It i.s not aaid from whence they were obt:tined, but 'thc:y are v.;ry ehatacte~istlc,' and, no doubt, authencl.c.J

EXTRACTS

Mv .auachmeht and regard to Hi.• Majesty (Aul'angzcb) "(!'fC so g:t"eat.. that observing his life drawing to a cl~: I ·llid.'not wllil. to quit the pres~ce. • • On the eve.ning before my departure, 'the Emperor, opening the window of ' his sleeping apartment, ca1led m:e to hlin, ·and said, ''Separation· now Jakes place between us, and our mt'eting

I

J

J I

t

STUDlf.S IN I NOlAN .fOSTOll. Y

again u uncC¥tain. 'Forgive then whatever, wittingly or. unwittingly, I l'nay ~1ave done against thee, and pronounce the ·words 1 forgivl! ! three limes wil:h sincerity of .heart. As thou hast served me long, I also forgive thee what· ever knowing! y or otherwise thou mayest have don.e ngninst me." Upon bearing these expressions, sobs bc­cli.i.ne like a knot in my thllOat, $0 t11at 1 had not power to speak. At last. aCter His Majesty bad repeatedly ·pressed me, 1 made a 3hift to' pronounce the words I forgive ! three times, ~nterrn pted by heavy sobs. He shed many tears, ;cpeated t.he words, and. after blessing me, ordered me w retire. • •

Tb.e Prince Bectar Bttklu, being appointed to the government of Malwa, J paid l'ny respect$ to him at Ujjain. In a shon time such a friendship grew up between us, that a greater between a prince and subjecL cann.ot be oonr.eived. He would not be an instant without me : be 1vou!d not eat of anyt.b.i.~;~g but he senJ. me part of It : be did nothing of importance without asking my advice, and con~idered my opinion as religiously decisive. In ·short, the particulats of his favour are beyond relation : but on this account I became envied by aU his dcpendentll. • •

A'wm Shah A'ZA.M Sbah, being , informed o£ the (death of Aur:mgzeb) by his agents and the nobles who affected to embrace his interest, a.rrived on the 8td of Zi·l hijja at the camp at Ahmad nagar. • • Mnny of the chief Imperial servants, as • • hnd a real att.•cll ment lo him. Some neither. lo,.,ed nor bated him, and n few, t.bottgh they disliked, yet from inability to oppose prttdently submitted to his alit.l}.ority. Three Mughal chiefs only delayed to COl)le in tO 9ffcr tbeir allegiance-Firoz Jang, his ·son Ohio Kalich .Khan.· and Muhammad Amin Kha,n.

On the lOth Zi-llt.ijja, 1118, A'zam Shah ascended the throne of etnpire amidst the Ullual rejoicing$, and con­fcn:ed tavours on the nobility according to their station&, bu t on few in a manner affording sali$faction. • • While

STUDli!S lN INDJAN HISTORY

he was only a prince, most of the nobility were attached to him, and tcgarded him as posse.Wlg every apptoved quality for empir.e ; but ·almost immediately after his accession to the· tlrrone, the general opinion was nJtered, through his own conduct. He slighted tbe principal noblllty, nnd betrayed great parsimony to tlte army, act· i.ng .., if fte had no occasion lor their services. This proceeded from .a vain belief that none dnre~ to oppose him, nnd that !tis elder brother, Sb.nh 'Aiam. relinquish· i.ng to him such a vast eJnpire ns Hi.ndustan without n struggle, would 0)' for s:tfcty to ~notltcr clime. At the

· -same lime he op~nl y dcclnrcd hu jealousy of his own son, Bcdar Daklu, wltosc favour with the late Emperor had displeased him. He treated the old nobfllty .with contempt, and would ~y publicly thaL Lhcy were not 6t for his service.

A1.an1 Shah proceeded wiLh Lb.e Imperial camp towards Agra by regular stages, taking the route by the ghat or Tumti. • • • The route o£ Tumri was hilly, full of woods, :llld for many long spaces void of water; so tha1 dur.!ng two days· Jlln.rch, great numb~rs o~ man, w·omen, d>.ildrcl!. and animals perished through wnnr ·o£ water. • •

Bed:tr Bakht ft.1d the greatest ai1d most sincere affec­tion for b.U grandfather, who equally loved b.im. • • l" obedience to the orders of ~h.iA fath~'l', he departed rom Gu jarat without delay, at ihc head o~ on ly 3000 horse, his•. own dependents, and carried wilh him about thirty lacs of rupees iu treasucc, ·p.rOpe(ty of his own, not pre· suming to touch ·twehty lacs in' the Imperial treasury, lest it should raise suspicions o£ his fidelity in the mind of his father. For the same rca:;on, be made not any addi· Lion. to hl$ force, though be could ·with e:LSC have raised a great anny, and might hnve procured a k.ror of rupees fro;n ~he b~nl<,ers ana renters. • • On the eve o£ h is lll.aJ;ch,.~e despatched a letter to me, and several oth~n on hili'C!u.u;,; .bu~ the couriers brougbt none to hand in .du~ time; the public roads being {,'llarded by officcn who

STUDIES JN JNDJAN HISI'Oil..Y 39

had orders to search all messengers and inspect letters. • • At length,_ on the l•t Muhann:m, the Prince's letters were brought to me all at once, lllld irumed.iatcly after 1 departed from Mandu. • • The Ptince was moving into Ujjai1). .when he perceived me at a distance, and said ~ hls attendants, "Is not that Iradllt Khan that I see·?" He iaropp<:d lili rtain, and· opwring wi.de h is arms he cried, "Come, come, my !ricttd I in expectation of whom my eyes have been $trained even to dimness."

Bedar Bakht did not enter the city and palaces of 0 jjain, btu piiched his camp on the baok ot the ri'ver, at about a hos di$tant. Here he was attended

1 by

'Abdu-llah Khan, the Subada!' of Malwa, and cootmued one month an.d twenty days expecting the anival o£ his fatbcr, when tbat rash prmc:e wrote him the J'ollowmg farma11 : "Why have you not hastened on, nor sunk the bo:us iJl the Snl;lej. to prevent the approach of the enemy? THough he dare not face me, yet you have been guilty of high neglect."

J3edur Bakht, ~ceably to the orders of his fa~her, moved towards Agra, aud was joined from the presence by Zu-1 fikar Khan, Ram Singh Hada Zamindm· of Kottl, IU!d Dnlpat J3undcla, :tlso by Amanu-llah Khan, who were seitt by A'x.am Shah w. much ro watch tbe Prince'& motions as to assis~ him. Mina ltaja Jai, Singh, Khan­'al:un, a .Dakshin chief, with his brother Munawwar Khan, and other officers, also joined from tl1e pt"CS~ncc wlth about 6000 horse.

Prince Muhammad A'ilinu·sh Shan, who had by Aurangzeb's orders left his government of Bengal to pro­~eed to the presence, had· reached the vicinity of .Agra when ~~~ heard o~ the Emperor's decease; upon ·which l1c marched to secure that city for (lili father) Shah 'Alam. • • When lledar Bakht approached the banks o£ the Ch:unbal, anil A'tam Shalt iu:rived near Gwalior, A 'zim.u·sb Shan detached a considerable body !tom Agra, under M uh cash am Khnil, to guard ·the .forclJ. J3ed.at

40 STUI>l.Es IN lNDIAN HISTOI:lY

.Bakht was fond of enterprise, jealous of IUs honour, and bf hlgb mind, tempered with prudence. A rivalsb.ip Eor glory had always subsisted between him :Uld his fatber. A'zlun Sluh, wllo was of rash tourage, neve~ looked beyond the present in his conduct. Like the whisker· twisting vaw)tcrs of Hindustau, if his son made any delay on his march, he would jest and sneer, attributing ~ it to cowardice and dread of the enemy. 011 thi! uccouut Bednr Bakht resolved to cross the Cllamb:tl immediately, and attack the posts of Muhtnsb•m Khnn; hut this pro· ccediog was strongly opposed by Zu-1 likm· .Khan, an cxperieuced t..-encr:tl of approved condm:t. • • A< Zu·l filuor Khnn, in the Qpinion of some, was ~uspcctcd of b:cachcry, they seized this opportunity to pcrmade· the l>rince that .ho corresponded with Shah 'Alan\, and wished to delay engaging till bis approach, ia ord~r lo complete !U.s designs of desertion to his cause. • •

The clay following, sud(ienly, before monting prayer the march for battle wns sounded, and the Prince. com· plercly armed, mounted r.hc elephant whiclt be always rode in c.llc day of bMtle. I speeded to aiLcnrt him. B:e hal:l moved some distance from the tents 11Cforc 1 came ''P· I foLmd him with an angry countenance, uttering contemptuous· exclamation~ attd reproach!ul terms oE Zu·l ftkar Khnn as deceiver, traitor, false wretch and the )lkc, to some servile attendants round his elephant. • •

In the diff.eren.cc between A'wm Sbah and hls son :Bcaar. Bakht, justice was on the side o( the father ; for Bcdar 1\akht was rival to his fatb.er, and waited oppor· tunity to dethrone Wm: As for me, ! was never in the service of A'zam Shah, nor had ever u1ade him professions of duty, being wholly devoted to 1\is son. .Dclng alone with .Dedar Bakht one night, he suddenly threlv- his arms about my neck, and boldiog down his h.ead upou my llrca5t sald, "I£ a sovereign and parent seeks the li(e of- a son, ·and tliat son. is truly informed of .his .int~ntion1 . liow $h.Ould b.e act in acl£-defencc ? .Have you a preceden't (or it?" l Teplied, ~·such a question i.s unneCC!SSary. "rhe

STUDIES IN IND:IAN f.US'fOll.Y

behaviour of your grandfathe~: to bU fatber is mflicient precedent ; and sovereigns are forced to e.xpcdienLS whkh are not justifiable 'in. other men." Conversation ot this sort often passed between us ; and one evening he asked mo how he might gain an opportunity oE seiling hls father. I replied, "An opportunity will offer thus. When he has ~ained the victory .over Shah 'Aiarn, you will be tbe 'lin~ to congratulate him. The trOOps will then be separated here and there in search of p!undcr, or looking 1!-ftcr the dead and wounded ; and as the tenu will not 'be ready, your father will only be under a sl•amiyan'a (canopy), surrounded by a few kanats (screens). You will be :tdmittcd to audience, attended by 4Uch of your foUowcts n.; may have deserved notice for their gallant cootduct in action ; a11d at such a time they will be allowed U>cir axms. Il is probable t.bat .your filtber will not ttavc many persons with him between the kanats. Then i5 your time .. " The Prince el!gcrly exd<~imed, " You have spoken well I Dare you at such a time strike the blow ?" I replied that though the act was easy, yet a .1>1cred oath rested On our family never to shed the blood of a prince unless. by chance in battle, if cnga~d in the cause of u rival, when it would be excusable. 1 then :;aid, "Your other opportunity will be thw, Should the enemy Oy, an anny will be $Cnl in pursuit, and probably uotdcr your comm~nd, while your father, setting :his mind at case. wiU be employed, without swpicion, in pleasure and l'Cjoicing. You may return ·6uddeoly up011 him, and g-.Un your wube~. Should this opportunity not occur, a.s you are his eldest son and have seen much service, he will certainly appoint you to t.he government of the Dakhin. You will then have a powerful army a~ your duposal. A1s your father's behaviour is offell8ive to ·the people, and many o£ the courtiers d4Jlke hint. they wlll aid your pretensions. Use open force and try for wboin Cod will ~cide.''

llednr llakht, having crossed the Cttambal at an unobserved lord, the troops of 'Azimu·sb Shan, who.'werc

STUDIES lN INDIAN HTSTORV

stationed on the banks of ~e river in another quarter, left their arr.illery at the various poots and ./led tQ Agra, happy to save 1.1\eir lives. Zu-1 !ikar, who had advised the Prince to remain on the other side, seeing be had crossed, now came up reluctantly, and congratulated him on the success of his march . ••

Some days a!ter this, A'zam Shah approaching near, ncda'r Bakht ntoved a kos in front, the spot he was Up<lll

being chosen tor his f.'tthcr's tents, ~nd on the morning of his arrival lte wcnJ forth two ltos from tire <-amp to meet h.im. A'z."n Shah loved him as n son, though from tltc attention shown b.im by Auraog-LCb he hnd regarded .!tim as a dval. . When h.e now beheld him. after a long absence, paternal fondness for the instant ovorcaroe his jealousy, and he received him with strong marks of affec­tion, conferring upon ltim a princely lthil'al, etc.

Empire hnv.ing been decreed to Shah. 'Alam. from the agency of destiny, such vanity took possession of the mind of A'1A1JU SlL1h, that he was convinced his brother, though supported by the tnyriuds of Tur and Sallam, dunt not meet him io the field. Hence those who brought intelligence of b.is approach he would abuse as fools nnd cowards, so that 110 one cared to speak the truth ; as was formerly the c:uc with the Emperor. Humayun during the rebellion of tlte Afgh:lll Sher Slutb. Even hi! ch,ief officers feared to <lliclosc intelligence ; so that be w~s . ignorant oJ the successful progress o£ !tis rival.

J\t ·leogtb Shah 'Alan:t; having reached Matera, scm. by a celebrated danvtsil the 'ollow.ing message to A'>.am Shah : ''By the djvinc auspices, we inherit from our ancestors· an extensive empire; comprehending many kingdoms. It will be just and glorious not to draw the s'word against each other, nor consent to shed the blood of the faithlul. Let us equally divide the empire between us. Though ! am the elder son, I ·will leave the choice iu .your power." .A'zam Shah, vain-glorious :md haughty, replied that h:e would answer his lirotber on'·the

STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTOR:Y

morrow in the field, and upon this the m.easenger d.eparted. A'zam Shah marched the .ncxL morning, and encamped between Jaju and Agta, o.n a barren plain, void of water, so that the army was mu& 'd:Utressed. lntelli.gence auived during this day, thaL Shah 'Alam• was. encamped seven kos distant, and uuended moving on tho.morrow, but to what quarter was not known.

I have already mentioned that my design .is not to write the history of kings, but of my.self and what 1 have ~e<:n. Accordingly, of the bnllle between Lb.e two brotliers, I shall. only relate sucll circumstancca· as I wa. an eye-witness of.

l'rince :Ued.ar Bakht, wb.o commanded the advance-d corps of the army, having gi~en the necessary orders, began hi., march. • • The main body marched nex.t, in the centre of which rode A'zam Shah. • • We had not yet lcanlcd the position of the enemy, or what was Lb.e design of Shah 'Aiam. Bedar Baltht reached a ~illagc, near wb.kb. was .a stream of clear water, and there was some wells also around it. The troops at this time were much scpurated, und evexy chief, inattentive to order, moved as h.e ch<Me. Seeing which, I represented to the Prince, thaL Lb.e· main body waf far behind, that the country .in .front was destitute of water tor some miles, and t)le day promi.sed to 'be distressingly bot. WithOut order, without inlclligence of the enemy'& motion&, where \vould he hasten ? I rClllarked the scattered march of bls follow~rs; Zu-1 fikar l<.han obliqued so far to the left as scarcely to be visible, n.nd other chiefs' were equally dis· Lant in evet·y quart~r. I observed that if he halted her~ till some news arrived of the enemy, Lb.ere was sufficient water to refresh the troops; the artillery would come up; the . Emperor would have time 1:o ' join, and ·order would 'be restored in Lb.e l.ine ; also, that should the enemy advance upon hlril, be '~ould have the adVantage of good ground and plenty of water. Ee replied, "Your advice is just. Go and' infol'm my father 1 shall ' foll~w it."

STUDII!S IN INDIAN HISTORY

It happened ;Us() that ·Shah. 'Alam had no advice o~ the route of our army, and as there was but little water where he was encamped, he had this morning despatched his main booy under Mun'im Khan, while be, with. his sons and personal attendants, hlloted along the bank of t,q.e river Jumna. His pesh·khana, with the wual escort, 'u11der Rustam·dil Khan, was coming on in front .of our army, in the same route 3$ ()ur line.

Opon delivery of my message to A'zam Shah, lte replied, "Very well. GQ and inform my son I am coming up." 1 returned to the promised place of halt, but what did I behold ? TJte l'rince had march~<(! on, and left the village unguarded. J speeded after him, and upon gain· ing tbe line; sa\~ ;t joyful scene Qf congratulation on victbry. W!ien the Prince saw me, b.e eagerly exclaimed, "l cougrnt.ulate you on victory." I replied, "How cumes victory without a battle ?" Up,on which His Highness, ltrrning to a courier, said, "Tell Iradat Khan what you have seen." The foolish wretch then aflinned that h~ had seen the elephant of Shah 'Alam without n rider, o.nd with but few attendan.ts, running off to Agra. The ll.ri ncc then said our left wing had defeated th~ enemy, and taken all their baggage. The cause of this imaginar~ vict<>ry was this. The adv3oced baggage of Shah 'Ahm, falling in with. om: left wing, wa& attacled, and, the escort being small, wa·s soon taken. T he clephant running away belonged to Rustnm·.diJ Kh:w, who commanded the escoro.

T.he ,Prince, . however,- now ordered me to go and inform his father o! the '>ictory. • • I decUned goi"~' and bbserved I would not car.ry intellig'Cl}Cc so very ridi· culous and groundleSs. Upon which the Prince was angry, :md exclaimed, "What do you mean ?" I replied, ~ • ('Accidents will happen to the baggage of armies; artd this ~.boasted .victOry is no more. Your troops have plundered· his advanced tents, bm woe to those who have been thus employed t If important work should now offer, they wiU be usele.ss, confused as they are and en-

L

STUDIF..S IN INDIAN HISTORY

Clunbered with spoil/' To these ·r.marks the Prince angrily exclaimed, "You are always apprehensive and fo~bodin.g ·ill." He thcn ordered Kasi.m, the da.-ogha o£ hi3 .diwan, to carry the ·intelligence of victory to A'um Shah.

Scarce hill 1t11 hour :Uter l.hls had efapsed, when a grea~ dust nrose upon our right, Upon beholding this, l ·.said to the .Prince, "Jleltold the consequence o£ ·our vj'ctory, and the lliglu oi Shah 'Alamt Yon cloud pre­cedes at least 50,000 horse." Just as 1 concluded, another du&e arose, which certified a, second body of ·l:rOOp8 approaching. I desired His Higb.ncss to prepare fol' action, while yet the enemy wM ar $orne distii1J.ce. He then said, "W.ill you now go and inform my father of the enemy's approach ?" To this I replied, "Though l wish not to quit Your fliglrness's person, yet as I Rm ordered I rnust obey," and having said this, I rode of{ with speed to A'z•un Shah. On my way r beheld st:r:mge disorder. Amanu-llalt Khan, a reputed · good officer, who acted as ailvanccd guard to Princ;j! Walajah, I mel with only two or ·three 'hundred straggling l.tor.sc. A:'zam Shah' Wll.! a ho! and a. half farther in the ru.r, and hi& troops ·were separated into tltrec divisions, so that I could not eailly dlstingu.iSh the royal post, for the train of artilkry had been left in the DakshJn. For· when the comma·rulel' applied for orders respecting it to A'zam Shah, he wa$ much enraged, and passiouatelr exclaimed, "Oo men think that I will use cannon agamst a breeder of cattle ? J will not even draw the swot·d, but will bruise his head with a .staff."

· When A'zam Shah saw me, he m.~de a. signal for me tO advance ; but sum was the crowd [ could scarce push through it. At length, having come nea~ to hit Utter, I alightc:d from my horse, and said, "The Pililce' in~orms Your h-fajesty of the enemy's near approach. What shall I say ?" N-za.m Shah, staning as if stung by a ·~orplon, with furious looks, eyes rolling, and, a.o was his custom when angry, pulling t1p bis sleeve, exclaimed, "Coule; an

STUDIES IN INDlA.N ffiSTOR:Y

enemy to me I " Being ve.xed at his manner, I replied, "So it appears." He then called aloud for b.is war elepltant, and, in a frantic manner, whlrling a crooked sralf, stood upright on b.is· f.brone. and tauntingly said, "lle not ala~med, l am coming to my son." Hurt at tb.is insult to the spirit of my prince, I said, "His Highness is son to yourself, Asylum of the Wocld, and lmowcr.R not fear. He only represents the enemy's approach, that Your Majesty may advance with the troops, ~nd t.1kc the post usnal fo.r the Emperor in tlte day of battk" Having said r.hu, I rode off to rejoin Bedar .Bal:ht. • • Just ail I reached b.im, n ball struck the breast of an attanc1.1nt close to his pctsoa • •

The two bodies of the enemy bad now approached, and halted within · a rocket!s flight of our line. One of these 1vas headed by the Prince 'Azimu·sh Shan ; the other by Mnn'im Kh!lll, with whom also were the Princes Mu'izzu-d din Jabandar Shah and Jabo.n Shah. Om1 line was so pressed upon each fla.nk and in Ute rear by bag· gage elephants, Cltttle, and fullowas, as greatly to iru;om­modc the trOOJ>s and render them useless. Shah 'Alam's :u:tjllery played upon us incessant.l.y, and did great execution, and . his sons advandng, fired showers of mW!ketry, whiCh £cll like hail. • • • At length our troops, grown impatient from tl)e g:>lling of Lhe enemy's cannon. prepared to charge. * • I saw Kban 'Alam move towards Lhc enemy with great rapidity. As b.e advanced nearer the enemy, his followers diminished, gradually lagging behihd, and ~ot above SOO stuck by b.itn to the , charge. Wb.en I saw this, I well lmew tbat all was loot. The brave cliief, . however, penetrated to· Lhe elephant of 'Azimu·$h Shan, and burled his s~Jtr at the Prince; but it missed him, and struclt the thigh o£ (fn attendant, when 'th~ Prince drew a.n arrow, wb.ich pierced Lhe he;trt of .K:b.a,n 'Alam, and he died on the instant. • • A body of the ' ~tiemy, under Baz Khan Af~an, now attacke(! Zu·l fikar Khan, but was repnhcil with great loss, and thcr chief badly wounded ; bnt by the decrees of P~ovidencc,

STUDll!S IN INDIAN IDSTORY

Ram Singh Jinda nnd Dalpat Rao Bundcla, on whose valour and conduct most depended, were killed at the same ilutant by a cannon-shot, upon 'vhich their l!aipUls lost all .:onfidence, and fled with the dead bodies of their chiefs. Zu·l fur Khan, however, )'Ct remained finn, with his own followers : but on being charged by the whole of 'Azimu-Ah Shan's division, he left the conduct· of the battle to Saiyid. Muzafl'nr, and retired to the rear of A'zam Shnh's post, with H:unidu-d din l<hiln, and Jtnving dis­mounted fwm. his elephant, fled on horseback to Gwl\lior, where he was ;~:eceived by his father, Asnd Khan. !tis flight determil\ed the rouL o~ our nrmy.

The principal followl!rs nnd personal atrendariu of A:am• Shah now dismounted, and laying their quivers on the ground, aat down to await .Lhc charge of the enemy, and !ell l'bcir lives in de['ence of their patron. Salyid 'Abdu-~ and hi! brother, Husain 'Ali Khan, of the illustrious house of .Badta, ever celebr3ted for valour, wh~e ancestors had in every reign performed the most gallant actions, if possible superior to their sires. des· cended from their elephants, and prepared to engage on foot. The battle now ·raged hand to hand witb snbres, and there was great slaughter on both sides. Htts~h\ 'Ali Khan received several wounds. and f,ell clown faint wjth the loss of blood. • • At last a · mus)(et-ball and several arrows struck the Prince Beilar :Sa)<ht, and he sank down dead on his elephant. ·

A'xam Shah., though much wotmded, was still alive, when a whirl o£ du.sL winded towards him from the army of Shah 'Alam. l!rom this now issued with a select b and the Princes 'Azimu-sh Shan, Mu'izzu-d din Jahat\dat Shall; and Jaban Shah. A'zam Shah soon received. a mor~al wound from a musket-ball, and resigned bis soul to th~ Gteatot of Hfe. The Prince Walajah also sank down in the sleep of death. l .n0w made my escape , to Agra, not ch~ing to go to the enemy's camp, where I had many Eritnds who would have givau me protection.

Ru.uamodil Kl:ian, who commanded the escort of

STUDIES lN INDl~ .lllSTOli.Y

Shah 'A lam'• advunced tents, -when attacked in the m\:i'rning by our troops, finding his escape cut olfr paid his respt.'<:ts co A'zam Sllah, and had. continued uea; J his clephant ·duri.ng lhe battle till his deatl~ wjth. gren< ~rJ\1· ness. Seeing him dead, he ascended the clephanr, and cutting off the heatl of · the corpse, remounted his horse and hastened to the .camp o~ Shah 'Alan~. With e:wlting llope of gt·cat reward, h.e laid his prize at the Prince's feet ; but the compa~ionale Shah 'Ahun, seeing the head of his slaughtered brother in sllch disgrace, shc<.t tears of affec:tion. and gave 'Rtllltnm·dil nothing but {epronches. He o•·dcred the )lead to be bul'icd with propc1· respect, and forbad the march of victory LO be beaten. Mun'lm Mm'io~ Khan rook charge of t lte bodies of the unfortu· nate Princes, and treated the latlies of their harems wiU1 the ulOJO$t resp<!ct· and tenderness. Though lte had received n dangerous wound, and sulfered extreme pain, he concealed his situation, and continued on the fi.cld rill late. at n.ight, to restore order and prevent plunder. • •

Shah 'Alam BahadtJ.r Shah 1 shall now relate some particulars necessary to be known concerning Shah ';Uatn, his mJU·ch from Kabul, and other proceedings to lhe day of c.n~emc.nt witll .his un(ortu· nate brother A 'zam Shah,

Some time. before his death, Aurang-u:b had • appointed Mun'irn Kb.an to be diw.a11 to Shah 'Aiam,

who wu.i governor of Kabul. This nobleman was oi. great abilities; act\ve in• the capjoct, resolute .iJi execution, •a•id Of uobeniling il1tegt!ty•of mind. He•11ooo artiu\~c.d ilie .Prinee~s all':rits, which, b~ore his coming into offici:, were alwa~ in confusion, o1qing to the ascendency of unworthy favourites. • • A superfluo11S army was kcpr up, exceed­ing dl.e abHity of Ute revenue, and. being con.sequcudy ill· paid, wus ever mutinous and discomcnrcd. • * .Re diminishe<:\ the Prince's at:llly, but took care to pay t.hat on root· ·regularly, so a.s to Ieiwe no room for discont~t, or excuse fdr licentiousness. • · • When be hear4 of

S'TUDIES IN INDli\N HISTOl!.Y

Aurangztb's illum, ln order 1.0 prevent cabau in favour of A'1.am Shah, he circulated . a. report that Shah 'Alatn would not contend for empire, but seek protection from his brother by Jlight to Persia. Shah 'Alam had himself indeed made thu declarat ion. long before, and with such appa.rtnt resolution that it was b.elitved and dr·eaded even by his sons who resided with him. Mun'im Khan rela~d tO me afterwards the following anecdote in these words ; "Whc::n 1 perceived that my attachment, sincerity, and abilities ,had properly impre!;.led Shah 'AL~m·s mind, and that he was convinced I was a prudent, Eailllful, and secret servant, being alone o.ne day with him corwersing on the affairs of the empire, T tool:. the Uberty of thus addressing· hin1 : •rt i• reported ihat Your Highneu inrcnds Ryiug to 'Persia, wilh so much confidence, that even the Princes, your sons, assure me by Jacred oaths of its truth.' He replied, 'In this rumour there lies con­cealed a great design, to forward which I have spread it ·abroad and taken pains to ma)<e it believed. First, be­cause my father, on a mer~ suspicion of disloyalty, kept me n.ine years in close confinement; and should he even now mink that 1 cherished the smallest ambition, he would immediately sttive to accomplish my nlin. Secondly. my brot11er Muhammad A'zam Shah, who is my powerful enemy, and valiant even to the extreme of rashness, would. exert all his force against me. From Ibis report my father is easy, and my broilier lulled into Self-security ; but, by the Alm:igb.ty God who gave me life' (laying his hand on tlte K uran by him), 'and on this holy book; I swear, though not one friend should join me, 1 will meet A{zarn Shah in single combat, wherever he may be. This ~eo;~t, wbich I have so long maintah).~d. and even .kept from my own cml~n, i$ p~w c_nl(usted to your care . .Be cautions. ti\ar ·rio instance Of' your conduct may betray it I,.,.

When news- of Aurangteb'$ death reached Mun'im 'Khan at Lahore, 1\e wrote immediately by cxprells to Shah ~4lam. conjuring him to··mar& with the utmost e)(pedi·

~

STUDIES rN INDtw HISTORY

tio."" towards r.he capital, without ~mdcty ot: preparation, and he should find artillery and nil supplies ready at Lahore. Thi~ wise minister then prepared bridges over the various rivers, so tbat not a day's delay wns occasioned in crossing to the Prince's army, which at .Lahore was joined by a powerful train of artillery with sufficient dra:It. He ·also paid up all the troops, and ·advanced wge sums to new levies. Shah 'Al.am soon arrived in the ncighbouxhoocl of Dehli, and Mun'im Khan entered the city with a select party.• • Muhammad Yar Khan, the comnJmder of the palace, w;u; so awed with the vunil's gallantry, and the nrrival ot Shah 'Alam, that he saw no security for himself but in. resigning his charge. He accordingly gave up the 'Pabce, in which were the treasures of Hindustan cqllected. .Erom Lite da')'S of Akbar, • • • 1\fun'im Khan then advanced wiLh some chosen troops bclore the Prince of Agra. • • Baki l<.han, an old Imperial tervanc, and governor of !he fortress wb.ich he had refused to resign to • Azimu·sb Sllan, being cetti.fied that Shah 'Alam was approaching, did not choose to resillt longer, but sent offers, that if Mw1'im Khan would come 6rst nloo~ into the ciLadel, he would tesign the command. Mun'im Khan accordingly, without the lenst dishust, entered over a narrow plank, only passable for a single person, which was placed over a deep ditch from a smaU wicket to admit him. • • After rcfre:~hmcnt, he sealed up Lhe treasury, posted his people at the different ~atcs, and about midnight went to visit 'A:timu·sb Shan, who was encamped at the distance of six kos. • • Witlt­out doubt Shah 'Alam's successes, and his attainment of the empire, were owing ro ~he eon.duct and valour of this great minister.

Tha sons of Bahadur Shah

IT is now neces.laf'J' to say something of Lhe .four SOU$ of Shah • 'Ala,m, their dispositions and behaviour; boLh in public and private. Mu'iz.zu-d din Jahandar Shah, Lhe clde5t, was a weak man, devoted to pleasure, who gave

STUD.IES lN INDIAN Hl!i'I"ORY

himself no trouble about Stqtt: all"ilin, ot· to gain the attachment of any o~ the nobility, as will. be seen 1\then L come to _narr:ite his reign. 'A2imu·sh Shan, the second son, wa.• a statC$1Illln of winning mannexs. Aurng7.cb had alway$ pursued the policy of encouraging his granchons a.nd employing them in public affairs ; tor as his soru were ambitious of great JlOWCr, and at the head of armies, h'c! thus prudently controlled them by opposingo to them enemies in their own families, as Bedar Baklit to A'nm Shah, and 'Azimu·sh Shan to Shah 'Alam. To the latter he had given the advantageous government ot the three provinces of Bengal, Bihar, ·:tnd Orissa, from ·whence he had now come with a rich · tteasure and con$id~rablc anny; nll(L r.hough in the late battle he had ~riormeq gteM service. yet be wa.• sus~cted by his £ntlter and dreaded a.s a rival ; but to relate the causes would be useless prolixity. Rafi'u-sh Shan, the private companion and £o:vourlte of his father, was a prince of quick parts, a goreat proficient in religious learning. a fme Wfiter, and of much knowledge in the lnw, but at the same time addicted to pleasure, pnrtieularly food of music and the pomp o£ courtly show. Re paid no attention \o p\lblic affairs or even Utose ot his own household. Khuji.stl\· ak.htar Jaban Shah had the great~t share of al~ the I'cinces in the management o( affuirs, before hi$ father's accession to 'the throne, ·and afterwar& the whole admin.is· !:ration of ~be empire was inAuenccd by hint. He had the closest friendship and connex:ion with Mun'im JC.han, who, by his interest, wM appointed wa,ir.

Character of Ba,lladur Shah ' His Court

Sl!AH 'AJ...W: was generous and merciful, o,f a ·g_reat soul rem~red with alfabilicy. di.s<:ernio~ of mer1t. He had seen tbe strict exercise of power during the reigns ~ his grandfather and father, and been used to authority him· self for the last Ji#y years. Time received a new lustre from his accession, and all ranks of people obtailted favours equal 16, ij not•.above their merits; so. tbat tlie

17649

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publlc lorg0t tl1e excellences and gre;1t qualities of Auiangzeb, which became ahsorbe<l ·in the botu1ties o~ bis successor. Some narrow-hearted persons, however, out o£ ingratitude and envy, attributed bia general liberality ro ill-placed eJ<travaga·nce and profus(on ; but il is a fact that the deserving oJ every profei$ion, and tlte worthy of all degrees, whether among the learned or the eloqueUl, the noble or the ignoble, received an attention from the th:rone, wh.ich prior to this the eye of time· bad never seen, nor bad such been heard of before by the ears of fame, His personal qualities and perfections, speech is unable to relate. His valour was such that he bad rc· solved on meeting A'zam Shah, whose bravery was celc· brated, in single combat. His Jour sons, possessed of gr~t power and considerable force_ he suffe1·ed to be co'nst:intly near his penon, never giving himself a moment's suspicion regarding them, nor l?rcventing thCln forming conn·ex_ioru with lhe prime nobility ; upon which mbjcct I, the humblest o.f his slaves, once ventured 1<> present h.im a petition of a cautionary nature, th.i.uking it my duty; as Thad often done so LO Auragzeb. To what 1 represented .be wrote a wi'«! and just reply. He permit· ted the sons· of those princes who bad fallen in battle against him co appear at all rimes CQ.mplerely armed in his presence. The infant children he let remain un· molested with their mother.!, while those nrrived a't man· hood daily accompanied him to the chase unguarded, and sluoi"ed iri all his diversions.

Hi.s court was magnificeo~ to a degree beyond that of Shah Jahan. Scven~en .Princes, .his sons, grandsons and nephews, sal generally round his throne, in the manner following : On his right hand Jahandnr Shall, his eldest son, with his 'three soru; his third son, Rafi'u·sh Shan, .wilh his three sons. and Bcdardil, son to his nephew, ;Bellar llal.<bt. On his left Muhammad 'Azimn·sh Shan, with his- two son~. and }allan Shah with his son. 'Ali Talibl!l'1 the only sl;lJViving son of A'tam Shah, sat on Lh'e right . hand of J\ilihu·sh Shan ; and a ~ittle to tht:

STUDIES lN . [NDJ.AN HISTOR '11

right, 3omewhat advanced, !.he two ~ons o£ Muhammad Kam Ba.khsh. Behind the roynl Princes, on the right, stood the sons of conquered sovereigns, a$ of Slkandar 'Ali Shah of :Sijapur, and Kutb Shah., King of Golkonda; also a vast crowd o( the nobility, from the rank. of seven to three thousand, such as were allowed to be on •the platform bcrwccn the silver mils. How· can l mention every particular of the splendid scene ?

On the ' irl.s and other festivals, His Majesty; witn his own band,, gave the betel and perfumes to all in his presence, according to their ranks. His gifts o!C jcweh, dresses, and other .favours were trulJy roynl. Whel) in private he dressed plaitt and humbly, like a religious devorce, and daily. without fail, _prayed with many ht. compa.ny. Frequently on nolidJ\~l nnd Fridays, when travelling, he would read the prayers himself in the great tent of audience, and rcpe:tl portions of the Kw-an, with a tone and sweetnc.u which caplivatcd the mc.st eloquent' Arabians: Fle never missed the devotions of the lauer part of the night, and lrequently employed the whole in prayer. ln lb.e early- p:u:t of tl~e evening b.e had gene~ally ~n assembly of the religious or learned men. He him· self related tmditjons (of the Prophet), in the number of which he excelled, :u well as in n knowledge of the Holy L aw. He h:td e~plorctl the different opinions of all sorts, read the works .of all free thinkers, aDd was well ac­quainted with the hypotltcses of ea~h. On this :tecount some over·strict dcvot<!C3 accURcd him of heterodoxy in his rcHgious opinious, through mere envy of his superior abilities. 1 lteard most of his tenets, and lamented tlte ignorance of his vain critics ; !or it was as clear as the &lln how just aud orthodox he was in his ·opinions o.n ~eligiqus points. :Ru t how e>Ul l en.umeratc all his per· fections. I It would 611 volumes to recite but a smal! part, therefore 1 will desist.

