history of architecture

5/28/2018 History of Architecture

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Character: simplicity, massiveness,Monumentality

Material : stone and brick

System : columnar and trabaeted

Comparative analysis:

Plans - irregular and asymmetricalWall - no windows (batter wall)Openings - doors are square headedRoof - flat roofColumns - interior only, 6d

- bud & bell, palm, foliated, hatthorhead, osiris, polygonal

Mouldings - torus and gorge

PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS:

Egyptian Tombs:

a. Mastaba - stairway, halfshrunk, elaborate structure

elements: offering chapel w/ stele(slab)serdab(statue chamber) sarcophagus

b. Pyramid - square in plan, oriented in cardinal sides

elements: offering chapel mortuarychapel elevated causeway(passageway)valley building (embalmment)

types: step (zoser)slope blunt (seneferu)

c. Rock-cut- mountain side tombs

elements: passagessepultural chamber

Egyptian Temples:

a. Cult Temple - worship of the gods

b. MORTUARY TEMPLE- to honor the pharos

elements:pylon(entrance or gateway)hypaethral court(open to the sky court)

hypostyle hall(pillard or columnar hall)sanctuary

c. MINOR TEMPLE- mammisi temple (carved alongmountain)

d. OBELISK TEMPLE(monumental pillars, square in plan

Sphinx:(mythical monsters)

Mastaba of Thi, Sakkara-Pyramid of Gizeh- Cheops, Chepren, MykerinosTombs of the Kings, ThebesThe Great Temple of Arnak

(greatest example of Egyptian temple)Great Sphinx at Gizeh

(god horus)

Egyptian Architects:Senusurets - built the earliest known obelisk at HeliopolisAmenemhat I - founded the great temple at KarnakThothmes I - began the additions to the temple of Amnon

KarnakAmenophis III - built the famous Colossi of MemnonRameses I - began the hypostyle hall at KarnakSeti I - built the temple at Abu- SimberPtolemy II - built the pharos of Light HousePtolemy III - founded the Great Seradeum at Alexandria

WEST ASIA ARCHITECTURE

BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN

Character : simplicity, massiveness, grandeur

Material : brick

System : arch and vault


Plan - palaces are elevated on platforms w/room covered by vaults

Walls - are built with sun died bricks,battlement cresting

( ASSYRIAfinished w/ chiseled alabaster slab)


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Openings- doors are semicircular headed w/sculptured monstrers

Roof- externally appeared flat but covered bybrick vaults internally

Columns - no columnsMouldings - no mouldingsOrnaments - chiseled alabaster slab

PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS:

a. Ziggurat: holy mountains

Archaic ziggurats - rectangular w/ upper temple

Multi level ziggurats - 2 to 5 tiers

Assyrian ziggurats - square in plan w/ continousramp w/ fire altar

b. Palace : usually built by Assyrian

elements: seraglio - palace properharem - private family apartmentskhan - service chamber

Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat

PERSIAN(architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan)

Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface,timber for roof

System: royal palace are built on platforms toachieve monumentality

: columnar and trabaeted


Plan - open widely spaced columnsWall - made of bricks covered w/ polychrome

brickworkOpenings - windows and doors are square headedRoofflat roof made of timberColumns - tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d &

scroll, twin horse capitalMouldings - Greek & Egyptian

Ornament - polychrome brickwork

Palace Platform, PersopolisPropylaea, XerxesPalace of DariusPalace of CercesHypostyle Hall of CercesHall of Hundred Columns

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Character:

Simplicity & harmonyPurity of linePerfection of proportionsRefinement of details

Material: marbleSystem: columnar and trabaeted

Early Period/ Minoan or Mycenaean

Principal buildings:

a. Megaron : domestic unit

elements : enclosed porchmegaron properthalamus- sleeping room

Walls:1. cyclopean2. polygonal3. rectangular4. inclined blocks

b. Tombs

RockCut- rectangular chamber cut deep into themountainside

Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular in shapedromos- passageway

c. Palaces

Palace King Minos, Knossos


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Helenic Period- religious structures

