history of first machines

7/27/2019 History of First Machines

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Complied by N.Palaniappan ->Thanks to http://www.deutsches-museum.deMilling

In 1818 the !me"ican manu#actu"e" $li %hitney in&ented the #i"st millin' machine #o" metal.The basic machine body consisted o# a wooden block. The ope"ato" could mo&e the millin' tableeithe" by hand o" automatically usin' a wo"m 'ea" d"i&e.In the mid-18(()s *"ancis P"att came out with the +incoln millin' machine. This machine soon

'ained wo"ldwide acceptance.In #act until the 1,(()s millin' machines built in !me"ica and $u"ope we"e desi'ned based onthis all-pu"pose millin' machine.Towa"ds the end o# the 1,th centu"y special machines #o" millin' 'ea" wheels sc"ew th"eadsand nuts we"e de&eloped. y usin' a se"ies o# millin' cutte"s millin' pe"#o"mance could beinc"eased.%ith the int"oduction o# the millin' machine millin' tools we"e also imp"o&ed.!"ound 1,(( *.%. Taylo" ! int"oduced hi'h-speed steel which t"ipled cuttin' pe"#o"manceand se"&ice li#e.

Gear Hobbing Machine, 1912

0ea" obbin' 2achine 1,13 e"mann P#aute" +udwi'sbu"' 1,13 In&.-No.: 45/4,556

In 1854 0. 0"ant desi'ned the #i"st p"actical machine #o" millin' st"ai'ht-tooth spu" 'ea"s.

In 18,4 . P#aute" built the #i"st uni&e"sal machine based on 0"ant)s desi'n. This machinecould be used to p"oduce wo"m 'ea"s and sc"ew 'ea"s.The machine e7hibited he"e was used tomake spu" 'ea"s and wo"m 'ea"s o# &a"ious shapes.The tool a contou"ed millin' cutte" ca""ies out its hobbin' motion at the same time as the #eedmotion.To p"oduce a spu" 'ea" #eed motion is set pa"allel to the wo"kpiece to p"oduce a spu"wheel it is set "adially to the wo"kpiece.This type o# machine "eplaced all othe" methods o# p"oducin' 'ea" teeth in pa"ticula" #o"mmillin' and #o"m planin'.2a7. wo"k piece diamete" 3(( mm2a7. wo"k piece diamete" 93 mmCuttin' speed 93 to 19( "pm2echanical input (4 k%

%ei'ht 5(( k'Gear Hobbing Machine, Model FK 150, 1923


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0ea" obbin' 2achine 2odel * 19( 1,35 *e"dinand lin'elnbe"' ;emscheid 1,35

In 1,31 . chicht and 0. P"eis int"oduced hobbin' #o" p"oducin' spi"al-toothed be&elled 'ea"s.

In 1,35 the #i"st #i&e machines o# this type we"e deli&e"ed to the ! and


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ni&e"sal Tool 2illin' 2achine 1,18 *"ied"ich eckel 2@nchen 1,1,

The saddle and millin' head o# uni&e"sal millin' machines can be adAusted both &e"tically andho"iBontally. This pe"mits the ope"ato" to wo"k at &a"ious an'les between the tool and wo"kpiece.In 1,18 *"ied"ich eckel de&eloped this type o# millin' machine which played a key "ole in the'"owth o# the millin' indust"y.

Today it is conside"ed the #o"e"unne" o# the *P 1 and *P 3 uni&e"sal millin' machines whichwe"e int"oduced to the ma"ket in 1,51 and 1,91.

This machine is d"i&en by a #lat belt &ia the o&e"head t"ansmission 'ea" which pe"mits themachine to "un at ei'ht speeds. It is also e=uipped with a b"ass containe" #o" lub"icants andcoolants.

Clampin' su"#ace 3( 7 3(( mmpeed 1(9 to 1(4( "pm%ei'ht 33( k'

In&.-No: 6,/49(9,

Horizontal Milling Machine


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o"iBontal 2illin' 2achine app"o7. 188( *"iste" D ;oEmann. e"lin um 188(

ependin' an the position o# the millin' spindle a distinction is made between a ho"iBontal and&e"tical millin' machine. oth a"e used #o" millin' #lat su"#aces.In the 1,th centu"y millin' machines ha&e to a '"eat e7tent "eplaced planin' and #ilin' by hand.