Prine~ Kam Bakhsh ·KAM BAKKSII was n. prince of an exrellent . memory :· was

STUDIES 1N INDIAN HISTORY

learned and a pleasing ~iter, possc=d ot nll outward accomplisllll\ents in a high degree l but there was in his mind a fiightincss that approached near 10 insanity. He seldom rem:Uned a month in his father's presence, but for 60me misbehaviour he wao -reproved, degraded o~e eonJincd ; and some acts were dcmc bl him, 10 mention which would be unworthy of me. • What follies was be not guilty of, from the madn= of his mind and the confidence he put in lying visionaries l • • His Jlatterers h.aving told him that his eldest son would also at some time be·come Emperor, he became jealous of d1e innocent child, and f:rcq uendy meditntcd putting hi.m to death, but w~s witlleld from thnt cdmc by the dread be ha.d of A urnnsrr.cb. .Ho1vever, he kept b.im constantly in .confine· ment, miserably clothed, and worse fed llian llie son ot a wretched beggar, which was worse than death. From the same cause, on ill·placed suspicions, be infiictcd tor­tures and uncommon pu:qisbmcnts on dte ladies of his harem, putting ronny of them privately 10 deadt. To his r.eniaots, wmpanions, and confidants, he often behaved with outrageous ct·ueity, doing such acts to them as before eye .nevct saw nor ear heard.• •

Gluuiu·d din Khari Piroz Jat~g

GHAZitH> din Khan Firoz Jang, who had acquired a most · powerful inOaence in the Dakhin, and was chief of the Turani Mughals, kept on loot a grcac army. He. had withdrawn himself J'rom A'~am Shah, aud he was al60 much in dread . of Shah 'Alrun's rcscntlll.ent, because he luid -advised dtat Prince's being confined when Aurnng· 1eb was before Golkonda. He was an able statesman of long experience, who, though blind of sight, could c.~early perceive the mind of man ; th.erefore, whatever wishes lle .might have to enjoy the honour of making an Emperor, yet he soon saw the follies oj Kam llakbsh, and declined hls cause as ruinous and los!. • • Mun'im Khan Kh.an­Jihanan opened a correspondence with Ghaziu,d din, tb whom he gave m.uch . conso.lation, assurances of favour,

STUDIIIS IN !NDIAN Hl5TOR~ 5.~

and friendly advice. That experienced staterman, open· ing hill eyes on the vicissitudes of life, saw it was his interest, .i£ His Majesty would .fOI"gct the past attd not molest. him. in hi.~ .fortune, lo bend hU bead in submU­sion and retire from businl!lls to a life of devotion. RiA onl y son, Chin Katich l<.hnn; had long ®agreed with hin1, and his brother, Hamid Khan, whom lte had appointed J1h. deputy in comman<l of the troops, bad ticpru:ated from him ancl gone over to the preseme. The Turao chiefs of his household also, when they saw his fortunes on the decline, bad left h.i& service. All these events :m.•dc him glad to embrace the prqmhes . of the minister and thankfully nc~ept the s11bnt!ari of Ah.mad11-bnd in Gujarat.

lntrigtl/13 of the four Princes Tm: four Princes were constantly intriguing ngainst each other, to obtain 1o1luc.nce in the management ot public affain, which occasioned rnuch delay and confmion in business, so that the Khan·khanan thought it hnl'PY tO steer his ve.~d safe through four ·such great seas, and could not act so independently as he wished, being obliged to attend tO the CUpriCiOIIS lnterelits of Others, among which he found it diffi~'Uil to prcse~-ve .his own.

Among th!' remakablc occurrences was the decllne of Jahnn Shah's inlluence with his father, and the rise of that of 'Alimu·sh Shan, o.f wholll till now the Emperor hnd even. been suspicious. The Prince Jaban Shah lvaJ of haugh.ty and .independent ·spirit, ready to take 6.re on the smallest ~eglect. This, with the behaviour oJ bis senrants, alarmed and dhpl.eased the Khan·khanan, who for his own safety watched an opporwnity tO destroy the Prince's inD.ucnce in public n1Iai.rs : a task of no great difficulty to .one well acquainted with the disposition of Shah 'Alam, almost equally warm with his son, who l\act more than once displeased him by h:l$ behaviour. The Prince npon this thot.~ght to prove his disinterestedness and independence by neglecting to frequent Ute dar/Jar,

STUOIES IN INDIAN HISTORY

-.md engage in business as usual. 'Azimu·sb. Shan, who 'had reaped experience in office, ;md was well versed in .the intrigues of. a coun, perceiving coolness taking place -between Jahan Shah "nd i!tc Khan-kllanan, paid so ~uch .flat tering attention to tlte latter, that by degrees he gatned his confidence. Tltis gave still more offence to Jahan Shah, who had too much pride to expostulate, bnt neglected the minl.ster i n return. He soon after !eU sick. 'l!nl:t ltis indisposition contiuuing a long time, gave : Azimo·sb Sllan umple opportunities of acquiring influence over Shall 'Ala]n. • • • 'Arirnu·sh Shan, having UlUs gal11ed the credit he aimed at with. )tis father and the .minisccx, employed it in softening the rigour o( goverJ\· ut<!llt ngainst ll!OSC wb.o Jabo·urcd under its d(spleasurc ; thinking that, thus obliged t>y his .mediation, they ·would readily return his fnvoul's, by embracing his . C'\\ISe, when · ever the denth of his father should give hiln a chtim to U•e empire.

Death and Characlu of Khan·l<handatl TH1! Kban-kbaMn [lwuitlg invesl•d the fort to which /he Sikhs luul ··ch·eaLod], sure of lla ving the Guru in his f.?Wcr, gave order$ for his troops to cease r.heir alt:tek till r.hc morning should enable him to finiall it with su~sa. He bad, however, uoluck.ily neglected to block up n' narrow path leading from the fort to r.he h ills, either because he bad not perceived lr, or was satisllcd that it could

·not lead bot to where tbe Imperial r.roops were posted . • " Dl"'intr the ..night f,be Guru changed his dress, nnd Je.Et the fort .undiscovered. The l(han-khanan about p!IWI\ renewed th.e attack , and gained the place a[ter a short struggle. sword jn hand, exulting. in the certainty of carrying lhc Gunl dcnd or alive to tll<: Emperor, whose qisli'leasure at h is disobedienro o£ orders • would by this acrvi~ be changed to approbation ; but who can relate his wdght of grief and disappointment on finding tha~ his promised prize had escilped, witllout leaving a . tta~

, Ffe bad b~n dl.rtet(:d nOL to nssault withoul o·rders~

YTUDIES lN INDIAN KfYTORY 51

behind hirn ? • • He for an instant Jo,sc almost the U$e

nf hi~ faculties·, which were absorbed in dread of lhc J!.mperor's anger, ~nil not witllour l'c~n. As he was, agreeably to custom aft<::r an important victOry, beating the march of triumph Ot\ h.is way tO the royal tents, orders arrived commanding !lim lO stop the drums, and not dare to enter lhe p~csence. He retired, drowned in des­pair, to ·his own cenu. • • • Shah 'A lam, reg-arding hiJ form<::r 6el'Vices, received him again into ,favour after a fCI~ days; but this noble and faithful ntinistcr never recovered from cJ1c effects of Lhe royal ingratitude. Tb.is grief, ndded to the pain of seeing duee of the Princes and the A miru-l llmw•a using aU their nrts- to complete his ruin, stuck like a poisoned arrow in his breast. :He lost all •atisfaction in worldly enjoyments, the emptiness of which he 11ow so fully experienced, and £rom the day of his dhgraee declined in he.1lth, so thut not lm•g ~Iter he I~M re<1nccd to keep his bed, where he lingered a few days, and tben resigned his soul to tbc angcl of death (ll24 A.H., 1712 A.D.), who never in lbe uncounted ages oF h ill office seized on a soul more pure and less defiled with the frailties of hmnan nature.

Dtntll of .Bnl~ndt~r Shah

SHAll 'Alam Bahadur Shah died on the 21st Muharram, 1124 A~!. (18th February, 1712 A.n.). • • lt llappcned that one day asJahandar Shah· and 'Azimu·sh Shan were sitting ncar his bed, the latter perceiving under a corner of his pillow a dagger of very exquisite workmanship, took it up to admire tbc jewels with wh.ich it was adorned nod llie water of the blade. Upon his drawing it from the smbbard, J ahiuldar Shnh, jealous of his brother, wns seized with a pllnic. He started up, and retired witll such precipi.tation, that be struck the turban from his head agrurut t.he door of Ute tent, forgot Ws sUppers at the cntrnucc. and fell down over t:he ropes. Being assisted to riS<:: and adjust h.is dress . 'by lii.s set-v<ult~. be rode oll to his tems with all tbe speed and hurry possible. This

STUDit!S IN INDIAN HISTORY

occasioned much alann in the camp. I met the Prince with liis a ttendanu, pushing on his elephant with frantic ha3te, upon seeing Which 1 endeavoured to pass un­o)>serYcd; but he knew me and sent a messenger to call me. As 1 had previously attached myself to 'Atiluu.sh Shan, I did not obey rhe mandate, but passed on to Lhe Emperor's rents. • • Tbe Amint-1 wnara called for me, and d<:Jired me to send my grandson 'lnayatu·llau to 'Atimu-sb Sl\an, to ask bin\ how l\e could serve hin\ on the present occasion. 1 sent him, bUJ. he returned with a reply laconic ancl slight M if from a nobleman of higb r;mk to the commnndcr of hundred, written in the hnnd of. his confidant as follows : "As tile Imperial servanu can know no place of support but this Court, and most .huvc already repaired to it, the .d-mi•,!·l um11ra mnsL abo pay !tis duty, with assurance of a graciom reception in the presence." When the Ll.miru-1 umara read this, he -shed tears, and said to me, -with much emotion, ''You sec Lite mann,.,-s of the Prince and l1is advisers. Alas I the cOTors of a fn~ouritc unacquainted with government often endanger the very existence of tl1e mnster." • • After saying this, h.e collected his followers, and moved his ten ts and effectS to the quarter of :Prince Jahandar, whew he thought his services most llkely to answer his own inte.rcst. • • He had formerly been disgusted with 'Azimu·sh. Shan, for preferring to himself the Khan-khanan and MahabnL Khan, and he now swore to assist the three brothel'S in effecting his desn•uction, and ln. making an equal divisjon of the empire and treasures among them,

]~harular Shah WHEN 1•handar Shah, by the intrigues and support of ~e Ammt·l umara Zu·l likar Khan, ltnd triumphed over !u.s three broth.ers, ancl ascended the throne of empire, Without the fear or dread. of a competitor, all Lhe customs of time were changed. He was himself a weall man clfeminately careful of his person, rond of case, indolent; and totally ignorant of tlte arts of government. He had

STUDDlS 1lf INDIAN R.ISTORY &9

also blemishes and vices unworthy of (oy:ilty, and unknown among h i.l illustriout ancestors. H e ~made the vast empire of Hindustnn an offering to the fooll$h whims of a courtezan. The dclations, friends and minions of the mistress usurped al»olme authority in the State ; and h'igh offices, great titles and unreasonable grantS from the Imperial domains were showered profusely on beggar· ly musicians, Two krors of rupees atmually were settled lor only Lb.e household expenses of the m.isu:css, exdutire of her clothes ;md jewels. • •

Tb.e 4miro-! umara Zu·l li.kar Khan, seater, nay even crenLor of ernpet"on, with .such a puppet of buma11ity in !lis hands, became absolute and 6ll•d with pride. He studied to ruin the most ancient CamUies, i.nvcming· pretences to put gl'cat men to d.eatb, or disgra.ce 'them that he might plunder their possessions. Unhappy was the person he sutpected to be rich, as wen) \;b and vexatious accusatioris always accompanied each other. He es­tablished such exactions and abuses as no prior age had beheld, aod by which 11ow he is alooe remembered. He took enot:mous·. emoluments and revenue.! for himself, while be disposed of money to others with a band so

. sparing 'that even his own creatures felt severe poverty with empty titles, ~r he never nllowed jagi~ to any. 'fhe min.ds of high and low, rich and poor, near and distant, friends and strangers, were turned against him and wished his destruction. Hindus and Mmulmllru agreed in praying 'to Heaven fo~ the fall of his power; night and day. Often does tho midn.ighl sigh of the widow ruin the riches of a hundred years.

Kokaltash Khan, fostet'-brolher of Jnhandar Shah, and brought up wlr:h him from his cb.ildbOO<l, was honoured with the title of Khan-Jahnn. Ris wi£e, daughter, and whole family also possessed great influence with JahandnT, and claimed from him tbe pet"formnnce of a promise be had oi tb.e office of wa::ir •• At Lb.e same l:ime they and their adheront.s combined to work the o_vcrtlu-ow of Zu·l nkar Khan A miru·l umMil. With tbia

STUDIES JN !NOt~ liiSTOll.Y

vic'" all their relations and dependents were raised to a high rank, and a great number of the nobility, distressed by the pride and rapacity of Zu-1 fi.kar !Ulan, joined their party. They iruinuated to the Emperar that the Jlm.int·t umara. entertained desigm too ambitious fot: a subject, to attain which he would dare to shed the blood of princes; that he bad .already detcnnlncd on a revolution, and either to seize the throne for himself, or if he found that too dangerous, to bestow it on one of the coo.fincd princes more favourable to his will than His Majesty.

The weak Jahandar, uncndowcd wiclr the least judg­ment or couroge, was o.larmed almost to madness with the .frightful picture of Iris own situation ; but he had not firmness to oppose the dreaded e.vils, nor $!!n&e to keep his fears secret. The intrigues of Kokoltash Khan soon becamo evident to tbe wl1ole Cotttt, and only served to stimulate the \-i.gllance oE Zu·l fikar Khan, who took meMures !or his owu sa!ety by removing his enem~es. Rusrnm-d.il Khan, Mukblis Klurn, and some others were pu~ to death, and a great numbef of the n.obiliry cast into confmemcnt on various prctettces. Tho family of the late Kh.an-khanatt (Mun'lm Khan) was reduced so low as .to want tbe common ncce.~Saries of life. In sb.ort, the disposition o( the Amint·l umm·a changed altogether from gentleness to the higncst pitch of tyranny, so that he now punished with CTilClty tb.c persons who had years b.:£ore1 knowingly or otherwise, given him the slightest causes of offence. L who bad di.llirred with him in opinions during tbe. life of tl1e late Bedar Bakbt, .and frequently warnccl the late Emperor against his aspiring views, had also been the friend and confidant of his late mortal enemy, the Rban-khanan, and of a different pany in the late struggle, had not a hope o~ escaping .from hi.\ bands, or those of. Jahandar Shah. who bad commanded me 'to be sca.rcbecl. ~or and put to death.

Thinking it vain to attempt conce.1l.metlt i.u Lahore, I wrote the fol lowing verses : "I am of th.e famil Y• of 'Ali, • • • of the famUy of which .thou art. b.ead: look

STUDil?.S IN INDIAN HISTORY 6•

not on me, but upon our mutual auce1tors," and sene !hem to him by m y grandson, wbo was much in his favour. He invited me to see him, . • • • and upon his solemn oath that he meam no injUI!y to me, 1 went without dread . He received me in his private apartment, ro which I was admitted armed as usual, and created tne in ·avcxy wny with much l<indness, more than r had ex­pected ; after which. he dismissed me wit.h 3S$ltrnnces of protection. He the same day asked• the Emperor's pardou {or me, which was in1mediatcly passed; .but His Majesty obser· ved, that though .he !orgavc, he would nor on nny account employ me in his service. The 4rn1ru·l um4ro, too, made me promise that I would non accept any office in the State othcr\vise than lhrough his patrOt'lllgc. I complied with this desire without regret, as, independent of the obliga­tions 1 owed to b.im., thete was n() Lemptatlon left t()

court employment in a state which. had in fact no head ; for the ministry was a collection of petty ·tyrants and ab~sers of power.

In the height of his power and authority, all at once a report was heard that the Prince Farrukb Siy'dr, roo t() the martyred · Azimu.,sh Shan, had marched b:oro .Bengat towards .Bihar. intending to. revenge his (ather's death and seitc the throne. • • Great numbers of the Imperial Servants wished . secrelly for the ·lllcccss of tbi• tebclllon. Zu-1 fikar Khan advised jal>andar not tO remain more than a week in Dehli. but. ro proceed ·to Agr<l, and if n=sary to rhe eastern provinceS, as the drea of his power would not be impressed .fully- in the breasts of hi. mbjccts while Farrukh Siyar re{used to pay allegiance. Jabandar Shall, on his arrival at Dehli, fascinated by rhe various luxuries it afforded, forgot the advice of his .minister, and chose to remain,. indulgin-g himael£ .in low pleasnres, moving only !rom place to palace, and gai'den to gard.en. Kolqtltasb Khan and hi$ party persuaded M:m. that th~ IJ.miru-1· mnara .bad excited this l'ebellioo, and •!tad engaged priv~t~Ly with Earrul:.h Siyar, to whom he would. deli.vcr Hi> 1\!ajesty a prisoner,

6•

shoul.d he prevail upon rum to march from the ·capital. 'These idc:as served 1.0 increase th~ (-ears of the weall Jahaodar Shah. He would often ·exclaim, "1 did not kill • Azimu-sh Sll:m ; it was the A mind umara, who must now go and answer the claims ot his son for satisfaction." The other plans ·of ·an Emperor who was thus overcome by (ear may easily ·be guessed, ancl need on explanation. The Arniru-1 u•na•·n, offended at the .dist:tmt of his master, did not attend as lto ought to business, but employed his time also in pleasure, and for·warding his own immediate ituerest.

Saiyid 'Abclu-llah Khan Barhn and his brother Husain 'Ali Kb.ao bad gained great honour by Uteir behaviour in Ute service of A'zam Shah, after whose (Ieath they attached thenuclves to • Azimu-sh Shau; by whom they were honoured, the former with the government of Allahabad, and the latter with tb:Lt of the proviee of Bihar. • • 'Abdu­llah. Khan pretendecl gratitude and obedience f,ot the royal flLvours in order to avoid furth.cr trouble from the Conrt, but which he b.acl resolved to serve no longer than he formd necessary. When Farru\:h Siyar arrived in Bihar, he was immediately joined by Saiyid Husain 'All Khan, who was ,faithfully attached to him as the son o£ his patron, 'Atlmu-sh Shan.

On the night of the 13th Zi-1 ka'da, intelligence was received that tho Saiyids had by a countermarch of twenty miles, gained the foro of Gao-gltlll, and crossed rhc river wil.h. their advanced cotps and all their artillery; also tliat Fanukh Siyar wll.h. his ~~hole anny i)llended to follow next day. • • A little after midday llie battle ~gan. • • Our troops leU back upon the camp, and great confusion took place. • • Numbers fled, but the Amiru-1 umara stood . fmn, and the enemy was kept long at a stand by his gallantry and steadiness ; llut he was ill $upported, though Saiyid Husain 'Ali Khan fell wounded in the field, and Chhablia Ram was not more successful in his charge on Koklllta:sh ){han. It was now about five o'clock, when affair~ were

l

STUI))I!S IN lNDIAN HISTORY

thus doubtful ; but just thtm Saiyid 'Abdn-lla,h Khan charged Jnhandm: Sbnh, who stood with his troops already alarmed, some distance in the rea,r of the A miro-1 umara. They scarce waited to be attacked, but broke their line, and Aed in confusion on all side5. • • Thus, in lite space of a..few llours, one government was des'r.royed and artother became posscd of absolu te authority. The robe of empire gt:aced the august person of Furukh Siyar, who sourided the joyful march of triumph_

Though. I was not in the service of any one, l remained in tb:e field till the d.miru-/ m114m had reLired, when, thinking it best to provide for my own safety, l entered the city about a hmtdred persons who ·sought my protection. • • In the morning I 'Ql'Ote to Saiyid 'Abdn·llllh Khan.. with ••hom I was formerly on terms of friendship, expressing my desire of leave to visit him, and to be introduced to the new .Emperor. He replied to my letter 'with kindness; • • and next =orning, when Farrulth. Siyar ·entered the city, l was allowed to pay him 1ny ie~pects. '

LETTERS OF At1RA~GZEB

To Shah A.'zam. Sht1h

Hut.'rll to thee I My heart is near thee. Old age is arrived : weakness subdues me, and strength bas forsaken aU my Jnctnbcrs. I cam.e a stranger into this world, nnd a stranger 1 depart, I know noU1ing of myself, wb.at I am. or for what I am. de~~tined. The imtant which. ha,s pused in power haU1 left only sorrow behind it. 1 have not been the guardian and protector of the empire. My .valuable time b.•s been passed vainly. ~had a patton in my own. dwelling (conscience), 'but his glorioua light was umden by ·rny dim siglit. Life is not lasting; there is no vestige Of departed breath, :md all hopes &om futuritl' are lost.' 'The fevtr has left me ; but nothing remains of me but skin and bone. My ·son (Kam llal<hsh), though .gone towards llijapur, is sLill .near ; and thou my son are

sTuDI ES IN IWV.N RIST<lRY

yet nearer. ·The worthy of esteem, Sh~b 'Aiam, is far distant ; and my grandson (' Azimu·•ll Shan), by tht ord~rs of C<>d. is arrived near HinduStlln. Tile ·camp and followers, bel pless and alarmed, are like: my&elf, fuU of alarms, restless u quicksilver. Scpar~ted from their lord, they 'know not iJ they have a master or not.

I brought nothing into this world, and.- C.l<ccpt the infirmities of trutn, carry nothing out. 1 have a dread for my Jalvatlon, uud with what tormenls 1 may be punished. Though I have strong tclinncc. on the mercies and bounties of Cod, yet regarding my actions. fear will not quit me; buc when r am gone rellcction will not rcmtdu. Come lllen what may, 1 have launched my vessel in the waves. Though Pr()vidcnce will protect 1.he camp, yet, ~garding appeat ances, the endeavours of my sons are indispensably incumbent Cive my last ·prayers to my grant4on (Dcdar Bakht), whom I cannot see, but the desire affects me. The :Begant (hi.~ daugh ter) appears affiicted ; but GOd is tlte only judge of heat'tS. The foolish tl\oughtS of womeu produce not!ling btu disappi:n tmcnt, FarewelL Farewell. Farewell.

T o t he Pri11cc Kam Bakhsh

My son. nearest to my hearc I Though io the height of rny power, a.nd by God's permission, l gave you advice, and tool:. with you the greatest pain.s, yet, as it '1\'a& not the Divine will, you did not attend wltn tile car of complia\tce. Now 1 depart a Btranger, and lamen t my own insignific:mce, what does it profit me ? I carry w\th, me the fruits of my sins- and imperefections. Surprisi.ng Ptovidence I 1 came here a.lone, am!, alone I deparr. The leadCJ• of this caravan l:iath dcserced me. Tlte l-ever, whlch troubled me for twelve days, has left me. Wherever J loolt I .see nothing bot the Diviully. My fears for the

.-camp and foUowers arc great; but, alas I I !mow not I myself, My back is bent with weakness, and my· feet have lost tht! powet of motion. The breath which rose is· gone, and ltas left not even ltope behlnd: ic. I have I

I

STUDIES IN I.NDIAN HJSTORY 6r,

c<Jmrniued numerous crimes, and know no\ with . 11ihat punishments l may be seized. Though the Protector of mnnkind w.ill guard the camp, yet care is incumbent also on the faithful and my sons. Wheu J was alive, no ctre was taken ; :l.lld now I am gone, rlte conscqu~nce may be guessed. The guardianship of a people is r.he trust by God committed ro my sons. A'nun Shah is near. Be cautious that none of U1e faithful are slain, or that their miseries fall u po.n my head. I r~gn you, your mother ~md sou to God, n.s r 111ysclf am going. The ago1J.ies of dcarh come upon me fast. Bahadw• Shah is till where he was, nnd his . son is arrived near Hindustan. Bednr :nakbt is in Guj;,rat. Rayatu-n Nissa, who bas beMld no affiictiom of time. till -now, is ftlll of sorrows. Rega~d the Beg'llm as without concern. Udipttr, your mor.her, WIIS a partqer in my illness, nnd wishes to aetompany me in death.; but every thing l1us ill appointed time.

The domestices and court1crs, !:.aver deceitful, Y!!l must not ,be ill-treated. It is necessary to .gain your views by gentleness and .art. Extend your feet no lower than yow· skirt. Tlte complain~ of the unpaid ·tr.oop;~ nrc liS before. Dara Shukoh, though of much judgement and good understanding, settled large pensions on his people, but paid them ill, and they wue ever discontented. I am going. Whatever good or cv.il I have done, it w:u for you. Take it not a.m.iss, nor remember what .eR'ences 1 have done unto yourself, that account may not be demanded of me l1ereafter. No one ltas seen tlte depar­ture of his own soul, but r see that mine is. departing.

TARIK.H-1 BAHADUR SHAHI ' .

rrm~r i,s a small anonymous work extending from the death. of Aurangzcb to the accession of Muhammad Shah, written, •• tbe au_tbor states, forty_ years . after the death of Amangzeb, .'!Ild tb~eforc in 1747 A.l). As its title indicates, Bahadur Sh~h. is its leading subject, and the ))i<~ory ~;~f. the reign qf .~t mo!Ufcb ·takes up abou.t ,half

5

STUDIES IN INDIAN .HISTORY

the volume. It is wrilterL in a prolix tedious style. The reign of Bnhadur Shah was translated tor Sir B. M. Jlliiot by "Lt. Anderson, 25th Native Infan(1'y," but there is very lltlle in it which has not been told far better else­where. A few shorL Extracts follow. 'l'herc arc tW(J

copies of tire work among the MSS. One i~ a small Svo. C)( lSS pages of nine lines each.)

F."'."rnAC'I'S

When the news of that "uumroidable event." the death of the Emperor Aurangzeb, reacned Dcllli, ~n extra· ordinnry commotion spccnd through Hindustan, nnd wonderful even.ts followed. On U1c third day after it bcaimc known in Debli, on the 21st Zi·l ka'da, 1 1.).8 of the hcily Hijrn. (18th february, 1707), .after sunset and before the cry to e1'oning prayCl', .such a noise arose on the "est as migllt be taken as a siunplc of the noise thCl'e will be at the day of judgmenL If hundreds of thousands of men were co collect rogecher and simulmneou&ly raise the mos• dreadful ~bouts, there would be no resemblance co that noise. It exceeds all my powers co describe it. Ji'qrty years have passed up to this time, but that strange noise is still in my cars, and whoever heard it must cer­tainly remember it. The noi.sc lasted for allottt half RO hour, and then subsiding. nothing was heard of it after the lapse· of two hours,

On acx:ount of the death .of Aut'a.ngzeb, and in con­scqueuce of t11e confusion in Hindust:m, the price of gra.in in aU ~be provinces rColained unsettled. In some places it was more, in others less. Thus in the first year after tlto death of His Majesty, in 1119 of the Hijra; the price of grain ·in Dehli became known to Asafu-d daula, viz. the rate at whicl1 it was sold for ready money. Wheat was twenty sirs per rupee; barley r.wcnty·seven sirs; gram twenty·five sirs: s11hkdas rice teu sirs; dal m11ng (a ldnd o f 'vetch) ftfteen sirs: masli (ptllse) eigh teen sirs; motll

STUI)IES l.N INDIAN l'USTORV

lwenty si•-s; '11das eighteen sir.r; ghi two si1·.r; pUl)gent· oil (mughan-i tnllth) seven sirs; red sugar twlilve sirs.

When Bahadtu· Shah aTrived at Burhanpur ,(on his march against Ram Bakhsh), a. severe pestilence · (ruaba) brqke out amongst the royal troops. Those attaclted suffered from .suc.h unnatural heat tbal they generally died in the course of a week, and thO!e who lived longer wan a weel:, ~ter undergoing great pain and tormeilt, recovered. The army continued ita march towards HaiW!rabacl Twenty ·rupee! WM the hire paid to lhe porters for carrying a sick .inan for :1. march of tbree kos . .Pioneers were sent on ahead of lhc camp to. dig· grav~s, and when the army reached its· oew camping ground, the tents were filled on one side, and graves u pon the ower.

At the time t.he army was .mnrcbing southwards towards :Burhanpur, Guru Cobiod,, one of the grandSQm o£ Nanak, had con1e into these districts to travel, and accompanied . the royal camp. He was in d:te habit of cc;>nstanLly addressing assemblies . of worldly perSO!lli, religious funatia, and aU 19rts of people. One day an AfghM, who Ercquc.qtly auunded 'these meetingl, was sitting li.uening to him, when certain expressions, unfit for the ears of Lhe laithful, fell (rom the tongue · of th.e Guru. The Afghan w .. enraged, and regardless of the Gu•·u's dignity and importance, he gave him tWo or three stabs wiw a knife and killed him.

The son . of Jahandar Shah was Sultan 'Azizu-d din. The ·sons of 'Azimu·sh Shan were Sultan Farrukh slyar, Sultan Karirn.u-d dio, aod Sultan Hu mayun' Bakht. 'T he. sons of Khuji.sta Akhtar Jahan ·shah were Sultan Far­.kh.anda Akhtar the •eldest; the second Roiliaq Akhtar, afterwards d:tc .Emperpr Mul)..1mmad Shah.; the third son was Sultan Mubarak Akhtar, also called Achhi Miyan.

STUDlES 1N INDIAN RlSTORY

The son of Prince Rafi'u-sh Shan IVM Rafi'·d Oaraja. The son oE 'Ali Jab was 'AU Tabl\1'. The sons of BedaJ' llllkht were .Bedar Dil, Sa'id Bal:bt, and a.,yatu-llah. The SOil~ of Prince Kam Bakbsh were Sultan Muhiu-s Sunnat, and Y:1hyau-s Sunuat. Of th.e· gmndson.~ of Shah Jahan and ron3 o~ Dam Shukob were Dara Bakhsb. YIUd;ln .Bakhsh, aod Sultan Sipihr Sbukoh.

TARIKR·l SHAH 'ALAM BAHADUR SHAH. OP

DANlSHMAND KHAN

(THts is another history of ~ah:idur Shah, but it reaches o•lly to tltc month of Rajab, ln th.e second ye:1r of his reign. It is the work of Daillihmand Khan, already not~ced In (Wakai', of Ni'a:mat Khan). The author is besL known by his title Ni' amat Khatl, btlt in the present volume he calls himself Danishmand Khan. and tells Its that he had received the title of Mukarrab Klum in the reign of Aurangzeb. lt appears also from this work,, that he wrote a book called Badshah-nama; which was pre­ient~d to the Emperor, .and fm: which be recei"~d nn augmemation of _·his mansab. The work is divided into months ; and .the two yean and few months fill ·262 leaves of fourt;,m lines Lo the page. It is written i1,1 an am~i­tlous style, and ~bounds with quotatio~ from the Arabic and of Persia.n verse.]

'IBRAT - NAMA Ol'

MUHAMMAD KASIM

T,ars work is sometimes called Tnri!t/1-i Baluuiur-Sholli.

1

It is a well-written history, composed by Muhammad Kasim, who describes himself as a dependent of Amint-1 u,mara Saiyid Husain 'Ali Khan. It COJIJ,mences with the I death o( Aurnngzeb, and terminates with the death of

t .PorbabJr . rJu~ s:ame IU the Sllt~h·tmnuJ rdt:rred t() 1rl Waltai ' o( Ni'lm.iu· Khan. '

STUDIES IN !NDJAN lliSTOR.Y

Kutbll·l M11lk ·Saiyid 'Abdu·llah, the author having nccomplh;hed lili pw:posc of writing a history of the times of the two great Saiyids of Barba. One copy I have in small octavo contairu 224 pages of clghteen lines to ~ page. Another imperfect copy of a work of the same name, •and by the same author, carries the history dowrt to A.D • • 1786. The language al.lo occasionally varies, !0 that it is probable the latter may be a aecond edition of the fru:mer, especially as it ·seems to be more elaborately got up, and ta be written in a more polished style. There are, however, several works known by this name, and there is " later history bearing this title.

The following is a list of the contents, with the number of page.~ occupied by each chapter :

R.easous of writing the 'lbrat·nama, 2 pp.-Cause of the :onthor's becoming an atter.tdant in the Court of l!mim·l U!Mt'a Saiyid. Husain 'Ali Khan the M'll'tyr, 9 pp. -Acco1mt of 'the Death of Aurangzeb 'Alamgir. U pp.­Happy Acccsllion of Bahadur Shah to the Imperial Throne, II pp.-March of Muhammad A':zam Shah. with the object of making war again!L Muhammad. Mu'azzam 'Bahadur Slial>. T he aronies meet in tbe field of Haju in the vicinity of Agra, 5 pp.-Battle between Muhammad A'zam Shnh nnd Mub.11mmad Mu'azz:un Bahadur Shah ;md his sons. Victory gained by Ute latter, 4 ·pp.­R.ejoicings ·at the victory of Muhammad Mu'azzam Bahadur Shah. Rew!U'ds and gifts granted by him to hi' old and new servants, attendants and relations, 18 pp.­Oeparture of Bahadur Sha'h towards the Dakllin against Muhammad Kam Dakhsh, 2 pp.-His return into fUudust:in after gaining the victory over Kam Bakhsb, bis younger brother, JS pp.-Disturbances caused by the Sikhs io the Panjab. Ruin of Sirhind. Eulogy of Naoak. Shah Fakir, .2 pp.-War of the four Pr)nc~ close to the garden of Shalimar in Lahore, 42 pp.~The tWo Princes Jahan Shah and R.afi'u·Shan. W<U' with Mu hammad Mu'ir.zu·d din Jaltandar Shah, 12 pp.-Happy accession of l\:l.uhn.tnmad Mu'i=-<1 din Jahandar Shah to tli.e

STUDIJ!S IN INDIAN a:ISTOR\'

lmperial Throne of D~lili. 11 pp.- Muhammad Farrukh Siyar, hearing the news of the battles of me four Princes at Lahore, prepares to ~Ice revenge for his £nth~ and brother, 7 pp~The troops of Sultan 'Aztu-d dll\, son of fahandar Shah, defeated lry the two Saiyids. His Right, ·10 pp,-Muhammad Ji'arruk.b Siyar's Accession to the l'brone at Agra, 12 pp.-lsn Khan, Zamindar of the.Doab, his fumlly and relations, all killed by Shahdad Khan, an Afghan of Rasor, 19 pp.-C1use of disturbance in the Govetunient of Farrukh Siyar, 8 pp.-Nnwab Salyid. Husain 'All Khan appointed to ~uperi11tcnd the affair,\ of the Rajput.< of Ajntir and of the great amirs, and to briog Raja Ajit Singb'.s daughter to Farruk.b. Siynr, 6 pp~ Farrukb Siyar marries the daughter of Raja Ajit Singl1 Rathor on the banks of the Ravi, 7 pp.-The S11badari of the Dalr.hin committed lO the charge of Husain 'Ali Khan,. and that of the Eastern Division to Hamln 1laba· dur, 6 pp.-Muhrunmad Rali'u-d Darnjat raised to the thron.e ; death of Muhammad Farrukh Siyar, 1 pp.­Tumults and seditions al Agra. l'rlnce Neku Siyar rnl<od to the throne; Saiyid Hwaio 'Ali Khan'a march to Agra with Rafto-d Datila Shall Jahan the Second. Reduction of the fort of Agra, 14 pp.-Accession of Muhammad Ghnzi to me throne, by the- aid of the Saiyids, at Fath­purJ 19 pp.-Oistm·banccs at Allahabad by Giridhar :Sahadur, brother of Raja Chhabila ; Haidar Kuli Khan. ~nl against him; departure of Raja Ratao Bahadnr, ~ pp.-Muhammad Shah's departure townrds the Dakl1in : Sniyid Husain 'Ali Khan killed by the treachery of a Mughal. 36 pp.- News of SaJyid Husain Kfuu.l being killed received by SaJyid • Abdu·llah Khan, liis elder brother ; and his af!liction, 28 pp.-War between Mubnm­m:td Arriin Khan and Saiyid 'Abdu.IJalt Khan Kutbu·l Mufk ; capture of the aforesa1d Saiyid, IS pp.

Sire of one copy 9! inches by 7-108 pages of l2 lines each.

. [There are four copies of this work nmong Sir }{. h.i. Elliot's MSS.J

' STUDTES IN INDIAN HISTORY 71

EXTRACTS

(Tbe ex:iltadoh o.f (1)~ Saiyid$ ('Abdll·llah and Husain 'Ali Kh;tn) exceeded all conception, nn'd ' passed the bounds ot description. They became envied by many of ibe nobles; aud their names were upon every tongue. Mir .JumJa· on his parr never los1 an opportunity of maldng l:l:ilillCi'ons insinuations aud charges against Striyicl 'Abdu­Jlab, ; and he especially complained that the Saiyid, in pursuit of his own p leasure, had left all che controL of business in the bands of Ramn Chand, who bad a maw as insatiable as the nethermost nell for !!Wallowing gqld nnd silver. Against tlte younger brother Amiru·l umam Saiyid 'Ali Khan, it was ~lleged that his· bearing wa.' proud and haughty, unbecoming in a subject. ny such insinuations lhe mind of the Empet'Ol' was p<>i$oned. Khan-dltut'rut wns ostensibly intimate and friendly with lhe tWo brothers, but be cons.idered himself one of the most IJ'USted connscllol'$ of !.he :Emperor. He was never absent .from Court night or day, and whatever entered liis mind, w.hcth~r exalted or low, pleasant or unpleasant, he imparted to tlte Emperor. • • It was ofr.en proposed that the two brothers should be seized in the ~mperor's private council chamber, and committed to clo~e confinement.]

