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History of Genetics in Evolution
Joe Felsenstein
GENOME 453, Autumn 2007
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.1/39
The Great Chain of Being (1600’s onward)
DeityAngelsManMammalsBirdsReptilesAmphibiansFishInsectsWormsProtists
Issues: placement of birds, insects not obvious. A scale of complexity? Or
what?
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.2/39
Karl Linné (Carolus Linnaeus) (1707-1778)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.3/39
Monophyly
Monophyletic: having a common ancestor which is not the ancestor ofany of the other species being discussed.
(This definition works for cases where there are fossil forms being
included, and those where they are not, and works whether we arediscussing only a fixed set of species or all species descended from someancestor.)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.4/39
A phylogeny of the living Craniata
Mam
mal
s
Bir
ds
Cro
codi
lians
Snak
es, L
izar
ds
Tur
tles
Frog
s
Lun
gfis
h
Coe
laca
nth
Shar
ks, R
ays
Lam
prey
Hag
fish
Am
phio
xus
Sala
man
ders
Mos
t fis
hes
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.5/39
Vertebrates are a monophyletic group
Mam
mal
s
Bir
ds
Cro
codi
lians
Snak
es, L
izar
ds
Tur
tles
Frog
s
Sala
man
ders
Lun
gfis
h
Coe
laca
nth
Shar
ks, R
ays
Lam
prey
Hag
fish
Am
phio
xus
The vertebratesM
ost f
ishe
s
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.6/39
Reptiles and fishes are paraphyletic groups
Reptiles
Mam
mal
s
Bir
ds
Cro
codi
lians
Snak
es, L
izar
ds
Tur
tles
Frog
s
Sala
man
ders
Lun
gfis
h
Coe
laca
nth
Shar
ks, R
ays
Lam
prey
Hag
fish
Am
phio
xus
Mos
t fi
shes
Osteichtyes
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.7/39
An American in Paris (2005)
Wandering east of the Panthéon on the Left Bank of Paris, you begin tonotice unusual street names:
... which is only hints at a little-known story.
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.8/39
Buffon
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.9/39
Statue of Buffon at the Jardin des Plantes
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.10/39
Buffon, honored
Rue Buffon, next to the Jardin des Plantes(with plastic mastodon, Big Mac, traffic ticket)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.11/39
Lamarck
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.12/39
Lamarck’s mechanism for evolution
In Philosophie Zoologique, 1809.
Organisms’ characters are altered by the effects of use and disuse.
These changes are passed on to descendants by inheritance of
acquired characters.
Note that Lamarck did not originate “Lamarckian inheritance": it wassomething everyone believed in at that time.
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.13/39
Old displays in the Museum of Natural History, Paris
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.14/39
Statue of Lamarck in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.15/39
Lamarck’s works listed
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.16/39
“My father, you will be vindicated”
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.17/39
Buffon’s (and Lamarck’s) house next to the Museum
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.18/39
Plaque on house commemorating Buffon
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.19/39
Plaque on house commemorating Lamarck
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.20/39
Geoffroy versus Cuvier
Etienne Geoffroy St.
Hilaire(1772-1844)
Georges Lèopole
ChrètienFrèdèric Dagobert,Baron Cuvier(1769-1832)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.21/39
Memorials in Paris
Fountain on corner of Rue Cuvier,Rue Linné and Rue Cuvier along side of fountain(“A GEORGES CUVIER”) and side of Jardin des Plantes
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.22/39
Allee Cuvier, within the Jardin
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.23/39
Rue Geoffroy St. Hilaire
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.24/39
Paris: Rue Lamarck and Rue Darwin
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.25/39
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.26/39
The Naturphilosophen
Monkey
Mouse
Fish
Amphibian
Ape Ape
Monkey
Mouse
Reptile Reptile
Amphibian
Fish
common developmental pathway evolutionary tree
The and Evolutionary views Naturphilosophen
Great Chain of Being
Note − The picture here is very much a
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.27/39
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.28/39
Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) in 1869
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.29/39
Lamarck’s theory versus Darwin’s
Lamarck Darwin/Wallace
Genetic variation important? No Yes
Differential survival or reproduction? No Yes
Mutations are in what direction? adaptive random
Phenotypic changes inherited? Yes maybe
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.30/39
Fleeming Jenkin
Fleeming Jenkin (1833-1885) Fleeming Jenkin BuildingUniversity of Edinburgh
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.31/39
Blending inheritance and selection
0
2
4
8
10
0 10 20 30 40
Value of character
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.32/39
The Biometricians
Francis Galton (1822-1911) Karl Pearson (1857-1936)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.33/39
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.34/39
Mendel in his school
The faculty of Mendel’s monastery school
(Mendel is top center-right with flower)
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.35/39
Rediscoverers of Mendel
Carl Correns Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg Hugo De Vries
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.36/39
Founders of theoretical population genetics
R. A. Fisher J. B. S. Haldane Sewall Wright
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.37/39
Developers and popularizers of the Neodarwinian Synthesis
Ernst Mayr George Gaylord Simpson Sir Julian Huxley
G. Ledyard Stebbins Theodosius Dobzhansky
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.38/39
How it was done
This projection produced
using the prosper style in LaTeX,
using Latex to make a .dvi file,
using dvips to turn this into a Postscript file,
using ps2pdf to make a PDF file, and
displaying the slides in Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Result: nice slides using freeware.
History of Genetics in Evolution – p.39/39