Planin' is &e"y e7pensi&e and #ilin' "e=ui"es a '"eat deal o# time and e##o"t. elts and &a"ious'ea" t"ansmissions d"i&e the wo"k spindle and mo&e the wo"kpiece. The millin' cutte" p"ocessesthe wo"kpiece on th"ee sides simultaneously. Two sc"ew spindles a"e used to adAust cuttin'depth.

%ith special accesso"ies this +incoln-type millin' machine can be t"ans#o"med into a uni&e"salmillin' machine.

%ei'ht 4(( k'

In&.-No.: 39/936(3

lot!"illing "achine, H#rth, 195$


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lot-millin' machine u"th 1,9 *a. u"th 2@nchen 1,9

This &e"tical millin' machine is #itted with an attachment #o" the "apid machinin' o# '"oo&es and

slots. The millin' head is mo&ed back and #o"th by a c"ank 'ea" and is lowe"ed whene&e" the"eis a chan'e in di"ection. The len'th and depth o# the '"oo&e o" slot a"e adAustable.

The machine can ca""y out no"mal bo"in' ope"ations and &e"tical millin' ope"ations when themillin' head is in its #i7ed position. The len'th and width o# the clampin' table a"e adAustable.+on'itudinal #eed is p"oduced by a moto" with si7 speed le&els.

The #i"st slot-millin' machine was int"oduced by the u"th company in 2unich in 1,34.

In&.-No.: 64/4,93(

Gear hobbing "achine, %&a#ter, 19'9


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0ea" hobbin' machine P#aute" 1,6, e"mann P#aute" +udwi'sbu"' 1,6,

0ea" hobbin' is a special millin' ope"ation used to manu#actu"e toothed wheels.The hobbin' tool a wo"m 'ea" with se&e"al cuttin' ed'es "olls o## the wo"kpiece "otatin' it inthe p"ocess. The wo"kpiece is machined continually until all tooth 'aps ha&e been cut.ntil the end o# the 1,th centu"y toothed 'ea"s could only be p"oduced in a se"ies o#ope"ations.

The cuttin' ope"ation had to be inte""upted a#te" each tooth 'ap had been cut in o"de" to tu"nand "eposition the wo"kpiece.

The machine displayed he"e was used to machine all cylind"ical toothed 'ea" wo"k includin'

wo"ms and wo"m 'ea"s.

In&.-No.: + 5/83

#r&ace (athe


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u"#ace +athe $n'land 185( $n'land 185(

!t the be'innin' o# the 1,th centu"y the $n'lishman en"y 2audslay desi'ned the su"#acelathe #o" p"ocessin' la"'e #lywheels headwheels and othe" hea&y na""ow #o"'in's o" castin's.

! cast-i"on #"ame secu"ed in the #oundation holds the c"oss bed and 'ea"s #o" d"i&in' the wo"kspindle. This bed is e=uipped with "ound 'uideways #o" mo&in' the tool holde" by hand. ;ound'uideways we"e still used at that time since planin' #o" p"oducin' #lat 'uideways had not yetbeen in&ented. *eed spindles we"e not yet e=uipped with '"aduated d"ums. The"e#o"e a '"eatdeal o# e7pe"ience and skill was "e=ui"ed #o" p"oducin' p"ecision pa"ts.

This type o# lathe had impo"tant disad&anta'es: ea&y wo"kpieces placed a t"emendous st"ainon the wo"k spindle and loadin' and ali'nin' "e=ui"ed a lot o# time.

!"ound 18( in "esponse to these d"awbacks the &e"tical bo"in' and tu"nin' mill was in&ented.

This special type o# lathe was e=uipped with a su"#ace plate which "otated ho"iBontally.%o"k piece diamete" 13(( mm Fma7.G

peed 5 to 8 "pm%ei'ht 3((( k'

In&.-No.: (6/4918

)ngine (athe


8/39

$n'ine lace $n'land a"ound 181( $n'land a"ound 181(

This pa"ticula" lathe is the only "emainin' e7ample o# ea"ly $n'lish machine tool p"oduction le#tin 0e"many.

In 1818 !nd"eas *. aue" co-#ounde" o# the Hni' D aue" machine tool company b"ou'ht thislathe #"om +ondon to %@"Bbu"'. It was used #o" o&e" ei'hty yea"s to manu#actu"e pa"ts #o" hi'h-speed p"esses #o" the at that time eme"'in' p"intin' indust"y.

The d"i&in' machine p"obably a wate" wheel o" #lywheel is missin'.

!n adAustable be&el 'ea" t"ansmission dete"mines the di"ection o# "otation o# the lathe and

d"i&es the wo"k and lead spindle and tool ca""ia'e &ia chan'e 'ea" wheels. The ca""ia'e isdesi'ned as a double tool "est. This pe"mits the ope"ato" to use two lathe tools at once.