Murder of Husain '/Lli Khan [The chie£ nobles having, according to practice, attended the Emperor to hu ten~, whet:e retuming to their o'm quarten. tlmiru-1 umnt·a )'fusain 'Ali, unmindful of the desigm of Jili enemies, proceeded t~ lus tents in a pa/J1i, escorted by seven or eight of his attendants. Muhammad AmiD Khan, Sa'adnt Khan, nnd some or:her of tltc con· spirators, were with him. Muhammad Amin resorted to artifice, and pretending to be faint, he •~uhed to lie down on !.he ground. He wns brought round by means o£ rose· water and musk. Thereupon he directed that they should bring to him Haidar Kuli Khan, the commander of the artillery. They ran to fetch that ca·aEty partne.r in tbe

7• STUDIES IN INDlAN H!STOR\'

conspiracy. At this time there were only two or three of tb.e attendants nnd valiant ·brothers of i:he Saiyid near his palki. A mnn named Haidar Beg, from the $tation of Muhammad Amin, accompanied by sever!LI Mugh;tls, came forward complaining ot Muhammad Amin, and desiring to present a petition. ·• • The attendanu wanted to take the petition from his hands, but b.c would not allow them. The Amiru-1 tfmara kindly told them to let the man approaCh. Hnidnr Beg advanced to present \he petition, and 11$ the tlmir took' it, the as!assin drew a dagger from !.tis waist, ancl stuck the A~•ir in the side, so that he rolled out of the pallti, and . bis bloocl spurted over the by-standers. Re called out, "WiU no one come to my aid?" aocl as he lny with )lis bowels protruding, he cried, "Bring me n horse, 1 will tide." A youth of fourteen years of age, named Saiyid Mir Khan. liOn of the dmir's elder ln-otb.cr Asildu-llah Khan Bahadm, was wa!Jdng near the p~lki, nnd as .1oon as he saw what was pa.<sing. he cried out.. "Some rasca.lx nrc killing the Nnwnb I" Th<ln he attacked Haidar Beg lierccly with h is s!Lorl sword, and wounded him in two or thtec places. strctclilillf lliru dead upon the gt•ound beside hi~ victim. The otlter Mughals attacked the· youtl•, and slew· hlm 'vith many wounds. The murdered Nnwab's head 'Vas then cut off, and carried 10 Muhammad Amfo Khun. and dwso wbo bore i L expected grcal rewards in fulfilment of the promi6e$ made 10 them.]

Death nf Kutbtt·l 'Mttlft s'aiyid 'tlb<iu·llah. · [Tbe MugltaJs at length so worked upon the

emperor br their importunities and nrtilicc.l. thn t he consented 10 the poisoning of tbe Saiyid.J

TARIKIH HAFIZ. ABRU

Nuru-d din bin Lutfu,.llah, bctt~r known as Bali~ Abru, iVl!S born in the city of Himt, buJ. passed his infancy and. ')'OUth in ffamadan, where he received his education. He artaioed by !tis writings a distinguished rnnli among ton-

STUDIES' IN INJ)lAN IU&TOR Y 7!

temporary authors, and was fortunate enough to secure the esteem• of Tlmur, who gave him numerous proofs of hls consideration, admitted hjm to his intimacy, and sought every occasion of doing him service. After the death oi that tyrant, he attended the c;ourt of Shah ·Ru.lob, and J'eceived from the young prince Mirza Bauanghar every demonstration of k_iJldness and regatd. To him be dedicated b.is great work, 'Under the name of Zubdahd Tn1uarikh JJai.rar~ghnri, which contains a complete bu­tOry of the wodd, and an account of the instilutions and Tcligions of dilferent people down to A.H. 829' (A.n. 1425). The author. died live )'Cats aftarwartls in the dey 'of Zanjan.' A short noti.cc is given <•f .him io the Tarikh·i ChaghMai.

The work is more gcner.~lly knoWJl ns Tnrikh-i Ha[11. Aim•, llOtl under that name it is quutc<l by Haidnr R:u:i, Mirkhond, Kbondnmir, and the 'rurilth-i A!fi, and by Alm-J 'Fnd in the tlyil'l-i tl/tba•·i a.< n fabulist. D'Hetbelot rc[e~s to it, Md Sir W. Ouselcy £Tcqucrul)' quotes it in his Travds a• ;abounding in geographical details.

I hiwc ncvCT ocen the 'work, nor am I aware that a copy c.ltists in India, uu~ i1 i.s fl'equcntly quored as an authotity ou subjccLS connected with Indian .Hi!tory. Tbc on ly copie.~ in Europe wbicb arc spoken of arc those in the Imperial Library of. St. Pctersburgh. and. in Sir Gol'c Ousclcy's Collection.

[Sir H. Elliot sub!<lqucntly l)ad accc..~~ to a copy of .tJli$ work uclongiug to .John Barcloc . Elliot; and among his MSS, tl>crc is a volume containing extracts

'Sir \V. Ou~1C)' • a,; editor of th<: .. Crillcal :J"!s$:ay on variou• MtnuscriJlt Worl:," . .says tJtal he hat examined n oopy t1f this lRu~ dated !\.H. 8•7· Fie alm ob~~ llUtl 1\.!J R:tth Abn1 hnd &n\vellcd in many 'J)3.tU ne AJCi,_ , hb ~phlol "t:ttcmcnu... w'hic.b ~rc numerou•J art wcll \\'()flb)' ur r.oft.~idernttcUJ. 1ltc ViennA. Jzahrbucher ~ar1, lhc history i.!O c::mit:d down 10 A.JI. 8.!tr,. See S:ulik l!il~hani's Chrnn. Tflh. n . . 8!!). [IL c:ould noL Juavc been wrtucm drHC!r-. for- lhc t~blc of rontc.n~ 8how• ab:u '' c:Xtcn<led bC!)'Qrld 8.rQ n,, ,.11d it tptotes the Znfn,...namtJ, which 'wa.s Wl'ittcn ill 82'1 u.]

• "'Fot~ us pn!ild6n $Ct rn,lt.."X to 'VJH:.en·8 JiiJloritt smuaJtdiarum, p. u!!. ,.. 1Andsclum.

?1 STUDffiS IN lNDIAN Eli>'TOR Y

copied from it by a mu11s/&i al Patna.. These exU'l\ctS comprise the jntroduc:tOry pan of the work and the por­tio.u relating to the history of Kirman. F1·om. this volume the following synopsis o£ the Content!! and rbc Extracts have b"en t-ranslattd. A large portion of the work is coo1esscdly borrowed without alteration or ad<li­r.lon fron1 old~r historians, from Tabari, Rashidu·d din. ~nd the Zafar·t.ama. The table of Contents give.l no clue as to the extent and value of tbc pu rt devoted to India, but the work is so frequently quoted by later writers that the Indim~ po~tion would secnt to l>c original and of some lcngtl>. The Extract L~ a spt-cimcn of l.hc alllhor's method, and will all:ord tltc means of f~,>rming n juclg· mcnt ns to hi~ wortl1 ns a geographer.]'

CONTENTS OF TliE VOLU'MI!.

J'orm nf the cnrth.- T be Crcatlon.-Divisum into Climes. -The equato•·.-Oceans.--Sea~.-Rivers.-Moniuains.­Couutrics of Ambln.-Countries of the West-Cities of the Wc.<L-Distnnc~-• in tbe Countries of tile West.­Andalmin.- bL,nds of Rum and the Occan.-Counlrics of Egyj>t.-Holy Templt'S.-i\rmeoja and Syria.-Ftrrn· gistan.-Mesopotamiu.-'Irak.-Kbuwtao.- Fars nnd its provinces : Persepoli.,; Territories of Dnrnbjard, Arda· s ltir, Shnbpur, !Uld Kubad.-Lslancls, Rivers. Seas, Valleys, forts. :u1d Disr,.nce~ of Fan;.--J<.ings :ll1d Rulers of )'ars, Dil•uuites, Saljuks, J\tnhaks, Nobles of Cnangit Kl1au. Rulers after AJ>u Sa 'id.-Kll'tWiJl.-Rulers of Kinnnlt.­Ahiwnrd...-.Countrics of Khtirosan..-Rulers of l(hurasan. -Tlte Ummayicles. Preface, witlt a Map.

Volume I~PI'cface.-Reasons for writing the his· tory ; Definition of b.i<tory ; Nature of the science, hene-

" Compare Ctll/, Or. ·rom r. P· ciii .. JUHJ n . r.· tv. '~'Jkcn. flislor. Cfut,t.nmti.tfnrmll,; pp. xiv., 2J2, 227, ~44:. Ccscll. t. Gofd Horde. PI?· ·XVI.. ~ud xxu. JV1tnJ }ohrb. N.o: b:xlh~. pp. · ~ · er,. I) A:ethc.lor, B•bl .. Or. Tom. m. I'· ~•G. Ct~twal tis4ny, p. $4• Wl'khond, 1~aru.t:ltt-.a $dfn, Vol. I /'' 8. F'rachn1 TnrUcatlt.,u n,lltiogroJihiiJu.es, No. t88. COl!Chc't ncr in ExLrnCIS fmm H'nidnr R:llJ. •l)om'• Gr.ochidllc 1:a~arut:llls. H:rji Klllllfa II "4· Itt 535· Jo•u'fl, des S>~· .. ,T>J1, •8.1·7·

~'TIJDJES IN lNI>IAN H!STO!t1/ 76

fits of IW!tory.-List of the subjects treated of in the !69 secn.ions of this work form_dcd on the work of Muhamlllad bin Tabar!, from the Creation down to the K.halifa Mukta.6 bi·llah.-:rhe remainder .of the 'Abbiuld~ Kb.aUfas from the ]ami'1H To.warikll.

The hlnorics extracted . from tbe Jami'tt·t Tawa>ikh are comprised in t,vo volumes. 'l'he first containing the Ta•-ikh·i Ghaum. is divided into two l3abs. The first ·aab contains. four sections, and the second two sections, com­pdsing ·the history of the various Turk and Mughal princes, and of Chnt~gi2 Khan and his ~ucces.'IOrs, clown to Uljait-u Sultan Muhammad Khud.abauda. The second 13ab comprises the history of the Ghaznividcs, Dilam.iles, lluwaihides • .5aljuks, Khwarlzmsha.his, Sb.algbazis of Fars, lsm'ailis in two chapters, Ughuz and the Turks. Khatai, Children of [srael, Franks, lndiaus.

History of the kings who reigned in Tabriz, Baghdad, ~11d those l'art.s from the year 705 A.H., wbieh closes tbe hiatory· of Rashidi. aa the events are related in the Zafnr· llama. and the Taril:l•·i Hauat Saltanat Shi'ari.-IDjaitu Sultan aud· his successors.- Tile K:i.ugs who reigned in Yazd, K.irmar1, Shirar., and Isfahan.-Prince!$ l>f Hirat and parts of l<.bw·asan.-l'riuces of M.azandaran, Sarbadaris of Naishapur and Sabza.war.-Argbun Shall of Tus and Mashbad.-'Usman, Murad; and .Bayn1jd of Rum.-K.ing_s of Egypt.-Kings of tbe Fnmks.

History of Timur and his successors from the Zafar­namo to tht ~nd of the year 820, 1o- be completed ftom Qther source.• to rbe end of the dynasty.]

EXTRACT

Rrvu Smo.- This rlver has its source in tbc skirts of the mountains ·of Kashmir, and run~ from 'the western side of those mountains into the country of Mansura. It-s course is from Jtortb 1:() south, the end tumitlg to UJ.e east. In. the neighbourhood or MulLan, the river Jamd joins it, and it flows into th.e Indian sea, wbich is called the Babru·l akbzar.

?0 STlllll£S IN 11-JDI:AN J,llSTOIW

River Jamd.-The source of this river is also in Llle •uoul\tains of Kaslunir, on tl1e south side.-It runs from north io south and passes into the land of Hind.-ltl waten are usecl for agriculrure and gardeuing.-Agri­culture in these pa~ts is generally dependent on the rain.­ln the ncigbbourhootl of Multlu> it joins the Sind. :~ull falls into the "Bah:ru-1 akhzar.

Biyah.- This is ~bo n large river which risC$ to U>e ea&t of the mounmins of KMiunir.-Ic runs into the country of Lahawnr (Lahore), and to the ncighbourhood of Uch.-lt r,.Jls into the sea in the CO<Uttry of Knmbaya.

Jamna.-This ls a large rh<cr which has its rise in the Siwalik !\ills to the north of Dchli.-lL passes to th<• cast o£ that city and joins the Indian sea near Gujarnt.­ln the reign of Suttan Feroz Shah, 760 ~.H., the countries (about this river) were very flourishing, for in tbe Doab , which is the name given to the country bc~wcen the J unum nnd the Ganges, there wc:re 80,000 vil.lage~ enrolled a.1 pnying revenue to the exchcqucr.-Ic Juts been $:lid in t•epl~ to this statement, that it ~e.•U with the author te> prO\'C il.

Ganges.-This is n large river .in lnd in to tbe east of the JullUlli.~In the Hindi language it is called Gangu. Its source is on 'the· east of the couutty of Kanauj.-Thc longitude qf J<anauj i$ 114 degraes 50 minute~, and tltc latitude 2ti <k-grccs 35 minutes. Where the tiver passes Kanauj, it is forty pa:rasangs from that city, this .adds two degr~ more. When Sahib Kiran, the fire ot GOd (•Timur), formed the design of conqueriug Hindustan in the yc:q- 801 Mr., after C'lpturing Dehli, he crossed the Jumna, >tnd led his foTces through this country until he l'c"chcd the Ganges. Crossing t11at river, he cume to R cch:brate<l place of worship o{ the l'h'c-wo•·~hippers (gabrnll) of Tntli.a, where he fought against tbc infidelll n.nd slew mru•y of them. Thc1·c nrc other lnrge rivers to the cnst of thi• which are mem.iolted by men who have trnvellecl in India ; but nam<!S, sources, and embouchures, have not been accurately stated. So also there ace many

STUDIES IN INDIAN !IJS'fORV 71

large rivers in Chin~. but li. It not known wlu:ther they run to the ea.1L or t.o the we&t, nor where they rise, nor whero they discharge. They are therefore (>assed over.)

Ti\.RDUH MUBA'RAK-SHAHl OF

YAHYA BIN AHMAD

THE author ot this work, Ynbya bin Ahmad bin 'Abdu· llnb Sirhlndi,-or Sihrindi, the older from of tbe name which he !AS<!$1- wrote thh work, as Firishta tcl~s us, with tho expreM object of recording 'the events of the reign of MJJbnrak· Sbab, whose nan1e be bas given to the history. Tbe work commcn~es with the tcign of ·Muham· mad Sam, the Ioutldcr of tbe Ghorl dyna.\ty, and the only copy of ~ MS. avallabk terminates abruptly in the middle of i.be regin o~ · Sulta11 Saiyid MulWlllDad, in 852 A.ll., (A.D. 1448); bow much, if any, later the history extended. we have at pre&ent no means of deciding. J n · bis l'refacc the author infonns us tbnt he wrote this work in the hope of pretenting an acceptable tribute to his sovereign, for "no more worthy offering can be ma<!e lo a king than a Tecord o£ the achievements of his pred«cssors." Up to the time of the accession of Firo• Shah, he acknowledges his obligations to "various hi1tories ;" fl'om and after that (>criod he wrote upon ''trustworthy information and personal observation." M to his own poejtion aucl connex:ions be is quite ·silent.

Yahya bas no claims to be. ranked as a11 historian, but he is a careful, and apparetttly atJ hon.est chronicler. His work is lh.e source of nil .our knowledge of the Saiyid dynascy. Nizamv-d din Ahmad refers to the Tarikh-i M~ubarak..Sitahi as an authority in his Preface t<l the TabaAM:/ ·.Akbari, a.nd his wb.ole accou.nt ot the Sa.iyid pttiocl is a mere reproduction of the statements of that work. very often copied verbatim. Badnuni ackno1vledges his obliga·tions to tbc work, and follows it very closely. but .be uses language of his own, and Qu~ rarely copies

S'rUDfi!S IN tNDlAt! ' HISTOILY

from his predecessor. Ji'irihta twice refet's to this bistQl')', 1U1d he often borrows its very words. So Yahya is not ot\ly a con~poraneou& w.ritcr; but the only original authority available upon the times of the Saiyid5.

The MS. in Sir H. M. Elliot's library is a copy that was made for him, a'nd bears no statement as to the original from which it wa& rakCJ1. A note of Sir Henry's in anol.bcr place seems to show that he received a copy of the work from Madra.•. Tl:>e MS. is in fair handwriting, but it is fuJI of errors, the production or a mc.re scribe, who brought no spccinl knowledge or intelligence to bear upon his work. l t .is deficient in a few places, but this is probn.bly O\ving ·to tlte original MS. having )lete and there lost o leaf. A• the work is thus defective a.nd ends ' abruptly a few year~ before the extinction . of the Saiyid dynasty, the Tabak.at-1 Ak..bari has been called ¥p<>n to repay a portion of its obligations. The missing pages have bCM supplied from that work. and from it the U11nslation b.'IS aLso been can:ied down to the close of the Saiyid rule, completing al once this historical era. T he ttanslation is the work of Lhe editox. The MS. is a small octavo cons.lsting oE 26S pages o! thirteen lines in a page.

l!.XTRACTS

Reign of Sultan Firoz Shah

IN the year 753 H. (1852 ~.n.), on. tbe 8rcl Jttmnda·l -awwal, Prince Muhnmnmd Khan was bom in tlte capital (shdhr). • • In this same year (the Sult:m) founded the masjid·i jami' near the palace, and the college at tbe top of the luuiz·i lllmss; • • and Kiwamu·l Mulk Mnkbul, tlaib· tllllzir, bec:une wazir of the State, and ;received the title of Khan·l Jahan. • •

J:n the year 755 11. (1854 A.D.), the Sultan marched with an arrny ngainsc ·La:khnami, leaving Khan:i Jahan at the capital in charge of all. albirs of Stnte. • • When he reached Xurakhur, A:di Singh waited upon him, and ofl;er.ing a tribute of twenty lacs o£ tanltas in cash and two

STUDIF.S II'{ INDIAN H!STOR Y 79

.elephants, was·received into favour. On the 28th Rabi'u­i awwal, be arrived at the fort of Ikdala, and some bard figbtittg ensued. The Bengalis were defeated .. and many were sl:un. Shah Dco, r.b.eir leader, with several others, was J;illcd. On the 29til of the monr.b., the arnry march· ing £rotn that place, encamped on l.b,e bnnk.& of the Ganges. Dyas Haj i was sh.u.t up in the fort. and on the 5th R~Lbi'u·l nkhlr, he marched out 1vith hi.s countless Bengali followers and forces. The SultaQ marst.¥1ed l.t:is army, atld as soon as llyas Raji b<ihcld it, he was disn111yed and Oed. Tho army (of the Sultan) made the attack ; me canopy and. for.ty elephants were captured, and .innumerable horsemen and .in.fantl'y became food for the ~word. For two days after Ute Sultan remained en­camped, and on the tb.ird he marched for Dehli. Some months afterwards he founded the great city l'irozabad.

In the year 756 n. (1355 A.o.), the Sultan proceeded to Dibalpur, .and conducted a stream Uui) from the river ~at~ (S!tl!lej), for :1 distance of forty kos as far as j •hajj:u:. In the following year he brought the stream of Eirozabad from chc moun"tains of Mandati '($ic) and Sirmor, and hnvi.ng thrown into it seven distinct streanu, ltc cotu:luctcd it to· Hansi. From Utence he· lecl it tO Ar:unan, and chc£c he buUL a strong fort, which, l1e caOc<.l Hi.sar Firozah. Delow the palace (lt.us/l/1.), he dug an extensive ta.nk, and filled it wil.h tbe waters of that canal. Re formed another canal from the "Kbakhar (Khagar), to the fort oC Sarsuti, and from thence to Hatbi·khir. •

' Firishtn C:'Jc)SCiy follows our au,hor. Md helps us to under .. Jtand him. There are &t:Ve.ral io:accuraclet ln the_ pa~se aJ given tn U.riggs' uanalatloo, so jhe following 'Js of(erb.l as 11 rnorc oorrect fl:nd·crfrig of the Utl-ogrnphed texl. .. lt\ the mouth Shn"bnn, 756 u. (the Sultnn) -wt:nc towa.rtls Dipalpur- hunting, 1111d hulng dug a' large ea.nal (lw) · fn)ln the rll'Cr Sutlej, he conducted It l.o Jnnjhor, wrty·eight ~o• dhtaoL In 757 .ht cut a canol tmm the river ;umns, In th~ llllb of .M~nd~1oJl :snd Sirmor, ::md hiWing Ulrue aoven other ~lrearm into it, he bt·oughi. It to Rant1, and from then«: to Aba$1n, where be built q, -&trong WTt which he c:~~lTc:d Ri$11t Firw.ttlJ. ~low that f'orl and ncru" tf,1e pli.ce, ' Jaa dug a tank. which be fUJed wilh the wtuen of th:tr.l canaL Be formed a.nather canal from the ri.ver. Kh3g;tr, and condmting

STUDIJis IN IND~N HJSTOIW

Thue he built.a fortified place wllich he calledflro7.<tbad. lie brought another canal from the ~ivet• Jmrma, and threw it into the um]f. ol that city, from whence he carried it ou farther.

(n the month of Zi·l h.ijja, on the day of the ' ld·i ·nzh(l, in the year \>efore 11amcd, a rohe of honour wd a diplorM orrivcd fmru the Kruilifa :ol Hakim bi nmr­illah. Abu :11 l'~th Abu Bakr Abu al Rabi' Sulaim1111, tbe HindUJt:>.n . •• •

Jn the year 759 .,, (1358A.o.) • • • an nrmyofMugbals c.amc ioio the negibbourhood of Oibalpur, ond Malik. .Kabul, Lord o! the Bedchamber (sar·bw·iJnh·tlnr), was sent "gninst tbttn. Before bi$ forces tllc Mughals retreated I<> their own cotmtry. • • At the end of this year, Taju·d din BeUtll, with stvet'lll other amirs, came from Lakbnauti to Coun as envoys. bringitlg with them p•·csents and tribute, and lhey received a gracious reception.

In the year 760 a. (1359 A.D.), lhe Sultan marched with a large a.rmy agninsr. Lakbnauti, leaving Khnn·j .Jahau in Dehli and Tatar Khan as Shilckdar at Mullan, (to guard) the Ghazni frontier. When the Sulmn reached Za!nra bod, r.he rains ca.me on, so he halted there. Hcrc he was waited upon by Malik Shnikhzacla llwlami. who had left ibe country by royal ·command. He brought a robe of honour !rom the Kllalifa,' and the Sui1JU1 being graciou$1y disposed towards b.im, granted him tltc title of 'Azam Khan. Saiyid Rasuldar. who had come with th.10 envoys ftom Lak.hnaut1, \vas now sent back thilher, and Sultan Sikandar llj;ain sent him co . Court with five elepbant5 and rich ptc$tlltts. 1htt bciore he arrived, 'Alanr Khan came to Courl from l.ak.b.nauti, an.d he was told (by the Sultan) rbat Sultan Sikandar was footish n.nd

J[ by the fort of· SanlUJ, be brouglu lt tO the river Sar-kh:ttl h (nal•nY..I.&r·Kita!rttil) wl~re he rounded tbe city of Flr01abad. He ,aJso ... bro.ught a.norhc:r canal from tJ:u~ Jnmna. and thre\of it imo the lian~ Qf that city, " The word! ''river ol ~1"-kh:u:rah" a're cleuJy :"...ro~g. In lhe, lJ'tlnJiadon, whi.ch WOil matle &om MSS .. the name is giVc;:n. li.S "Pert Kahn," ·wbic.h is more like thli' Harbi·khir of our text-.. Tb.t · rd;l name it goumJy Hrui-khira.

' fjriJhat nya "Of .Egypt.

STUDlES tN WD!AN HIS't:ORY ~· in,cxperienced, and had strayed from the j>ath of rectitude. The Sultan at lim had .no desire to draw the sword against him i but as he !lad nat di.'!Charged the duties o£ obedience, ne rmm now understand that the Sultan was marching against him.

After the rainy seaso.n, the Sulta11 proceeded towards Lak1mauti, and on the way PJ'incc },'ath Khan received tbe in~ignia of 1'0yalcy, such as elephants. A coin was stiuck 'ln his nnmc,• and tutorS were appointed for him. When the Su.ltan reached Pandwah, Sultan SikancJar shut himself up in 1kdala, wh.ere Sultan Sba.nuu-d din, hls father, h.ad l,x:fot·e takc11 refuge. On the 16th Jumacla·l. awwal; 761 (5th. May, l860), the Sulra11 snt down against lkdala. and passed some days in besieging it. T.he garrison perceived that they could not withstand the assailants, so they were compelled to captiulatc, and seck [or pence by sending elephnnLS, treasure, and goods as tr.ibute. On the 20Ut Jumada·l awwal, the Sult au marched from Ikdala on his return, and when he reached Pandwl\h, Sultan Sikandar sent him thirty·scvan elcphailts and va!W>,hle oiie.i nts a~ tribute. By suceessiv~ mai'che! he reached Jaunpur, and the l11ins coming oo he rested there, After Ute ·rains were over. in the monU1 Zi-1 liijja of the same year, ht. marched with his victorious army by way of Bihar to Jajnagar. Orders were issued that thi> baggage animals (lashkar-sutm·), women.. horses out of condition, and weak men should not proceed.' Malik Kutbu·d din, brother o£ Zafar Khan thE: wazir, was left behind with the elephants and bagga~ at Karra. The Sultan then marched. When lte reached Sikra! he attacked it, and the .Rai took to flight. There Shakr Khau~n, daughter -p~ R,~ .s~.dh<UI, ~v!tb 4-dayah,' w.u taken prisoner. The

' Siltkah ba-nam Dlilariland. ~The M~ .. writes biayod •· bul ·it muu mean nlnynd . • no ·1!p)Jnkpt·i.c-AAbati and FlciJbua h~vc "Sa.nkra, II Badarrui

has ~·s:ughan... 1 •

•11te Tob.aJc.at.J -4lttrnri giva ~he .nDmc. oe tbe Ito/ llJ "Sant,," but l'iti5bta n>akO!I tit '/~adhw." Sham~ I Simi eoiiJ tile R:>.l ol' J•jnagur. "Ada yah." See J'iro. S/1oh-l$tll M'iokndd•m•.

6

B• STUD:Il!S IN Th'DIAN HISTOR11 f. Sultan placed her in the place of his daughters. When he advanced farther, be left Malik 'Imadu-l Mulk one &tage behind with the pri&oncrs and baggage. At this place. Ahmad !{han, who had come up from LaUw.au tl, joined the Sultan in the hills of Ranthor,' and was received with honour. 'l;'he Sultan then proceeded to lbe city of :SanliTnsJ, which was the residence of the Rai. Having left the MabJUutdi_ the ll.ai bad fled to Tilang:. The Sultan pursued him for one day'a march, but whan he found that the Rai was far in advance, he returned. 1n l.llli ncig:hhourhho<>d he hunted. Rni :Sir Bhandc~• sent some. persons to sue for peace, that his people migh1. not be killed. The Sulta.n, according to his wont, cum.cd aside, and (the Ral) sent in thirty-three elephants apd rich ofrerings as tribute. From thence the Sultan feU )>ack and bumed in l'adrnavati and the ckphant fields. whae he killed two elep)lants. Afterwards be mD.rQhed on to Kana, and from Katr~he pro=ded to De\JU, which be reached in Rajab, 762 fl. (1361 ~.n.), and entcreil ;t$

a conq ucror. Some time afterwards he .heard tha~ there was in the

vicinity of llardar' a hill of earth, th.rougll the midst o£ wbich a large river llowed and fell into th.e Sntladar (Sutlej). This river was called Sarsuti. On the !tithe•· side of the mo1mtain there was a stream called Salimah. ll the mountain of ea.rth were cut through, the waters I of the Sanuti would fall into lhar 1trearn ; which ~would

flow through Sibrind" (Sir hind) and Mansurpur, and from thenco to Sannam, keeping up ·a perpetual ·supply.

• This reading of tl!e Ta/Jal'ciat·l AAbari <eenu p.rd~ble ID that of lh~ MS., "Zln1hor.''

' Fizisht.a' writes · the ruune in tbe mmt way~ but the tnm.tatlc::m baa "Ra.jab of Jkerbhoom,"

- h·pa.rwar, •. ]_ijJi.ahtrt. 111 "Sibrlnd" and "Ta.b:a,thindh .. are used inrlifferendy throughout

N tlLC nomes of tftc modern Sirhlnd. Th.e usc of r.hc lt:utec hu o.lrendy been noted elsewhere, VCU'allA Mitra mcnti()tll Lhe SaiL'iodhns, ar people of Sirindh3, a.s being fn this nejghborrthQOd. See CUnniughah'• Andtnl C~pby, p. l fll. · 5<:<: Ghilznivld4, Cilor and Sfnw Dynestit,__>d, S•raJ. p. 50.

STUDIES IN INDIAN EllSTOR.V

. ' The water was brought, but wme time was occupied in cutting tb.rougn the hill. Sithind, tO 3$ far as within ten l<os of Samana, was &eparatl!d from the shik/r. of Samiuu, and'given intO tl•e charge of Malik Ziau-1 Mulk Shamsu-d din Aburja, to bring iL into cultivation." A fortress ·was built there, which received the name- of Flrozpur.

When. the Sultan saw that the excavation of the mountaln was" p0$Sible, he le.ft the spot and went to Nagarkot, and after conquering it, he proce<:ded .against Thana. The Jam aod· Babiniya were io ,P055eSSion o.F Thatta. By dint of. grcnf exertion the plAce 'Yas invested, and fighting went on for some time, but such a scarcity of provender and grain arose in the Sultan's army, that m.n.ny men died, so tliat of necessity, and nfter a great struggle, he was obliged, to :retreat into Gujarnt.

After the (ainy season, b.e resolved aga.in to march agalrut Thatta. The fief (ik.la') of Gujarat was p laced under Zafar l<han, instead of Niz.amu-1 Mulk, who was dismissed and proc~"'ded with b.is followers to the capital, where he aftet·wnrds became w!lZir of the State. on the Sultan's reappeBJ;"ing before Tb.atta,- Jam and Babiniya rnade their subrnis~ion and waited upon him. They were graciously received, but were carried off. with all the chiefs of the coun.try to 0QhlL After l,l.aving ~or l' while shown obedience, r.he Sul.t.111 reinstated the Jam i11 the lief (ik.to/) ot Thatta, and sent him there in &tare.

In the year 772 a. (1870.1 A.l>:), Khan-i Jal:>an died, nnd h is eldest son Jnunan Shah attained the dignit-y of Khan-i Jahan. ln 775 Za!m- Khan died in Gujarat, and hls; eldest SOil succeeded him in the fief. In 776, on the 12thJ of t.he month of Safar, Prince Fath Khan died at K.anthur. The Sultlli> was great! y affected by his death, and h~ -constitution receive'd a mariifest lb.ock.

Tn 778 • H. (1876-1 .(.1>.), Shams Damaghani offered

l l This pas:sage Ja Imperfect. in the MS. , and b.JJ been tno.sla.ted wil.h the belp of l'lrWitJL

u Here the M.S. bas a neg:uh•c, whld\ U ls necessary to .tuppress.

STUDIES IN lNDlAN "fi1SI'ORY

forly· lacs of (at~lta.! in excess. of the revenue paid lor Gujar.r.t, l 00 ~lephants, two hundred Arab horses$ and four hundred slaves, children oi Hindu chiefs (mukaddam bachagau), and A:byssinians annually. Malik Ziau·l Mullt Malik Shamsu·d din Aburja '<as deputy (of the governor) o~ Gujarat. and an offer was ma,de to co11finu it to him ,OP his c0n~enting to t!\t.se enhanced tenm. But he knew he could not pay them, and that Shams Di\Piaghaui had mad• :111 exq-avagani offc•·, so he refused to accept. ShalllS Dnmnghnn! then received a goldcu ~die and a sil'(cr palankin, aud was nppointcd to Cujamt as dcfiuty of Zafar· ){han. When lte arrived ill Gtijnrar, wild dreams aud fancrcs entered his brain, and he raised the standai·d .of rebellion, for he ~ouod tbat ,hc could not ralse the increased revenue :md tril:iutc w)1icb be lm<l undertaken to pay. At lenglli the new arnirs (amir-i saaah) of' Cujarat, such as Malik Sbaikhu·l Mull,(, 'Fakht:u·d din, rebelled against Sb.ams J)amagbanl In the year ?78 1r., and llaving 4lo.in him they cuL off his head, :utd sent it to Court. Hi.s revolt was thus put down. During the prosperous reign of this good and gracious sovereign, his justice and equity bad such an cJfcct over every q\Jarter of his territories, tlmt no rebellion had ever broken .ollt, and no one had been able to turn his feet Jroro the path ol obedience until the revolt oi tli.is Sluuns Dama­ghani, and be qliickly recciv~>d the punishment of his perfidy.

The frontiers (.rarhmi<C) o£ the empire were secured by placing them under the chacrge 'Of great and trusty nmirs. Thus oil the side of Hindu&tan. on the· Bengal frontier, the fief (ikta') ot Karra and Maboba, an<l the .rltikk of Dalaruau, wc;e placed under 'the charge · of Maliku·s Shark (Prince of the East) Mru:dan Daulnt, who l'cceivcd the title of Nasiru-1 Mu!k. The fie£ (i/tla') . of Qudb and Sandila, 10 and the shikk of Kol were placed under Malik Hisamu-l Mulk an.d Hisamu·d din Nawa.

" The MS. h•• " S>dld," btu Flrlshta givos the tight · rc::tding, !Oee post.

r

STUDIES IN Jffl>IAN I!ISTOilY

The fleE oi Jnunpur and Za!arnbad Iva.! gi.veu to Malik llahruz Sultaui. The fief of Bihar t.o Malik Bir Mghan. These noble5 abowed no laxity in putting down the plots of ilie inlide!B, and in making theiz territories secure. Th'us th~Sultan <had no anxiety about Lhe safety· of these parts:of his domin.ions ; but on the side of K:hurasan Lbere was -no .nmir capable of witrutanding tbe aUacks of the Mugh<tl~. .He was therefore compelled to sununoa Maliilu·s Shark Nnsit:u·l M ulk £rom Karra and M'ahoba, and to send him to Mulr:nn, in order to put down and ~uni3h tl1e assaulu of Lbese accut'lied. foes. The fiefs (ik'ta's) of thi~ quarter were conferred upon him, and the fief oi I:iindu.nan, tba~ is to say Karra and Mnhoba, WM also ordered to be eonfinned to Mnliilu-s Shark Shamsu·d din Sulaiman, son of Malik Mardan Daulat. After tl;\e murder of Damaghnni, the fief of Gujaral w:u granted to Malik. Mufarrih Sultani, who received the title of Fnrb.atu-J Mul.k. • • •

In the 'year 78.1 11. (1.879 ... ;n.), the SulJ.an •nade a progrc&~ towards Samana, and wheri he arrived there, Malik Kabul Kuran 'Khwan, 4niir of Lbe privy council and chief of Samano, presented W$ tribule, and the Sultan showed him great favour. Passing from thence tb.rough Alnbala and Shnhabad, the Sultan entered the bills of Sahar:mpur, and after takh1g- tribute from ilie Rais of Sirmor and the hills, he reltlrned to his capital. J ust aL this Lime information came of the rebellion of Khargu, the Hindu chief (muhaddflrn) of Katehr." This Kl).nrgu bad invited Saiyid Muhammad, who held the fief of 'lfadaun, and his brother Saiyid 'Abu-d <lin, to a Ieast 'il.t Iii& house, and had then basely murdered them. ln 78!! u. ( 1880 A.D.), the Sultan proceeded there tlo ?-~enge tbis inui;i!et', and ravaged Lhe district ot X.etch'r. Khargu lied, arid took refuge in the mountains of Kam.iun, in the country of the Mnthas.'" The Sultan also attacked them. • •Every year he used to proceed to Kather, ostensibly

u Sec: note 75 infra. "Mtzhtapn.

86 STUDIEIJ IN INDIAN tnS1:0RY

to hunt, and mat country became so devastated that nothing . but game lived there.

In 784 H. ( 1382 ·A.D.), he built a fortress at Beoli, seven kos from Bada1m, and called it Firozpm:, bllt the people named it Pur,i (lkhirin (me ~.ast town). The Sulta>l now grew old and . feeble, for hiS age was nearly ninety ye:trs, and Khn'n·i Jahan, me wazir, cxerised un· bounded aumority. AD the affairs of me State were in his hands, and the m11lik~ and amirs were entirely subservient to him. If any one. opposed him, he got him ~emovcd from the presence of the Sultan in any 1•ay lle could . Some he killed, others he put in tonfine'· ment. At length it came tO this, that whatever Kltan·i Jahan said th.e Sultan used to do. So me affairs ·o£ the k.igdom fell into disorder, and every day some loss Qtcq:rred. One day Khan·i Jahan represented to the Sul!lln tlj.at Prince Muhammad Khan had allied h.imself to certain nobles such as Darya Khan, son of Zalar Khan, omir of Gujarat, Malik Ya'kub Muhammad Haji, master of the horse [etc., elc.~ and was on the point of raising a rebellion. As the Sultan had given over everything to the charge of the Khan, he, without thought or considera­tion, gave tb.e order that they should be taken into custody. When the prince heard this, he did not come to the palace for several days, and although Khan·i Jab.an sent for him, he made excuses. Then the Khan, upon the pretext of ~ balance of accounts, kept Darya Khan, son of Za~ar Khan, !'mir, of Mahoba, confined in his house. This alarmed t.he p~·il\ce ·still lllOle, and he made a· statement of. his position to .pis fa~r· The ~ultan ,gave orders for the dismissal of Khan·i Jaban,. and for me release of PJura Khan. Tbc prince having done this; Malik ~a'-kub Beg, mMter of the ho.rse, bro11gbt out all the r9-yal horses, and Malik Kntbu-d_ din F,aramuu, kccp<!r of the ' elephants, brought out the' elephants with their .hpwgasr.lm<l ¥JilOur, and took them. to the prince. The slaves of Sultan Firoz, tb.e ami-rs, and other. people of the city, also joined the prince.