Comparative Analysis : (Greek Temples)

Simple & balanceSymmetricalRectangular


a. Templeselements: front porticocrepidoma- stylobate, steriobatepronaosnaosepinaos/ posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomosperoma- space bet the naos wall and columns

Number of columnsHenostyleDinostyleTristyle

TetrastylePentastyleHexastyle

HectastyleOctostyleEnnastyle

DecastyleDodestyle

Arrangement of Columns

Antis, Amphi-antisProstyle, Amphi-prostylePeripteral, Pseudo-peropteralEdipteral, Pseudo-dipteral


Wall - solidly constructed of blocks or stones,use of dowels or clamps

Openings - doors, windows & colonnade aresquare headed

Roof - w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marbleslab to permit light

- lacunaria(coffer)Column - principal external feature

Orders Introduced by Greeks

Doric Order

Ionic order

Corinthian Order

Parts of Greek Order

Entablature - cornice

friezearchitrave

Column - capitalshaftbase

Proportion of Greek OrdersDoric Order- favored by Greeks

Column- 4-6 DTablature- height of order

Ionic OrderColumn- 9DTablature- 1/5 height of order

Corinthian OrderColumn- 10DTablature- 1/5 height of order

Doric Order

AbachusEchinusTrachelion

HypotrachelionEntasis

Ionic Order

AbachusEchinus- volute

Attic base if 2 torus

TorusPlinth


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Corinthian Order

AbachusCauli-coli

Acanthus leaves

Intercolumnation Spaces

Hypnostyle- 1 dSystyle- space bet col 2dEustyle- space 2 1/4dDiastyle- 3d

Areostyle- 3 d

Principal buildings

a. Templeselements: acroterion

pedimenttympanumentablaturemetopetriglyphraking cornicecrepidoma

Entablature spacingMonotriglyphDitriglyphPolytriglyph

Mouldingsparabolahyperbolaelipse

Basis of Shape of MouldingsCyma reversa/ olgee - Waterleaf & tongueCyma recta - Antheneon or honey suckleOvolo - Egg & dart or egg & tongueAtragal/ bead - Bead & reelTorus - Guilloche or plaitCorona - FretFillet cavetto escocia - Plains

Sculptured reliefs- free standing statuary- single or group figures

Types: bigas - 2 horse chariotQuadbigas - 4 horse chariot

Themenos

- sacred enclosure

Palace King Minos, KnossosAcropolis, Athens

Propelea- gatewayPinacotheca- paintingsGlyptotheca- sculpturesStatue of Athena PromochosErechtheion- unusual because of carriage

Porch (Mnesicles)Old Temple of Athena

Parthenon

- largest

- geatest example of greek architecture- architect : Ictinus- master sculptor : Callicrates- Doric temple- naos : made of gold and ivory- holds the statue of Athena

Temple of Nike Apteros

- architect : Callicrates- Ionic temple

Temple of Artemis

- architect : Deinocrates- master sculptor : Scopas

Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum

- 2ndlargest- architect : Theron- 3 naos

- Atlantes figure


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b. Greek Theater - hallow out of hillside

- 2/3 of circle

elements : caveaorchestra- complete circle at centerskene- proscenia (oration)paracenia- width of orchestraepicenium- background

Theater of Dionysus, Athens

- prototype- largest for 30,000 people

Theater of Epidauror

- most beautiful & preserved- architect : Polycletos

Helenistic Period - civic structure

Principal buildings

Agora - town square, center of social &business life

Stoa - shed, long colonnadePrytaneion - senate buildingBouleuterion - council palaceStadium - foot race course

Principal buildingsAudeion - smaller scale theater, used for musicalHipodrome - hose chariot racing, prototype of roman

circusPalaestra - resting schoolGymnasium - place for all types of physical

ExercisesTomb- mosoleum

elements: pedimentpodium

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Character : Vastness & magnificenceOlstentation & ornateness