This lathe is an e7ample o# ea"ly automation.

Tu"nin' len'th 19(( mm Fma7.G%o"k piece diamete" 96( mm Fma7.G%ei'ht 1((( k'

In&.-No.: (6/836

*r#"!T+e T#rret (athe


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"um-Type Tu""et +athe 0e"many 18, %ilhelm &on Pittle" +eipBi' 18,

This lathe was desi'ned #o" mass p"oducin' small hi'h-p"ecision pa"ts in the a"ms sewin' andtypew"ite" indust"ies.

The tool holde" can handle si7teen tools #o" lon'itudinal and su"#ace lathin' d"illin' "eamin'and counte"sinkin' and counte"bo"in'. %ith a hand-ope"ated 'ea" d"i&e the ope"ato" positionsthe tools one a#te" the othe".

Thanks to special cuttin' tools this lathe can also be used #o" su"#acin' slottin' and cuttin' o##

stock. ! #o"min' tool with th"ead chase"s pe"mits cuttin' o# uni#o"m th"eads in la"'e numbe"s.P"epa"in' and settin' this type o# machine "e=ui"ed a '"eat deal o# time and e7pe"ience. %o"ksteps had to be ca"e#ully thou'ht out so that wo"kpieces did not ha&e to be "echucked and tokeep non-p"oducti&e times to a minimum.

2a7. ba" diamete" 36 mmei'ht o# cente"s 1(( mm%ei'ht (( k'

In&.-No.: 55/69,43

He-agon T#rret (athe


10/39

e7a'on Tu""et +athe ! 1846 %. +. Chase New o"k 1846

u"in' the Indust"ial ;e&olution sc"ews "i&ets and bolts we"e manu#actu"ed in e&e" inc"easin'numbe"s.

In o"de" to p"oduce machines and abo&e all weapons =uickly and economically indi&idualcomponents we"e manu#actu"ed so that they could be inte'"ated in any item o# a se"ies.The he7a'onal tool holde" o# this lathe can handle si7 tools. sin' a le&e" the ope"ato"

ad&ances the machine and positions the tools one a#te" the othe". The c"oss slide pe"mitssu"#ace cuttin' &e"tical to the a7is o# the spindle.

To achie&e ma7imum p"oduction "ates ba"-shaped mate"ials a"e p"ocessed. ! wei'ht #eedmechanism and '"ippe" a"e "esponsible #o" t"anspo"tin' and secu"in' the wo"kpiece.

2a7. ba" diamete" 18 mmei'ht o# cente"s 8( mm%ei'ht 5(( k'

In&.-No.: (,/14,6,

)ngine (athe


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$n'ine +athe 0e"many 1886 0eb". oeh"in'e" 0Hppin'en 1886

The en'ine lathe is the standa"d desi'n used #o" all lathes.

$n'ine lathes a"e use#ul #o" sin'le-piece p"oduction o# "ou'h yet p"ecise "ound pa"ts in all siBes.In 1886 the oeh"in' lathe desi'ned and p"oduced in 0e"many was un&eiled at the %o"ld *ai"in Pa"is.

This lathe included all technical inno&ations int"oduced in the p"e&ious centu"y. owe&e" it had

one maAo" d"awback: its open desi'n o#ten led to se"ious accidents.

The machine bed is suppo"ted by le's and holds the c"oss slide and tool ca""ia'e which mo&esthe lathe tool pa"allel and pe"pendicula" to the a7is o# "otation. The ope"ato" can cont"ol thismo&ement eithe" by hand o" automatically usin' the lead sc"ew.

The chan'e-'ea" t"ain on the le#t-hand side o# the machine bed pe"mits the p"oduction o# moststanda"d types o# sc"ew th"eads. The ope"atin' le&e" e7tends o&e" the enti"e len'th o# themachine thus pe"mittin' the ope"ato" to cont"ol the machine #"om any position.

%o"k piece diamete" 93( mm Fma7.GTu"nin' len'th 19(( mm%ei'ht 13(( k'

In&.-No.: 56/643(

(athe


12/39

+athe 185

%atch and inst"ument make"s used this type o# lathe as ea"ly as the be'innin' o# the 18thcentu"y.

The cast i"on machine bed holds the bea"in' blocks #o" the wo"k spindle and two "ound'uideways.