STUDJBS IN IND1AN RJS'J:ORV

In the month of l.hjab, 789 Guly, Aug., J3S? A.u.), being fully prepared, Lhe prin~c proceeded J:ue one nigb1, with a 1arge body of men, to the bouse of K.ban·i Jaban. When the Khan h.ea1'CI of their approach, he took Darya Khan, wn of Zaf;u- K.han, out of pri.lon and put him to death.. Then h.c =c out wiUt a few chosen followeu, and was attacked hy the prince. Being defeated, h• fled to his botTSe, nod received a wound as he was entering. Unable ro make further resistance, he again left his house with. a few followers and Ocd into Me~<•at, wb.erc be sought refuge with Koka Chauba.n. aL Mahari. The prince plundered Khan·i Jaban's house of all its gold and wealth, and arms. horses and effects J he theo returned wiU1 Ius followers LO cite palace. Next he caused Mnlik. Bihzad Fath Khan, [1md S61JC1'4l otlte1· adllcu11ts of] Khan·i Jnhan, to be brought to tbe palace and to be beheaded. When these proceedings were reported to the Sultan, be gave over his authority to Pdnte Muhatnmnd Khan, and the inaliks and am irs and Sltives of Sultan· F.i.roz, and the people in gencrnl, rallied round the prince. Tb.e Sultan. was old and' feeble, so· of oecessiry lte gave to the prince the reins of government, with aU the lt.orsc.~ and elephants, wealth and stnrc. He conferred upon him the title Nasiru-d dio Muhammad Shah, nnd then b.e retired to his ho11Se to serve ltis God. Itl all the chief mos.ques Lbronghout the dominions the khutba was repeated in Ute names of tbe two sovereigns, and in the month of Sh:l'bnn of the inmc year Muhammad Khan. took his seat upon the Ull'onc in the palace or Jahau-numa, The titles and offices, fiefs, and allowances, pensions and gifts, and ,ofuatsoever had been enjoyed by any one during tbe late rcigtJ, were confirmed. Malik Ya'kub. master of the hotse,, was made Sikandar Khan . and TCceived the fief of Gujarat. • • He was then sent with an army co Mahari against K!tan-i Jahnn. Wheu this force reached Mabari, the accur~d Koka seized Rb:m-j .Jaban and sent him pri.loner to Sil!.andar Kbao, who 'killed him, and carried his bend to Court. Sikandar K.hnn then departed to his

STUDW tN tNr>IAN JIIS'l"ORY

tie:[ of Gu jllrat, and the p_t·ince devoted himsel( to the dnties of government.

In the month of Zi-1 ka'da of the same year, he wen~ to the mountains of Sirmor, and there spent two months io hunting- the rh.iooceros· and elk.•• While thl.l$ engaged, io'formation was brought to him of the death of Sikandnr Kltan, whom Malik brought to him of the death of Sikaodar .Khan, wl.tom Malik Mufarrih, amir of Kambay. and the new nmirs of Gujarat, had risen against and slain. 'l'he retinue thnt had marcb.cd with him from Court, some of them wounded and some of them despoiled, returned home with Saiyid Snlar. When Prhtce Muham­mad Khan heard this intelligence, h.c became chougtu£ul and an:<ious, and returned to his capitaL :Sut be was young and inexperienced, and. be gave binucl£ up to pleasure. For 1lvc motlths longer the old rules and arrangements .kept. the alf:Urs of the kingdom i n order, but at tcn!,lth great U:regularitics arose. The slavC-'1 of the late Govern men L of Firo~ Shah, of whom there wc(c about a lfic in Dehli Md Firozabnd, stirred up by the opposition shown by Malik Samau-d dio ancl Malik Kamnln·d din, abandoned the pcincc, nnd joined themselves to the late sovm·eign ; hence. arose ·contention and strife. When the prince became aware of the facts, he !cnt Malik Zahi.rn-d din Loharl to parley with the insurgents, w.hich bad assembled in the I mnidar1; but they pcltccl him "'ith bricks and stoue.s, nncl ~fter wounding him they made a display of their force and rejected all ptoposition$ tor peace. Zah.inHl diu returned wotmded to the prince, wbo was ready for action. He proceeded with all his force of horse and foot, and elephants, to the m4i<lan ~gain.n the rebels ; and when h't attacked them, they fled to th~ palace and sought t·af~ with the· old Sultan. FiS'hdhg went on . for ~wo d.li"flf .lt'hd l.m the third the pdncc wa~ p~cparcd to renew the' sttuggl~1 wb~n th.e Insurgent! brought out the 'Old

'

STUD!I!S IN INDlAN HlS'I'OR Y

Sultan from Lhe palace. The s.oldien and elephant· chivers, directly they saw the lace of their Sultan, deserted the fide of the prince and joul.ed Lhem.~ves to their old ma$tCr. Finding' that he could no longer maintain the struggle, the prince turned and fled with a small band of followers to the mountains of Sirmor. The insurgents plundered b.ls house, and rhosc of his adherents. 'rhnt day tranq-uillity was restored, and the people were satisfied. The Sulutn then appointed Prince Tughlik Sllnh, h is !,'l'nndson, son of Fath Khnn, to be his .heir, and delivered over nil the afTttirs of Government ro bim, Amir Rusaiu Ahm:tcl tkbal, son-in·law of the Sultan, who bat! separated Irom lh.e party of the prince, ·was made prlsoncr, and the prince had him beheaded be£01·e the cntran.ce of the pabce. Ot'tlers were also sent to tile new amirs of Snmana directing them I<> seize "A'li Khatt, the amir, and bring !lim to C'..ourt. When he was brought in, the prince sent hlm away to Bihar. and w:a<tted the fief of Samana to Malik Sultan Sh.~h.

On the 18th Ramazan~ 190 11. (26th September. 1588 A.D.), Sultan Firoz died .. worn out with we3kness. Verasious· h.i>torians·~nd truthful chroniclers of venerable age have recorded that since the days of ~usiru-d din, son. of Shantsu.<J. din Altamsb, ivbo was a second Natl$ltirwan, there has been no king in Dcllli so jU&L ahd merciful, so l<ind and religious, or &ucb a builder, Hi.! justice won tor him the hearts o( his subjecl4. lf any poor traveller, by the visitation of God, fell in the road and dled. the feudal chiefs, the officers, and tbc m!ilraddams having called together tb.c luuis and all Mruul.inans, they e.'Cam.inCcl the body, and chew up a .report urider tile s~ of the ktzzi, ctrclfying. that no mal'l: bf a wound was dhcemible upon Ute body, and after that they buried iL Thus by inquiries of the l<a::is, all the injucti01u of the law were fulfilled, and it was in no way possible that during the reign of this Sovereign, any 1trong man could tyrannm over the weak. God Almighty took

STUD!ES IN IN'OJAN HISTORY

this gentle, beneficent, and just king to his evet·Jasting rest, after a reign of thirty-seven ye:u:s and rune mo•uhs."

Reign of Tughlik. Shah, son of Ji'tllh Khan, son of Firo~ Shah, the late Sultan

Tms Suh.;m, wit!~ the concUil'ence of several of the ami•·s and maliks and SCTVnntll of the late Sultan, took !tis seat upon the throne in the palace at Firozahad, on the day of his predccssor's death, and took the title. of Sultan Ghiyasu·d din. Malik-zadu Firo1.," son of M:iUk Taju-d cUn, was made waxir, and was honoul'cd with the title Khnn·i ]aha11. Kl1udnwand-zada Ghiyasu-d din Tu.munJ wlUl placed over the armoury. Firo~ 'Ali was taken out of prison. and his fatl\er's office of sar-jandar wa.s conferred upon him. The fief of Gu jarat was granted to Malik Muiarrih Sultani, who held it updcr the late Sultan. The various othe.r fief~ and :lppaintmems were confirmed to the holdcts. l\ifalik Firot 'Ali and Bahadur Nnhit· were sem with n considerable force agairu;t Prince Muhununnd Khnn. The amirs of the fiefs (ik.tll'l), such as Sultan Amir Shah of Sa mann, Rai !Uun,1l u-d din nnd othcrJt, were sem along with them. In the month of Sbawwal the a•·my entered i.h.e mountnin$ of Sirmor, and Prince Muhammad Khan relircd to Lite top of i.he mount:uns by hostile ron<L~. till he reached rite fort of Daknari." The royal army

" He wa.s ,ninety yeal'$ of age. ''He: w:." huriecl by the: ddt of the }£1Ju:.-l ltlrius; a sple.ndicl dome (grm1l1ncl) w11s ct-ectcd O\'cr hb gnwe, and h has become Inmon~o"-BatJnrml. The TalmkDl·l 4,hbari giva ;: .summary of Ilia public wo.r:ks, whfch Firis.llln has odopted. Mtlt. some altcrnt-ions. It '• at follow• :-1115 C:u13.J1 {b4nd·l ju~, ['Flri.<hJa .. ,. "50'1 : .4 'Mosques rFirl1llt3 .. ,. "4o"l ; ! O Coli'S' .. r 20 Monmerics (Man/call) ; 100 l>u!aces (kushk) • 2bo C>.rav11Jlso.J'11!J (rabal) ; !00 1'owns : ~ ',Oinks (ha...,) ; ~ ll'o'f>llat.': 100 Mausolea ; JO ,ll.1ths l tO Monumenml' .Pillars (rtiin(lrn): 150 Wells· 100 Jlrldg_d ; a.nd gnr<lcns beyond number," The text ot Firl.ih.~ onpcs the "300 towns/ ' but the t.mndsuf9n st:lltes them u "toO." ~ath •be ~':(<:epd01'14 noted, th~ ~wo llits agree : but there are some: th.$0'cp:tncitt bettvem the t~t 6l Ffrislna and Jlrl8g.s'11 mnsladon,

,. The text hU •'Firox Shnh/' u T~bnkoc-i Altbarl.. "B·a.kr:zrl."

STUDIES IN INDIAN' RISTORY 91

also entered the .mountains, and ·when it reached the valley (d4rro) of Baknari, some litUe fighting followed, but the place being strong, the prince was not subdued. From thence he a!cended the mountains and went towards Sa.l:.het. (Tho roylll army)" Uten marched. from Baknari to the town of Aru, and encamped in the dc.ml. of Aru, near to tbe station (chauJ:m·c.) of Kimar. The prince then left SaJthct, and went to the (orr of N agt~rkoc. The roynl forces followed to the confines of Gwalt)'ar in pt•rsuit, bu t .tl1ey met with opposition on tbe lvny, so M;1lik Firoz 'Ali and the ocher 11mirs, gave up the pursuit, and returned. The prince secured himself lo Nagatkot.

Tugblik Sbnh was yo\mg and ine~perienced. He knew nothing·of politics, ~nd had seen none of the wiles of 6ckle fortune. So he gave himself up to wio.e ·and pleasure. The bushtess of the govc:rnmenl was entirely neglected, and the o11icet·s of the late Sill tan asserted so renrlcssly their power, that all control· o£ the State was lost. The Sultan juiprisonCd his brother Salar Shall without -any reason. Abu 'Bakr Shah, aon of Zafar Khan, having Bed lor refuge. Malik Ruknu-d. din Jnnda, t,leputy waz.ir, and several other amirs and slaves" of the late Sultan, made common cause with h.im, and raisctl a .revolt. They desp:nched with the sword Malik Mubar.~k Kabiri, io the palace nt Firozabad, as he ~vas retreating tlwough the door. A great Olltcry thereupon atose in the palace, an.d the Sultan hearing it, cscapctl ~hrougb the door opening on the Jumna. Malik Eiroz, the tualir, was with him; but the traitor, Rulm Jo:nda, being apprised of his escape, followed him with hi~ own aclh!'Tenl.$, and with a party o£ the late Sult"!l's sloves. When they reached the ford of the Jumna, they killed Sultan Tughlik Shah and the prince Fit07.. Then they Cllt off the.ir beads, and threw them down in front of

.... The ln£~ucdan .o·r this nominath•e seems necessary ~o t.be unse.

t.J•Tb.c word· to tnmale.ted is ' 1bantLt!ll1•,~· )ite.ratly bo.nd11me-n or alave!. It makes Ita . appeu-:ance h'eq1.1enLly .h.1 tllese pages.. ,

STUDll!S lN INDIAN HISTOI\11

t.he palace. This happened on tho 2 Lst ~afar, 791 w. {19th February, 1889 A.n.)

After this they brough ~ Abu lln kr .Shuh out £rom his dwelling, and seating him upon an clepbant, with a canopy over his head, they proclaimed him under tj,e tillc of Sultan Abu Bakr. ltukn Janda. was mnde waw·. AfteJ.• a few days, Rukn Janda conspired with several slaves of the late Sultan Firoz, with the intention of aluyiog Abu Bakr, and of making bJmsclf king. J3uc certtLin others. who we-re unfriendly to him, anticip:tting his action, killed him, and puc his confederates to the sword. Abu nakr wns in possession of DchH, the royal elephants and treasure were in his hands, an.d his power was day by d.~r increaaing. Jmt at this juncture the new ami;·s or $amana treacherously slew Malik Sult.lln Shah Khush·dll, with their swords and daggcr3, at the tank of Sanna:m, on the 4th Sa:br. Then, taking possession <>f Samana, tl\ty plundered the houses of Malik Sultan Shah and slew all his depcndeuts. They cut off the head of Malik Sultan. and sent i t to Nagarkol, to l'riucc Muhrunmad Khan. with oiicn of assistance. The length of the xcign of Sultnn Tughlik Shah was sill months and eighteen days.

S!tllall Muhammad Shalt, youuger· .toll of lite late Sttltan Fi>·oz Shah

Wni!N the intcllingcnc:e of the death of Malik Sttltan Shah reached Mt!hammad K11no at Nagarkot, he . marched thence to tb~ town of Jalandhar, and so into the disuict of Samana. There, on the 6th of the month of Rabi'u·l akbir, of the year ;tbovc named, be. for tllo serond time, mounted the throne of the· empire. The new amirs of Samano, and the mulwddams. of that disttict and of tile ·'hills, all joined hi.in, and renewed their vows oi allegiance. Several amirs and mali/<S also of Dehli deserted. Abu Bakr Shah, and came to join blm. So there assembled round him , in Samana abo.ut tweoty tb.ousand horse, and an .innumerable host of foot. From Sa.mnna he inarthed to

STUDIES !N INDlAN .HISTOP. Y 95

I)eb.li ; nnd by the time he reached its neighbow:ltood, lhe bOJ;se had increased to nbollt fifty Lbousaud. Abu · .B~Itr Sh.ab was informed of his approach, and the slaves of Sultlm E'irot, having before oppo.1ed the new Sulta tl , now a!Ucd lhem.'le!vc.l w-ith Ab-u Bakr. -

On the 25th R.abl'u·l akhir, 791 (23rd Apcil. IS89). Stf.tan Mahammad took up his position at the palace of Jahan-numa, and Abu Uakr aloo, with bh adherents and forces, was :tt Firozabad. On Llt.e 2nd Jumada-1 awwal, the adherents of Abu .B:tlq, having taken the streets nnd w;ills of Firotabad. gnve battle to the forces of U1e new SUltan. On tltat very day Bah:idur Nahi:r" came IntO the city with a pnrty of his' follower!; and Abu llab 5_!1.-dl, being emboldened by hiJI ardval, marched on the follow, ing <L1y into.. Firoznbad with bJs horse and foot, The battle bcg-jn, :mel by the decree of God, Sultan Muham· mad was clefcntett :Re Bed towards his own ten:itories. With " puny of about two r.housnucl horse, he crossed the .JUllllla, and penetrated rnto the Daob: From thence he sent II(& second" son, Prince Humayun Khan, to Satnana, tO a5lon ble bis forces; and be sent with bim Malik Ziau-d din Aburja, Rai Kamalu-d din !Yfian," and Rai Khtd Chain" Bhntti, whose ftcf•l were in that quarter, The Sult:m himself took up bis position at the village of Jalesar.'' on Lbe banks of the Ganges. The ami\s of Hindustan, sucb as Malik Sarwar, governor of (be city (shalma-i shaM). Maliku-slt Shark Nasiru-1 Mulk th.e holder of MultJIJl, Kbawassu-l Mulk •·be holder of Bihar [and others] ; and Rai Snrvar" and other rais and ronas, making in nll about fifty thou~;and horse. with an in·

~~ •'The Mewa.id"-T. Dadnuni . .. Flrisht.1 $aye "Ou' of, .. ond the T. Badotmi says "Jnto the:

m4ltf4,n. o( El:ror.abad ... •• Litei-anf, •tmiddte son. ·• . " Minll? " Probably Kul Chanit "Th. e Text has "laser" nnd "Ja'ter;' ~1Hl Dndnuni makes i.t

"Chetnr," but tho TaoM•t·l Akl>ari and Flr!shtll ~,gr«> ln reading "Jolcsnr.' ' Sec post.

u ~''I:lte LCXl has "Sabh:;'' but. Firi!h.ta Ja)l4 "S_ttrva~:· Sec: ftos-t.

STUDIES IN INDlAN HISTORY

nllnieruble force of foot, joined lhc Sulthn. Malik. Sarwat received the title of Khwaja-i fa/tan, and was made wn.:.N. Malik Nasiru-1 Mlllk became Khil:r Khan," Khawassu-1 Muik. was made Khawas.s Kban, and. Samt·d din became Saif Khan.

In Sha'ban of the same year Sultan Mahammad again marched against Dehli. Abu Bakr Shab came forth to meet him, and encountc.red him at the viUAge o£ Kundali. Both sides arr~yed their forces, and a battle ensued. By the will of God, the anny of. Sultan Muhamtnad was defeated, and Abu Bal-r was victorious. His camp equipage and b~agc fell into the hands of the victon, who kept up lhe pursuit for three kos. Sultan Mallam­mnd then returned, and took ~tp his abode at Jaksar. Abu ~:ikr Shalt went back 1.0 Dehli.

On the 19th Ramazan the slaves of lhe Sultan Firot who were lil'iug in the variou! districts and cities, as at Multn.n, Lallor," Samana, and Hisnr, and the fort of Maruri, we.t·e unjustly put to death in one day by the chiefs and people of the different places, under the orders of Slllcan M:rl.bam.m:td. 1n consequence of tile contention among the Musul.mans for the throne, the HlOdu infidels gathered strength, and gave u~p paying the poll· tnx· and tribute. They moreover tl1rcntencd the Muham­mad:m towns.

[n th.e month of Mahan:run, 792 H. Uanuary, 1390 A.!>.), Prince Humayun Kha,n, b~ving collected the various mali~• and amirs who bad been :.ppointed to net uttder him, iucb as Gbalib Khan, /l.mir of Samann [etc., etc.], pitched h.is camp at Panipat, and plun~red the environs of Dchli. Wilen Abu Dakr Shah was informed o£ this, he sent Malik Shahin 'Im.adu'l Mulk, with four thousand ho:rse and guards :rnd many foot soldiers; towards Pani· pat ; ancl tb,e l~vo forces drew up in battle array at the village of Dasina. near Panipat. The Almighty gave the

" The I'..:WI•tion ol Flrl!hta ern i" m•king till• title "Kho. 1"--i • Khan.*' ·

"' Invariably caUCd "!))bot."

STUDIES IN !NOlAN IDSTORlC

victory 10 Abu Bakr Shah, and the army of the prince bcillg" defeated ftcd back towards Samana. His camp and baggage and equ.ipments, all became the spoil of the victors. T.hc for.ces of Dehli. under the grace of God, being thus everywhere victorious, Sultan Muhammad and. his army could no longer ~esisl the enl!llly, ;mel he became very much. depressed. in spirit. Still the maliks and the soldiers and the people o.f tb.e capital were entirely on the side of the Sultan, and Abu Dakr dared not leave the city to pursue his defeated enemr.

Jn the month Jumada-1 awwal of the same year Abu Bakr Shah collected hiS army and marched towards Jalesar. He encamped about twenty l:.o~ from Dehli, and Sultan ¥uh.ammad, being informed of this, left his army and ba_ggab>"C at Jalesar, and. started of!' with four thousand light horse for DchlL Some guards who had bceu left ln charge o£ the city shut themselves up at the .Badaun gate, and made some shoiV of resistance; but the· assailants 5Ct ftre to the gate, and the defenders fl~d. Sultan Mub.am· mad entered the city through tb.is gate, and took up his quarter$ . at the Humaynn palace. All the peo~le o~ the city; high and low, and the bazar people, jomed b.im. When intelligence of tll.i, reached Abu Dakr, he acl olf early on the same day w·ith a party of his followe11, and entered the city by the same gate, aocl Malik Bahau-d din, who had been left in charge of the gate by Sultan Muhammad, was killed on the spot. The Sultan was in the palace, unaware of what had happ~.ned l but when Abu Bakr drew near, and he wM apprised of the fact, he escaped with a sm.U party of followers through n ba.d do_!!r. 9f the palace, and making- his ·way out of the city by \he gate o£ the Haud kltnss, he renu:ncd to Jalesar, to hiS anny and baggage. The nmirs and maliks an<).

' .J • • • • .-

soldiers who. were tmable to escape out of the city with the Sultan ;were, .some of them taken pr.i&oners, and some killed ; Khalil Khan nai/i·burbal< and Malik l&nu.'U, son of the daughter of Sultan Fi:roz. Shnh, wete taken alive, and wece put to ·death.

ST'ODIES IN INDIAN HISTO]\¥.

1.n the month o£ .Ramazan ofllle same year MubasJ1ir Hajib'J Sultani, who had tbe title Lslalll :K.han, 'Vith several old dave$ (baudagMI) of Sulta.n Firoz, lvith any reason, rurned against Abu llakr !ihllh, and opened connnn.mcations with Sultan Muhruu.mad. When t}lis

fact became known, Abu Baklo Shah was unable to over· come !hem, so be Jefr Dehli, accompanied by some of hi$ most devoted followers, wch as ll-talik Shahin 'lmadu·l Mulk, Mali!<. Dabri, and Safdar ]\han Snlumi, and proceeded to t11e kutlla" o( Babndur Nabit. On the l7tb of the mom:h Ramaz.an, Mubashic Hajib und the old J:iro~ Shnhi men sent letters to Sultan Muhammad, .infor••ling him of the facts, and of the !light of Abu Jlakr Shnh. Tbey placed 1\hnn·i Khanan, tb.e youngest son of Ll\e S11hnn, on an· elepllant, and. raising a canopy OVB' his bead, tltcy ·conducted .ltiro to Jalesar. On the l.h.iJ;d day, the 19th Ramazan, the Sultan start.ed from Jalesar, :u)d !)ntering tbe city .he took his seat on tbe Lhrone in the pa,lace , of .Firoza.bad. Mubaihir Hajib received the office of wa:tir, and llid title of Isla m Khan wns coufirmed to ltiro. The old gunrds of Firoz Shnh nnd the people of the capital joined the Sultan. After a few days, he lc(t Fil'or.abad, I and went into the for~ (hisar) or Jahan-pannh to tbc Hllt!Uiy<m palace. He took the el~puaots fron1 the charge of the Firoz Sbahi slaves. nod placed ~hem under the old elephan! keepers.•• This excited great discontent among them; but ns rbe Sultan was srrong, and tlle elephants had all been taken into the charge of bis servants, theY. c<inld not wiUutand ·b im ; so they ned in the night, with

-'' Thf& b ace:onfiqg to fii~:i~bta , bm the. text has "Jab,·· che Tabttlct~t·i Akl>arl "l:lnt," i'nd .Ba(lAuni 10Qliap.'0

1 * The word seems to be used here ~& o common noun, not a p.roper name. n li Invariably /tutiJ'l, not huf!iln. See 1101e In 'duloblopph1 of TimtV', p. 75. '

u Pilbantln·i ltadint. To.%cn literally thiJ is unimellllilbiC!', Cor t~e ,offldJtls of ~n otder srand.lng than we 1-e(gn ol Iii= must hove ~~~n \'try few m number. It mw:t rncau lht\t Suh'ID Mt.~bammad rtlnuated lhoae Officcrt who hdd tharge when -he Wll~ before on the throne i'n his father.'s t;lays.. See -:Fhi.llbta,

Sl:UDll!S IN INDIAN HISTORY

tb.eit: wive~ and children, and join~ Abu Bakr Shah at the lwtila of .Bah.adW' Nahir. Such o-f thtse old slave& as r~mained in the city next morning received notice that they mwt quit it within chree days, so the city was cleared of chcm. The amirs and maliks of the various parts ol me kiugdom (balad·i mamallk} now came to Court, and tb~ Sulta11's power and dignity increased. Prince Humayun Khan, wilb !slam. Khan [and others], was sent witb a powerful army to suppress Abu Bakt Shah and the old Firot Shahi slaves. They had reached the to.,•n Qf Mahindw:tr~ ; and ln the month of Muhanam, 7,93 (Dec. I 390 A.D.), Abu Bakr Shah, :Sahadur Nabir, and the old Firo1. Sbahl $hves, bnving assembled. made a sudden attack upOI\ tb.e royal forces c:u·ly in the morning, and killed several men. But lslmn Khan niade ready h.is division, and fell upon the assailants; the prince also mounteq his horse, with his followers, nnd. defeated the enemy at the first ~h<Jrge. The royal· ;u:my pnrsoed, and the bulk of the defeated forces took refuge in the fort of K.utila, but ·SOme were .killed, and some were taken prisoners. Wheri the news of the victory re•'hed lhe Sultan, he nartcd off !or the scene of the conR.ict : arul arriving at l(utila. he cncampod on· tl;l.e banks of the Dahanc;l Abu .Bakr Shah and Bahadur Nahir begged tor .mercr, and came to meet the Sultan. Baha_dur Nahir received a robe! and l'ias sent back. !Abu Bakr was carried away by the Sulta.11 as !ar as Kbandi, from whence lie l"M sent to be kept a pr~oner at Mirat, and there he died. The Sultan. proceeded to Etawa, and there be was waited upon by Nar Singh," who received a robe, and was .sent ~ ba~k. £ ro.s:ee9.iqg along the bank of the J wnnn, the Su.lta'l nhived at ;Dehli. • ·'

ln. '/.9.!1 ll. {1392 A.o.), Nar Singh abo.ve .mentioned, ail'q S~&J!'~" and Jl!r llahl n, broke' ?ut itt ~e~Hi(}n:

•i Tbei Ms. v.,nd ~ Lbe . Tabak4l-i .4Jtb4ri qtee· Jn a.Ulng'· l\im " fi•r Sing," which fs nn improb>ble nnme. fuiobt& .. lli him Nar' Singh.' whiCh ~t ·P.•ihfi>• .roght; ' thbugh R>r Singh is poi!Sible,

"Thil ;., the re•dfll~ of tli• T<WtJfat-i Altb4ri, and ,..,..,. probable.. Our t.c:xl lw ~sabJr. \WI Adharnn/' two nan•e~, ~:ylng,

7

gg STODJES IN iNDIAl'l BISTOil\'

'I'he Sultan $ettl Islam Khat~ against Nar Singh, and he liimself marched to .Etawa aguinst S:ll'Vadhnrnn :md the otlter infidels. The acG\ttsed .Nar Singh encountered the :force~ of' Islam Khan, and, by God's . grace, wns defeated and pul to lliglu. The victou pursued, rencfu1g many infidels to bell, and laying wa~~tc their cotllltry. Nar Singh at leogt.h sued for mercy, and came to wait on a«lam Khan, who carried Wm to Dchli. Sarvadharan 2ttacked the town of Balaram," but when tb.e Sul,lan reached the banks of the .Biyah" (sic), the infidel$ fted and shut themselves up in Etawa. The Sultan continued his maTch thither, und on the first day of his arrival some liuJe fighting took pl.ace. In the night the rebels aban: doned the (ore of Etawa and lied, and nc>et dny the Sulum destroyed it. From tltencc he marched cowards J<.anau j, and crossing the Ganges, he punished the infidels Qf Kanauj and Dalrunau, and returning wenk t() Jalesar, where he built a fortress which he called Mubam· roada.bad.

In the month of Rajab, a letter arrived from K.hwaja-i Jaban, who was the Sultan's locum tenens in DC"hli, bringing the information that Islam Khan wa.s about to depart for Mult:.1n and Labor, wilh the object of stining up a rebellion. The Sultan immedi;ltcly lefr Jalesar, and proceeded to Deltl~ where be held u Court, a.nd questioned !.slam Khan abou.L the intentions imputed to him. He denied them. But an infidel named Jaju," hi$ brother's sou, a blld ~ell.ow who had a spite against him, gave falae evidence, and Islam Khan was unju'sUy .:ondemmed to <!Mth. Khwaja:-i Jaban wu ma'd.e wll!ir, *'S:tbir lhe na:ut'S«l. ~and Adbaran." 1Irishr.a•s text h.u "Sanrndban ~:ahror :'' and the tranlladon ''Sinodhun..''

11 This ls the name ac r·vc:o by ou.r- text, and bf BW.auni and f!riJbCll : but tl\e T•bak•t- .4hban and the tnln•lataon of F!rUiu.a make U 8algt'Olll or "Bilginm." Set! Elliot'• Gtosaary, U., 290, ' '

1" f;or' "tho banb oJ tho BiyaJa" tht T•b•Aat.l 4.kf1arl h>J

"''£lawa.~ · "The text ha! f'Jaja.n." but the T~Abaknt-i Akb.:Jri sa~ j~jtr ,

W.bidl ·r.; confinnod bt FiriJbta, who i1.41 Haju, lhe It of which b • dear tn.Uukc.

STOJ>Il!S IN 'INDIAN l:llSTOR.'II

and Malik Mu.karrabn·l Mulk was sent. to Muhnmmada· bad ia Jalesar, with an army.

ln the year 795 e. (1395 A.n.), Sarvadhar;ju and Jit Singh Rahtor, and Bir llaiuln muluulda.m, of .Jlhanu· ganw, and Abhai. Chand muktuld4m, of Ohandu, bro):e out .in rebellion." "The Sultan sent Mukarrabu·l Mulk to put down this outbreak. When the two partie$ came in ~ight of each other, Mukarrabu-1 Mulk adopted a conciliatory course, and by promises and engageme•\ts; induced tlie .rais to submir.. He carried them witn him to Kanauj, and the.re treacherously bad them put to death; but Rai Sar (vadbarauJ es<:aped, and entered Etawa. Malik Mukal:ral> then r.eturned to Muhammadabad. In rhe month of Shawwal, the Sultan a~tacked and l"<waged Mewat. Having gone from Mubammadabad to Jalesar, be there fell sic;k, Just at that time intelligence tcached him thaL J3abadm Nahir had attacked and phmdet·ed several villages in the vicinity of Dch!L Notwithst:uld· iog 4U wealmess, the .Sultan proceeded to Mew at, and on reaching Kutlla, llahadur Nabir c:une· our to light ; but he was defeated, and took refuge in Ku.tila, Unable to

remain there, he fled and hid in ]bar. After this, the Sulto.n proceeded tO Muhammadabad, in order to inspect the buildings which he had there begun. His sickness grew worse. In the month· Rabi:u-1 awwal, 796 tr., he ~ppointed Prjnce Humayun to march against Sltaikha. Khokar, who had rebelled, and had gOt possession of Lahor. Just as the prince was about to march, he received intelligence of the death of the Sultan on the 17th R.abi'u·l awwal (15th Jan. 1594 A.o.); so he remained :u the capi~al. Sl)ltan Muhammad Shah reigned six years· and s~vcn months.

Stdlan 'Aiau·d din Sikarrda.r Shall ''Tm late ;SUltan's second son, Humayun Khan, remained for three days engage-(! in 'the duties of · mourning"; but

" Here tbe t.IS. is faulty. Probably a lc3E luu been IMt Ot passed· ·over,. What follQ.'!!• · )~· quo~; •from the Tabakat-1 Altbori, whloh b .generally ln dose .oc.ord With l:bJ$ wor.k.

STUDlES ~N INDIAN Hl$TOR'I'

on the 19th R..'lbi'u-1 <awwal, be ascended the thrtmc, with the approbation of the arnirs aml m.iJJiks, the sniyids and kaz.is, and all the great men of J)ehJJ. Kh waja-i Jahan '~as made wazir, and the various other officers WCJ'C

conl\rmed in lheir appol.ntmets. On the 5th J umada-1 :rwwal, ·be fell sick and died, after a reign nf one monU1 ilnd slxtecn days,

Sul!{ltl Mafm111d Sltah, yow1ges1 .<oil of Muhammad Shalt

"On Uta dealli of Sultan 'Alau-d din, otherwise known a& Humnyun 'Kb.an. several of the noble.~. such as Ghalib Khan o£ Sama:na, Rai Kamal Maio, Mnbatak. Khan, Malajun (?) Khawass Khat\' governor of lndri and Karnal, were about to leave the city and procee4 to theit respective terrirodes, lYithout ta~ing~k,we cf [.P~in~c) Mahmud Shah. But Khan-i Jahan rca:Yd of-their inrention, and.cncourgcd thent to rerum to the tily. on· tlie 20tb Jumada' l •:lwwal, by the elforts oi the amirs and maliM. and great men, 'Prince Mahmud was placed upon th.e tlu'one in the Humayun £lalace," and the title Sultan Nasint-<l din Malunud Shah was gfven to him. T he office of wazir w~s confmncd to .Khwaja·i Jah;ul, MukatTabu·l Mullc became Mukarrab Klllln, and was named heir-appcrenr of the Sultan." 'Abdu-t· Rashid Sultanl \1':1$ e.ntitloo Sa'dat Khan, and received the office of Bm·bak. Malik Snrang was created Sarang X ban, and rca:ivoo the fief of Dibalpur. Matik Daulat Yar, the dabir (secretary), was created• 'Elaulac Khan, and r<l(;Cived the oOice of 'imadu-l mulk and lcirizt of the State: Through the turbulence of rhe base infidels, 'the 'affaits of <the li€fs of Hindusum had I .filll~n Into coofusion, so ·~bwaja;i Jahan received the title of Maliku-sh Shari:: (King of the East) ; and the administration of ill ljindu~tan, from Kanauj to Bihar, 1\f~ ,plac!ld i11 his charge. .ln ,th~ month- of Rajab, 7Q6 .11.,

n"e pl-,l)cCcdCd- to H:industan, with twenty. elephant~; and "after ·~~wng ~c Tepels gf Et~wa, J<ql, Kalutr!l.-.kanil,

, "'Tho T<~bd!<'t-i ~blfri lltld ltad4llni ··agr« ' In lllfsi l>dt Ptrithta A)'S he- ,v:w rniUI~ "Va-Ailt14 raltnriWc fand' Amlru·t umara. n

STUDIFS 1N INDIAN fllSTORY 101

and the environs of Ka.nauj, he went to Jaunpur. .By degrees he got the fiefs of Kanauj, {{arra, Oudl1, Shadidah," Dalamau, .Bah.raich, :Bihar, and Tirhut, ipto llis own po .. ossion. He put down m;my of the infidel; and restored the fotl'l which they had desttoyed. God Almighty blessed the arms of l.slam with power and. victory. The Rai of Jnjnagar and the King of Lal:hnauli now bq,'lln to send to Khwaja·l Jah:IJl the elephants which they wed to send [a.r tribute] to ·nehli."

About the same time, Sarang l!Jlo.n was •~t to Dlbalpur, to get possession of the Jiefs, and to suppresa the rebellion of Shaikha Khol<har. In the month. of Sbh'ban, he proceeded to DjbaJpur> where he recruited and discipli.ntd the soldie(s and olliccrs, and got possession of the fie£ (iltta'). lo Zi·l· lea' da, 796 n., having taken with him Rai Khul Olaio ;Bhatti and Rai Daud Kamal Main, nnd the anny of Multau, he crossed the Satladar (Sutlej) neiu- the town of .Tirharah, and th~ 11iyah, Pro.r Dilhali, a.nd c-ame .into the country of Lll]lor. When Sliaikha K:hokhar beard of Sarang Khan's adl•auce, be abo collected hls forca, and :Utaclled the neighbourhood of Dibalpur, and laid siege to Ajodhl!n; but on being inforri•ed th.~t Sarnog Khan had pas.e.d Hlndupat, and bad sat doWJJ [against La.hor], he left Ajodban in th~ mght, and proceeded to Labor. On the next day the hOstife forces prepared for battle, and placed themselves in array at Samuthalla, twelve /l.os from Labor. Snrang­Khan obtained the v),tory, ancl Sbaikba Khokhar went into Lahor. In the night, however, he coUecb:d his wives and children, and Red to the Jud mountains. On. the• following day, Sarang Khan obtn.ined possession of lb.~ forl of Lahor, and ·giving his br9ther Malik ~ndhU. the title o£ '·Adil Khan, he lef~ him there, and hhruclf returned to Dibalpur. ·

ln the mon.th of Sha'ban, the Sultan, t.al:.ing with him Sa'dat Khan, went on an excursion to Daynna, Jeav·

' 1 Svtdllo. , " Tbis wu the bqJinning- ol the S/1drl<i dynuty of Jauop11t.