Material : pozzolana & lime

System : columnar, trabaeted & arcuated


Plan - assymetrical due to complexity of needsof romans

Walls- made of stone & concreteTypes: Opus quadratum

Opus incertumOpus reticulatumOpus testaceumOpus mixtum

Walls - introduction of buttresses

Types: Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall, detachedSpur buttress- attached to wallPinnacle- similar to spur but more

pronounced

Elements of Arch

Extrados Archivault

Intrados Voussoir blocksString Course StiltingImpost RiseAbutment Spring LinePlinth Span

Roof - vaulting system

Types: semi circular/ wagonheaded vault(made of bricks)cross vaultdome/ cupula

Mouldings - heavily decorated

ColumnComposite - Ionic volute w/ CorinthianTuscan- similar to Greek Doric w/ base

Column- 7D / Tablature- 1 3/4DDoric Order-

Column- 8D / Tablature- 2DIonic Order

Column- 9D / Tablature- 21/4dCorinthian Order

Column- 10D / Tablature- 2 1/2D


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Ornament

a. mosaic - floor, wall ceiling(Tesserrae)types: opusteselatum - square for ceilings

opusectile - tesserae cut into shapes forwall

opuspilatum - inchevron for floorb. mural paintingsc. accantus scroll- most popular

Principal buildings

a. Forum- a central open shape used as a meetingplace, market or rendevous for politicaldemonstration.

Forum Romanum - oldest & most important

Forum of Trajan - largest forum

b. Rectangular Temples

Temple of Venus, RomeAppolodorus of Damascus

Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)Agripa (corinthian temple)

c. Basilica - hall of justice & commercial exchange

Trajans Basilica, RomeAppolodorus of Damascus

d. Thermae- palatial public bath

e. Balneum - private bath for family

Elements of Thermae

1. Main building

- tepidarium - warm lounge- calidarium - hot water bath- sudotorium - hottest room- frigidarium - cooling room w/

piscana or swimming bath- unctoria - perfume & oil

2. xystus - large open space w/ landscaping ,stadiumfrom various types of athletic sports3. outer ring of apartments - lecture room, exedrae,

stores4. hypocaust - furnace

Thermae of Caracalla

Thermae Of Diocletian

f. Theaters - orchestra is used by important people- skene became the stage

Theater of Marcellus, Rome- concreteTheater Orange- partly concrete

g. Amphitheatre - gladitoria contests

Colloseum, Rome- vast ellipseArchitects :Vespasian/ Dominitian

h. Circus - for horse & chariot racingelements: spina

carceres

Circus maximus, Rome- largest

i. Tombs

Classes of Tomb:

1. Coemetera w/ Columbaria- a niche inthe rockcontaining ashes of the dead

Loculi- recess for corpse w/c weresealed w/ a front slab

2. Monumental tombs- similar to the Greek mousoleumin form & plan

Mausoleum of Agustus, RomeMausoleum of Hadrian, Rome (Castle of Angelo)

3. Pyramidal tombs

4. Temple shaded tombs


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5. Sculptured memorials - minor tombs of varied

designs

6. Cenotaphs- memorial monuments to person buriedelsewhere

j. Commemorative Monuments

1. Triumphal arch - 3 openings, for emperors

2. Pilar of victory/ memorial columnrecord triumph of victorius generals

Trajans Column - Doric columnArchitect : Titus

3. Rostral column - victorius campaigns done insea victories

k. Palaces

Palaces of Emperors, Romeby emperor Augustus

Palace of Diocletian, Spalatolargest Roman House

l. Villa - country house

m. Insula - tenement house for workers

n. Domus - private house

Elements:

prothyrumatrium - entrance court open to the skyimpluvium - water cisterntablium - open saloon

peristyle - inner colonnaded court (open)cubicula - bedroomstriclina - dining roomoecus - reception roomalae - reception for conversationkitchen & pantry

o. Pons - roman bridges

p. Aqueduct - for water supply of towns & cities

Aquaclaudia - Caligula & ClaudiusPontgard, Nimes - most manificent 25 miles long

q. Fountains

Types:Locus/ Lacus - large basin of waterSalientes - provide water

Etruscan Period

Introduced radiating arch

Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/Base

Atrium in domestic planning

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Character:

Simplicity in design and treatmentCoarseness in execution

Material : savaged from pagan structuresBasilican plan for churches (east oriented)

System: trabaeted & arcuated


Plan - evolved from roman basilicabuilt on site of saints burial places

Elements : bell toweratrium- with fountainnarthexnave- side aisleschoir- cancelli(low walls)

high altar - baldochino, crypt/ confessio/ cimboriumamboapse - for bishops & cardinals

Materials : Masonry & concrete

Walls - exterior : concrete w/ plain plasters- interior : mosaic


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Openings - arcaded, doors & windows are span

w/ semicircular arches lintels orentablature

Roofs Nave - timber trussesSide aisles - semicircular archesApse - side dome

Columns- 4 roman columns

Mouldings- roman mouldings are adapted, very crude

Ornament- linked to Christian religion2 basic ornaments: mosaic

mural paintings

Example of Basilican Churches:

Basilican Church of St. Peter, RomeChurch of St. John Lateran

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Removed the atrium

Narthex became the entrance

Covered by dome roof- external features

Character :Simplicity in external designRichness in internal treatment

Material : bricks used for walls & concrete for domesmarble for columns

System : fusion of domical constructionClassic columnar & trabaeted style


Plan- Greek cross plan

Walls- bricksExterior - brick in various designInterior - mosaic & marble

Openings- are spanned by semicirculararches or lintels

Windows - 3 thick translucent marbleRoof - dome

Types:Simple - pendentives, domeCompound - supported by drumMelon shaped - with flutings

Columns : dosseret block, soffit, capitals

Mouldings :Billet mouldingMosaicMural paintings

Ornaments :symbolism

Peacock - symbol of eternal lifeEndless knot - eternityChirho - Jesus Christ

Sta. Soffia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia

- for emperor Justinian

- Arch. Arthemus of TrallesIsodorus of Miletus- now a muslim mosque

St. Mark, Venice Italy - most important example ofByzantine

ROMANESQUE - roman like art

Character :Sober & Dignified

Material:stone & brick for Germany

System :arcuatedprinciple of equilibrium throughvaulting system made up of rib &panel vaulting

External feature - towers on nave & transept, facades

Walls - supported by pilaster strips

Windows - rose or wheel windows

Roof- Rib & panel Vaulting

1. quadripartite2. sexpartite


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Mouldings- are usually in horizontal courses,

deviated from roman

Ornaments- fresco paintings- principal- vegetable & animals forms

Principal buildings

a. Monastery

Elements of MonasteryChurch

Cloister court

Inner court

Common court

Countries that adapted Romanesque

ITALYCentral Italy- ornamental faade- rising one

from anotherNorth Italy- rose window

Pizza CathedralPizza CampanileCathedralBaptistery

FRENCH ROMANESQUE

Southern France - Muslim influence due to pointed archNorthern Italy - flanking towers

Madeleine Vezelay - earliest form of cross-pointedvault in France

Abbaye-Aux Homes, Caen Order - prototype ofGothic

GERMAN ROMANESQUE

East & west apse

Worms Cathedral - emperor Charlemagne

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

France- style ogivale

- lofty & aspiry quality- structural honesty- economy in use of material

System : Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches

Material : stone

Principal building : Cathedral- Latin Cross(west oriented)

Plan - asymmetrical

Walls - rubble masonry, buttress to support walls

Roof - ribbed & paneled vaulting

Column - group column

Mouldings - 45 deg from wall

Ornaments - stained glass & figured sculpture

Countries that adapted Gothic:

FRENCH GOTHIC

1. Primary/ Lancet Period - pointed arches &geometric tracery windows

2. Rayonnant Period - circular windows w/wheel tracery

3. Flamboyant Period - flame like or freeflowing tracery

Principal Buildings

a. Cathedrals

Notre Dame, Paris - oldest Gothic CathedralBy bishop Maurice De Sully

Finest & most characteristic French gothic

Chartres Cathedral - 130 stained galss windowsProfussion of sculptured figures in west front


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Rheims Cathedral- coronation church of kings of France

500 carved statues on west facades

Ameins Cathedral- archt Robert de LuzarchesTypical French cathedralCarved woodwork on choir stalls

Beauvais Cathedral- tallest in Europe, 157 to the vault1 of the wonders of medieval in France

b. Fortified Towns

Carcassone - 50 towers, moat & walls

c. Castles

Chateau de Perrefonds- elongated location,overlooking town

Arch. Viollet- le- Duc

ENGLISH GOTHIC

English gothic vaulting : formeretsdiagonal ribsridge ribstransverse ribstierceron

boss- covering of ribs (pendant)

English gothic vaulting : Moulding - nail headDouble coneDog tooth cableBall flowerTablet flowerEmbatled sandwich

Classification of English Gothic Mouldings:

bowtel - of a circlepointed bowtel - roll moulding in w/c 2 faces meet in a

blunt arrisbracket/ brace - double ogeewave moulding - a slight connexity followed by hallowskeel mouldingscrollcasementhood & label

Types of Trusses

tie beamtrusted rafterhammer beamcollar beamaisle roof

Principal Buildings:

a. Cathedrals

1st div : Cathedral of the Old Foundationserved by secular clergy

York Cathedrallargest cathedral among English cathedral

Salisbury CathedralEnglish gothic characteristic

2nd

div : Cathedral of the Monastic Foundationserved by monks or regular clergy

Cantherbury Cathedral1

stNorman church

Winchester Cathedrallongest gothic cathedral

3rd

div : Cathedrals of the New Foundationserved by bishops

presence of 2 chapels

lady chapel- Virgin Marychantry chapel- patrons are buried

b. Monastery

Westminster Abbey- largest Benedictine Foundation

Triple group of monastery

Coronation church & burial place for Eng kingsRoyal Palace - parliament & Big BenWestminster Church - highest


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c. Castles

Tower of London- builder Bishop Gundolffor William I

d. Manor HouseHampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal Wolsey

e. UniversityUniversity of OxfordCambridge University

BELGIUM & DEUTCH GOTHIC- eastern & western apse

Principal Buildings:

a. Hall Church

St. Elizabeth, Manburg- typical church in GermanyCologne Cathedral - largest gothic church in

Northern Europe

ITALIAN GOTHIC

Milan Cathedral- 2ndlargest church in Europearcht Henrich Von Gmunden

Sienna Cathedral - stripped marble found in walls &tiers of church

Santo Corce- Arnolfo de Cambio, 1 of largest inEurope

Florence Cathedral - combination of gothic & renaissanceArnolfo de Cambio

- Famous group bldg in the world

Doges Palace in Italy- civic example gothic in ItalyGiovanni & Bartolome Buon

Ca D Oro- one of the famous palatial homes duringgothic period

SPANISH GOTHIC

- influenced by Muslim art- excessive ornament found in retablo- retablo & grilles or rajas- back of altar

Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in Europe

Largest Church:

St. Peters CathedralCivic CathedralWilliam CathedralColon CathedralSt. Pauls, London

RENAISSANCE - rebirth of classical

Character : Dignity & Formality achieved thru

SymmetrySystem : Trabaeted and Arcuated

Elements : pediment, horizontal cornice,columnar arcade

Baroque - curve lines

1. twisted column/ solomonica

2. pedimentsegmentedscrolledopenswan neckbroken

Rococo


Plans - symmetricalWalls - often constructed w/ ashlar masonry,

bricks for Germany

Exterior wall - rustification : dado height 1.20mDoors & windows - semi circula head w/ greekentablature