These 'uideways ca""y the tailstock and dead cente" the colla" plate #o" secu"in' and

p"ocessin' lon' wo"kpieces and mo&able hand "est #o" the lathe tool.

The wo"kpiece is held by the lathe chuck and cente"ed and secu"ed with sc"ews. %in' sc"ewson the le#t-hand bea"in' block secu"e the spindle.

2ass p"oduction o# this type o# lathe be'an a#te" 189( when c"oss slides we"e int"oduced andmanu#actu"e"s be'an to "eplace "ound 'uideways with mo"e stable #lat 'uideways.

%o"k piece diamete" 38( mm Fma7.GTu"nin' len'th 59( mm%ei'ht 19( k'

In&.-No.: 95/43434

(athe .ith Gear *rive


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+athe with 0ea" "i&e 18th centu"y

C"anks #lywheels capstans and wate" wheels we"e used to d"i&e machines since the 19thcentu"y.

Compa"ed to ea"ly lathes which we"e d"i&en #o" e7ample by pedal ope"ation lathes with 'ea"d"i&es pe"mitted the ope"ato" to wo"k without inte""uption since the wo"kpiece did not chan'edi"ections du"in' p"ocessin'.

The wo"kpiece is held between a #ou" Aaw chuck Fin the backG and an adAustable tailstock.The ope"ato" d"i&es the lathe with a wooden 'ea" d"i&e comp"ised o# a c"ank #lywheel andst"ap 'ea". Thanks to this desi'n the ope"ato" can #ully concent"ate on his wo"k. owe&e" a

'"eat deal o# shoulde" st"en'th skill and e7pe"ience is still "e=ui"ed #o" 'uidin' the lathe tool onthe hand "est.

This desi'n was used #o" centu"ies.2odel scale 1:5built by eutsches 2useum

In&.-No.: 9/43,64

!"t +athe!"ound 19(( membe"s o# the nobility became inte"ested in handc"a#ts.Tu"nin' became an ?in? hobby amon' the a"istoc"acy. The oldest p"ese"&ed a"t lathe belon'ed


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to $mpe"o" 2a7imilian I and dates back to 1918. 0"adually tu"nin' established itsel# as a #o"mo# a"ts and c"a#t.In addition to the usual a"ticles o# daily use a"t lathes we"e also used #o" c"eatin' hi'hly-deco"ated Aewel"y bo7es cases &ases and cups. Comple7 desi'ns we"e a si'n o# skilledwo"kmanship. %ood tin alabaste" and i&o"y we"e the most popula" mate"ials used.!"t tu"nin' is still enAoyed as a hobby today. The annual meetin' o# ?The Tu"ne"s? a +ondon-

based o"'aniBation att"acts app"o7imately (( tu"ne"s each yea" to meet and e7chan'e ideas

/rt (athe, %aris

!"t +athe 141 Pa"is 141This a"t lathe once belon'ed to a nobleman.

The seal o# the Pa"isian mechanic P.-*. aneau is stamped a numbe" o# places an the woodenlathe alon' with the yea" 141. This lathe was desi'ned mo"e #o" manu#actu"in' comple7components #o" watches than #o" hobby tu"nin'.

%hen p"ocessin' small wo"kpieces the wo"k spindle is d"i&en with a tension sp"in' to p"ocessla"'e" pieces it is d"i&en with a t"eadle. The tension sp"in' is pa"t o# the 'uide pulley.

%ei'ht 1(( k'

In&.-No: 8/94,

Grinding

0"indin' machines a"e hi'h-p"ecision tools.They ha&e been used since the be'innin' o# the 1,th centu"y and a"e desi'ned #o" #inal shapin'o# p"e-p"ocessed machine pa"ts. They ensu"e hi'h su"#ace =uality and e7ceptional dimensional


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accu"acy. P"ecision p"ocessin' played a decisi&e "ole in the standa"diBation o# machineelements.In 1858 the !me"ican


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!utomatic aw ha"penin' 2achine 1886 *"ied"ich chmaltB J##enbach 1886

ha"penin' dull saw blades with a #ile o" by hand with a '"indin' wheel was a challen'in' taske&en #o" the most skilled c"a#tsman. The"e#o"e the int"oduction o# a special machine #o" thispu"pose a"ound 184( was hailed with '"eat enthusiasm.

This automatic machine ope"ates usin' a se"ies o# steps:

*i"st the '"indin' wheel mo&es up and downsecond the teeth "apidly en'a'e one a#te" the othe"thi"d the '"indin' wheel ope"ates at an an'le an one side at a time.