102 STUDIES IN INDIAN HJSTORY

ing Mubrrab Kh:\n at the capital, in charge o£ the ele­phants and royal famUy. When the Sultan approached Gwallyar (Gwalior), Malik 'Alau·d din Dlwwal, Mubarak Xban wn o£ Malik Ra ju, and Mallu Khan brother o£ Sar.mg Khan, farmed a. conspiracy 11gainst the latter ; but he got information of it, and sciting MaUk 'Alau·d din and Mubarak Khan, he put them to death. MaUu Khan fied, ,and took refuge with Muluu:rab Kh,an in Dchli. The Sultan returing from his journey, encamped near- the city, and Mnkanab Khan came forth to meet him. He received the honour of an interview, but fear and apprehension filled hiS heart, so he wenl back into the city and mnde ready for WRJ:. Next day the sultan, having plli.ced Sa'dat 'llian over aU the ,ami~s, mnlills, and elephants, ap~roached the 1wudan gate in battle array. Mukarrab ,Khan •hut himself up, and· the fight began. For 'three mQI\tbs t)ie war cootiriued, tlll at lengtl~ some of the Sul.tan's frlends took bim into the city, in the month of Muhnrram, 797 u. (November, IS91 A.D.). :But then the depbants and royal horses, and all the paraphernalia of government, were left in tl1e bands of Sa'dat Khan. The position of Mukarrab Khan was 5tTengthened" by the presence of the Sultan, and !l¢"t day he assembled th.e soldiers and bamr people, :rnd led them out in ' a sortie against the investing forces. Sn'dat Khan got timely notiC<t of the sortie, and drew up his men in thtl maidn.n. Sharp fighting followed, but M ukarrab KhatL was worsted, and obliged to retreat into the city, with hi$ men, greatly dislie:irtened. Still Sa'dat :Khan aiuld hot take the .fort, 'a:ird fell bn.Ck. He encamped near the haw..! kluw; and 1iriding the fortifications of Dl:hli impregnable, and tlie rainr seAs<m coming on, be raised the siege, ani! marched to' F·irozabad. He collSpired with the amirs, who supported him, to raise some one of thoowru of the late Sultan Ffroz Shah to the sovereignty, and'place him on th.e throne in Firozabad. Nusrat Khan; son of Fath Khan, son of Sultan FiroL Snab, was in Mewat. They brought him fot¥ard, and in the month Rabi'u·l

I I

I

STUDIES IN INDIAN ll:ISl'O~Y

awwal rnl$ed him to the throne, in Uu~ palace- of Firoza· bad1 under tb.e Iitle of Nasiru-d diu Nusrat Sh~. :But he was a. 'tllete puppet, and all the direction of affair& wa$ 1n the hands of Sa'dnt Khan. Only a £ew days had. passed~ when s0me of the old Firoz Sbahi slaves, and &om~ of eb.e cicphant·keepers, attached themselves ro Nasir.u-d din, and while Sa'dat Khan was wlSuspicious or danger, tltey- placed Nasi<u-d din upon an elephllnt, :uJd suddenly nttacked Jilin, before he could gather his friends around. b.im. Unable to resist, he escaped ,from the palace by the door of the harem. Some oJ his. soldiers joined him1 and with them. he lied to Dehli, and presented himself to Mukar<ab .Xha:n, by whom, a few days afterwards, he was u-eacuerously seized and lilted.

The amirs and molilts who remained in Foriubad, such ns Mul1ammad Muzaffar, wa.:ir; Shnhab Nahi.t, Malik Fad u-llall llalkhi, ~nd the old Firoz Shnhi slaves, all joined Sultan Na.siru-d din (Nusrat Khan], and pledged Utcir faith to him. Muhammad Muzalfa:r was made wdziii, and re~eived the title of Tatar Khan, Shaha~ Nabir became Sbabah Khan, and Fazlullah becam~ Katl.agb. Khan, and Malik Almas Sultanj received th~ command of the royal slaves. He became sovereign in Dchli and l"irozabad."

Mukarrab Khan had secured Bahadur Nabir and his adberenrs, and had placecl him in charge o( the forttess of Old :Dehli. Mallu was entitled lkb:U Kho:n, and received charge of the fortress o£ Siri. At length fights came to be daily occurrences between Dl!bli and F.iroza. bad, Mwulma:ns shed the. blood of e-ach other, and neither P,a<ty could obtain the mastery. The districts (.1hilck) in the J)_o'ab, and the fiefs (lhta:s) of Samhhal, Panipat,. jtuljhar, and Rubtak, w~re io the possession of Sul~;an Nasiru-d din [Nusrat Khn:n ], -while Sultan Mabmud held no place ex~ept th.e fur.ts above named. Th<' amirs and

41 'there is ~fly an error he\' e. Tlu~ ·true ven1on Is no '-• doubt lh:tz given in tl1e Tttbokttt··i Alcbt:ri~ .. lo Dchli Ond Fircn.ablcJ there wc:re two kings.'' . ~

'104- 6'1llDI£S 11'1 INDIAN HlSTOR Y

mali/IJ of the oul.lying terrirories (bnlad-i mnmalik) set tliemselv~ up a.~ rulers, at their own pleasure, and kept all the wealth and revenue in their- own brulch. Thin~ went on thus for three years. Deadly contests were of daily oCcurrence between Dehll and Firotabad, and of varying result!. Sometimes tlie men of Dehli had to throw themselves into their fortress, sometimes they drove their adversaries into the fort of Firozabad.

1n tbe year 798 H. (1396 1-:n.), Sarang Khan quarrelled 'with 1UUr Khan, mnir of Multan, and much fighting went on betweetl them. At length son:te of tbc people (ghulam) of Malik Mar.dan J3batti joined Saraog Khnn, and wir.b. their aMistnnce be gt!t possession of the district (shil(k) of Multan. Having nssembled a considerable force, he in the m.onth of Rn1nazan, 799 (May, 1397 A.D.), marched agnin•t Samima, and besieged the amir Ghnlib K.lian. When be was. no longer able to hold ouL, Onalib Khan A.ed, with a mall -party of horse and foot. to ·Panipat, to join Tatar Khan. i\.1 soon as Sultan Na&ir Shah (N U&l'at Khan) heard of this, he sent Mallk Nmaa, commander of the slaves, wilb ten elephant$ and a small army, to Tatar Khan, with orders to marcli against Samana. expel Sarang Khan, a.nd to 'reinstate Ghalib Khan. On the 15th Muharram, 800 H. (9th October, 1!197 A.D.), n battle was fought a t the viUage of KutUa," and Tatar :Khan gained the victory. Sarang Khan Red towards Multan, and Tatar Khan pursued him. as faT as Talwandi, when bl'! ~ent Rai K.amalu·d din Main in pumtit, and returned.

In ble month . of Rabi'u.-1 awWal, ·SOO (NoveJnber­December 1597), Pir Muhammad, grandson of Amir Tirnur, King of Kluiral53ll, l!rOss~d the river Sind with a numc;.rous army, and bid siege to Ucb. 'Ali Malik, who held Uch for Sarang Khan $ustained r.be siege for about :! rrlonth, when Sara.ng Khan sent his ••nib Mallk Taju-cl -dit1, and · some other amirs with 4,000 horse, to bi~ ass'ist· ~ce. Pir Muhammad, on hearing of their appron~. left U ch. 'and fell upon r.bis force at th.e village o! Tamta~.

u. See supra, I?· 97.

STUDIES lN INDIAN !USTOR\' 10>

on the banks of the Biyah. Tbe attack was nneXJX:ctcd, and .J.'ed!tance was unavailing ; many perished by tbe swprd, and many threw rlJemselves into the river. and were drowned. Taju·d din fled, wilh a small party of horse •. to t M·ultan. Pir Muhammad punued him, and Sa-rang f<.nan·, being unable~ oppose him in t.l>e field, was of>liged to shut himself up in the forlrw. The siege went on for six montb.s, and then wam of forage and provisions compcllccl Sarang Khan to surrender in the month of Ramazan, 800. Pit Muhammad made Sarang Xhan and his family and dependent., and nU the people of the city, prisoners. He also took possession of the fortress, and encamped rus army. there.

In tho month of Sbawwal, Ikbal Khan joined himself to Sultan Nasiru-d dh~ [Nusrat Khan], and a compact was made between tbcm at the tomb of the Shnikhu·l moshaikh Nlzamu·l ltakk wau-s sham [Kulbu-d din. .lhk}l.tiyar 'Kaki]. He placed tbe Sultan [Nwrat Kb;mJ upc)o ao elephant, and conducted ·him into the Jaban· panah. Sultan Mahmud, Mubrnb Kh'an, and Bah~dur Nabir, were shut up ln Old Dehll. On the third 4ay, Ikbal KlJ:m treachcrou.sly attacked Sultan Nasiru·d din (Nusrat Khan1 who, bciug unable to resist, fled, wilb a small party of tncn and elophanll!, to Firozabad.. J.kbal Khan pursued with hls force1, and aU tho elephants. fell into his hands. Th.e prince escaping to Firozabad, fled from thence wllb his family and dcpcnclcn.ts, crossed the Jumna, ;ltld went to Tat.~r Khan. Firma.bad then came into the possession of lkbal Khan. After this, fighting went on dally For two month.\ between Muknrrab Khan and lkbal Khan ; buL at length som.c amirs, interf<:fed, and made peace between them. Muknrrab Khan t~Wn entered Jahan·panab with Sultan Mahmud, and lkbal Kb.an stayed in Siri. Suddenly lkbal Khan proceeded with a party of hls Eollowen to the h.ouse of Mukarrab Khan, took him, and slew him without mercy. He then kept Sultan Mahmud io his power as a puppet, and himself directed all matters of government.

106 STUDIES IN INDIAN HIS'fORY

In the month of Zi·l ka'du, Ikbal Khan marched against T11tar Khan at Panipat: When informatio11 of this reached the latter, be left his baggage and materials o£ ·war in Panipat, and marched w.ith a strong force against Dehli. Ikbal KhAn invested Panlpat, and cnptnred ~c p!Jlce .in three day•. T atar Khan al&o attacked Uebli, but notwithstanding his efforts, he could .not t.,ke it. When he heard of the fall of Panipat, he gave up the siege, and l!ed with h.is ann)' to his father in Gujarat. lkbal Khan tool: the elephants, bo.rses, etc., from Pan.ipat, and returned to Dchli. Malik Nasiru·! Mull(, rclalion (karib) of Tatar Khan, joined the victor, and received from hw the title of 'Adil Khan, and a fief in the Doab.'• Ikbal Khan then devoted himsel! to afl'am of State.

In the .month of Safar, 801 u. (October, 1398 A,D.), intelligence came that Amir Timhr, King of Khurasan, bad attacked Talina," and was staying at :Multan, ·and tllat lle had put to the sword all the soldiers of Sarang Khan, woo had been l:;tken pdsoncrs by .Pir Mub.ammad. This intelligence filled Ikbal Khan witb. dread and anxiety. Amir Timur coninuing his march, besieged Bbamir, took the mi Khul Chain prisoner, and put th.c garrison to the sword. Front thence be marched to Samnna, an<l many inhabitants of Dibnlpur, Ajodhnn, and Sarsuti, Jlcd tn terror to Debli. May prisoners were taken, and most of these re«ived the glory of 'martyrd(>m. T.hert he cr·QSSed over the Jumna into the Doab, and .ravaged the greater l>art of d1c country. He made a halt at the t<iwri of Edn.i, and there he put to the sword all the pris.oners wh·om he filt<l tllken between t he riven; Sind and Ganges. in all 50,000 men, more' or less : Cod knows the trudt. Such was Ut.e terror to$pired by him, that Musulmans and Hindus Ocd before him, .some to the mountains, some to tbc deserts, some to the waves of the

~ff 'l;he rabaMl-.1 lf.kbrm· says. "Sain:ma u far m, tlu: :middle of the 000)1."

•• Th_iJ n:un~ ·ir $0 g{'•en al~ in tllc Tobaltat·i Altbari, and in l3adauni. • , 11 1 , .,,

STUDIES 1N lNJliAN liiSTOli.Y 107

rivers, and some to ·Dehli. Iil Jumada·l awwal, having crossed the! Jumna, he halted at Firozabad, and next day he took up hjs position at the top of the Hauz·i kJuus. Ikbnl K.harl' ·came out wit b. his elephants, and gave baule to Atn:ir Titnur in the maida.n. At the first charge, !he l>l~ defeat.ed by ,th.e wan;iors o£ Timur, and escaped .~ugh •1\ th<!>USand clillk:uJties Wfth nis elephants intO !he .. city. .But as lhey retreated into the city, many men were crushed under foot and died, and heaps of dead were left.. When ni~l),t came on, lJ<.bal Khan. and Sultan Mahm,ud,. leaving lheir ,wives aud dtildren behind, tame out of the city. The Sultan lled to Gujarat, and Ikbal Rban ct·ossed the river Jumna and went to Baran, Next clay Amir Timur gramed quarter to the city, and tool: the ransom money front the inhabitants. On the fourth day be gave orders that all the people in the city should be made pris;>ners, and this was done.41

Some days afterwards, Khizr Khan, who had fled in f~ar o£ Timur. to the mpuntalns of Mewat, :Sahadur Nai).itl, Muparak Khan, ·and Zirak. Khan, by the favour of ~ Tilinur, were admitted to an interview, but, with tlte exception of Kbizr Kh3D," tbey were all put into prison. From DchU, Timur tttumed. by the- skirts of the hllls, and made prisoners o£ those people who had remained in the hilLs. When he arrived at Labor, he plund~cd the. city, nnd be made Shaikha KhQl:har prisoner, with hls wives and children, and all those who bud taken refuge with him. 'I1tis Sh.atkha Khoklt:u:, through enmity to Sarang Khan, had early joined Timur,

'' Nlttmu·d din Ahmttd, who is qllntcd by Fl.rl!h1n, U more explicit in hb Tabai<at·l lfkl1ari, Ho ••p : '"rimur 1.7llntc4 qu,~rtcJ: to the people of tlle- cJty, Dnd appomttd a mu_nbcr of pe:r· aons tO< COl~c;cl lhe nmom-mooey. Some Of the clti~s, i-n«:nsc:d by llt'e hohhriw of the tollecton, r .. lttc<l •nd killed several of them. This da.ri.hg lndted the. !lnge.r of TimUT, and he gave orden to kill or: mako pr.iwnen the people of lhe city. Oo Lbat day mr.:sny were caplut'ed or 1lain, but l.t ltngth Timur was moved co pity and i.uuM an edict o( mercy."

'' ""Whom TJmur knew 10 be n saiyid and n goOtt tnan. ··-1't:baktU·i lfkbari.

108 STUDII!S IN 1NDlAN KJSTORV

and had acted as his guide, in remxn for which he had reccived mercy and favour. Timur granred the fiefs of Multan aud Dibalplll' to KhiT Khnn, and sent him Lhither. ThClL he .marched tluongh Kabul to his own territories, nnd orrlved at his capital, Samnrkand.

After the departure of Timur, the neigbbourllood of Oehli, and nil those territories over whicb. his armies had passed:, were visited with pestilence (w11bn) and famine .. Many died of the sickness, and mat\y perished. with hunger, aud for two montlu. Dehli wns desolate. In the month of ·Rajab, 801• (March, J 399 A.t:>.), Sult.:tll, Nasiru-d din Nusrot Shah, who had :Bed from t.h.e malevolence of Ikbnl Khan into the Doab, advanced with a smaU force to Mirat, 'i'here he was joined by 'Adll Khan, whO' brought ' (our tMpliaots. ~y craft be (Nusrat Khan) ·gor him into his power, and tocik posse$ion of tl\e eli!.ph:inu." The ~o-pJl! o[ the Donh, who had obtained deliverance fr'om the bands of the Mugh.als, began to rnlly, and he entered F.irozabad wic:b about 2,000 horse. Ochli, although ruined, came into his power. Shnhab Khan came from Mewat, with ten elephants and hls adherents; Mall!<. Alrna.s also joined him from the Doab. :When <t large force had collected round him, he sent · Sba.bnh K ban to .Baran to overpOI<er lkbal Khan. On .b.is '""Y· a party of Hindu footmen fell npon him in the night and killed ltim. His follower; duperscd, and the elephants were abandoned. Directly Thba~ Khan heard of this, he hanened t() ~ spot, and got possession of the depbants. His p6oWer atid' dignity inaeased dnily, and forces gatHered' iouna him,· while SultAn Na5il'll-d ~in [Nusrat Khan] grew weaker and w~nker. ·

In the monlh o.f Rahl'ul-1 nwcval, lkbal Khan left Baran, and proceeded wjth his army to DeWJ; the Sultan [Nusrat Khan] theo left Firozabad, and went into Mewar. Debli fell imo the power of lkbal Khan, and he rook up

"' Th.it i.s no1. sue~nfoncd i_n tbe Ttrbizkat·l 11/tbnri, pr by Gadauni. Jiirl&bta. confirms iL, but th6 fact doeJ not appear in the tr.tu~·JatiOJt.

SllUPl:ES. IN .INDIAN .EIIS'J'ORY 109

his .abodc in the fort of Siri. Some o! the people of the city who hnd escaped. the Mughals, cnroe back and rc$umed llteil: habitations. In a stlort time the forrt'ess of Siri tleeame populated. The districtS (shikk,) in the Doab, and the liefs in the neighbourhood of .the capital, Clllll4 intO the possession of Ik.flal KllflJ1 ; bUL the \CEri• tor.les in geMTal remained 'in the power ol; the nmirs ~nd 1tml!"ks who lleld Lheln. 1:hus 'Gujarat, and all 1~s dis­tricts ahd dependcncic!, was held by Zafar· Khan Wajibu·l M:ulk; the sllikk· o£ Multan', Dlbalpur . arid parts of Sind. by Khilr Kltan; the sltikk of Mahoba and Knlpi, by Mahmud .Khan, son of Malik-mda Firoz ; the fiefs (ikta's) on the side of Hindustan, sucli as Kanauj, Oudh, Karra ; Dal.amau, Sandi!<~_ Dahraicl\ , Rihal", and Jaunpur, wtte h-eld. by :Kbwaja-i Jalum ; the sltiklt of Dhar, by DUawar J<.ha.n; the shikk o.f Samana, by Gho.lih Kllan ; and the .thihh. of .Uayann, by Sha>:JlS J<.han-into so many portions were tbe territories of Dehli divided.

In themontb of Rabi'u-1 aw.wal, lkbal Khan marched to~<at& 'Baynnn -again.st Sham~ Xhan, wllo was 'at tho rown ''Ofi N\th o Bat:aL" A battle followed, and fortune (ikbal) fuvoured lkbal Kh.an. Shams Khan lled into Bayana, leaviilg two elephants in tlte hands o~ the victor_ Then lkb~l Khan marched against Katehr; and after exacting X!\Oriey and tribute from Ral Singh, he returned to Dcbli. In . ihe ~arne year, KhWllja-i Jah.'ln 'died at Jaunpur, and his adopted son, Malik Mubarak, became king in his stead, assuming the tide of Mubarak Shah, and taking possession of all c.be lief.s (ikla's).

, In , Jumada-1 awwal, 803 (December, I 400), Ikba.l K.ban again marched towards Hindustan, lllld· W!IS waited upon by, Shams Khan, 6£ Bayaita, and Mubarak Khan, [son"of] Bali.adur Nabir. He carried them with him, and in the same month be reached Pattiali, on the bank.~ of

" N11li wa na.uJI ; Ba.ilaunl con6nrts this, but wrttes Ptu.al , lmcead of .Batal.

110 st:UDIES IN JNDIAN .HISTOl/.Y

the black river," Here he encountered Rai Sir" aod .Other iufidels, with :t numei'Ous :u:my. On the fqllowing day a ba1Uc took ·pi !lee, and God, who defends the ~uhatnm:ldan religion, gave the victory tQ lkbal Khan .. The infidel$ ll.ed, and .he pursued them to the confines of EtaW'I. killing many, and making many priAonen. From thence he proceeded to ·the <futrict (lthitta) of K.anauj, and Sultanu·sb. Sbarlc. Mubarak Shah came up .from llilrldustan. The rivet Ganges flowed between the two ·armies, and neither was able to cross. Thi! state of ·afTain continued for two months, when each party retired -to his own home. On his journey, IkbaJ Kltan became suspicious of fMubarak Khan and] Shanu l;(ban, and having got them into his power [he put them lo deaU1.)"

ln this year Taghi 'Khan Tm:lc.chi Sultani, •on-Jn.Jaw -of ·Ghalib .Khan, amlr of Samana, a$Se1llbling a consider­·able force, marched towards Dibalpnr, against K.hizr Khan. When intelligence of this was brought to Kbizr Khan, he prepared ior the attack, and marched with a large force into the k!litto of Ajodhan. A battle w:ts fought there Of\ the 9th Rnj:tb, on tlte banks of the Oahanda. K.hi1.r Khan WlU victorious, and Tar;hl Khan Bed to the town of Asahuhar." Ghalib Khan, and other amirs who were with bJm, then treacherously killed him.

In the year ·804- u. (1401), Sultan Mahmud left the khittll of Dhar, and proceeded to Dehli. lkbal Kha11 came forth to give him a formal reeeption, and the Sultan went to the Humayun palace in Jahan-panah . • But tl).e reins of govemme11r were i,n th.e hands- of Ikbnl Khnn, aJJd so hatted sprang up betw~n' hihl and' the Sultan.

•i "A 1b·l .riyah, " o T cbc '' KcltJ"pnni. ,r B:ad>1uni end Firlahua ngree in aaylng .. Ute G:mp. ••

n FirisJtta agrt~M with th.e other :mthorlliC5 in rhlA n:1n1c, hut the transi~Uon says, "tbe Ray of Sirlnu.gur, (the ..:~ntient. n.~trne of Bilg:anu:n, w!llcb was :U Umt lime a prlru:Jpalily)." But see suf>ra, no~ 55 and 56, pp. 97-98.

"The nece$$;U'f words in bt:tcl:.et:s arc (r,om the TtJbaktH·l Ahbari. ·

"So In tbe MS., btu the Tabahot-l Akbari has "ll;lbudar,'' ond Badolml "Babu,har."

STUDIES IN' INDIAN HISTORY I ll

lkb!LI Khan again went to Kanauj, and took. the Sultnn with him. ln this year Sultan Mttbarak Shah (of Jaun­pur) died, and his brolhcr, Ibrahim Shah, succeeded him as king, tmdcr the title of Sultan Ibrahim. On hearing of the approach of Sultan Mahmud and Ikbal Khan, he marched out to meet them witb " large iorcc. When the two arm.ies . lvcre near to each other, and tbe battle '\'lU imminent, Sultan Mahrnud left the :u:my of l kbal Khan. on lhe pretence of hunting, and went to join Sultan lbrah.im, but Ibrahim paid him not tbc slightest attcn· tion, ~ he departed, and wcrot i.nto lhe kllilln of Kan:tuj. There he expelled Malik·zada H arbu:l, who bad held the place for Mubarak Shah, and irutalled himself in his place. lkbal Khan returned to Delli!, and Ibrahim Shah went to Jaunpur. At K.an:tuj all ranks of people joined the Sultan, and tltc scattered guards and depc11dents rallied round him. The Sultan himself was content with this iltto' of K.anauj.

In }uiQada-1 awwal, 80-'i H (Dec. 1402), lkbal Khan mnrclted again8t GwoJiyar (Gwalior), the fort of whith place had been treacherously wrested &om the hands of the Musulmans during llle Mnghal invasion by the accursed Nar Singh. When Nur Singh died, hi~ son, Biram" Deo, succeeded him in tbe possession of the fort. !.L wM very strong, and it was impossible to take it by a.ssault; so Ikbal Khan ret'Urtled, after plundering the coun.try, to Dehli. Next year he again marclied against it. The son of Biram Dco advanced to me.et lkbal Khan, and fought with him at the fort Of Dholpur, but he was defeated, and driven into tlte fort. Many of the infideh were slain, and during tlte n.ight he evacuated the fort, and 'vem off to Gwalior. lkbal Khan purscued tum to Gwal,ior, and after plundering the open country, he murneC! to .Dehli. Jn the year 806 R. (140S-4) Tatar Khan, ami•· of Gujarat, basely sei.t.ed his own father, and sent him pruoner to A.s:nval (A-hmadabad). He thctc

u Probnbly lh'ab.ma. Dto. nt ln the t.r.ansi11Uon or 'Firbl,ta. In the text of Firi~til it ~.s •"Baram." ·

112 ~'TUDIES IN IND.IAN WSTORY

made bilnself king- wilh the title of Sultan Nnsiru-d dln Muhamm.'ld ShAh. He collected a large army, wilh tbe Object of attacking Debli. On his march thither he was poi.lontd by Shams Khan and died. His father Zafar 'khan was brought from Asawal by night, and the wb.ole army submitted to him.

1n 807 H . (11M A,.o.). lkbal Khan mnrched against Etawa. Rai Snrwar.'• the Rai of Gwalior, the ll11i of Jalhar, and other rais, had rome there and were shut up in Etawa. The siege was carried on aguiust them for four months, but :~l last they gave trilwtc and four clcph:mts, on account of Gwalior, wtd so made peace. fn the month of Shawwal, lkb:d Khan pt·occcdcd C.wm 'Etnwa to Ktmauj, and fought against Sultan (Mahmutl], but the place was strong, and h.e could not take it, so he 1·~tumed to Dehli disappoint~d. ,

1n the .month of M'uhatl'am .• 808 R. Guly, 1!1.05 A.n.), lkbal Khan marched 31\".linst Snruuna. .Bahram Khan Turlt·bacha," '"bo h:acl fought ugainst his nephew the son of Sarong Khan," lied lhrouglt fc&r to Lhc moun· tains of ~adhnor." Ikbal Khan proceccled to the town of Arubar" in thetc mount.nins, and tbere .lmlted. Finally, Ma.khdum·tada Shaikh 'Alamu·d din, gra.nd.son of l:fanat Sniyid Jalal Bulth:u;i, interposed, nntl relying npou him, Da]u1tm :Khan call'lc to Ikbal Khan, and hl!kl au interview. From. thence Ikbal Khan marched towards Multan. When Jte reacbed Talawndi, Rill Kamalu-d dln arrived, H¢re he seizetl Bahrarn .Khan, Rai Dauti ltlamal Maio, ao,d .Rni Hiro.u [son ofJ Khu1 Chain BhAtti.~' Oh the thircl he Oayed .Bahram JO:i.anl ·and secutiog> rbe· others, ltc

" s.e .upm. Pe· 97-98. · u FirlahUl 5a}'l ftc W;J.S one o( the HKiihtuHtJdon ; Flroz;.shnhl,"

or J()tl of one of Flrpt Shab't Tm·ki $lnvo. · ... Tlle 1'a/HJkat.-i A ~bnri, BAdnunl aotl Flrbhta, all ~ee In

I;Ofl"<{, Q!Otc •lmpty Dnd intelli~l~ly, "who h•d fought •pinu Sa'rllng Khon."

" · ".Halhor'' :md "Ra.dtU" In the MS., ''Dnhor" In Ffrisbta. ''_Q~hnQl'" '' Ctoro t.bt: Tflba.AlLt·i , Akbori,

'~~•- Jtupnr ? . . . ;.. '\lUll' Tnlodat·i Ahbarl 11gT<<s <ssenclalty, but li'lrishlll Sl\)'1, • ,Kai D•ud, K'm•l llbattl, ond Rai Habbu,' ion of Rnl Ratl."

$TUPlES IN INPIAN HISTORY liS

carried Lhcm with him. When he reached the banks of the Daltand~, neJ•r the khitta of A jodl1an, he was met by K.hiz.r Khan and a laxgo army. On the l9tb Jumnda·l awwal, 808 H. (12th November, 1405), a battle was .fought between chern. At the first charge, tkbal Khan was dc£cnccd, and fled. He was pum1ed, and his horse fell upon him and. wo11ndcd hint, so that be could not escape. Be was killed, and his head wns cut olE and sent to l!alhpur.

Daulat Khan, Ikhtiynr lilian, al}d olher nmirs, sent a dcputnlion to Sultatt Mahm11d, urging him to take Lhe gova·nmcnt. In the month Jumada·l akbi•, the Sultlln left l<.anauj with a small Coree, and proceeded to the ta)>ital, where be as.~tuncd ll1e sovereignty. The [amil y and dependentS of lkbal Khan we.re T<:movcd from Dehll, and sent into the khiLin o( Kol. Dnulnt Khan was made {aujdar o£ tho Doah; and ll:.htiyar Kha:n received the gitt of the palace of Firozabad. Iklim Khan llahadur Nab.ir bro\•ght cwo elephants as no offering, and joined the Sultan. l n the month of Jumada-t awwal, 809 a. (October, H06), ·the Sultan went to K;tnauj, a:nd Dnulat J{h'an Wll$ sent with on =my to-Sa mann. As the Sultan approached Kanauj, Sultan tbrahim. threatened the city, and crossing the Ganges, sat down ngai!Lit it. Due after a time he retired co Jnunpur, and the Sultan returned to

-Dchll. As he pr_ocecdcd homewards, hls army dis~sed; the men goin,g olE their respective fiefs (1/r.tc's). tbrahim Shah (heard of the Sultan's retreat) as he was journeying homewards, and immediately rdurned to Kli.nauj, and there besieged Mahmud Tannati, who had be~n left ill command by Sultan Mab.mud. ·ae held out for ·four months, but wl)en n9 one came tO the. rescue, he o£ necessity . .iur.rendered. The fief o! Kanauj wtu then. •given to lkhtyar KhaO.. grandson of Malik Ya.r Khan .Ka:mpila.

Having pa55ed Lhe rainy ' season i,n Kanauj, he (!bra· him Shnb.) m~Che<i against Dehli in lhe month of Jumadn·l awwa), 810 n , (Oct9ber, 1407). Nusrat Khan Gurg·andnz, Tatar Khan son of Sarang Khan. and Malik

8

.sTODIES IN INDIAN RISTOR.Y

Math<\ba gltulam of lkbal Khan, deserted Sultan Mahmud, and joined Ibrahim Shah. J\sad Khan Lodi was besicg~d {by lbrahim Shah) in the fort of Sn:mbh~l. On the 3ecood da:y he surrendered, <ind the fort was given by ):brahim to Tatar Shah. From thenre ll>rallim Shah marched toWatds Dehli, intending co cross the Jumna al, the ford of Kiehn. But intelligence was brought to him 1hat Zafar Khan had conquered the territory of Dhnr, and having made Alp Khan, $On of Dilawrtr Khan, prisoner, he Intended to proceed to Jaunpu.c. StartiiJg from the forii of Kicltar, he (lbrahitn Shah) returned by regular marches to Jaunpur, leaving Marhaba Khnn wilh ~ small force in the fort of Baran. ln. the montll o~ Zi-1 ka'dn, Sultan Mahmud marched from Oehli ngninst Doran. Marhaba Khan cnmc forth to meet bim, and a battle followed, in which tlte Khan was wonted and drivcrl into the fort. The Sulmn's men pursued, and entering tbc fort they killed Marhaba Khan . The Sultan then proccrided to Sambhal, but before be came to tbe banks of the Ganges, Tatar Khan evacu.1ted the fort and went o£l' to Ka~>auj. The Sultan left the place in charge o.£ Asad Kltan, and returned to Delhi.

Daulat Khan Lodi had been sent against $amana, which, after the murder of Bahram .!:{han Tu~k·bacha, had been taken possess-ion of by Bairam Khan. On the lltlt l,l.ajab, 809," a battle was £ought betwcc11 . them about two kos from Saman.1, and Daulnt Khan was '\!ictoriou.s> Bairanl .Khan Red to Sirhlnd, but ·after a time, Daulat Khil:n forgave him and 'patronized ' him. l3airam Khan had previou!l)' made an engagement with Klilir Khan, and had ·prom~ed to serve him, so when Kbizr Khan lleard of the capture of Samana, he proceeded with a strong force agajnst Daulat Khan. On his teach· .ing Fathabad, Daulat Xhan fled across the Jumna, and ~<ll tbe amirs and maliks wh.o bad been connected with him joined K,hlzr Khan. He confided the shikk- o£ Hisat

d ·•rtu! Tabohot·l Ak.bori am6nns thi• date, but Firithla make$ it 810. wh.:ich ~tew to be the more eorreet. ·

STUDIES 1N UIDIAN Ji!STO.RY

Fil·ozah 10 .Kiwnm Khan, and the fi.efs of Samann and S;mnam wete taken from Baitam. Khan and granted tO Zirnk Khan, the fief of Si.rhltld nod. some other parganas were given to Bairam Khan, and Kh:hr .~'.han then returned to Fatbpur. Bayann, tbe Doab, and the fief pf Ruhtal<, were a\1 that now· rernained in the possession of Sultan Mabroud.

In the montb oi Rajab, 811 H. (Decwnbcr, 1408), Sultan Mabmud w~t to Hisar Firotab, and besieged Kiwam Khan 'in rlte fort. After some days Kiwam Khan made proposals of peace, and acnl his son CO the Sultan with tribute. The Sultan then t•cturned through Dbatrath to Delili, Khilr Khan, when he beard of this, marc.b.ed quickly to Fatlubad and chastised the people wb.o had joined the Sultan. On the lhh Ramatan, he (Khizr Khan) sent Maliku~h Sbark Malik Tuh£n with a nronl> force to attack Dhatnttlt, and Fallt Khan ned willl. his household into the Doab. Many of the people who remained. there were· pwtdered and made prisoners. lUllrr Khao proceeded ·through Ruhtak to Dchli, and besieged it ; Sulllln Milimud 'bcing in the fort of Siri, nnd IkhtiYJU Khao in Lhe palace of Firozabacl A scarcity of forage ensued, and Kl1iu Khan witltdrew across the J umna into the Doab, but meeting with resistance lbcrc, he re-crossed the river and marched to Fathpur.

In the year 812 H. (1409 A.o.), Baimn Khan Tw:k· bacba rnroed against Kllizr Khan, and joined himself to ;Daulat !'<han. On hearing of this defection, Khlzr Khn.n proceeded to Sirhind. Bairam J{ban sent - hj.s ~amily into the rno1mt.1ins, ;md. proceeded hlmscl£ with Iris Jorecs co join l)aulaf Khan at Ute ford of the Jumna. ~bin ~ban pt!fsucd him, ~na hal ted on ~~ bank. of the river. 13afr'am )Ulan having no hope of escape, ft,lt

'himself vanquished and helpless, so b.e went [and submit· ted) l<! Khlir Khan, who r.e.~tored to him his pargamu. K11irr Khan then returned to Fathpur. During this year the Sultan remained in lite capital, and made no excursion.

116

lu the year SIS H. (1410 A.D.), Khizr Khan marched co Ruh.tal:., and t}esicgcd ldris Khan in tlte fort. The war wen.t on for six mondls, but at length being reduced to extremity, ldris Kltan sent out a la.rgc swn o£ money ._, tribute, and his son as a hostage, and so making peace, be -bound himself by e.ngagemems to Kltizcr Khan. Afte!' this Khizr l<h.an returned through Samana to Fatbpur. SUltan Mnhrnud went to Katchr, and after hunting tbcfc, ll'erumcd to the capital, The whole business of the Staie was fallen into the greaten disorder. The Sulr.:m

·gave no heed to the du.ti~ o£ b.is station, and had nQ core for the permimcncy of the r.hronc ; his whole time was devoted to pleasure ·and debauchery •

.J;t, 811 H. (141l . A.n.), Khlzr {{ban _Proceeded to Ruhtak. Malik Idris noll Malik M ubnp1. Khan his brother, received tbe khitta of Harui, and were Jionourcd by [Icing allowed to kiss tlte feet." They received mn·ny other favours. A£tcr this IChil;l' Khan plunde.red the !own of Namalll, which wa• in the possession of Iklim Khan .nnd lhhadur Nahir. The11 he went . to Mcwat, and plundered the towns of Tajarah, Sarath, and Kharol, ancl

·having pillaged other places to Mcwat, he returned, and proceeding to Dchli, he invested the fort o(: Siri. Sui r.an Mnhmud was in the fon, and lkthiyar Khan held the pnlace of Firqzabad for b.im. The contest went on till .Ikbtiyar Khan joined Khizr Khan, who then removed ~(onl' before Siri, and took p~cssion of the fort pf Firor.a· bil'd. Thus he becaine maste.r of tbe fiefs of the Doab, :ind ~;>_f the neig~boui:hood of' the capitnl. · ·

A., grain and forage were scarce, in Mub.atram, 815. K.

{April, M 12 A.o.), he proceeded· by PanlpaL co Firoz· pur. · In Jwnadn·l awwal, Sultan Mabmud went co J<,atehr, nlld niter spending some days there Jmnting, he Teturncd to Dehli. On his way .home he was seized with illil~ in the month of Ra)ab," nnd died. He reigned,

"fl)Us dJowa chnt l\lW:r Kha)a llntl urumed yegal uate . .. Tile other a.mhoritics agree in sayill( ZL·l k.a'dn.. '

STUDIES IN ~NDti\1HUSTQJlY 117,

through all these · many vicissitudes and misfortunes, twenty yean and two months.

