america grows unit 4 mr. ochoa american history. first factories (330 – 334) started in britain...

America GrowsUnit 4

Mr. OchoaAmerican History

First Factories (330 – 334)

Started in Britain – textiles• 1700s, inventors developed new machines– Spinning Jenny – spin several threads at once

• Speeded up process of weaving thread to cloth

• Factory system– Before Revolution – spinning & weaving done at home– Spinning mill needed capital (money) & supplies

• Capitalist, a person who invests in a business in order to make a profit

• Built factories

First Factories

• Factory system brought workers & machinery together in one place to produce goods– Workers earned daily or weekly wages– Industrial revolution – gradual process by which

machines replaced hand tools and steam and other new sources of power replaced human & animal power

Water, steam, & oil power• Water – Thomas Savery created first engine– “Miner’s Friend”

• Pumped water from mines

First Factories

• Steam – coal used to develop the steam engine– 1712, Thomas Newcomen’s developed steam

engine– 1764, James Watt made improvements to the

engine• Oil – Whale oil was used a lubricant for

various engineering purposes– It does not evaporate

Eli Whitney – Interchangeable Parts and Mass Production (418-419)

• Whitney went to D.C. to sell idea– Interchangeable parts – identical, machine-made parts for

a tool or instrument• Officials laughed at plan• Eli sorted parts for 10 muskets into separate piles

– Asked official to pick 1 part from the piles– In minutes, 1st musket assembled– Eli repeated process – 10 muskets complete

• Mass production– Inventors designed machines to produce I.P.

• Clocks, locks, many other goods• Workshops grew into factories

First Unions (330-334)

Sara Bagley & Lowell Girls• The Lowell Mills– Francis Lowell improved British textile mills

• Spinning & weaving done in separate factories– Lowell combined both under 1 roof

– New mill built in Waltham, Massachusetts• Raw cotton into finished cloth

– Lowell died – his partners built factory town– Lowell, Mass. Village of 5 family farms (1821)

• 1836 – 10,000 people

First Unions

• Lowell girls– Young women who worked in new mills

• Many worked in mills for years• Later returned home to marry• Wage sent home to families

– Parents reluctant to let daughters work in mills• Company bought boarding houses• Rules implemented to protect women

• Sarah Bagley– Conditions in mills were unpleasant– Sarah advocated for women’s rights

• Shorter work days & 10 hours max

First Unions

10 hour work days• 1845 – gathered names on a petition sent to Mass.

Legislature– Wanted 10 hour work days

• Long hours & unhealthy work conditions

Strikes• Strike – a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of

employees to work– 1824 – Pawtucket, Rhode Island – textile strike– 1835 – Philadelphia General Strike – shorter working hours– 1836 –Lowell, Mass. Mill Women’s Strike

Transportation Revolution (337-341)

Fulton’s steam boat• River ideal for transportation/upstream difficult

– 1807, Fulton launched steamboat (Clermont)• 1st trip NYC to Albany

– 300 miles (62 hours)

• Revolutionized travel to the West– Cheap transportation

Cooper’s steam locomotive• 1830 – Baltimore to Ohio railway tested 1st steam engine

– Peter Cooper’s Tom Thumb– Huge success the steam engine and the B&O railway dominated

long distance transportation

Transportation Revolution

Railroads – transcontinental, refrigerated boxcars• First railways made in 1800s (horses & mules)

– Engineers built stronger bridges & roadbeds• Wooden rails replaced with iron (faster/safer)

– 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the nation• Refrigerated boxcars

– Designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures• Costly to ship large amounts of livestock• 1851 – Northern Railway (NY) first attempt to ship cold items

– Not successful only good in cold temps

• 1875, Samuel Rumph, peach grower, invented 1st successful refrigerated rail car

Communication Revolution

Impact of electricity• Michael Faraday– Researched the magnetic field around a conductor

carrying a direct current– Established electromagnetic field– Electricity became practical for use in technology

Telegraph and Morse Code (409)• Sam Morse created telegraph in 1844– Electrical signals along a wire

• Based on a code of dots, dashes, & spaces (Morse Code)

Communication Revolution

– Instant success• Telegraph companies sprang up• Thousands of miles of wire stretched across the country

Bell’s telephone• Alexander Graham Bell – With the help of Thomas Watson, he was able to

create ways to comminute with others over a long distance• Led to the telephone

– 1877, more than 150,000 phones in the U.S.