This machine can sha"pen 6( teeth pe" minute a "ate which has not been e7ceeded to this day."i&in' powe" 5 k%

%ei'ht (( k'

In&.-No: 36/9416

Finishing

The inc"easin'ly st"in'ent technical "e=ui"ements placed on mass p"oduction demands a hi'hde'"ee o# t"ueness to shape and su"#ace =uality as well as "elati&ely small dimensional


17/39

tole"ances in machine-made pa"ts.*inishin' ope"ations "emo&e no"mal p"oduction inaccu"acies #"om the wo"kpieces. The mostimpo"tant p"ocesses a"e:

u"in' '"indin' ope"ations a "otatin' wheel is used to "emo&e stock #"om the wo"kpiece. The

wheel is made o# nume"ous bonded cuttin' c"ystals whose countless cuttin' ed'es act upon thewo"kpiece. The #ine" the '"ain o# the c"ystals and the hi'he" the speed o# the ab"asi&e wheel thesmoothe" the su"#ace o# the wo"kpiece will be.

onin' is a special '"indin' ope"ation #o" holes and sha#ts. To inc"ease the t"ueness to shape o#the wo"kpiece the honin' tool ca""ies out two motions: a "otatin' '"indin' motion and a back and#o"th o" up and down "ecip"ocatin' mo&ement.

+appin' is a '"indin' p"ocess which is used o# p"oduce plane su"#aces o# the hi'hest =uality. !

paste o# e7t"emely #ine ab"asi&e c"ystals is sp"ead between the uppe" su"#ace o# the wo"kpieceand a metal disk. ! second la"'e" metal disk suppo"ts the wo"kpiece. oth disks "otate althou'hthei" cente"s do not o&e"lap.

#r&ace grinding "achine, 19'3

u"#ace '"indin' machine 1,65 *"itB laibe" 0 chwennin'en 1,65

u"#ace '"indin' machines a"e used to make su"#aces smooth.The model desi'ned by "own and ha"pe in !me"ica in 1869 was a landma"k in thede&elopment o# su"#ace '"indin' machines. These machines ha&e unde"'one '"adualautomation du"in' the 3(th centu"y.The moto" in the machine displayed he"e d"i&es two '"indin' wheel spindles #o" ho"iBontal and&e"tical '"indin'. ! table holds the wo"kpiece in place ma'netically and 'uides it ac"oss the'"indin' wheel. The lon'itudinal and t"ans&e"se motions o# the table a"e cont"olled eithe"automatically o" by hand. In&.-No.: 65/4,456

ertical honing "achine, 19''


18/39

Ke"tical honin' machine 1,66 Na'el 0mb N@"tin'en 1,66

In 1,31 the *o"d company in et"oit patented the #i"st honin' machine.

It was not until 1,36 that the #i"st honin' machines we"e put into ope"ation in $u"opeanautomoti&e #acto"ies.

The st"oke o# the honin' spindle o# this machine is cont"olled hyd"aulically. Comp"essed ai"mo&es the '"indin' stone o# the honin' tool onto the wall o# the hole. ! pneumatic de&icemeasu"es the amount o# stock "emo&ed.

Jnce the hole has been "eamed to siBe the comp"essed ai" is automatically shut o## endin' thehonin' ope"ation. This p"ocess is accu"ate to one thousandth o# a millimete".

In&.-No.: + 66/46,61

Floor stand grinder, 19'$


19/39

*loo" stand '"inde" 1,6 2etabowe"ke 0 N@"tin'en 1,6This machine is the successo" o# the t"aditional hand-powe"ed '"indstone. It is used to sha"pendull tools.The wo"kpiece suppo"t can be positioned so that the distance to the '"indstone "emainsconstant as the stone wea"s away. Two panes o# 'lass p"otect the '"inde" #"om #lyin' spa"ks.

In&.-No.: 6/4,84

%laning and haing%ith the e7ception o# a #ew #o"e"unne"s the #i"st planin' machines appea"ed at the be'innin' o#the 1,th centu"y.These included planin' machines p"oduced by 0.&. ;eichenbach in 0e"many and 2. 2u""ay


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Pilla" Planin' 2achine 18(


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Pilla" Planin' 2achine 1891


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e&el 0ea" Planin' 2achine 18,9 Mahn"de"#ab"ik


23/39

aws a"e p"incipally used to sepa"ate o" cut "ods and ba"s. The toothed cuttin' ed'e o# the sawblade "emo&es chips o" sha&in's and d"i&es a ke"# into the clamped wo"kpiece. Powe" sawswhich mo&e back and #o"th ac"oss the a"ticle a"e known as hack saws. aws with "otatin'blades a"e known as ci"cula" saws.aw blades and coolin' we"e '"eatly imp"o&ed at the tu"n o# the centu"y p"o'"ess which made itpossible to cut inc"easin'ly thicke" mate"ials e&e" #aste". yd"aulic de&ices ha&e been used to

clamp the wo"kpiece and to ensu"e constant p"essu"e on the saw blade since the 1,5(s.