After the death of the Sultan, the amirs and maW:s, and royal servanu, pledged the.ir faith to Daulat !than. Mllbariz .Khan and Malik Ithi.• abandoned Khizr Khan, and went over to Daulat Khan. During this year, Khirt Khan remained in Fathpur. and did not go to Dcbli.

In Multarram, 816 H , (April, 1418), Daulnt Khan went 10 Katcltr, were R:li Har Singh and other rais- cnme to wait upon him. When llc reached. Pattial.l, Muhabat Khan, amir of Badauu, joined him. Intclligence was now broug)u that Sultan lhrnhim was besieging Kadlr K,han, ron. of Sultan Maltmud Khan [in Kalpi],•• but Daul:tt Khan had not sufficient forces· to nttempt to rcl,ieve him. In Jumada-! awwal, K.hirt Kltan led b.iJ forces out of Debli. and when he went to H:isar Flrozali, all the amirs a11d maliks of that country gathered round him. Siege was laid to the fort of Ruhtak, in which ldris Rban wns living, and K.hi:zr Khan passing near, went into Mewat. Jalal Khan, nephew ·of Iklim Rhan :Sah.'tdur Nahir, came to Vfollt upo!l him. Turning bac~ fr.om thence, he went into Sambhal, and laid the country· waste. In the month Zi;l hijja he proceeded lO Dehli, and posted llimsel,f .in front of the gate of Siri. At length Malik Lona a11d some partisans of Kh:izr Khan in the city­conspired together, and [gave him such asSistance that] he obtained possession of the gate of the ruw.bat-Jihanalt. When Daulat Khan saw that his position was desperate, he begged for quarter. Khizr Khan gave 1\im an inter· view, and then con.siguing him to the charge of Kiwam Khan, he sent him to the (ort of Hisar Firou.h. Khizr Kha~ thus : obtained. possession of Delhi op. .the 8th RitbJ'u·l awwal, 817 H. (23rd May, 1414 ~.o.)

Khizr K han " KH.tiR. KHAN WaS the SOil of Maliku·sh Shark ¥ali.k

" Tobollot-i d.ltborf. " The tiLle cf Stdlo" oc- Radshn.h ia not given to K.hi1r Khan.

He wielded tbe sovereign power, but he proless<d and wuh<d to be

.118 STUD~ IN lNXllAN BISTOilll

Sulaiman; who w~s adopted in childhood, ~nd brought .up by Malik Nasiru-1 Mull:. Mardan Daul~t." Historian• ~ccord that be "as by descent a saiyid. The chief of the saiyids, Jalalu-d dill l3oklutri, once honoured the house of Malik Mard:m with a visit, and when food was ~p1·ead bdfore b.i.• guest,. Mal ilt M:ITdan. ordered Sulaiman to wash. the great saiyid's hand~. The Slliyid said, "Tllis is a saiyid, nnd is nnfit tot such wo.rk as this". As the great chief of the saiyids thm testified to Sultaiman being a ·saiyid, there can ba no doubt that he was one. Another proof of .his being a salyid is, that he was generous, l>rave, merciful, coruidcrate; true to his word, and l<ind : these are all virtues . which were conspicous in the Prophet, and were manifest in him.

Wben. Malik Mardan died, Malik Shaikh his son ·obtained the fief of Multan, but he died scion after, and Malik Sulaimi!D succeeded •him. He likewise soon afterwards d.iro, a.nd .Khiz.r Khan then obtained Mullan, cantfdcl'cd the vicegerent of Timur. wh0$C t.avour he had gained by politic au,bmiuion while- tbn.t Cionquo:ror wa.s i:n India. 'To eompc.n~ suo for the w3:n.t of the tegal styfe, mme curious dUct are gi""CJ\ lo him, Jndi'aadve o( his fealty [0 TiOlW'· In c.he heading of thu chap. ter the wottb Btutd4gi rttylll·i 'all1 "U.tvfce or tlu: oxal t.ed (or imperial) Jtnndards," a,ra prefixed ta hia JUmtt:, ln other p~ag_ea, c:sPecl~U~ before bit attaining thC throne~ he'-' ezHitlc;d MMnad·i 'Ali, "ilw.X•Ited thlvne." '!'he Tobalt•l·l 4h/i<ltl atylcs ltlm Rayol·l 'nil, ··eX:~ltcd standards. '' Dadaunf pretm tltc Marn.ad·f ~,u. 'Fi.t;Jhta dOCA not CllllP.IOf. tl""" axpresslo<U, but ealls ·bi•n simply "Sn.lyld Kbit.r R1Ul.n. ' The Tnbnkal-i Akbari gives the rotlowlng cxplana.. tion, which i& ' quotcd by Fitl•ltta.. " 'Althougl• he ~lu · Kban) '!o«Julr<d, lbe dignity of sovtuelgn >nd the powm of ruler .• J1c pro-1~•4 b'!ll"'lf !Ubordlnate to 'rhnuc, He would .riot oltow himself u,· be!' ...,uea B•lhhtil• · (klng). but wliS addresled •• Jloy•t·l •ntl. AI the -bqrlh_nitfg-ofbii teign. tl~e o;n;s~ of TihJutf t4t.""'enfptclyed In 'rlu: colnft and Jo the k]mt.ba ~ sftc.Qvailis· lbc trn.rrte•df Slt:ih llukh was uJCd: but tu limgch Khiu Khan's nn.me ~\....! 1 Introduced in tbc khu.tbn, and prayc:rs tvere oflfrtd for tihn.." Flrl11ht.a n.dds. that 'to~ several yean ne cent appropriate: uibutc to Shah Rukh. As co Lb~ coins, aee T11omu•a "htbtm Kings, •· p. ~S.

u Tbo Tabahot-1 dkbari_, Badaun.l, ond Firbbta all agree thO:~ l\la!IJ< Sulnlman ·wM the ndopt<d son o( -Nasinl·l ~ftllk1 -nnd t.lle .eon· text a.e our MS. accordi. The achl:~l w()rdlng of this pwage, haw• ever, makes X.hitr Khan 10 be the ;idopted ton of Mardun, an evident ~or. whiCh one Utde word in tbc text wo1•ld •cctlfy, ond which l~ been admitted in the uansha.ttorr. '

STUDIES IN' lNDli\N BlSTORY 119

with ~IJ its dependencies, from Sultan 'Firoz ShalL God Almigltt')' had chosen him for great work and n h.igb ~tatum, and b i.s dignity iucreased daily. The events of his campaigm and vktories, before be accom· pUshed the conquest of Deltli, have already been related. On dte 15th Rabi'u·l aww:tl, 817 (80th May, 141-1- A.n.), he entered the fort o.f Sid, and posted his arm')' in the· palace of Sultan Mahmud.. The people of the city, by force ot late events, .bad become impoverished and needy, so be setlled allowance.s and made provision for thctn. By tbi$ kindness, dtey w~e all made ensy and happy. He gave to M:tlilm·sh Sltark Malik Tuhfa the rltle of 'Taju·l Mulk, and made .him wlllir. To Saiyiil Salim, chict of the saiyitl.r, he gave the ikto: and shi!tk of Saharanpur, and all a!fail:s were set in order. He gave to Malik 'Abdu·r Rahim, adopted son Qf the late Malik Sulaiman, the tide of 'Alau-1 Mulk, and he confided to him the ikla! and sltikk of .Multan alld Fnthpttt. He made Malik Sarwar govempr (shaht1o) o£ the capital, :1,\ld llls. loc~m lenen.r . when h~ was himself absent. Malik Khairu-d din was made 1ariz-i inamalik (mu.,ter• :master), Malik J'<.alu ltc~pcr ot the clepbilnts, Mnlik Daud became secretary (dabir). l khtiyar l<:hnn was appointcll Lo ll1e shikl< of the Doab. The Stare officials were co~lh:rned in the pargaruu, villages, nnd ihlt<' s, whlcb they ha(,! held in the reign of Sultan Maluitud, a11d were sent to look after them. Thus tbc affairs of State were all properly nrrnngcd.

In the year 8~7 n. (I•U4 A.J>.), MaHku:sli Shar.k Taju·l tylulk wns sent out with tl:tc nr.my of Hindustan, while ,K~il: K~an himself l'c<mained in tile capi'tal, 'I'aju:J M:IJlK crossed rbe Jumna, and went to tile town of Ahar. 'r'hen he crossed the Ganges into tltc country of Katchr, and chastised and plundered the ioftdels of that coumry. Rai Har Singh fled into the' mountains of Anw:tla."

U)..fS. !mlnvaci Aw..uala: Tabolud·i Akb6rl durrat tmwtt14: DarJaunf fang(i.lnnW<tltr. 'Pirbhta &a)'• timpty Lbe ' ' hQhi#ttfl " (mot,m .. taln•). Sco note infro, pp. 121 ·22 • • •

t20 STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY

When the army of Islam closed in upon him, he was helpless, and 'paid taxes, money, and cribuc.e (mahsul o mal o kltidmat•). Multabat Khan, amir of .Baclaun, came to wait upon Tnju·l Mulk. After thi\ interview, Taju-1 Mulk pursuit~ the col.!rSe of the Rnhab, he anived at the ford of Sarg·dwnrl, and there crossed the Ganges. H e cbastlsed the .inlidcls of Khur" a:nd Kambil (l:i.amp~). and passing through th,c tciwn of Sak.ina, he proceeded to Badl:t.-un. Hasan Khan, amir of Rapri, and Maljl{ Hamza h.is IJrothcr, 'cantc to walt upon hlm, The inlictols of Gwalior, Seori, rutd Chandwat·,'• brought Utch· money 'and taxes (mal o inahsul), :llld bowC(l their necks to the yoke of obedience. He w[{!Jited Jalesar from the po$scssion of the infidels of·Cb:mdwar, and gave it to tl1c Musul· mans, who had fonnerly !told it. He left his own officers there. Then passing aloQg the .Black river, he chasli$ed the infidels of Etawa, nnd returned to the capital.

ln tlte year 818 R. (1415 A.t>.), .Khizr Klllln gave to his son, the e.xalted prince. Maliku·sh Shark Malik Mubark, who was wot·thy to be 11 kin.g, the · khittas of l'irozpur and Sirhind, and alt the il<~~s of the late Bairam Khan. a-e gave him command over all the west coun,try, a.nd sent Malik Sadhu Nadira to act as hi\ deputy. When all tl1e affaits of that country were satisfactorily arranged, the prince returned with Malik Sadhu Nadlra, Zir'.1k Khan, ami~ of Samana, and other amirs and maliks, to t.fte capital.

In 819 H. '(1416 A .. n.), Khizr Khat\ sent Malik. Taju-1 with a great army to Bay1111a :md Gwalior. When ' the Malik entered thC country of Bayana, Mnlik Karimu-1 Mulk, brother of Shams Khan, gave -him a grnnd rcccp· tioll; From thence ltc pr<>cccdod t.O Gwalior and plun· dct·ed the country, ru1d having seized the .money aod

" "No\~ k1town 1J Shllnu:ilind. "-TclmfuU-i AkbMI. " RAprl, or Rapti~ and. Cband"awar are on abc Jvmnn a few

ml.le:J. belOw Agra, In a oountry full of ravi.na~ and ·well c:oPa.we of bc1ng defended by B ftw 1nen ngains:t thoua.,nd.s.-J!Uiot, edllion -of ~~~- .

STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY 121

tribute of [the Rai o!J Gwaliox aud otb.er rais," he passe<l the J umna oppos.ite Chanda war, and " 'cnt towards Karo· pila and l'attiall. Rai Har Singh, the occupier .of Katehr, wru~ submiliSive, so llfter raking the revenue and tribute from him, the Mnlik returned to the capital. Malik Sadhu Nadira bad been sent to Sirhind as the representative of Prince Mubatak. In th.e month of Ju.mnda·l awwal, ~orne Turk·bachns" of the family of Barinm Khan treacherously soc Sadhu into their power an<l murderee! him. They then. seized upon tltc fort of Sirhind. Khl.ZJ: Khan sent Malik. .:Oaud, the dabit (s(;cretary), and Zirak ;Khat), to pu t cloWn these rebels. The Turk·bachas Bed across the Satladar (Sutlej}, and esctped ro the mountains. Daud putsued then\ Lhithcr, and for two months carried on operntions in the hills. But their mountninou.l I'Circ:rts were strong, and he was unttblc to subdue Utcm, so ltc returned. While tlus was pa,;.sing, intclligence art'ived in the month of Rltjab thaL Sultan Ahmad of Gujarat bad laid siege to tlte fo.rt ot Nagor. Khizr Khan mnrchcd thither, passing between Tonak and Todah, and when Sultttn Ahmad ltcard of his approacb, lie· retreated towards Dhar. l<.hitt· Khan went to new city Jhain (.rhar·i nan j/uun}." and llyas Khan, amir o( Jhaio, bad the honour of an interview. R•Winf> repressed the dis· turbances in. . that quarter, KILi1.r Khan Tfturne'd to Gwallor, and besieged the mi in the f9rt. As the fort was very strong, he could not take it, but be took money nn(l Tcvcnuc on accoum of Cwalior, and lhen proceeded to the kl1itta of :Sayana, wb.erc Shams Khan Auhadi

I n n ·rc Tnbakal-i Altbart says ... Jua.vlnK tal:.<:n lhc GJ'c:_d tribute from the Rai of CwaUor."

" See .rupr11, note S1, p. lJ2. 11 The Td5ak.f1l·l Akbitrl h}'i, ''shtrh'f"rl tti'W•'Afltl }hrrin. ''

St:tdauni luta sim!'ly "Jabl\ban,'' .FlriJhta Ja):"$, ".shahY·i nafl1 known a.s •anu·i jalutn. · bddc of _ the WOrld)," and hi$ words 11tnw thnt he meant jalum. an not·Jhriin, r.hough he may bnve misunderstood the T411altflt·l A_kbt.zri. The dtle of ' 'bride"' Was applied rn n virgin (ort:re3,. See NOte to lhe Tran.ilation of lhe Tariltl1·i Fir(n SlutM ol ~i:tu·d d1n Bal-ni.

122 STU.OII!S IN ·INDIAN HISTORY

(amir of :Bayana) also- paid mone:y nnd tribute. After th.ii he returned to Dchli.

In 820 II· (141 7 A.o.), Tugban Rais and SWldry other Tt4rl:-bac/UIS, who h,~d clain ·Malik Sadhu, hroke out in rebellion, and Khin: Khan sent Zirak Klnu\, amir of Samann, with strong fo"e, to put them down. Wlten lte reach~d Samana; Tughnn, and the otlter Ttlrl:-bocluu, who b.ad besieged Malik 'Kamal Bndhan, representative o.( Kban·7.:tda Mu'azzam, in the fort of Sirhlltd, wcm off lo the mountains. Zirak Kl•an pursued t.hem to the town of B:ul." Hl'l'e Tugltan Rrlis consented to P.~Y tt fine. Be rxpelled the Turk-bacilli omrdercrs of Malik Sndhu fr(lm his IJu.od, and gave his sou as a hostage. Zirak Khan sent the youth and the money to Debli, and himscJC returned .to Samaoa..

ln ·.S21 11. (1418 t.:o:}. Kbizr Khan scm Malik Taju-1 Mulk _with a numerous army .to rc:press the rebellion of Hnr Singh, of l{~tehr!• W.hcm this force crossed the Ganges, Har Singh. laid waste lhe whole C()Ulltr)' of Knlehr, and went iluo the juugk of Anwala, which borders l11at country for n di~tance of ~wcnty-four kos. The army ot blam encamped nc:1.r tlic jungle, ~nd Har Singh being inclosed tlacrein, had to f)ght. The royal forces Wl'l'C vi<:torious, and all the furniture and baggage and arms and horses of the .infidcu fell into lhcir hand~. Har Singh Red 1ownrds the auountalns of Kumayun. On the following day abom twenty thousand horse 'wore scot iu ,_pursuit, whilst Taju-J Mulk remained stationary with bis army and baggage. Ttae forces of Islam aossed-.lhe Rnhab, nnd pursued r.he enemy into the mou ntains of. Kumayw1. Har Singh pres5ed forward in to the moun­tains, nnd on the fifth day the royal foces retired, after

u n~is name L1 given ~t Boil and Afar'l ill the MS .. :md bf Lbc Tolmkul·i dA/Jdi. FlriJhrn snyt " Pail."

u 111e Hindu name ot. r.hc. pmsent pmrlr:u:c. of RnhiU:hand. At ril"ll tho Muhnuunadan oonqne:TOn caltcxl All Lbe country to tbe eia:st o( the 0.1ng .. Korchr. btu subsequontJr. when S.mhhol and ;Badaun were t!'lada. $-Cp:trate go\·emments• Ute oountty beyond t11e RAmgnnga noly w .. called by lliRI naonc.-EIIIot. edition of 1849. p. 1'92.

I STUDIES IN INDIAN HJSTORY 123

having ~ecured greot sp<iil. 'faju-l Mulk then fell b~ck, and passing near Badaun, he crossed. the Ganges at tl1e ford of llajlana. l>f.uhabat Khan, amir of Bndaun, there took leave of him, and h.e proceeded <O Etawa. He ravaged that disttict, nnd besieged .Rai Sarwar," wbo held ic ; b.ut the :Rai offered money and tribute, and so secured peace. From <hence Taju-J Mulk returned iu the month of :Rabi'u-1 akhir t~·iumphant to Dchli. He there pre­sented the .mon~-y ~nd tribute which he had brought to Khi~ Khan, and was most gracio'!sly received.

In 882 n. (IH9 A.o.), Klli2r Khan marcheil against Katehr. FirsL be chastised the.- rebels in the country of Kol, after that he scoured the jungle.~ of the Rahab and of Sam.bhal, and overthrew Lhe rebels. From thence he proccede<l, in the mo.n.Lh. of Zi-1 ka'da, towards Badaun, and passed the Ganges ncar the town of Pattiali. When Mubabat !Ulan heard of this, his heart wns struck witlt dismay, and he. made preparations fo~ standing a siege. In tile )ll'?;nth o£ Zi 1 hijja, Xhizr Khnn invested the fort, an9- c;uried on the $iegc for six months, He wa.s just uPPn !he point of capturing it, wl_>.en he received in­~orma~ion that a conspiracy had been formed against him. by some amirs and mtiWu of the late Mabmud Shah, wbo had been overpowered by Daulat Khan. . Among Litem were Kiwam Khan :u1d lkhtiyar Xban. As soon as thiS qmc to liis knowlerlge, Kltizr Khan rni&cd the siege of Dadaun, an'd marched townr& Dch.li. On hiJ march, by the· banks of the Ganges, on the 20th Jumada-l awwal, 8~2 H.1 having c:~ptured Kiwam Khan, Ikhtiyar Khan, and other officers of the laie Sultan Mahmucl, he put them to d~a!-Q in punishment oE their treason, and then repaired' to,D!!hl~

lriformation wn:s now given of an impostor who bad assumed -~~ name of Sarang Khan. It ~p~ared that a mao QS$,Ummg the· name of Sarang l(hnn" had appeared

''See Jupr4# Nor.c 28. Our MS. sUH calfs ltim .. Sa()ir. •• and Firbhta here names him • !Silmbir. "

., "W11o d:l~ ·u. the dine of "Timur"1 lnvntion.'·-P.iritllHn.

STUDtl!S I:N .INDIAN !USTO~Y

io the mountain.s of Bajwnra," dependent on Jalandhar, and had given himself O\lt to be Sarang Khan. Many foolish ignorant people [believed him.. and he had a.s.sembled a party around him. Khizr Khan]" gave the ihta.' oJ Si.rhind to [Malik Sult:lll Slt:th] Lodi, and deputed him to yepress the pretender. Malik Sultan Shah, in the month o~ Rajab, proceeded with his own forces to Sil' hind. 'The pretender Sarang, with his rtJjtic adherents, then sallied forth from Bajwara, and when l\e approach· ed the river Satladar (Sutlej), the people of Arubar (Rupar) a4o joined him. I n the month of S,ba'ban, he came near to Sirhind, and a ·battle was fought. Malik Sultan Shah Lodi obt.~iued the victory, and the pretender was put to Right. He lied to Lbe town of 'l'arsari," .one of the dependencies of Sirhind. Khwaja· 'All Indarabi, ami>· of the town of. ]bath, with bis dependents, joined t.b~> pretender. Zirak .Khan, amir of Snmnila; and 'l'ughim, >"ais (cl\ief) o£ .th,e Tark,bachas of Ja.landhar, came for· ward to strengthen Sultnn Shah. Sultan Sbah entered Sirhind, and U1c pretendt:r Sarang lhen fl.cd to Arubar (Rupar). Khwaja 'Ali now deserted him, and joined Ziral: Khan. Next day the 1:oya! army advanced to Aru­bar (Rupar), and there halted, the pretender hav.ing ficd to the m()untains. While this was passing Malik Khaku-d din Khani was also sent with a stron&' force against the pretender. In the montl• of Ramazan, he arrived at Arublll' (Rupar), and there the forces united, and march· ~d Jnto the mountairu in pursuit of the imposter. Satang Kb.an'& followers were vanquished ti.Ud helpless, but the mountains were not 'easy of q>nquest, JSO the (royal) forces retreated. . Malik Kh!Liru·u dln proceeded to the capital, and Zi1'~k. lilian went to Samana, leaving Sultan

u The Ta/)Qhal·l Akbtrri il.tld Dndauni read "DaJwarn," -but .Eidmi• makes it "Macbh oaJO,"

n There [S An crldertt break f_n our MS. here, about n line being abs.enr. The fint tWO words are .su~kd by the cpntCXJ. ; 1he ol.hct$ arc !liken fJ:om the 'l'abohat·l Al<han.

"1'k<> T,•lxlhat·i Ahbnri ho• ':Lnhotl." Dadaunl and Firiahta do nor give dte _J\a.ntt,

STUDIES IN INDIAN HlSTOl\Y

Shah Lodl with a force i.o. posseSJ<ion· of Arubar. So the "royal army was dispersed.

ln 823 tr. (1120 A.».), the pretended Sarang Khan had a meeting with Tughan, chief oi the Turk·baduos, when. T ugban ttcaclterously got the impostor into Ws power, and made him prison<lr. He afterwards killed hlm. Khitt Khan .remained in the capital, but l>e sent Malik Taju·l 1\iu.lk with an. army ngainst Etnwn. Tlris army marched through Lite town of llamn, and came: into Lhc co1mtry of Kol. After .uppresslng the rebels in that qu:~rter, it advanced into Etawa, and there destroyeu the vi.Uage of Dehli, the strongest place in the posscsslon of Lhc infidels. From thenoo, lt .mat·c.b.ecl against Etawa, and besieged Rai Sa.rwnr;" who at length made peace, and paid his annual revenue and rribule. Titc urnty then proceeded to the country of Chnndawnr, wbicb it phm· dercd, and laid wMte. [t tl1en marched imo Kntehr, wltertt ~ai Singl), the possessor of that country, paid furtltc:r revenue and ttibucc. A,ftcr char, Tnju-1 Mulk returned to tbe capital. ln d1e .roontb 'of Rnjab, intdli· gc:nce. arrived tltat Tughan Rais had :1 5<:eond time broken out imo rebellion, :u1d was besieging t he fort of Sirhind, and Utat he had overnm the country lUI far as Mansurpur and Ball" Khiu Khan again sent Malik R.hairu·d din with an army to overpower him. He marched to Samann, and there united his forcelt co thoso of Majlis-i 'ali Zirnk Khan. Th~y then went in search of the rebel, but he being informecl of their approach, crossed tlte river Satladar (Sutlej), at the town of Ludhi· ~na, ,>md confronted the royal army !rom the other 5ide of 1!he river. But the waters were low; 01nd the royal forces cros.~cd. Tughan then fled into tbe counay of .Jasrill.b Khokhar. His fief (iilla') was given to Zirak !Qla'\, 'and Malik Khairu-d din returned io Dehli.

·rn 824 a. (1421 A-n.). K.lili1' &:nan ml\l'ched to Mewat. Some of the Mewattii joined bim, and the others were

1-, Stin "Sabif" in t,he MS., anrl "Suu '' In tho TnbaiUit··l A.Jttutri. •• See note 7.f, suprtl.

126 STUDll!S lN•.INDlAN HJSTOIW

besieged in the fortress of Kotila [belouging to] Bab.adur Notbir. Khizr Kh.an sat down against the fort, and the Mcwattis sall ied forth to fight; but they were quickly -defeated, the fort was taken, and they Oed to .the IIIOUn· tains. After destroying the fort. of Kmila, Khiu Khan marched towards Gwalior. On the 7th Muharrnm, 824 a. (18th Janu:u-y, J421 A.D.), Malik Taju·l Mulk died, and the offlee of ruazir w.u given to his eldest son, Maliku;sh Slln.rk Malik. Sibndar. When Khi7.r Khan arril•ed in Gwalior, !lis forces invested the fort, and over· r3n the country, After realizing money nod tribute, he proceeded to Etawa. Rai Sarwar of Etawa was dead, and 'his sor1 being unable to make resistance, paid his revenue ,and tribute money. Khizr Khan. was now takCI) ill, and returned to Dehli. o·n the 17th Jamada-1 aWWlJI, 824 if. ·(15th May. ) 421 A.D.), after reaching the city, he died, and .Cod in his m:ercy took him.

Stdl1111-i 'CWlm tua Khudaigtirt·i mu'auam Mu'a®m-d dunya wau·d ditl .M11barak Slinh." ·

Khizr Khan, three days before hls death, neminated his excellent nnd worl.hr. son IU his bcir-app.arent. On the 19th Jumada·l awwa, SH, with the approval of the amir.t and maliks," Mubarak Sllah took his seat upon the throne. Khiz~ Khan bciug dcud, the people in gcnernl renewed their vows of allegiance to his throne. The ami?;r and mali!IJ, the imam.J, saiyids, and /tam, and every one else who held appointment$ and emoluments in the lllte reign, were ronfirmed in their ikltJ's, pargantU, vii·

. bgcs (dih), parcels of ground (kali1• and allotments (maltdud), by the n·ew sovereign. He even incre;ued them

•of his own accord. The fiefs of the shikk of llisar Firouh.

"Mub;mk ShAh, lih .b!s tAUter, b l:n thio work nucly tAUed Sult:Ln. He is commonly .spoken of ~u Klludawand Jalum-pt:mall; "the lmd. t.lle ••ylum of tho WOTld... -

" D.r:ia:RJ {firisJua,. i.; 6l~ seea irt this a prOof- of the .inctCits& ~er of -Lht'! ariatocr.acr. : but lhc: :came 1·mru fiave been u~ed i9 des··_ ...

· cribiog: the a~io'n of mony of ttfubarnk Shah's ptede.ce&sors 1\ (iel ' • so no 1nference a.n be drawn from rhem. 1

STUDJ£S IN INDIAN 'HISTORY 127

and of Hansi were taken .from Malik Rajah Nadir ~nd t,<iveu to Mal.iiu-sh Sllnrk Malik: 8ndith, tllc· Sultan's nephmv. Malil:. Rajah reccived the :fiefs of the .1hikk of Dlb~lpur. News OQW arrived of the rebellion of Jauath Shail(tia Kb.okhar and Tughan Rais.

The cause of Lhis outbreak was, that in 823 H; (1420 A:n.), Sl.lltan 'Ali, King of Kash.tnh~ led his army into the count.ry of Thalta, but as J1e returned,, l'lc was encounter­ed hy Jasrath Khokhar. The Shah's army was scattered, part being srill in Thatta, and part having come out. Incapable of s~taining the attack; it broke and fled. Shali 'Ali himseU' fell a prisoner into the hands' of Jnsnth, and all h4 bugg11ge nod stores were plundered . . Jasratb, Khokhar was ;m imprudent rustic. Intol<;icated with ·vicuwy, and elated with the so:ength of his forces, he beg:m to hllvc visions about Dthli.. Wb.en llC heard of the dt.>ath of Khizr !titan, h.e passed l.h.e rivers .Biyah and Satladar (Sutlej), witll a body o£ horse and foot. and attacked Rai Ka:ma.lu·d dJn Malo, nt Talwaudi. Rai F'irox Jled before him towards Lhc· desert. Jasra:th ncx.t plundered the country, front the town of LudJ1iyana to the neighbourhood of Arubar (R.upar), on the Sutlcj. Some days after, h.c re-crossed the river, and proceeded Lo Jalandhnr. Zirak Khan withdrew into the fort, and Jnsrath Khokhnr pitched his cnmp three hos from the town, on tllC ban.k of the Beni Negotintions wcnL on between them, and tcnns of capitul:ulon ·Were agreed upon by both pucies, Th.e fort was to be evncttated and given into the charge of Tughan. M:ljlis·i 'ali Zir~k Khan w:u to take a son of ·Tughan ro wait upon the Sultan, and Jasrath wu to send tribute, and return home. On Ute 2nd Jumada·l akhir, Zirak Khan carne out of the fort of. Jalattdhar, and was conducted to J asrath Khokhar, ·wbo was drawn up ready to receive him wi_th h.i& whole (ora:. When Jasrnth saw Zirak Khan in his po;•cr, he forgot his promise, and cardully guarding him, carded him oft' ~ pxisoner over lh.e Sut.lej, to the town of Ludhiyana. From thence he marched on the 20th Jumada·l akh.irJ tc>

·~ STUDI&S lN INDIAN HISTORY

SU:hind, where he arrived in the middle of the rainy season. Malik Sultan Shah Loru cook refuge in the fort, and although Jasratb made great exertions, God guarded the fortress, and Jasratb failed to take it. When Malik Sultan. Shah's appeals for a,ssistance reached the ea.rs o£ the Sultan. he, notwithstanding the raim, marched om of the city iu the. month of Rajah, and procee.ded. towards SirhiJ;ld. :He reached • the town of Kohda, m the I)Cighbourhood of Samaun, anti Jasrntll. hearing of his approach, ra4ed the siege of Sh:lund, on 1he 2'7th 'Rajah, and retrellted to Lndhiyana. He l'elcascd Majlis·i 'ali Zirak Khan," who then returned to Samana, nnd jolnetl hi.s sovereign. The roy-.1 army then ad vanccd to Ludhi yallll. and Jasratb Kltokhllr crossed to the other $id~ of the river, 1•IJet'C he encamped in full view of Ut~. Sultan's for<!es. He bad got possession of all the boats, so the royal army was unable to pass. For nearly forty clays they thus remained posted UJ sight oE each ocl\er, until Canopus rose and the waters felL Tbe Sultan then :retired co Kabulpur, ~nd Jasr4th Khokhur, keeping to the bank of the ~iver, made n simil:tr movement. On the lltb Shawwnl, the ~ing sent Sikahdar T uhfa, Majlis-J 'ali Zira)o( lChnn, Malll<.u-ili Shark Malunud Hasan, Malik Kalu, and several other amirs, witli a strong force and sl.x clep1L1uts, to cross the river biglter up at Rupar. Early in the m.omlng they crossed the river by a ford. On t.he same day, the kin~r himself mat·chcd to the plaC<! wltere they had crossed. Jasratb Khokbar also, still, holding t.o the bank of tbc rive~.; advanced by a parallel march ; but when Jle hea~d that some forces had crossed the river, be was alanned, and cook up a· position four hos distant from the ford. The Sultan then passed with his whole army, and hastened co meet him. As soon as the royal (orcel cam.e in sight, the rebels !led withou~ fighting, leaving all tbcir baggage behind. The royal foxces put> sttcd, and many horse :utd foot men were killed. jatta~l\

•• Dad3.uh.i agrees tb"t he ' \WI relt.ued, but Firbht:a !lay; he eK11pe\l! Ttic 'Tabdot·l ,tf<bari >imply "Y' he joio~d tlio Sll!t~n;

STUI)IES, lN lNDU.N ffiSTORY 129

fled. hastily with some l.ight·horse, to the town ot Jalan· dhar, and on the ae<.'Ond day he crossed the ~iy:Ul. When the royal army reached the :Siyah, he made oil' tO the RavL The Sultan crossed the Biyah 3t the foot of the­h.il.lJI.,~ud reached the Ravi, near the town of Jlhowa. He continued his pursuit across the river, and Jasrath then went over the Janbava," 11nd p~oceeded to Tekhar,~' in lhe hills. Rai llhim, the chief of J ammu, was honoured in an interview with the Sultan, and he then tmdertook to. act .ns guide. He crossJ:d ·tile Janha.vn, nnd. conducted the Toya.l army to Tclchw, whith was his tJastatll Kho­khar's]" strongest place. 'D•ey destroyed the placr:r, and made many of thooe who bad there sougl>t refuge pri· SOI\CJ'S. The royal army then xcrired vic.torious towards L~bor.

In Muttarram, 825· H. (December, 1421}, the Sultan entered tbe ruined city of Lahor," in which no living thing except the owl of ill omen bad its abode. After a whil,e ltle S.ultan turne<lnis attention to the restoration of the city, nnd under his royal favour 'building was recommenced. He stayed there encamped by the side of the Ravi fOr nearly·a month, engaged in repairing the fon and the gates. When this wol'k was completed, he g11VC the ficl of Lahor to Maliku·sh Shark Malik Mahmud Hasan. He gave ·him also two thousand horse, and luviog made preparation for the maimeoanee of this force and of tbe fort, he lefc them in hls chnrge, and then returned to Dchli. ln Jumada·l akhir of this same year, Jasratb Shaikha crossed the rlvers Janbava and Ravi wilh a large force of horse and foot, and proceeded to Labo.r." •

" So )n ihe tcl<l : Dnd>unl hu "Cl1blnao." The Chlnob IJ -me2fll. SeC 'TtJrlfth .. i Firoz Shahi. ·

11 So In t11c text : The TabaAat· i AkbtJri h~• ··nJnnkar/' a.ncl .BI\~unid"'TaJltar.'' -Fir:istua says, "'BeecuV' but .nwuu is on the 'R..tvi. ~ ·

n Tt.Lbahat·i 'Akbtffl. n He cilh it Jh4hr!i mafm1m, ''Lhc; ba.ppy cl.ty"-:rathe.r :u

''~riaoce with his .(lCJcriptio.n ·of: it. "''ShiJhr-i maimun Afpbaralt..abad." The oa.m.c of lts rettorer

.hlttf thus been given to tbc: ''happy city,."

9

uo ST UDlES' 11'1 TNDI'AN ImTORY

.He pitched hi& camp near the place (tomb) of the Shailtbu·l Mashaikh Shail<h Hasan Zanjani, On the Uth Jumada.l akllir, an engagement was fbuglu in the mud fort (llisar·i 'kilarn), and l>y Cod's grace Jasrath was repulsed. The royal forcef came out of the fort in pursuit, but did not adv;mc~. ~~I<Y far,, so that tho opposing forcea maintained tl:lcit- :respective pmitiohl. On the next day j uratb ·held his 'giound, buQ on the £oltowing W.y he wei:lt down the Ravv. 'Vhere llaving .assembled the wis~ men· (''Uiaill11), hef on the 117th ·of the month, £ell back one ltos from ·llahor. Cl>n the 21st he· returned' and again attacked the lm;t, ·but the arms of Islam were once mdre: vktorloua. The assailant& '14'ere driven back and pursued, and Jasratb Tcuumed to. his armf' In this way for a month and five days fighting went on outSide the fort, but at length Jasrath •~aa.[coin'pclied [()<retroat towards· Ka.tanor. Rai Blii.m bad como into tb.o fort of K:lla:n:or, 'With' tb.e 'iil)j~ct of rendering assinance to he royal forOOI.· He tiad (already) excited the enmity of Jasratb; and when ~he latter approach.ed, constant figltting went oo, but neither party could prevail. So tile strife. continlJed ; but •ubsequently, in the 100ntb of Ramuan, they made peace. :Jasrath then went towards tne Ravi, and there he gathered together all the people of the territory o£ the Kholtbats­who were in alliance with him. Silcandar Tuhf'll now arrived at the ford o.f J3uhl with· a Jargc force to support Malik Mahrnud Hasal\, who had been scm by the Sultan .agaim~ Jasratb . Unable to resist these forces, Jasrath Red aaoss the Ral<l aqd Janhava with his followers, and procee<kd to 'Xe,khar." Maliku ·sb Shark cr<med the lliyah at tbe ford of J3uhi •. and on the 12th Sbawwa), he ,arrived at Labor, Maille Mahmud Hasan came tbrec ko,s oUI of · the {wt to meet him.

Previous · to dii.i, Malik Rajah, ·atnir of Dibalp!ltj Malik Sultan Shah Lodl. amir of Sirhind, and 'Rai- Firor MaJ.n, joined Malik Sikandnr. The :mny (of Sikandar · Tuhfa) marched alolJg the Ravi, and croS<ed tlla,t. 'river

" Hcl'C called T ellar.

between Kalanor and .. the town of Bhob. On reachiDg the confmes of Jammu," they were joined by Rai Bhlm. Aiter ellis, some Rhokhars who had separated from Jasrath, at !he river ot Janhava, were defeated, and the .army returned co Labor. His Majesty now gave or<lers ~hat ll(aliku-sh Shark Mahmud Hasan should go to the ~£ of Jalandhar, and having got ready (his followers), !lbould return and join him. Malik Sibl')da:l' was placed in r;bnrge , of Labor, and in obedience to the royal order, he proq:cclc<d with his anuy into the fort. lfu Majesty baviog recall~d Mabmud and the otl\er llrY!irs, removed Malik S).k:andar from the office of turt.tir, and appointed as his successor Maliku-sh Shark Sarwar, then governor of the city. The son of the Iauer succeeded him in the office of governor.