Farming Revolution

Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin• In 10 days created a model– Two rollers with thin wire teeth

• Cotton swept between rollers• Teeth separated the seeds from fibers

– Single work• Could do work of 50 people• Can grow fast = profit

John Deere’s plow & McCormick’s reaper• John created a lightweight steel plow

Farming Revolution– Earlier plows made of heavy iron or wood

• Pulled by slow moving oxen• Horse could pull a steel plow through a field quickly

• Cyrus McCormick opened a factory– Produced mechanical reapers

• Horse drawn machine mowed wheat & other grains– Could do work of five people

Scientific farming & ranching1) Improve water supplies by better irrigation & drainage system2) Use of machines such as combine harvesters & tractors3) Improve species – biotechnology is widely used4) Use of chemicals such as fertilizers & pesticides• Ranching – practice of raising grazing live stock such as cattle or sheep

for meat or wool

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny• Americans saw their govt. to be the best – it was

their duty to spread their culture– Manifest (clear or obvious) Destiny (something is sure

to happen)

Jefferson’s vision• a new America that commanded the trade routes

from Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean– Thus forcing the England, France and Spain out of

North America

Manifest Destiny

• Religious– Belief that America is a nation called to a special destiny by

God– It was their duty to spread Christianity

• Political – Whigs nominate Henry Clay– Democratic candidate James Polk

• Polk wanted to add Texas & Oregon– Labeled expansionist

• Clay opposed annexation of Texas

– Americans supported expansion• Polk became president

Manifest Destiny

• Economic– Pioneers moved west to have own farm– Move from crowded work place– Gold

• Social– Join other family members– Avoid persecution back east– New start

Growing Problems – War with Mexico

Americans in Mexican Texas• Texas was part of Spanish colony (Mexico)– 1821, Spain gave Moses Austin a land grant• Austin died before he used it

– Son, Stephen, took over

– Before Stephen took over Mexico won independence• Austin brought settlers to Texas

– Developed land & controlled Native attacks– 300 families moved to Texas


The Alamo & Texas becomes its own country• Austin & original settlers became Mexican citizens– Later, American settlers no loyalty to Mexico

• Mexico did not let them settle in Texas• Feared Texas would become a state

– Mexico began enforcing laws• Texans worshiped Catholic Church• Banned slavery in TX• Americans resented these laws

– Mexico sent troops to enforce laws


– 1835, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna threw out Mexican Constitution• Becomes dictator

• Texans take action– Tejanos – people of Mexican descent born in Texas• Want to get rid of Santa Anna

– 1835, Texas town of Gonzales• Residents clashed with Mexican troops

– Troops forced to withdraw


– San Antonio• Texans occupied the city• Santa Anna sent large army

– Texans declared independence while army was on the way\– Sam Houston commander of the army– Volunteers from U.S., African Americans, & Tejanos fought

– Siege at the Alamo• Texans poorly equipped

– Ammo, food, water, medicine = low– 150 Texans v. 6,000 Mexican troops

– Feb. 23, 1836 siege begins• Siege – enemy forces try to capture a city of fort often

surrounding and bombarding it


– William Travis• Knew Texans were doomed• Sent messenger through Mexican lines with note• Sent scouts to find volunteers & supplies

– 40 men slipped through to fight

– March 6th, cannons broke through walls• Thousands of soldiers attacked• 180 Texans & 1,500 Mexicans died

The Lone Star Republic• Nickname after Texans won independence– Sam Houston becomes president


– Faced several problems• Mexico refused to accept treaty Santa Anna signed• Texas nearly bankrupt• Indians threatened to attack• Most believed to solve problems was to join U.S.

– U.S. divided• Should the U.S. annex (add) Texas?

– Northerners did not like – Southerners did» Slavery

• Congress refused to annex Texas


War with Mexico over Texas• Tensions between the U.S. & Mexico are high

– U.S. believed Mexico got in way of Manifest Destiny– Mexico believed rebellions could spring

• In California & New Mexico

• War begins– U.S. & Mexico claim land

• Between Rio Grande & Nueces River

– Polk ordered Zach Taylor to set up posts– April 1846, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande

• Clash with Americans• Congress declared war


• Fighting in Mexico– Invaded N. Mexico

• Feb. 1847, Battle of Buena Vista• Americans outnumbered 2 to 1• Forced Santa Anna to retreat

– General Winfield Scott to Port of Veracruz• Americans took city

– Revolt in California• General Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe

– Did not fire a shot– Took San Diego– Control S. Cali in 1847 in N. California


– Americans declared California an independent nation• Bear Flag Republic• John Fremont drove Mexican troops out of N. California

• The final battle– 1847 U.S. controlled all N. Mexico & California

• Peace Brings North lands– Mexico city in Americans’ control• 1848 Mexican govt. signed treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago

Growing Problems – War in Mexico• Mexico had to cede, give up, all California & New Mexico to U.S.