%o.er hacsa., 1955

Powe" hacksaw 1,99 e"mann lae'e" tutt'a"t 1,99

Powe" hacksaws wo"k &e"y slowly and a"e thus not "ecommendable #o" mass p"oduction.

They a"e howe&e" 'ene"ally used #o" cuttin' a limited numbe" o# wo"kpieces with small c"osssections.

In 188( ein"ich $h"ha"dt int"oduced the #i"st powe" hacksaw in @sseldo"#. It has notunde"'one noticeable chan'es in #o"m o" #unction since then and is still one o# the mostcommon powe" saws used in small and medium-siBed businesses today.

! c"ank 'ea" con&e"ts the "ota"y motion o# the d"i&e moto" into the back and #o"th motion o# thesaw bow. ! wei'ht p"esses the blade a'ainst the mate"ial. u"in' the "etu"n st"oke the blade isli#ted #"om the wo"kpiece by a hyd"aulic mechanism.

In&.-No.: 99/4511

4irc#lar o.er sa., 195$


24/39

Ci"cula" powe" saw 1,9 altenbach +H""ach 1,9In&.-No.: 1,,,-664

on!4#tting MethodsNon-cuttin' methods "e#e"s to mate"ial shapin' p"ocesses with no mate"ial loss. hapin' can bepe"#o"med an eithe" hot o" cold mate"ial.The most impo"tant non-cuttin' methods a"e castin' "ollin' #o"'in' #lattenin' bendin'punchin' stampin' pullin' and hamme"in'.Non-cuttin' p"ocessin' is co&e"ed mo"e tho"ou'hly in the nei'hbo"in' ?2etals? e7hibition.The stampin' machine and sc"ew p"ess shown he"e a"e only two e7amples o# this e7tensi&etechnolo'y.

cre. %ress

c"ew P"ess 1899 ;obe"t "ame" uhl 1899

c"ew p"esses with a steel desi'n ha&e been used since the 1,th centu"y.Thei" name is based on the multiple-th"ead sc"ew spindle. They a"e desi'ned #o" cuttin'bendin' and stampin' small i"on pa"ts o# all types.The mo&ement p"inciple is simila" that o# a sc"ew-nut connection: the spindle "ep"esents thesc"ew and the p"ess slide the nut. 2o&ement o# the slide is di"ectly dependent on how #a" thespindle is tu"ned. The wo"kpiece is secu"ed to the machine stand and "emains stationa"y.The wo"kpiece is shaped with sho"t blows usin' the powe" o# mo&in' masses. These ?masses?a"e in the #o"m o# hea&y wei'hts on the ends o# a handle which is attached to the spindle. Twoo" mo"e wo"ke"s a"e needed to set the handle into motion.%ei'ht 1((( k' In&.-No.: 34/6(644

2intin' 2achine


25/39

2intin' 2achine 1894 iet"ich hlho"n Hln 1894ntil about 181( p"oducin' coins was a &e"y a"duous task. They we"e eithe" p"oduced byhamme"in' o" mechanically usin' stampin' machines o" wooden spindle p"esses.

In 1814 . hlho"n in&ented machines which ope"ated on the to''le le&e" p"inciple.These machines which a"e still used in mints today si'ni#icantly inc"eased p"oduction "ates and

the =uality o# coins.

The to''le le&e" inc"eases p"essu"e. It p"esses the uppe" die downwa"d and stamps an ima'eon the #"ont o# the blank. !t the same time the bottom die stamps an ima'e on the back o# theblank. This machine can be ope"ated eithe" elect"ically o" manually.!n automatic sa#ety system switches o## the machine i# mo"e than one slu' o" no slu' at all isloaded between the mintin' dies.

Jutput 39(( stamps/hou"%ei'ht 59(( k'

In&.-No: 6(/4438

6as 4#tting Machine


26/39

;asp Cuttin' 2achine 18, *"ied"ich ick $sslin'en 18,

In 1855 the $n'lishman %. hilton built the #i"st machine #o" cuttin' the su"#ace o# "asps and#iles.