In tho year 826 u. (1423 A·.o.), His Majesty made ready his :•tmy, and deu:rmined co march towards Hindustan. I n the mouth pf Moharram he entered the cettitory «>.£ ~tehr, an!! colle<;ted the re11enue _and taxes (mal o mah.r1il). At this time Muhabat .Khan, who bad f!!lt

.himself in danger . from the SulL:tn's father IU>ir.r :Khan, was acbnitted to an in~erview and forgiven. From thence, the Sultan ttoS!ed the Ganges, and attacked the country of the RabtOl'S, putting many of the infidels to the :rword. He remained for some days encampe_d on tile Ganges, and then he le1t Malik Mubaraz, Zirak Khan, and .Kamal Kha:n with ·;, detactunent i,n the fort of Ka:mpila, to pnt down any .oucbreak of the Rabtors. The son of Rai $arwar, wbo had joined His Majesty. and had followed in bls >:;etinue, llOW took alarm and went off. Maliku-sb .. , 'S_9ark KhaiJ:u·d din Khnn was sent in pursuit of him ~i~·· ~ong ~~TC!', but could not C()ll)e up wi~h !lim. He, \t~"'~~r~ ,P.I~ndcred his . country. and ~e~nded upoJ?. Eti'-w~. '9\e SuiJ:lln ~l$0 marChed and JOlllCd .JPtairu·d di11 ln Etawa, when the injidel, rulb- o£ that ·country shut hiin.'lclf up in hl.i'fort. .But he was ·unable to hold ou t, and so this son of Rai . Sarwar ina de ius submission, and

•• Here called "Jamun."

I

1~2 STUDU!S IN INDIAN mSTO:RY

paid lhe revenue and tribute wbicli was owing. His Majesty then returned victorious to Uehli, where he arrived in Jumada-1 akhlr, 826 R . Malik Mahmud Hasan came in wilh a. large body of followers from his ftef of J~landhar to wait upon lhe Sultan, and was xecelved with. great distinction. The office of 'ariJ·i mamalik was taken from Malik Kb:riru-d din Khanl and given to Mahmucl Has;m. This worlby and righ t~ous man was a faithful serva11t of the SlJII.l\ll_; he applied himself· diligently ro business, and bis dignity daily. increased. ln Jumacl~·) ~ awwal of t.his same yenr, there was fighting between jnsratb Shai~bn and Rai nhim. The rni wat'killed, and the grcMer portion of his horses and anns fell into the bands of Jasrath. On ascertaining the· dl';:ttl\ o~ Rai :Shim, J:13rath ~nited a mihll army of M:ughals with his oi••n, ana 'attaCked tlie terri toties of DjbaJp'Ur and Lahor. M'alik · si~anditr i)mnctliately marched after hiln, bur Jasrath fell back, and crossed over the Jaohava. About this time imelligence arrived of the death of Mallk 'Alnu·l Mulk, amir of- Muh:an.

Accounts were also brougltt in, that Shaikh 'Ali," lieu tenant of the prince the son of Sar-'atwasb, was advancing witlt a large force from Kab~I to att.1ck lbe tel;l'itories o£ Bhakkar and Biwisran. To reputes this auack and overlltorw the accursed invaders, His Majesty placed the districts of Multnn and S1wistan under the charge of Muliku·sh Sbnrk. Malik Mahmud Hasan, an,d ~e sent him with ~ ~1\l'gc arm.y, and with all his family and dependenr.s, tq Mu)tnn. ,Witen he arrived tltere, he ;~to:~ tranquill}ty among th~ po}>ulation, 'an,d dinrib~l· Ill g. m ~ms, pcnSJ.ons, and a!Iow~. he made tl:ie people Joyful and happy. The inhabitant.~. both of the city and country, felt secure. .He repaired the fort wllich had been damaged in tbe struggles (/111disaJi) witli tli,e ~fughal&. and be collected a strong army around 11001:

" Firiatu.a ~:ays ''otte af tht nolllts or Mim Shah 'Ru,kh, ltho was cmbliohed at K~bul."

STUl>l£5 IN ll'IDIJ\111 HISTOlW

News now arrived that Alp Xhan," amir oE. DhaT, had rnai:ched against the Rai of Gwalior. His Majesty hastened thi..th.er with a large army, bur when. he l\l'ri-ved nt tq~ diurict (khittli). of Bayana, the s~n of Auhad Khan, atnir of Ba}'lloa, wbo h~d tr~cherously murdered his tincle, Mubarak Khan, rebelled against the Sultan .• and de~troying the fon, retired to the top of the hill. His Majesty sat down with his nrmy at the foot of the hill, and after a time, the son oi Allhad Khan, being reduced to extremities, paid his revenue and tribute, and pla:ced bii neck in the collar o! obedience. Hi.s Majesty then continued his march toward$ Gwalior against Alp K.b.a.n. T l'tis chief b.cld the fords of the Chambal, but anothe1· ford was accidentnlly fotmd, and the royal ~r:my passed over. Malik. Mabmucl Hasan and some other amlr:r, an~ the Mewatlis, and Nusrat. Khan, with their horse and {oot, plundered the baggage o~ Alp Khan, and brought many of ht~ mm, both · b.orse and foot, back as p.ri.spners. H.is Majesfy considering tha t both partie! w~re Musulmans, ·spared the lives. of ·the prisoner;~ and .. set them free. Next day, Alp Kbnn sent messengers to ai~ Majesty to make proposals of peace. The Sultan seeing that 'be was reduced to a state of impotence, consented to makt peace, on conditiO(! of Alp ·Khan sendinw in tribu te and retiring from Gw:tlior. On the following day1 Alp .Khan for"larded his tribute, and marched back towards Dnnr. 'His Majesry tem':uned for some rime encamped on the banks of tbe Chim\bal, levying revenue and taxes from the inlid.e!S of ' the negbl>ourhood according to old custom, after wltich he returned to DehlJ, where be arrived iii :Rnjltb, 827 H., md devoted himself to the business of the State.

ln ' Muharrarn. 828 Ii. (Novemer, 1.424), .H.is Majesty resolved on going to .Karehr. On reaching t.he banks ol

" OW' MS. •nd •BocLumi give· du: nome as "Alb (Alp) llb.on, but thQ Tabllhdt·i Altbi rl has "Alaf Khan•• .(whfdl is a ·common crrw fo:r "Oiugh K.hatl'.-,, aru1 adds ltu\t he w:u .kn·ovrn :u "Sultan .f!uahang," Flti<ht~ calls .him, ."Sultan Elu<honj;, prince (waiQ ot M:Uwa,''

IU STUDIES IN iNDfAN BISTO.llY

!he Ganges, 'Ral Har Singh came 1;0 pay his respcc~S, and was received wilh great condescension ; bu t as he bad not paid his toxcs (lnahml) for lhree years, he was detained for a while." The royal army !hen crossed the Ganges, and .having chastised !he ~ecusantJ of the neigltbourhooa, · J]fOCeedcd ' to the hills of Kumaytin. ' Titere it stayed f6r a pme, but when the weather became hot, ' it tnllrched li~mewards by the lianb of the :Rahab. Crossing the GB,nges at 'Gang, 'the intention was to ,mardl to Kanauj : but there ·was a terrible famine in lhe citieS of Hindus tan, ap.d cOO$equcntJ.y the army advanced no ,farther. News was brought that the Mcwattis had broken out into rebellion, so the Sultan marched into Mewat, whWt ht f!lyaged and laid waste. The Mewattis hAving driven off alf ,the •J(.~pulati~n," [~ok icfuge ln rt"C mountains Of") J_a/p'a, ':'.~cb was, thel~ great •tronghold. Tb1s ~l~ce . was IJ1lpregnable, and gram and fodder were scarce, s-o the Sultan returned to Dehli. :He arrived there in lh.e momli of Rajah, and took up his abode in !he palace. The amir.r and maliks were dismissed to their own estates, and the Sultan gave himself up to relaxation and pleasure.

In 829 H. ~November, 1425), he' again marched against Mewac. Jallu and Kaddu," grandsons of Baha· dur Nahir, and •everal Mewattis who had joined them, laid waste their own terri.tories, and rook up a position in !he mountain~ of Andwar. They were attacked for ~~tVeral days by the royal fprces, who drove them out of' Aildwnr, an'd tbep. !hey went to lhe mpunt~ of Alwar. Next day His. /lfajesty ·c~.estroy.ed lhe fortified p<>St . o!. Andwar, and .march~ 'ag~st Alwllf., When Jallu anij

.,. The Tn~•kat·l Altbari ia rnore exolict[ : 1'ln oon~ucoce Of !he b~lantes due ror lhrce , . .a.... he ,;.. kep't lor lome . d•)'S in COnfinement : but then ha.vfng pa!d tht money; he wa.a. set .at libe~y." · • ··~aving liid Wilte and depopnhue'd Lbaf:r country."-Tai!\Jh<it·i AlilxrH.

"Taliiii<P.J·i dk~ri· " The Tabdiat-1 Akbali ond 'Fbishta •P.;,• In "'""' ·,;a'ilt~.

For the 6rsc of these names our MS. gives • Khalk. ''

ST.IJDlllS :.tN dNDJ...\N li!STORY 155

Kaddu posted tltemselv.S there, the royal forces followed them. At length they were reduced to distress, and were compelled to surrender. His Majesty granted them quarter, and .af terwards graciously gnve Kaddu a <OO!ption. ' '

••• "The Sul tan having wasted the countTy of Mewat, returned home. Fourteen monthl alterwarcl.$, on t11e lith Multarr.un, 880 ll. (12th November, 1426 A.D.), he proceeded to Mewat, and aflet 'j)unishing the dJ.salfected in that quarter, he marched to .Ba:yana. Muhatmuad K:han, son of Auhnd Khnn, ruler of .Bayana, retired to the top of the hill, and for sixteen days kept up h is resi•tancc. Some of .bJs men joined the Sultan, and when be could no longer hold out, he came forth from the fort in tl;e month of .Rabl'u·l al:hir, with a TO~ Tound !tis neclc, and made his submission. The horses and arms and good• o~ all sorts which were in the fon, be offered as tribute. By order of the Sultan, his famJly and dependents were brought OUt _of the fortress and re'nt to Dehli. Bayana w.U givan to Mukbil Khan. Sikri; whith is now known a~ Fathpur, was entrusted to Mnlik R:hairu'd a!n 'Tub&. His Majesty then proceeded towards Gwalior. Tlie :Rai of Gwalior and [lh<t .Rai$] of Bhan!Pr nnd Chandawar, made nl) rcslsrance, bur paid their reven ue. according to the old rule.

"The Sultan returned to Dehli .in the month Jumada·l awwaL He then changed the territory o~ Mahmud Hasan, giving him charge o£ Hisar Firotah, and trans­,fcrring Mulran to Malik ltajab Nadira. Muhamm.ad Kl)an [son of Au bad Khan] h;•ving escaped with his family, <fled to Mewat, where severo! o£ bJs scattere\:1 fOllowers rejoined him. There he learnt that Mn.l\k Mulc.b.il [the

;, Tho Tabohnt·i AIW4r1 and Firi•hta ogroe iu .. yiug tltJ.t :be (or th.:y) wert! !mpri.!oned.

1"\ :tile 'MS. 11 deficient nO mt!ntlo'n ot· the )'eAT 8!\0, A hu:unR OCXU!$ jns,t at 'hia pol.nt~ ~s evid¢tu;cd, by the abrnp1 ~o;ording nf the ~fS.. and by the omf:ufon of all account o~ ccru.iu cventt Te<ordcd by other· , writC)lJ, What follows,. mukcd by in9orll'tl commas, is taken from ihc Tabnhal·i Jtk'bari.

STUDiES IN INDIAN EIJSTOR Y

governor) bad marched Witl\ his <lrmy tow<lrds Mahawan, leaving Malik Khairu·d din Tuhfa in the fort, anll the town empty [of soldiers]. Muhammad Khan seitr.d the opportunity, and being supported by several uzmindars of Bayana, he went there with a ·sm.nll force. Most of the people of the town e,nd country joined him. Unable to hold the fort, Malik Khairu-d ditt capitulated, and went to Dehli.

"Mubarak Shah then gave Dayana to Malik MubarU, and sent .him against Muha.nunacl Khan. The rebel shut bin)self up ill the fort, and Mubnrit took possession o~ the country and began to .manage it. Muhammad Khan then left n p:u-ty of his adherents in thl' forr, wlill!' he himself . escaped, and ~vith all speed went to join Sultan lbrahim S!w'ki. Sul[<\n Mubarak Sbab summoned Malik Mu~arit to hi~ Pt~senc.c ~ aC1;0UJ1t for ~c escape of Muhpmmad Khan, pnd mar~ed, in pcrsoru.g;tinst .B:\yana. On his way, a letter reached biro from Kadir Khan, the governor of Kalpi, informing him that Sultan Ibrahim Shnrkl was coming up against Kalpl with a strong force. The Sultan therefore deferred his march to Ba,Yana, and turned to meet Sultan Ibrahim Sharki. Meanwhile the fo1·ces of Sharki had attacked tb.e town of Bb.u.kann,>t• <1ud were marching upon :Saclaun. Sultan Mubarak Shah. then crossed the Jumna, ancl attacked the village of Haroli, one of the well-known places of Mawas. From thence he p~ocecdcd to Atroli."

His Majesty was now infonncd that Mukhtass /(han, brother of Sharki, .had entered ln~o the territory. of Etawa with a Jargc army. and m.any. clephant:s . . He immediately nnt olE Maliku·sb. Shark M~lunud Huan, with ten .thousand brave and experienced horsemen, against Mukh· tass Khan. The malik marched with this force, and came ro the place where the Sharki army was encamped. When ~ul;btns.J Khan heard of his ~ppmach, he retreated, and join~d [Ibrahim Shah] Sbarki. Malik Mahmud Hasan

a•'~ f-irishla agrees w,lt.h this reading, bu~ ·BQdauui hM llhUn· kannn.

O'TUDli!S IN INDIAN HISl'ORY

rc•nained there ><>me days, seeking to take hi.-> opponents unawares ; but they we.t:e on the alert, and he c:ou ld DOt fll\d an opportuniry. He then renu:ned -and joioed his ·own arm:y. "' [Ibnlhim Shah] Sbarki now advanoed a~ong the banks of the Bl~p..w.1terJ." to llurhnnab~d, itt lhe di~trict of Etawa. Hi& Majesty marched ilgains1. him from Atroll, and arriver at the town of Payirt-kor.al\,10

' .vhere the two armies were only a short di$tance aparL When Slla.Yki saw 1.be mab'llificence and the bravery of His Majesty, and 1.bc strength of his anny, lie retreated in the month ' of Jumada·l awWal, and went towards Ute town u[ Rnpri. Tb.cre he crossed the Jumna to Gochang, and. mar~hil'ig on, he ·encamped on the river of Katehr. His Majesty crossed the Jumna at Cbandnw;u- in pursuit, and encamped £our kos distant .from the enemy. The royal skirmishers made conStant attacks upon all points, nnd tltl:ricd off prisoners, cattle, and ho>·scs. About twenty days passed in this manner, the two nonies being i n. cl011e prt>>~-imiry. On l.he ' l7lh Jumada•l akhir, Shnrki , drew l<p ;all his lorces, horse and ·foot and elephants, in battle urray. Ells Majesty, Malikn"Sli Shark Sarwa-ru·l Mulk, Saiyid Salim chjef of the .srtiyid.r, and several other great amirs, remained in the camp in. safety, and some others were sent against the enemy. such as Maliku-sh Shark Malik Mabruud Hasan, and Khan-i 'azam Fath Khan son of Sultat1 Muzaff-J.r, Majlis-i 'ali Zirak Kh.an, Maliu-sh Shark SultJUl Shah. who had lately tceei.vcd the title of of lslnm Khan, ~blik Jamnn, grandson of the late l<.han-i Jahan, Kalu Kh;ull, maste~· of the elephnnu, Mnlik Ahmad T uhfa, an,d Malik Mukbll K.ban. The batde began and 'went on from midday till evening; but aa night £cll, the ~lnbatarit.s withdrew to their respective pe»itions. Neither side turned their backs, but remained fighting till the k!r. T-hel'e were many wounded in the army of Sharki,

"' Titat is, the royal army. UJ ''A'b·i si'jl1h.n meaning tbe Kalinad.l. tw The ·robah~at~t &h.bari ti~ ·~l·kona." ' ond l'lrts.Jua

"Malikota. ' ' '

IBS S't<ODlES .IN JNDIA.N HISTORY

so thao when. ncxn day he saw the mength o£ the royal forces, , he retreated towards the Junma. On . the 17th Jwnada:J akhir, he crossed from Gudraug to Rapri, and from tbeoce marched to b.is own conDO')'. The Sultan pursued him to Gudrang; bon .as the combatants on both

. side wer.e JMu.rolmans, His. Majesty yielded to the inter· aeuion o£• ,his no.bles, and gave up the pursuit, He \IAcn• JIUnrcbed to I4:ath-kant, whe.re be took rcveuue anll taxes and tribute, according ro old custom, from the Rai (){ Gwalior, and other rnis. Turning homewards, he .proceeded along the Cbrunbal, and entered Bayana. Mubrunmad Khan Auhad! had joined Sharld, and consequently being n.frnid, he shut himself up in lhe fo.rt. The Sultan invested the fort, 'vhkh was very lofty knd strollg, and was deemed impregnable. But the garrison was unable to ,make a successful de£enceJ their lunds wer.e •poweF!css against the,oamila.nts, -and their, Jeec we.(e unable· to O.ee. So they were compelled to capitulate and ask for mercy. His Majesty, full o£ royal mercy and compnssion for Mmulmans, forbore to punisli Muhammad K.han, and granted him forgiveness. He directed his fO!'CCS to remove from the fort, and on the 261h Rajab lie =chM out with hi$ followen, and went of towards MewaL His Majesty remained there for some day' to

·•et in order the wasted dty; tbcn lie took e!l'ectual <'are to preserve the district and fort(es.s, by apf.ointing as their governor Malik Mahmud, who ltad eldtibitcd gTtat J'~s.olution and. loyalty in Lh.e government and protection 1:1f :p&ov[[\ces, :md )lacl successfully accomplished many great duties. Thus, in th.t:t . beginning of the reigu, he lmd fought against Jasrath K.hokhar; a11d when he held tb,e command at Labor, he luld successfully con ten!lcd against. ·the ptince:<leputy of the Prince of Khura.an,"' and had prevent~d him from coming to Multan. He was now appointed to command the fort of !!ayana, ancl to manage the territory, and that ikttt afld all its dependencies were ;placed under nis ·charge.

m Tbc general of Shan ltukh.

5'I'UDIES lN JNDIAN IDSTORY IS9

His Majeny then departed homewards, and proceed· ing along llie banks of the Jumna, he reached Dehli on the 15th Sha'ban, 831 a. (-80th ·A pril, H28 A.D.), and> cook up Ws residence in Siri. Then dismissing the amin ;..nd mdtlks' to their fiefs, he gave him~lf up to pleasure anq ~!l.i6.yment. • • • In the month of Shawwal, be seized 1C1idd~ thei M=atti, for ILwing allied llimu:l£ to Sultan tlbr.ihim Sharld], and for baving kept up a correspondence Mlh him : after\vards he ·Md him put to death ·privately. HiS Majesty the.n !l<!ni Mali~ ·sarw:rru·l Mulk with an army to Mewat, to repress· the turbul~ of the people and settle the country. The inllllbitants laid waste several of their town.< and vi)lages, places nourishing In the desert, and then retreated into Lb.e mountains. Ja1al Kh:ut brother of Malik Kaddu, and some other ch ien, including Ahm.nd Khan, Malik Fakhru-d din, and several other tn<llik$ related to them .• collected all their horsemen and footmen, and assembled in. the fort of Alwar. When Malik Sarwaru·l Mull: sat down against the fori, the liisiege<l ·saw fbJit· it was hopeless to resist, so tbcy made J?topows for peace, . engaging to give. hostages Cor the payment o£ their n:\lenoe. In accordance with this engagemcm, having- received tire revenue (mal), taxes (tnllltsui), and hostages, SaYWru:u·l Mulk rctur.ned with his arniy to Dehli.

in the Illonth of il·l ka'da, intelligence was brought that J asrath Kl'aokhar had be$1eged the town of Kalanor. Maliku·;h Shark Malik Sikandar Tubfa matthed from Lab.or to relieve the place ·, but Jasrath, quitting his ,p9Sition before Kalanor. advanced some kos ro meet him. ?': .b~~e followed, in wh\tb Jamltlt was victoriotb; M'lilik S:ikandar retreated with his forces to 'L:llior. Jau~tb Jlas§ilig, by KalanQ\', croSS<!d the .Biyab, and ·a(bCked Jalanahar ; 'b ut the place was strong, and' he was unabl~ to take it, so lie retreated to K.alanor, carrying off the peot>le· ot the h'eighbo'!thood as prisonezs. When His Majesty was informed of these occurrences, he ordered iliirak 'Khan, arilir o£. Somana, .and Islam Khan, amir of

140 STUJ>ttS IN INDIAN HISTOllY

Sirblnd, to unite theit· forte$ and advance to reinforce Malik Sikandar. .But before they reached Lab.ot·, MAlik. Sika:ndar had gone to Kalanor, and there unititlg with bis own forces all the horse and foot belonging to Rai Ghallb of tha~ tOwn, he marched after Jamth, and met him near .Kangra. on the banks o~ the Biyah. noth armies drew ·up in battle array, :rnd the ·fight began. The forces o! Islam were yictoriou&. Jasrath being defeated, all tlle spoib· which he bad gained at Jalnnd.har fell into the hands of the victors, and he retreated to Tekbar. Malik Sikandat than returned to Labor.

1n Muharrrun, 832 IJ, (OctObf:l', 1428 A.D.), Maliku·Sh Shark MAhmud Hasan h?-ving sttppt'CS!Cd the rebclllon which M ubammad Khan Auhadi had stirred ·op among the infidels ot. :Bayau~. he q,uitte<l Lll~t district and went to wait 11pon His Maj~~ty. in' Dehli. He was received with great favour, and the 'net of 'liisar l'lrozah was grn.nted tO him.

,ais Majesty detct:minecl to march into the :mountains cf Mewat, and the royal camp was pitcned IlL the tOp of the Haur-i i<hass. The amit·s and m(Jiif<l from all pans oE th~ country joined. it. Marching !rom men~. the Sultan procz:edecl ro the p!!lace of aindwari, and resu:d there for a while. Jalal Khan, Mewatti, and other Mewattis, ucing reduced to extremities, broushc in the money, contribu· tions, nnd tribute according to old rule, and ~c o£ them wpe granted the honour of paying homag~. Iu the ~onili

<>f Shawwal •. the royal 8tandards returned safe and victori­out to tb.e capital. Nothiol\' else of importance was done iliis year.. Ab.out this time, intelligence. was received of t!te dqaili of Malik. Rajah l\ladir~. amir of Molran, al\d U1e fief of Mulcan was restored to MaliJm·sn Shark Map mud HMan, wno received. tbe tide of 1madu·l Mu1k;. 'l.n.cl was sent to Mult:>;n with a large army.

Jn. the year 833 H. (1429-30), the Sultan led his arm~' to Gwalior, and pa$8ecl ilirougn the country of .Baf.ilna. 'Having punished t11e rebels of Gwalior, he proceeded tb

S'fuDI11.S lN INDIAN HISTORY

Hathkant. The R:U of Hathkant was defeated, and he fled in ro the mountains of J.Ubar. l'Iis C.(/unc:ry was pillaged and laid WMte, and many of its infidel inhabi· t.anuo wexe made priscmexs. from thence the army proceeded to Rapri, and the lief of Rapri was taken from rhe 'Jon of Hasan I<ltatt·and given to Malik Hamza. The army then returned to .t~e cap~t:J.l i n the month of ~jab. Ii>uxmg the lllltrclt, Satyld SalllD 'liltS attacked by illness and died. Hi! b<><ly was placed rn a coffm, and .carried to Dcbli with aU speed. and butiect. S<uyid Salltn. was [for t.b.irty yea.rs, one o.f the great nobles in the service .of]'" the late Khizr Khllil, al)d be held many fiefs (ikla's) and par~mms in the DoalJ, besides the .fort of Tabarhindh (Si.rbind). (i.is Mayesty had nlso grnn.ttd to him the khill<t of Sa~suti and the ikln' of Am.rohn. The late Saiyid 'vas n very avaricious .man, and in the course of time bad amassed no immL'llSe sum of money, nnd vast quan.tities of ~,.,...un and s\nfl's in the fort o£ Tabarhindh (Slrhind). After his death, .nl.l the ih.ta's and parga11a.r were. gfven to b.is sons. The eldest son teceived the title of Saiyid Khan, and the other wns entitled Shuja'u-1 mu.lk. In l'he month. of Shnw\val, Pulad Thrk·bacba, slave of Saiyid Salim, came into the fort of Tabarhindh, at the instigation of the Salyid's sons, and there began ro p rer.are for rebcllion, His Majesty imprisoned the Saiyid's. two sons, and sen~ Yuruf, Si!tub and Rai Hans-a .Bhatti, to conciliate the !lbove·mentioned Pulad, and to get possession , of l.he late Saiyid's weal !.h. When they came near the. fort 61 Tabarhindh, on tbe first day, 'Pulrul 1net them and conferred with them in the most friendly way; b,e also sent them provisi.ons,, and made them feel at e;a$11. .Nellt day he sallied out of the fort. with IUs men, and made a sudden · attack"' upon iltem. Malik Yusuf and Rai fla.usu <liere informed o£ his treachery, and

l .. Tl\CU:: 'WOrdl, wanting 'n L.he MSI, are taken fro_an the Tabakat·i Akbari·.

u• 11$1t.ab-k1wn. ' ·' Rtymologtcally tbil m~ o. nigllt btlach. and II ao expla.ined by • the Dictiorut.r.iu, but· it ieetns lO be used (Or any sudden Ondauiht.

1'2 S'l'UDJBS !N INDIAN fllSTORX

mild~ their fol'ces ready to meet !tim. 1\Jtb.ough !he tMlilt'~ men wete all covered with iron, yat they could not 5tand before the infamo!IS Pulad."' At the first onset they were scattered like drops, and he pursued.' them for a partuar,g.. Tjlcn be r~urned and took. pooscSSion of tlieir baggage, rents, . money, ,goods. and whatever they hlld Jtft behind them.

The' Sultnn, wber\ be heard of dill, was much ofiacted, and started for Tabarhindb. He nrrl ved at Sanuti, where the amirs and malihs of those p:u:u joined the' royal standard: Pu1'ld had n:w,tle many ·preparations for the siege, and had strengthened Wmsd! in the fort. Majlis·i 'ali Zirak Khan, Malik Wu, keeper of the

. elcpbanrs, Islam Khan and Kamal Khan invested the fort. ?vfulil<.u-sh Shark 'lmadu·l Mulk, ami,. of Multan, was summoned to come from Multan and advise upon the suppressiott of Pulad's rebellion. In tbe month of Zi·l hijja, 'Imadu·l 1\hlk left Ws atmy in M ultan, and pro­ceeded hastily'" to Sarsuti with a small .(l•rty, -where he wat admitted to .an lnterview. But befor'e this, Pulad bod said to b:iriuelf that he could depend upon the pro­mhe and protection of 'lmadu-1 Mulk, and that if l.b.rough Jilin be co'uld g:~ill Ws object, be (Pulad) would return to Ws obedience, nnd would hope for •.llie honour

·O.E being received into the royal prcseoce. 'Imadu-l Mull: was ·sent forward to Tabarhindh tn excite his expecta· •tions. Pulad came o'ut of tile fort, and had an interview wilh 'lmadu-l ·Mulk and Malik Kalu in front o£ the gate.U• "l'ulad, however, talked and made staremeni~~>

,_. Pufad or ful.ad meant Jtttl. 1'"' The wo1'd UJed. lt "jarmftf.'' CO w-hlch the DlctJonilrio giyc

· ~hc. me:a111ng of ••,. nume:rot.n or cnrumbe:rod army... In a pfevfot.•J , pwagc It ¥cmcd to have the meaning of <<fJ.,..,., qul<l•; and I~•L J.fJ cJcarJy the mconing of it bcrc. The whole )>:usage runs W,h(UJ•ha hhcsh ''*" ilcr. t.lloll<ut gUiAJitt•l• '""'"'" b~ faml~l ~Gd!Jdeh da.r· hho.J4h J:CJf"Ut/ O:rnJ.Id. lt ill evidcqtly, \¢quJvalent ~lO 1•rl<!a.

'" .i3o:ic ,:lgllin there 1.t • bteak In tbe MS. What- fOlio,.., mt~.rked with invefled cotomas. Js (tom the! IF.ab41cAt~ .4./tbfUi.

but determined to persevere in his revolt.'" So 'Imadu-1 Mulk retirrhed ' 11ntuccessM. [n the month of Safar, the Sultan ordered' 'Imadn·l Mulk back to Mullan, and . .he hin1sel£ returned to Dehli.

"The 'Sultan tefL l6lam Khan, Kam.a[ Kltan, an.d Rai Firo~ Main to. carry on che siege of Tabarbindh. 'Imadu·l Mulk ,instructed chese ofli.cers as to the siege opemtiom. and then departed. {or Mult!J'o. Pulad held out for six months. He then sent a sum of money by che bnnds of some u:usty adherents to. Shaikh 'Ali Beg, ilt Kabul, ~oli· citing his liSSlst;mce."' In the month of Jumada-1 awwal, Shaikh • Ali wen.t to Tabarhindh. When he oune 1Vlthin ten {t.os distance, Islam. Khan, KamaJ Khan, and aJl tile ocher amirs abandoned the siege, and went to their own homes. Pulad then came out of che fo.rt, and 'Md an inte1-vicw with Sh.a.ikb 'AU, to wh.om be paid the two lae& of tanlt4S he had promised. Shaikh 'Ali, takin~ wit{• him the family a! P,ulad, started on hls retuJ;tl. Passing through jala11dhar, be went to Lahor. The~c Malik SU.andar gave him the mollCy which he paid JQ him ;,mnually, and sel;lt · him away. From thence, Shaikh 'Ali prQCeeded to Talwara, and endeavoured to destroy it. 'lmadu·l Mulk now marched to Tulamba, in order to oppose 1\.isu, and Shaikh 'Ali not being strong enough to meet him, went off to Khatibpur. Orilers now arrive(! for 'Imadu·l Mulk to leave Tulamba and go to r,fuhan. On l.hc 24th Sba'ban, he accordingly prO(;eeded to Mol· tan, mld Sbaikb 'AU being emboldened, crossed the Ravl !1.~ Khatibpur, and laying all waste along the banlllt of the Jhilam, which is w<ll known as the Jinl)b (Gbinab},m aQ,vl!ll,C;~1!lr to~ard.~ Multan. .when he arrived iu: l\ vUlage :>. !;as. C!istlln~ from Mill tan,. 'lmar.l.u·l Mulk sent o.ut Sultan

tn(Bauaunt.: t• 'more ex:pUdt. Ht s~•· .Pubd ''came out Qnd 11aw *'lrnll"diJ4tMul~. -bul he did ·not feel 1u·surcd: l'<> being t[l'aid. he. went back to die tort. and 'COntinued the war.''

'b .. SBilkh ·~t. 'M.,~h:al govemot of Kabul on tlle p;~.n of Shah Rukb ,M'iQ.3.' '-Baq_auni nnd F'ui$hta. .

. m ~uc:h b tlti ~Ol)Jihny stlltbncnt of tbc tat, 'ind J.i'U:bhh\ t:Op1et ll.

I~ STUDIES IN ,lNDIAN RISTO'RY

Shah Locll uncle of Bahlol "l,.odi to oppose him. This officer m.et b.is enemy unexpectedly, ~nd wns kill~d. His anny was put to 6igtu, and tl1e men returned in small partie., to Multan. On the 3rd Rama.zal), 1he Shaikh: OCc\'(>iCd Kh:>.irabad, D<!M Multan," On th!! 25th of Ralhaz<U~, '" Shaikh 'Ali a'dvantl:d with nll his tor~s ~g~ins.r'the g~te$"of Mulmn, to make an · nssault; but the ttRJ>~f of"'lm':ulu-1 Mulk ·and· lhr 'cititens sallied fort11 to nie~t him. A 6gbt took place in chc gardens, and tbe ·1i5sailall:t:s were driven back, with the loss of all the pro· v'iSrons they hao brought with them. On the 27th Ra1nazao, they again made an attack. in great force. nis­mounting his bor~emcn, in order to push through the gates of the city, 'lmadu-l Mulk feU upon them witJI his bors'e and foot, and they, unable to support Ius ntr.ack, ret~"eatCd. Some were killed, ~11d some succ~eded in t•ll· irik bitcl: ro the ma,in' 'll'OC!y. Being·· thus af.lln defedt<!d, they dared not make :tn)' further attac'k upon: the place.

Wlten the report of the:.<e cv~nts re:iclted che ears (>f the Sultan, he sent Majlls-i 'ali Khan-! 'azam Fath Khan son of Sultan Mmalfar Gajarati, Ma jlis·i 'ali ZirJJ.k Khan. Malik. Kalu keeper of the elephMts, Kh,an·i 'azam Islam JU1an, M:Uik 'lusuf Sarwaru-l Mulk, Khan:-i 'aznm Kal Khan, nn.d Rai H.'\nsu K.bul Chain .Bhatti with a large army. to rei.u!orce Mallk.u-sb Shnrk 'lmndu-J Mulk. On the 26th Shnwwal, this army arrived in the hhilta o£ ~!~tan. and remained enC'Imped for some days. On Ftioay,' , th~ 3rd Zi-1 ka'da, it ~arched, and apyroachiilg tbe prnyer-house (7tamtt<-gah), endeavoured to o;nter tlie hutila of 'Aia-1 Miilk. ·Shai£h 'Ali w11s inforlne1! of thi.l, and he· drew up all his ho'* arid l!lOt jn opposition. The royal forces also were roar!haUed ready f&r the fight: Maliku-sh Shark 'lm~du-1 Mulk 'was in lhe centre i Ma jlli-i 'all Fath Khan, Malik ¥usaf, and 'Rai HariJu on the right; and MjlJ1is-i 'all Zirak Khan, Malik Kalu

1 Kb.;m,i. 'azam.Islam Khan, and ll.lwl·l 'azam ll:amal Khan

. , . ~

, .. The .T•b,~k9,t·i A.~~•ri. ploces thu evtnt on t~o "~tl>" of;~ n1ontb. and the toltowl-ng one o·n the ''27th.'' .

STUPIES lN JNDMN HISTORY 145

on the left. At the .Jight, even (1'0m a .. di~tance, o£ the approach of the royal .forces, the hearts of t11~ enemy waver~'<! ; and when r.he br.~ve warriors made a general cbatge on them, they broke and Bed. So precipitate wns thcir night, that they never looked behind them. Several of tlicir geq.erals w~rc liilled endeavouring to escape, and tbe .rest of the army took · refuge iu ~be fortification which had bl!e11 raised round Ute baggage. Tlte victorious army preSS<:d ·on to tbc fortillc:ttion.s, !llld the enemy, unable to withstand the attack, were driven h1to · llte Jlulam. M:.ny were .drowned,'" and those who escaped the waves were killed or mndc prisoncn. Hnji Kar wns wounded, a.nd peri~hed among the drowned. Shai.kh 'Ali a)ld Amlr Muzaffar crossed the river in safety, nnd proceeded with a few horsemen to the towrt of Shor. uo All their anus, baggage. and equipmcuts fell into tltc hands of the victon. So g.t·cat o disas~r h.ad never befallc.>t on army at any fol'mer time, or under any reign. All wb.o tool:. to

· the. water were drowned, and· all who resisted on the battle-field .were killed.; neither !light nor fig)lt awlled to save them. • • To return to our .narrative : Malik.tl-sh Shark Malik .'Imadu-1· Mulk. that is, Malik Mab.tnud Hasan, and the other commanden, on ~he 1th Zi·l ka'da, pursued Shaikh 'Ali to the town of Shor. Am.ir Muzal£a'rllf prepared himself to ·stand a siege in the fort of Shor, and to figlu it out. Shaikh 'Ali, defeated and disoouraged, fled with a small body of followers toward$ Kabul. At this juncture, orders arrived from the Sulran, in accordance wit.h which aU the ami'l"s who had been ~nt )eft the fort of SbOr, and proceeded to the capital. ln consequence of th1l business, the il!ta' of Multah was ti>~el)) frcful ,Malikil-sh Sbar'k, aud given to Malik Kbairu-d din • K.han1. .But tJili trarufer was made inconsideratdv and imp•uden.tl.)', and b.ence g)leat trottbles and dlsturti-

J 11 P41Fittlri blfirtn,l.n lfnhl liifas1Jhar.l Firaun f'a.tfdand. u• Sometimes written "Sor," ttncl sometimes 418eof"' or 11Sc,.,a~":

~ut t)le TaboknN A~barl say•. "Shor." Flrlthtll unci llad~uni · a~ ·dn "Sewac." 1

~:.f.-.~ePheW of. SJ\&ikh •AlJ."'-ToboluU·i Akbnrt.