– Called Mexican Cession– U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

• 1853, U.S. paid Mexico $10 million for Arizona & New Mexico (Gadsden Purchase)

Thoreau & Civil Disobedience• Americans divided over war

– Some wanted new lands– Others saw it as away to keep slavery

• Henry David Thoreau thought was unjust– Refused to pay taxes– Arrested & imprisoned

Growing – Gold in California

Sutter’s Mill and Gold Fever• 1848, John Sutter built saw mill on the American

River– N. of Sacramento– John Marshall supervised the job

• Jan 24 – found gold

– Sutter wanted to keep it a secret• Failed – news spread and people left for the mill

– “Gold Fever”

• More than 80,000 people came in 1849– Forty-niners

Growing – Gold in California• Working to gold fields

– Panning for gold• Held pan under water, gently swirling it• Water washed away gravel• Left heavier gold in the pan

– Very few struck it rich• Many went broke

• A new state– San Francisco became a thriving city– greed led to crime

• Murders, robberies• Led to vigilantes

– Self appointed law enforcers – no legal right– Sometimes lynching occurred – hanged without legal trial


Immigration Wave• Mexican Americans and Native Americans

– 1850s & 1860s many M. Americans lost lands– Native Americans driven off land

• Many died of starvation, disease, or murder• 1850, 100,000 Indians lived in California• 1870s, 17,000 lived in California

• Chinese Americans– Thousands of Chinese sailed to California

• At first welcomed – needed workers• Changed when Chinese workers staked claim in gold fields• Faced Chinese prejudice• Still stayed – drained swamplands, dug irrigation systems, helped build

railroads linked California to other parts of the country


California dilemma – free or slaves• African Americans joined the gold rush– Some became well off– 1850, California had richest A.A. population of any

state• Still faced discrimination

– California law – denied to testify against whites in court

Growing Pains – Plains Indian Wars

Broken treaties and massacres• Treaties– Over 500 treaties were made with N.A.• Most for land cessations• Most broken, changed, or nullified when it served govt.

interests

• Massacres– Over 50 different incidents in which Americans

and Native Americans were massacred


Plains Indian culture (The Horse Culture)• Horses shaped culture– Helped gain their subsistence with limitless buffalo herds– Travel became faster– Transport goods– Herman Cortes brought 1st horse to New World

Sioux wars – Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse & Custer• Sioux Wars – series of wars between the U.S. &

Sioux that occurred in the later half of the 19th century


– 1st conflict – 1854 – Sioux killed several American troops in Wyoming (Grattan Massacre)

– Last was Ghost Dance War • U.S. govt. v Native Americans• Wounded Knee

– 7th Cavalry massacred 153 Lakota Sioux– 25 dead U.S. troops

• Sitting Bull– Hunkpapa Lakota – led resistance against U.S. for several

years– Led people to victory at Battle of Little Big Horn

• Custer’s Last Stand


– Killed by Indian agency police in 1890• Crazy Horse– Native American leader of Oglala Lakota– Helped win at Battle of Little Big Horn– Killed by military guard’s bayonet

• George Custer– U.S. army officer, cavalry commander in Civil War

& Indian Wars– Died at Battle of Little Big Horn

Growing Pains – Wild, Wild West

Lawmen & Outlaw Legends• Butch Cassidy– Robert Leroy Parker (born in Utah 1866)– American train robber, bank robber, & lead the Wild

Bunch Gang– Probably killed in a shootout in 1908

• Billy the Kid– William McCarty (born in N. Mexico 1859)– According to legend he killed 21 men (4-9)– Cowboy outlaw, murder, & gambler


• Jesse James – born in Mississippi 1847– Gambler, bank & train robber, murdered– Killed by Robert Ford (wanted reward)

• Pat Garrett – trailed Billy for 6 months– Killed Billy the Kid in N. Mexico

• Wyatt Earp – sheriff in Kansas– Moved to Tombstone, Arizona– Cleaned up the town


The Cattle Kingdom & Range Wars• Cattle industry grew after civil war– Moved to Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming,

Montana & Dakotas• Moved with expansion of railroads

– Cattle – 1st big business• Attracted foreign investment• Needed considerable organization

– Chisholm Trail – San Antonio to Abilene, Kansas• Western Trail ended in Dodge City• Both trails approx. 800 miles (2 months)


– Money – steer purchased for less than $10• Could sell for more than $30• Cattle grazed – few ranchers needed• Few cowboys made it a career

– Paid wage

• Some wanted to save & start own ranch

• Range Wars– Battle between farmers and ranchers

• Farmers fenced land with barb wire– Wanted to control water

• Ranchers depended on an open range


• Collapse of the Cattle Kingdom– Profit encouraged industry to increase size of herds

• Overgrazing & over production• More beef & foreign competition = decrease in prices• Harsh winters and summer droughts

Civilizing the West – Railroads, Business and growth of cities• Railroads

– Carried supplies & settlers to the West– Railroad building

• Govt. granted land & money

– 1869, Transcontinental Railroad (Atlantic to Pacific)


• Business– Invested heavily in corporations

• Allowed banks to control company policies

– J.P. Morgan bought up railroads & steel companies• Formed U.S. Steel – 1st billion dollar company (U.S.)

– John D. Rockefeller – built Standard Oil Company• Became a monopoly – single company that controls or dominated an

entire industry

• Growing cities– Immigration helped fuel growth– People flocked to cities (urbanization)

• Jobs – factories, stores, & offices

america grows unit 4 mr. ochoa american history. first factories (330 – 334) started in britain...

Documents