The cuttin' tool o# this machine is mounted on the hamme" block a massi&e metal obAect

between two 'uide pins. u"in' downwa"d t"a&el the cuttin' tool st"ikes the blank which ismounted in a mo&eable assembly.

!#te" each st"oke the blank is automatically #o"wa"ded until a patte"n de&elops which is simila"to that o# common household '"ate"s. To p"ocess the ne7t lon'itudinal "ow it is necessa"y to"etu"n the slu' and enti"e assembly back to thei" o"i'inal positions and tu"n the di&idin' plate byone tooth.

%hen p"ocessin' wood o" metal with a "asp cuttin' machine undesi"able tool ma"ks such asnicks and '"oo&es may appea". To p"e&ent this the c"oss st"oke and lon'itudinal st"oke a"eo##set.

%ei'ht 39( k'

In&.-No.: 36/964,,

*ilin' machines


27/39

*ilin' 2achine 0eb"@de" Thiel ;uhla/Th@"in'en ca. 1,3(

*ilin' machines we"e in&ented in the ! in 1,(.

*ou" yea"s late" #ilin' machines especially #o" p"ecision #ittin' wo"k and p"oducin' tools Ai'sand #i7tu"es we"e int"oduced in 0e"many.

!n inte"chan'eable #ile with an adAustable st"oke len'th mo&es up and down &ia a c"ank 'ea".

The table can be adAusted in hei'ht and pi&oted on two a7es. The wo"kpiece is positioned on thetable secu"ed with a clamp and 'uided by hand. ! st"eam o# ai" blows away chips when the #ileis in upwa"d motion.

The machine is also use#ul #o" sawin' simple contou"s. This is done by "eplacin' the #ile with asaw blade.

Table an'le 19O to each sidet"oke len'th 1( to 13( mm"i&in' powe" (.99 k%%ei'ht 1(( k'

Trans"issions


28/39

T"ansmission system

y the end o# the 18th centu"y #acto"ies we"e o#ten e=uipped with a la"'e numbe" o# machinetools. To accommodate this '"owth t"ansmissions we"e used to t"ans#e" and dist"ibute powe"#"om cent"al d"i&in' en'ines to the &a"ious machines.

T"ansmissions in thei" simplest #o"m ha&e been used since about 199(.

T"ansmission systems basically consist o# sha#ts bea"in's couplin's and &a"ious belt and "oped"i&es. %ate" wheels steam en'ines and othe" types o# d"i&in' en'ines d"i&e the main sha#twhich "uns on bea"in's. elts and "opes t"ans#e" "ota"y motion to the indi&idual machines anda"e o#ten c"ossed to accommodate a chan'e in di"ection o# "otation. The t"ansmission sha#ttu"ns constantly. y usin' "eduction 'ea"in' the indi&idual machines can be linked to thet"ansmission sha#t only when needed.

T"ansmission systems o#ten e7tended o&e" nume"ous "ooms and sto"eys o# a #acto"y.ince 1,3( these eno"mous systems ha&e been '"adually been "eplaced by indi&idual elect"icd"i&es. *o" a mo"e detailed desc"iption o# indi&idual components and d"i&es see the e7hibition

on d"i&in' en'ines and powe" machine"y.

In&.-No: 9/4,93

*rilling$a"ly d"ills consisted o# two pieces o# wood ancho"ed in the '"ound and Aoined by a c"osspiece.%ith ho"n o" elde"be""y wood as a d"ill holes we"e d"illed into stone.


29/39

"aces and pump d"ills ha&e been used since the 11th centu"y.Thei" bits a"e made o# metal and a"e capable o# pie"cin' coppe" tin and i"on.In 144


30/39

Pump d"ill 0e"many a"ound 189(

Pump d"ills a"e amon' the oldest tools. Thei" de&elopment peaked in inst"ument makin' du"in'the 2iddle !'es.! slidin' c"osspiece is mounted on the bo"in' spindle. Co"ds connect its ed'es to the toolshank which they w"ap a"ound.!s the c"osspiece is p"essed downwa"ds the st"aps unwind causin' the bo"in' spindle to tu"n.The powe" o# the #lywheel "ewinds the st"aps and "aises the c"osspiece.

In&.-No.:13/54(9

/rchi"edean drill


31/39

!"chimedean d"ill 0e"many a"ound 189(

!"chimedean d"ills also known as sc"ew d"ills we"e int"oduced in the 1,th centu"y.They a"e still used in some places today in the wood wo"kin' indust"y.The d"ill consists o# a bit and a sc"ew o# coa"se pitch. To-and-#"o mo&ement o# a nut tu"ns thebit.