10

STUDlES IN lNDlAN HISTO.R.Y

ances .arose ·in the khitt'- of Multan, 'vhicb will ltavc to Ire narrated in subsequent pages.

In the year 835 a. (1481-2) it w·•s rcporlcd to the Sultan that Malik Sikandar Tuhfn bad marched toward!. Jnlnndbar.

For Ja.uath Shail<ha Khokbar l1ad come dowJJ with a strong force £rom the mountains of TeUtar, and having crossed lbe Jhllam, Ravi and lliyah, had come near to Jaiandbar on tl1e river Pani, Malik Siknndar was incaution!, and encountered him with a small force-. At. the- first charge he was defeated, and by. the decree o£ fate feU · into the hands of Jasrath. Khokhat·. Some· of Malik Sikandnr's men were 'killed in the fight, ar1d some Red to Jaiandh~r. Jasratb carried off SiJ<anclal' and sotne othen who had been made prisoners with him, and marched in triumph to Labor,_ to which fort:res! he laid siege. Saiyid Najmu-d din, Lieutenant of Sil:andar, and Malik Khwh-khal>r, his shwe, held the fort, and carried OJJ a cotiStaol fight with. the besieger5. While th:is was passing Shaikh 'Ali collected a band of accursed wretChes, and-attacked the n-on tiers of Multan . He made prisoners of the people of Khatibpur, and 4everal other villages orr the banks of the Jhilam, as be descended that river. On the 17th Rabi'u·l nwwal he reached Tlllamba, and ha\ling­got the people of the town tO surrender, he kept the chiefs of them prisoncn. Then be gave his accursed foUowers pe1:.mission to tale possession of the fore. Next day, :ill the ~Musubrnms became the prisoners of the un• clean r1,1thle# ioJidels. .Mthougb many good men of tl1c place wer~ imams,- sa.iyids, and i«uis; no respect fo'r the MuJ\llman religion, no fear of God, oould 'l'ettrain th.nt .accursed wretch, devoid alike of feeling and shame Women, youtlu, and little children were ail dragged to his house. Some of the .men were killed and rome- were set at liberty. . The fort of ·T ulamba, which was very strong, he enused. to ·J?e destroyed. •

About this time PuT ad. Tu.rk'bacba came out ;bf Tabarbindb with his foUowcrs, and attacked tbe country

STUD!J!S IN ~NOlAN HISTORY 147

of R:ti F.iroz. As soon as the rai heard of t.h.ls, he marcned wilh IUs horse and foot to oppose him, and a battle followed. The rai was shun, and the victorious l'ulad cur off hu head and carried it to Tabarlriodh. He also secuied many horses and a larg~ supply of grain. Wilen the Sultan received in.formatlon of these evenu, he him· &elf marched towards Labor and Multan, and he sent Malik Sarwar on in advance wllli a strong force to repress the rebellion of Pulad. When the at:my came near to Samana the infamous Jasrntn Khokhar abandoned the siege of the fort, and wcut into the hills of Tollutt, carry· ing with him Malik Sikandat". Shaikh 'Ali also, fearing the royal :u:my, retreated towards Bartot."' The fief o f Lahor was taken ftom Malil:.u·sh shari:. Shamsu-1 Mulk , and given into the charge of Khtul·i 'azam Nun-at Kbau GarS"nndn%. M:tlik Satwat br ought the family of Shamsu-l Mulk out of Labor, and sent them to dte capital. Nuual Kh11n U1u.s became ponessed of me fort of Lallor and the fief of J nlandhar. Jn the monUt of Zi·l hljja Jasratb Rhokhar came down with hill followers !'rom the hills, and 11tt!lcked Nu.snt Khan at Labor, but, in the end. he was wowed aod returned to the hilli. The Sultan pitched his royal camp on Lhe· tiver Jumna. near to lhe i<ltitta o£ Panipat, ttnd there be remained for a time. From ilience, in me mouth of Ra jab, he sent Maliku-sh Shark 'lmadu·l Mull: with a strong force to Bayana and Gwalior, with orders to pu.nislt the rebels and infidels of those parts. He llimself then returned to the capital.

ln 856 .a. in ilie month of Muharram (Sept., 1.432), the king 1Jlarcbed from Dehli to Samnna, to punish lhe disaf(ectcd in that neighbourhood. He proceeded as far aJ. Pal\ipa~. ]'l'tws was then brought . that. Mak.bduma·i Jahan, -hi~ qrc>dler, was very ill. He .ihimediately .returned to 'the' tapital. leaving )li! army and baggage in charge of the amirs .and ma/iks. A f~w · days after his return his .tnoilier died. After perforll)ing her obsequies be

m .. Ma.r:tot.' '-Tabak4u-i Akbari.

148 STUDIES LN INDIAN ll!STORY

umained for a day ln the capital, and then returned to his al"J11y. On his arrival he ordered Malik Sarwar to march witb an army, appointed for the purp=, against the fort of. Tabarbindll, where Pulad Turk-bacha. had made himself stronger- than he was before, having thro1<•11. into the fort all the arms and implements and 'gt'a:iri whim be. had gathered from the eounuro£ Rai Firoz. The foxt waJ.jnvested and opernlioos were begun. Malik Sarwnru-1 Mull<., when the dispositions were made, left Majlis-i :all Zlral< Khan, Islam Khan, and Malik .Ka,hun Raj in command. a.od procccd,cd with a $mall escort to join the Sultan at Panipat. The Sultan having given up !tis design of p•·oceeding on his intended expedition, took the fiefs of Labor and Jalandhar (rom Nusrat Klmn, and gave them to Malik Allah-dad. [When Malik Allah­dad arrived a~ Jalandhar, Jasnuh Sha.ikha cro~d the Biyah and attacked him.]"' Jasrath was victorious and the Mali!< being obliged to .nee went into the mountains of .Kothi. 1n ibe mouth of llabi'·u ·l awwaJ Lhc Sultan marched towards t11e mounraltls ot Mcwar, and arrived a.t the town o[ Taoru.110 Jalal Khan Mewnttl, on hea.r­rng of his advance, shut himself with n large fo~ in the fort of Andaru, 111 wh~ch is tl1c sttongcst place bclongit1g to the Mewauis. Next day the Sultan prepaxcd to atta'k the place, but before hls forces dxcw near, Jalal Khan set fire to the forr, and making hls way out he wcnL cifl' towards Kutil:t. T he greater part of the provisions and materials and grain, which had been collected in prospect of lh!' ~iege, fell inro the ban!ls of the woyal forces. · H'IS Majesty then marche~ away, a.nd encamping :u the town of Tajara, he devastated the greater part of the country of Mewat. Jalnl Khan, being distressed and helpleSll, .returned to hb allegiance; and payil)g his revenue and taXCIJ according to old rule,

ti• The w-Ord! tn bra.clcct.s are c:aken £:rom the .Tabakt.U-i ilhba-ri ~ tupPI)'.';:r maJti£est f'\ra.nt in ou:r MS: ' · '

111 Th~ TabW.t·i .4kbttrl uya ''N11clir." m Sec supra. ·

STUDlF.S IN INDIAN HISTORY Hll

gave up his ram proceedin~. and was parrloned. Malik 'Imadu·l Mulk joined the Sultan at Tajara l'.itll a strong Coree of .horse and foot from B<~yana. The Sultan sent Malik Kamalu·l Mull:: and all the amirs and mali!ts from T>tja.ra to coerce the infidels of Cwalior and Etawa, and he biwel£ remrncd with an escort to the capital, which he reached in tbc month of Jumada·l awwal.

After he had been tbere a few days, the intelligence arrived tbat Shail:.b ·~ was marching witb a large force againSt tbe amirs who were engaged in the siege of Tabarhindll (Sirhind). Tnis troubled His Majesty, for· he feared lest these amir.r, alarmed at the news, mould raise the siege, as it had bem raised before. He tberefore sent Malik 'lmadu.l Mulk to support them ; and when that chief arrived, lhe officers in command were encouraged and strengthened. Sbaikh 'Ali, marchiug quickly .from Shor, ou entered the country on the banks of Lhe niyal1, and after making prironers of many of the men o( ~ah.mi-wal and other villages, he w~t on to Lanor. .l)!alik Ywuf Snrwar, Malik Isma'il nephew of Majlls·i 'nli Zi.rak Xhan, and the SOil o~. Bihar K,lian, had been left in charge of tbe fort of Labor. They now closed 1he fort, and opposed tbe assailantS. The people o£ the ciLy were negUgcnL o£ their watch and ward; consequently Malik Yusuf and Malik Isma'il left tbe city. by night and lled. Shaikh 'Ali sent a force in pursuit., Mlmy of the horsemen fell under the auaeks of the accursed punuea, and many were taken prisoners,­including Malik. Raja. Next day the accursed Shaikh 'Ali made nil the Musulmans of the ciLy, both men aod women. prisoners. This w.r~tched g;ra.ccless fellow had no. !>e~t'lt· object or occupation th~n to lay ·waste the seats of ¥laJ11 jlnd .to make MusulmaJ:IS a.ptive. Arter making prisoQt:rs of the men of Lahor, he remained there for .some days, and repaired the walls of the !ortress which

ut The MS. of thif work~ :Badnunf nnd .FlrWtta~ an write "Shc-wa:r:• o.r "Sewar," but tbe Tabalutt·i llltbari sc~m..- correct in giving "Shor."-See IUj>ro. •

STUDIES· IN INDIAN HISTORY

had been damaged. Then leaving about 2,000 men, horse and foot, behind, with the m~ans of standing a siege, he marched towards Dibalpur. Malik Yusuf Sarwaru-1 Mulk was about to abandon tht: fort of Dibal­pur: arid flee, as be had abandoned that of Labor ; but Maliku-sh Shark 'Imadu·l Mulk ac Tabarhindh, being informed of his intention, sent Maliku·l umara 1\{al:ik AJIIJ.lad, his brother, with a body of men, to hold the fort. Shaikh "Ali had (£onnerly) escaped alive witJ1 a thousand troubles from before Maliku-sb Shark, and dread of Lliat chief still ruled in his heart, so be was unable to go to Dibalpur.

ln Jumada·l akhir the Sultan receiv('(} int<:l)igence ot the.~e movements. The b:rave monarch, prompted only by hill courage, and with<>ut hesitation, marched with the limited force which was ready at hill command to Sarnana. There he waited sorne days for Maliku-sb Shark Kamalu-1 Mulk: When that chief, with tJtc force un.der hls command, joined the Sultan, he left Samana and marched to Talwandi (belonging to) R ai Firoz Main, whcr~ he encamped. Here .he was joined by Maliku-sh Shark 'Imadu-1 Mulk and Islam Khan Lodi, who bad been ser>t to Tnbarhindh. Giving o-rders to hu other amirs not to delay the investment of the fort, he hastened on and ao<JSed (the Ravi] 0 ' at the t<?rd of Pohl. When the enemy heard of these movements, he was alarmed, and. tool: to l)ight. The royal forces arrived in the neighbour­hood of Dibalpur, and, crossing the Rnvi, encamped •.oil the other side, when the accur$.ed foe had already ct0$$ed the Jhilam. Maliku-sb Sbatk Sikal'tdar Tullfa now received the title of · Sbamsu-1 Mul'k, with the liefs of, Dibalpur and Jalandhar.'" The Sultan marched oo unopposed towards Shor, which was in the possession of the enemy, and. crossed the Ravi near the town of Tulamba, sending on MaUku-sb Shm-k in pursuit of the

1" Badauni , I

..,,. There ls 3 brokcm ientenu bctt w·bid\ .is not supplied by rhe otller wri[et1. · ~

I,

t

srunmsm mntAN. ·msroRx 161

toe. But he fted precipitately, never staying ro look behind him, and many horse1 and much baggage and good:> which he llrul got in boats fell into the hands of the viGton. Shaikh 'Ali's nephew Amir Muzaffar, was in command of the fori. of Shor, and hald out for nearly a month; but he was at length compelled to capitulate in Lhe month of Ramnzan. He gnvc his daughter to the king's son, and paid a laTge siom of .money .u tribute. The band of Mughals who were ~sieged in Labor capi· tulated to Mnliku-.th Shar.k Shamsu·l Mulk in the month Shawwnl, and he thcot took pooession of the place ....... .. Maliku-sh Shark 'Imndu·l Mulk bad bcett succes.s£ul in several lrnpottant charges, so the Sultan took the fiefs of Dibalpur, Labor, and Jalandbar from Malik Shamsu-l Mulk and gave them tO 'lmadu·l Mulk : he also gave the 6.ef of :Bayana wnich 'tmadu·d din had held to Snamsu·1 Mulk. Leaving his elephants ond horses, his army and baggage and followers, in charge o£ Maliku • .th Shark Kamalu-1 Mulk, the Sultan hastened with all speed to Dellli, which he reached on the day of the 'ld [of Kurban]. • • • On the 1st Zi·l hijja Knmalu·l Mulk also arrived with the army. The duties o£ diwan and warir were not effectively discharged by Sarwaru·l Mulk; so as Kamalu-1 Mulk had shown him~~elf in nU his duties to be trustworthy, capable and loyal, tne lliwan i a.shraf was transferred tO< him, and the of!kc o£ wo.U,· only was colt6=ed to Sarwaru•l Mulk. They were both ordered to carry on 1:he affairs of the State in concert, but they acted falsely to cac!l other. [K:unalu-d din wns the more competent man],'" so tbe govemnocnt officials consulted him about their all:nirs. SaTWllru·l Mull<.'s thoughts were now turned tOw a~ blood. .Bis deprivation of the fief of Dibal pur· had rankled lilr.e a thorn in Ws heart, and bi3 mind w~ now set upon efl'ecdng some revolution in the St.1tc. Some villainous inlidets, such as the ~ons of Kapgu and Kajwi Khatri, whose families, from the days of their

m TiJbtzkat·i .dltbati.

152 STODIIIS J:1o/ JlWIAN HISTORY

ancestors,. had been patronized and protected b)• the royal ' house, and ~who had become masters of many servant$ I Rnd followers and much territory and power ; &ome ueadu~rous Musulmans also, Miran Sahib, deputy of the 'arir..i mamalik, Kaii 'Abdu-s Sam11d Khan Hafib and · ot:l:tm, conspired with Sarwaru-1 Mulk, and were intent llpon their design [of lcilHng the Sultan].~· They did not lin.d an opportunicy, but no fear of God or shame of man restrained their hands £rom this ·wick_cd and sensclc.-. deed.

The Sultan had determined to build a ciry on the banks of the ]umnn, ..had on the 17th R;tbl'u-1 awwnl., 837 tt. (31st October,· 14JlJl}. he laid the foundation of a ciry at Kharababad,"' Th~e nnme given to that iU-omcnecl city was Mubatakabacl He knew· not that the fouada· tion o~ his exstence>'wa$ shaken, ,and that his life had turned ii.\ fate towarcls departure l:lc devoted. much time and care to the direction of au. building. .AJ. this time intelligence was btoqght of UH! reductio1t of the fore o£ Tabarhlndh by the autits who lurd been sent against it, and or the death of the evil Pul.ad, whose head had been Cllt olf· and sent to the Sultan by. the- bands of Miran Sadr. The Sultan now set out, as it fat hunting, to settle and make quiet the country of Tabarhindh. After staying there a few daf", he returned in good health and spmu. aild went to the city o£ Mubarakltbacl SubsequenL­Iy ·he proceeded tow:u·ds Hindustan; for }je had heard of '~ar baving··bro:Xcn out bct1yeen Sultan 1brab.itn and Alp Khan, on · account of· KalpL He had previou.lly contemplated _leading his armie5 in tha~ d.irection; and on hea.rin~ this lntelllgence, hi! course WIU decided. Order~ were se1tt in every direction for .~the amir.~ of the capital, nnd the malilts of every. country, to gather. their

tu Badaua.i and !lriaht.a.. "' Neither the T<tbaAnl··i Akbarl nor Fi:risbta s.~_ a.nyLhJug

-about Khuababa.d. Dadaut~i".s smt.e1ne1tt is di.l[erent. "~e: founded iL cily ·wbith he ailed Mubarnkabad ~l le&sed city}, but wbfch m reality, wu Kh1111babad (ruJned city), '-See Tlli>mu's "Chronicles of the Palhan Rings.." p. SS2. ·

; STUOJ.E.S lN h'IDIAN I:USTO:R Y 151

forces with the greatest celerity. and to join His Majesty. WbJ,1t a lai:ge army was assembled, iu the month. of Jiunad:t·l akhlr, the Sultan ltft the city to bcgln his march to Hindustan, and he encamped for a few days at the chautara, o.e Snir·gah. Thence h.c proceeded with only a small escort, and without ceremol)y, to Mubarala­bad, in ordct to sec the progress of the buildings. The UIIW!)rlby Sarwaru·l Mulk had been watching his oppor· tunity, and he now set the vile inftdcl$ and the traitor Miran Sndr to wor-k, lest his aecrct plots $hOuld be<:ome disclosed. .t. time of privacy wa~ what his plans .tC\)Uircd. On rriday, the 9th Rajah. 887 1<. (19th January, 1434), the Sultan had rcdtcd · Mubar:llt.abad with his small par~y, :lnd was preparing £or J;>rnycl'1, when Mirall Sadt: craftily removed the mnir$ who were on. guard, and like a runn· ing lox and hloodthlrsty jachl, broogllt in his wretched. infidels nrmc<l and mounted on horseback upon pretence of taking leave. Sadharun J(.nngu stood wiih his party outside tba door, tO prevent any one from going in to the reSl.-ue. The conJiding sovereign, having full cofi· dcncc in them, took no notice of these preparations. He had bun cJ<ccedingly kind and gcnaous to the•e foes of God :mel enemies of himself. Sidhu PAl, grandson of K:•ju, from his antbush, dealt the king such a blow ttpon the head with b.is sword, that b.is life'$ blood Bowed upon the ground. .Ranu the black, :wd tltc other conspiratpn, then r ushed out with loud helliSh crie8, alld respatched tllat rjghteou$ sovereign. • • Mubarak Shah reigned

~ thirteen years, three months, and sixteen days.

St~lta11 Muhammad Shah bi>t Fr<rid Shah bi11 Klti11' Shalt

A"P'em.~ t . and generou~ sovcrigu. full of excellent qUalities ..• . When th~ august Mubarak Shah bad received his martyrqom, the vile infidels and the trliUor Miran Sadr hastened to Sarwaru-l Mull:, and infol'l!led him of the completion of their work, which filled him and th.cm with jo)' and exultation. Then, with the :uscnt of the mnil's and malilts, imams a.nd $aiyids, soldiers ~nd civilians,

IM STUDIES fN INDIAN mb'TOlW

on the $arne day, Friday, the !ltll Rajab 8~7. the new Sultan ascended the throne. Sarwaru·l Mulk, ~hhougll. be gave his ~dhesion 10 the new sovereign, ·was still intent upon his own designs, to such an extent indeed, that he kept the treasures and _stores, the horses and clepb..;nb, and the arsenal under hu own command. fie rC(clVed th.e title o( ~han·i ]ahan, and Miran Sadr was ennobled as ~fu'lnu·l Mulk. The vllc infidels (assassins) grew conceited and an·ognnt, and in all thing$ they sought their own advantage ; but in the end they got their deserts. Miliku·sb Shark .l{amnlu·l Mulk, a man versed in the business of government, was outside of the city with .,u the amirs and the soldiers, and the elephanu. and the roya] stud and .ervants ; but be came in, and pledged his fealty to the king. Revenge was hjs object, for he was resolved to k.ilJ Sarwaru·l M\lik and the other conspi~:ators, as they had slain Mubarak Shah. Dut he could not get an opporrunity, and so rc.~igned bJ~ ve nge:mce to the Lord, who in time worked such a. rctributlorL as has never been ·rehearsed in tale or history. • • To return to our narrative : Next day, Sarwaru·l MuU:, under p1·etence of requiting th~ vow of allegiance, summoned several of the officials of ~he late king, all of whom were men of position and importance. He apprcllended them all, anli pm Malik Su, amir of Koh. to dea1h on cbe maidarr. Malik Mnkbdttnl, Malik Muk· l>il, Malik Kanauj, and MaUk Dira lie put in prison, and exerted all hls powers to uproot lhe family of Mubnrak Shah. Some of the ikln's and ('arganlLI of the co\intr'y he kept for himsel(, and rome, sud! · as Dayan~ Amroha, Natnaul, Kubram, and some pargattas in the Doob, he gave Lo Sidh.i Pal, Sadharan, and their relations. Ranu, t.he black, a slave of Sidl.li Pal, was sent with a numerous band of turbulent followers, and ~ll h.is fRmll y, to t.a.kc possession of :Bayana. 1:k approached :Bay;ma in the montiL of Sha'ban, and on the 12th. of that month he entered tile district. {jnlting £-o.r Ute night, he wanted to get possession of the fort, and next day he ·went· forti\ with

I

S'l'UDIES IN INDIAN IDSTOR Y L5~

aU b.~ forces i.n weat .an:ay. Yusu£ .Khnu. Auh~di had been informed ole hill approach, and draw>ng hu ~orces out of the town or Hind wan, he boldly marched w1th a sttong body of horse and foot to oppose him. The opposing force• met ncar the khatir• o{ the prince, •u a?-d being drawn up in array the battle began. The vde infideLs were unable to make .a stJUld, but broke at the fiut chatge. Ranu the black, and many others, were put to the sword. His foul b.ead was cut ofF and suspended over the gate, wd all hi~ family, hill wives and children, (ell inro the hands of the army of Islam. God Ill Lhe pro­tector of the religion of Islam, and He gave the victory to Yuauf Khan, enabling bim to avenge the dcarh of Mubarak Shah on thut vile heretic.

The noise of the perfidy of Sart~aru·l Mulk, aud o{ his leaguing with base inlidcls, spread through nll the country, and many ami•·s and moliks who had been .reci­pients of the bounty of the late Khizr Khan now with· drew from tl1eir obedience. Sarwaru·l Mulk being dis .. affeCted Jikc them, strife aid disturbanc¢s arose. Malik Allah-dad .Kaka'" Lodi amir of Sambhal, and Ahar Miyan holder of lladaun and grandson of the Ia.~ IUL'ln·f Jab.an, Amir 'Ali Gujarati and Amir Ka1nbal Turk·bacha (had formed 11 party against Sanilaru-1 Mulk who,],.• on being informed of their proceedings, •t>pointed M3liku·sb Shuk Kamalu-d din antl Khan·i 'atam Saiyld Khan, son of Saiyld Salim, to repress their rel>cllion. Mnlik Yusut son of· Sarwaru-1 Mulk, and Sadharan K.nngu. were sent alo,ng with them. In the momb of Ramazan, his forces being in readiness, he (Kamalu-d dln) marched otU and entamped at tb.e top of the hauz, and a few days after­'vards :lie proceeded to the banks of the J umna. Crossing the· river at tile. ford of Kicha, he auived and ltalred aL :Baran, intent upon h~ schemes of vengeance. On being apprised of his approach, Malik Alhih-dad, desirous of

'u KhaUrnh·i:thahlJJd.e.b . Ut ••Kala. "-TabQkat4 i Ahtmri, " ' Tbe MS. ts 'here deftctive In .more than one p.asH.ge. 'tire

wordJ in brodell ate borrowed rrom the Talmhnt-i Hborl .

156 Sl1JDIES 1N L'IDlAN H.IKl'ORV

avoiding an action, was about to cross the Ganges and go clscwhere; but when he was. enlightened as to Kamalu-d din's real ..intention of exacting n full revenge, .he was rC· assured, and halted at the town of Ahar. Sarwaru-1 Mulk got intelligtmce pf these proceedings, <U1d sent hi$ slave, Malik HWillynr, under the pretMce of assistiog Kamalu-d din, (but in reality, to ascertain his treachery, and watch over the safety of. Yusuf.) " • In a short time also. Malik Cbaran drew out his forces in .Sadnun, to assist Malik Allab.-dad, and joined him .a t the town of Ahar. Malik ¥usu£ and Hushyar and Sadbaran wcr.e suspicious of Kamalu·d din, -and new their apprehension$ grew stronger. Wavering like a ball tossed £rom hand to hand, their fears prevailed, and iliey lied to· the capital. On the last d<ly of Ra:mazan, Malik Allah-dad, Miy-~n Chaman, 1\lld the olher amirs with th'!l)l, joined Kamalu:l Mulk. Having thus. drawn a large and imposing force . around him, on the 2nd Sh.aWwal, be cr05sed (the Gange'!] at the ford of Kicha. On hearit>g of his approach, Sar.waru-1 Mulk, although in a foilorn condition, made every prepa· ration for st:ulding a siege. • • Kamalu-1 Mulk advanced and sat down against the pla.ce. 'The vile infidels and the wretched Husbyar sallied forth a11<1 joined light ; but they soon turned their backs, and rctreared to the forti· 6cations."1

. Many were killed, and many were made puioners. Next day, K.amalu-0 din pressed on against the fort of Siri, and· many amin and rna·l.ih.r o.f the ue)gbbouthood- join~d him. Puring the mont!! o~ Shawwal, life p1ace was so clOsely inves~d · that it ,was impossible for a.ny one 10, ,Jlh'IJ<e. his :~vay oot. But although the besiegers made d;i,i)y ~tp.cl.s upon the forti­ficalloru, and effected breaches in s~veral places, it held out for three months. In the month of Zi·l hijja, Zink Khan, amir o£ Samana,- died, and b.is fief was• granted to hh eldest son Mub.nmmad Kh>IJ1:. Altllougb His Majesty.

Ul ·nle author here tndUlga 1n ~tor-leal nourishes. w11ich :.re suppressed in. tbe tntnalttti~n.

• l

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STI}Dil!S TN lNDIAN H1$TORY 1~7

wru~ in app~~arauc.e &ieudly to Lhose in the fort, he was in teality de.,iroiU of taking revenge for the mnrder of the late Mubarak Shah, bllt he did not find the oppor­tllllity. They on tb.eir side were in the greatest appre­hension lest the Sultan $houlcl beu·ay them. Thus, both parties 'Were suspicious · of each other.

On the 8th of Mub.arram, BSS A .• H. (14-tb August, 1484 .A.n.), the traitor Sarwaru·l Mulk and the sons of the pcrl;idious Miran Sadr proceeded •ITith treachc•ous inten· ti0ns to tl1c residence of the Sultan. llut he was rcacly. md on h~ guard. • • • S:mvaru·l Mulk w3S .killed wit)! blows of the sword attcl dagger, and the som of Miran Sadr were taken prisoners and put to deat)l. 'before tbe darbar. The vile infidels, being mformcd of these events, shut Utel'l'ISelves up ln their houses and pl·epared for resistance. T he Sultan conveyed i.11.fOr111•tion to Kmltalu.U din, directing him to come into tlte cily with a party of ltjs followers. Knmalu-1 Mul.k entered by the gate of Baghdad, with other amirr and malik.s. Sidhi l,'al, the accuxsed, set l'irc w 1\.is house, making his wives and chilmen fuel for hell. He himself co.m.e our nod died fighting. Sadharan .Kaugu, and tlte band of kltatris who were token alive, "ere taken to tltc klturi..a of the mat­tyrcd SuLtan, aud there put lo death. Malik Hushyar and Mubazak Kotwal were taken1>risoners, and were beheaded before the Red gate. '

Next day, Molil<.u·sh Shark Kamalu-1 Mulk,, and all the other amirs 'nod malilts who were outside (the city.} renewed lltcir oalh.s of allegiance to the Sultan, and he .again, with general consent, took Ws seat upon tb.e throne. X:~malu-1 Mulk was m.~dc war.ir, with the title of Kamal Kli~n. ' Malik J illjan received the title of Gllazi·U·I Mulk, and:. .th~ !feu of Amroha and Badaun were cot'lfu::med to him. Malik Allah-dad Lodi would not take any title himself1 but obtalned the title of Darya Khan for his Rrotller. M~ J<b~j Mubarak . Kba.ni received the tide ,of Ikbal f<han, an.d the lief of Hisar Ffrozah wrueb he held was confirmed in his possession. All Lhe amlrs

158. STVDillS IN INDJAN HISTO.RY

were favoured with great honours a.nd rich giff4 ; anct all men who held offices ·or flefs, o>; villages or grants, or pcnsiom, received coufirmation, and even an. increase or their .possessions. The eldest son of Saiyid Salim was entitled Majli.s·i · ;\li Saiyid Khan, and the younger o.nc Shuja'u.J Mulk. Malik Madh 'Alam, h.is nephew, lvas entitled 'Alall-1 Mulk, and Milik Rululu-d din was called Nasiru-1 MnJk. They also received golde.n gitdlcs, and splendid head-dresses and fiefs. Maliku·sh Shark Ha ji Shudani was made governor of the capital. Having thus -atrang<!d for the adruioimation of the kingdom, the Sultan determined on going to Mult!l1l. In the month of Rabi'u-1 >kill,, he encamped at the chautara of Mubataka· bad; and gave orders to the omit-s and malilts co make re-dd}' their forces ru1d join !tim. Ma1iku-sli Shark flmadu·l Mulk]"' came and wair.ed upon the· Sultan. H e received rich presents and 8""t ho.J)ours, and was con­

'lirmed in many dignities. [Those omirs and mnlif<s who ·delayed their .coming--FxNis].

o.u "Mlthrunmad Shah, after visiting tbe holy men o.f Multan, :tncl having left Khan-i Jahan there, returned to

l)ehli." "In the r= 840 *'· (1436 A.i>.) the Sultan himself pro­

' tceded r.o SamJtna, and sent :m army against Shaikha lChokhar. The country of this chief 'waJ ravaged, and .tile Sultan then returned to Dchlf.

"11\ 841 H. (l43( A.D.), intelligence anived. that aruu.:hy prevailed in Mullan, in cons~quence q£, the . in­subordination of the tribe' of L;mgabs. ¥<!, ifit~Uiginte was also brought that Sui tan Ibrahjm Sbar1<1 tal:! seized upon several pttrganas, The titi ··or GWalior, and othef ralr, ceased to pay their revenue. Still. the Sultan took

-no meas!lTcs t.o secure .his p<>sres~ioru, but gave himself up

ut .Tabnkot·i Akb4ri. "' The fOllowing Ex.tmcu, completing Ute IU.10ry of the Satyl\1

dynasty. ue taJctn !rom the TQbaJu.Jl·J' IIN.bari, ·the 1V0rk w~tr'ch ·baa ·so fl'equen'Uy bafn dcmn upon to su-pply the Cltficiencies {a the .MS. of the TariRh·i Mubam1i:Jh{1hi.

STUDIES IN INDIAN HLSTOR'( 159

w indulgence and negleGt. All men's heads were c:rnzy, and every heart was anxiaus. Some amirs invited Sulca11 M.ahmud l<.bllji, King o£ Malw<o. and in the year 841 R. (14.40 A.D.), be proceeded towards Debli. Muhammad Shah equipped his army, and sent it forth with his son, IWl<;i.er the command of J3ahlol Khan Lodi. On the other side, Sultan ·Mabmud Khilji sent his two sons G.hiY'dSu·d <lin and Kadllt' Khan to meeL them. The battle raged from morning till night, when both ~ides withdrew to ~hea· respective pootions. Next day Muhammad Slulh ~nade proposals oi p!l!CC. Just llt this time Sultan Malt· mud was in('Onned lltal Sultan Ahmnd Gujarati was m.arching against Mnndu, so he immediate! y accepted terms of peace and returned .11omc. This peace degraded Muhammad Shalt still lower in the estimation of all men. As Sultan Mahmud of Malwn was retreating, J3ahlol Lodi pursued him. anrl carried ol~ part of his baggage and valuable e(fects. This success of Bahlol Rhaa's delighted Sultan. Muhammacl; he honourc!L Bahlol with great dls· tinction and favour, and called h.im son.

"In 845 (1441 A.D.), .the Sultan went to Samana. He co11ferrcd upon Bahlol Khan the country of Dibalplir and Laltor, and sent him against Jasrath Kltokhar. 'l'hcn the Sultan returned to Dchli. Jnsrath made peace with Bahlol Khan, and Jlattered hlm with hopes of the throne of Dehli. &piratlons of sovereignty now inspired Bahlol Kbao and he became Intent on forming a party. He -called together Ute Afghans from all parts a.rouod, and cnlistccl them, so that in a short time he assembled a large force. He also took possession of all the surround­il)g f><trg!'nas. On a slight pretence he declared 1rar ~nrt ' S.ultan Muhammad Shah, and mlU'ched ag!linst Dehli ~ great force, and ~>!:sieged it for some time. but was everitu<llly obliged tO fill back unsuccessful The busjness Qf the State day by day fell into greater conf'u· sion, and affairs came ~~ such a pass that ther~ wer~ amirs at Lwenty kO$ from Dehli who .shook· oJf their allegiance. and made. pretensions to independence. At length, in th.e

150 STOD~ 1N INDIAN liiSTORV

yw 849"' (1445, .<.n,); Sultan. Mub;nnmad Shah died, after a reign ?f teo years and some mon~.

Sultan 'Aiiut-<l din, son of Mul11tmm11d Shah, .1011 of Mubarak Shall, stm of Khi:r· Khan.'"

''Upon the deadt of Muhammad Shah, the amirs and nobles assembled a:nd raised his son tp tbc throne, under th~ ~tyle of Sultan 'Alau·d din. Mali~ llablol and all the amirs proffered .allegiance to him. Jn a very short time it became evident that the new Sultan was more ncgllgen~ and mCOJ!lpetcnt than his father in the duties !)f goverrt· ment, and the mnd ambition of Malik ~ahlol gtew stronger. Jn 850 r!. ( 1.446 ~.D.), the Sultan wem towartls Samuna : but as he was on th~ road, news arrived thal rJ1'e king oE Jaunpur v.;as on the march against Dclrli : on hearing wlticb. the ~ultan rclUIJ~efl immediately to Dehli. ~ Khan, wntit: of. t~ State,"' and ~ce~ent in the ~ing's absence, then rcpre&ented to Lhe Sultan, rhil.~ io was unworthy of a sovereign to .retum upon hcar:l.og n .fu.lse report of the approach of an enemy. This i'cmark went against the Sultan's feelings, and wow1ded him deeply.

"In 851 H . (1#7 ~n.), the Sultan went to Badaun, und after staying there some time, returned to Dcbli ; when he said that he wa\ much. pleased with }ladaun, and wished to my there a lways. Hlsam Khan, in all sinccrlw. ~&ld him that it was impolitic to leave Dehli, and to make Badaun the capital. This aniWCI' incensed the king still more, :ui.d h.e separated the watir {1'011:\ him,$elf, and left .him in Dehli. lcle .mnde one of his wife's 9,1ytbei:S governors of the capit.al, and to ~be other be ga.v., _the Litle <>£ amir.

"!11 852 I:L (1448 A.D.), be again went to Badaun, and .gave lrimsel£ up to pleasure, xesting satisfied with Ure litde territory that remained to him. After a time, dis-

. •u.1"fae MS. IQ.)'S "84'-" -which is dearly wron(r. Jladaoni makes h "il47" ; buL FlrjJhL1 ~eJJU comet Jo making u "Si-!t. ".

, .. '):hiJ beadlns fs ~:rrowtd £ro:rn Badaunt, t.hat ira !he ~fS; beJnr, "CTJ' dereccivc. · . •• Slc, .~ infra. • l

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STO'Dl£S IN lNDfAN li!STOllY 'taL

&<'ruions · btoke Ol!t between hiS wife's two brothers in D~li. "rh~y made war .ag>tinst each other, and one was killed. Next dny the citizens killed the otber brother in xevenge, at the instigation o£ HJsam Khan. Disaffected -men now incited the Sultan to kill Hamid Khan; the wazir of the Stare.'" The Khan took to flight, and· pro· ceecling to Dehll. ·be, ;vith th<! cohnivanco' of HiSI!n\ Khon, cook poS!ession of the city, and inyited Malik Babl.ol to a~ume the sovereignty. Full par\lclllars of these tran· 4actions nrc given in the history of the .reign of .Bnltlol. The result was, d1a1 Malik Bahlol Lod.l came 10 Dehli with a large force, nnd took polSes&io•t of ·it. After a abort time, lte lclc a party of )lis adhOl'ents in Dehll, and went to Dillalpur to organize an army. Then he wrote to the Sulllln, stating that his opposition Wll.t really for the Sultan's benefit and that he was hls devoted servant, To this 'AI~u·tl din replied, 'My father called you hit son, and I have no means of resisting ')•ou. l wi.ll contcn't 11\J.S.el! with the single ditttict of Badaun, and resign the 5overeignty to you.' Thus successful, ?.1a.lik Dahlol clothed biJruelf with tho garment.1 of roy:llty. Leaving Dibalpur, be proceeded to Dehll, and a.s~nded the throne with the title of Sultan 'Sablol. The nobles wlto remalned wlth 'Aiau-d din were confirmed in rbcir priv'i· I~" After a while, 'Alau·d din died, and the wclrld went on according to the wish of SuHan Bahlol. Tbe length of the reign of Sultan 'Alau-d clin was eight yeat'S nod some months."

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CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIBRARY , I r1 NEWDBLEI

- - -- 176LQ Catalogue No. 954,02/Zll/Dew.

Auilio~ Elliot, H. M.