In&.-No.: 39/69,85

races0e"many a"ound 18((

"aces and b"east swi&els ha&e been used since the 19th centu"y and seem to ha&e de&eloped#"om the pump d"ills.! common d"ill #"om the 1th centu"y was powe"ed by a c"ank.mall hand-held d"ills we"e used to bo"e holes up to 1( mm in diamete" F9 and 4G la"'e" holes"e=ui"ed stationa"y usually swi&ellin' machines F6G.These tools we"e la"'ely "eplaced by elect"ical hand d"ills in 18,9.

"aces In&-No (8/1638 F9G


32/39

"aces In&-No 15/543 F6G

"aces In&-No (8/163, F4G

6atchet brace drill0e"many between 184( and 188(

;atchet b"ace d"ills ha&e been used since 185( #o" d"illin' wo"k in con#ined spaces.! "atchet-and-pawl mechanism t"ansmits mo&ement to an actuatin' le&e" allowin' the d"ill bit totu"n in one di"ection only.;atchet b"ace d"ills a"e still used in some places today in the wood wo"kin' indust"y.

In&.-No.:(8/135 F8G


33/39

In&.-No.: 39/663(6 F,G

In&.-No.:(8/143( F1(G

ertical g#n barrel drilling "achine

Ke"tical 'un ba""el d"illin' machine ;oyal #ound"y e"lin 144

The desi"e to manu#actu"e e##ecti&e weapons was an impo"tant #acto" in the de&elopment o#machine tools. 0un ba""el bo"in' mills with &e"tical wo"k spindles ha&e been used since 199(.In cont"ast to its p"edecesso" the ho"iBontal 'un ba""el d"illin' machine they p"o&ide a mo"ecleane" bo"e su"#ace inc"easin' the accu"acy and "an'e o# the p"oAectiles.The cast unwo"ked piece #o" the cannon bo"e is clamped in a wooden b"ace and lowe"ed anpulleys to the &e"tical d"ill. Two ho"ses tu"n the d"ill. The wei'ht o# the cannon itsel# p"oduces the#eed.2odel: scale 1:1(built at the eutsches 2useum In&.-No.: 9/43,68

%rod#cing threads b+ hand


34/39

The #i"st #astenin' sc"ews we"e int"oduced a"ound (( !.The manu#actu"e o# sc"ews "emained an a"t until the end o# the 18th centu"y.The th"eads we"e cast #iled o" solde"ed on. The comple7ity o# sc"ew p"oduction made "i&ets andwed'es the p"e#e""ed #astene"s.. 2audslay and


35/39

cre. stocs!ccu"ate e7temal th"eads a"e cut with sc"ew stocks. c"ewin' dies split in hal# o" consistin' o#se&e"al pa"ts a"e easily adAusted and inte"chan'eable #o" cuttin' &a"yin' diamete"s.Tape" taps plu' taps and bottomin' taps a"e used to imp"o&e the =uality o# manu#actu"e.

0e"many 14,6 F"i'htG In&.-No: (8/19(9

+ouis Philippe *"ance 185( FmiddleG In&.-No.: (8/16643


36/39

0e"many end 1,th centu"y FmiddleG In&.-No: (8/161(

0e"many end 1,th centu"y Fbi' middleG In&.-No: (8/15149

0e"many um 189( Fsmall middleG In&.-No.: 8(/8(-1

0e"many 184 Fle#tG In&.-No: 8(/8(-5


37/39

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 F#"ontG In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-3,585,

0e"many 1,th centu"y In&.-No: (8/14

cre. tasInte"nal th"eads a"e 'ene"ally p"oduced with sc"ew taps.!#te" the "oot diamete" has been "ebo"ed the th"eads a"e cut with a set o# th"ee taps.The oldest known taps F1,th centu"yG a"e conical. To inc"ease p"oduction the p"o#iles we"echan'ed o&e" time.

0e"many end 1,th centu"y F"i'ht No. 11G In&.-No.: (8/154

0e"many app"o7. 189( FNo. 13G In&.-No.: 38/63536 c


38/39

0e"many app"o7. 189( FNo. 15G In&.-No.: 38/63536 d

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-,1(11

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-13

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-34


39/39

7rench .ith lengthening iece

%"ench with len'thenin' piece Fat the back o# the tableG

%"ench with len'thenin' piece %hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896

In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-5(

history of first machines

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