Roof - semicircular vaults- dome or drum w/ semi circular windows

Columns - classic ordersMouldings - roman mouldingsOrnaments - fresco paintingsExterior color effect - sgrafitto (colored plaster)


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Countries that adapted Rennaisance:

ITALY - birth place of renaissance

Florence- birthplace, typical formRome- typicalVenice- receded frontage, contextualization w/

EnvironmentBrunelleschi - most famous architect in Italy

Dome of Florence Cathedral- gothic & renaissancePalazzo Pitti- largest except for VaticanAlberti - author of first architecture book after invention

of printing ( De re Aedificatoria)Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua

prototype of later renaissanceBramante - first Roman architect of renaissance time

Pazzo Della CancellariaVatican Palace, Rome

Raphael- cousin, pupil of Bramante & one of thegreatest painters

Vatical Loggie Vignola- Villa of Pope Julius, RomePalazzo Farnese, Caprarola

most maginificent of Roman palacesGesu Church, Rome

prototype of Jesuit Church in baroque styleMichael Angelo : Medici Mausoleum

wealthiest family in Italy

Capitol, Rome- most successful civil workLonghena - Sta. Maria Della Salute, Venice

structure in the middle of canalSt. Peters Basilica

most famous in Italy, Renaissance periodBramante

first architect, plan in form of Greek cross planGivliano da Sangallo - continued, after 2 yrs died

Fra Giacondo- diedRaphael- changed plan into Latin crossBaldazar Peruzzi- went back to Greek cross planAntonio de Sangallo- younger, extended vestibule

- designed the campanile- proposed central dome

Michael Angelo- change to Greek cross plan- redesigned surrounding chapels & apses- designed the dome

Giacomo Della Porta w/ Dominico Fontona- completed the dome

Vignola- added side domeCarlo Maderna- change into Latin cross plan &

colonnadeBernini- designed the entrance piazza containing

284 ionic columns

Panthenon, Rome - largest domeRomanFlorence Cathedral, Italy - 138RenaissanceSt Peters Basilica, Italy- 137 1/2 RenaissanceSt Paul, London- 112RenaissanceSta Soffia, Constantinople- 107Byzantine

FRENCH RENAISSANCE

Chateau de Bury(typical French chateau)

Chateau de Blois(spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo da Vinci

Principal Buildings

a. Palaces

Palais de Louvre(historical artifacts) - Pierre LescotPalais de Tuilleries- Philbert de Larme

(residence of French rulers till 1879)Palais de Versailles(for Louis xiv) - Le Vau

b. Churches

Church of the Sorbonne- Le MercierDome of the Invalides(niche of Napoleon Boniparte)

GERMAN RENAISSANCEFrench style, use of bricks

Heidelber CastleSalzberg Cathedral


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SPANISH RENAISSANCE

- plateresque style- churrigueresque style(Spanish baroque)

Plateresque- fancy design by silver craftsChurrigueresque - inspired by Jose de

Churrigueresque

- high baroque of Spanish renaissance

Palace of Charles V. Granada- Pedro Machucabest example

Escorial(art works) - Julian de Bautista,Julian de Herera

w/ monastery, collage, church & placeGranada Cathedral- Diego de Silde

One of the grandest cathedral in SpainTomb of Ferdinand & Isabela & others

ENGLISH RENAISSANCE

Elizabethan Mansion

Features:TowersGable roofParapetsBalustradeChimneystacks

Bay & oriel windowTopiary work- landscaping sculpture

Elements:

Great hallGrand staircaseLong Gallery(upper floor) - most striking featureSolar (with drawing room) - warmest room

Architects

Inigo Jones - deciple of Italian Renaissancecharacterized by the use of bricks

Banqueting House, White HallQueensHouse, Greenwich

Sir Christopher Wren- deciple of French renaissance

St Pauls Cathedralgreatest masterpiece, model English

53 London churchesGreenwich Observatory & hospital

Fountain court & garden faade of Hampton Palace

REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE - 19THCENTURY ARCH.

Marked by Battle of Style- conflict betweenGOTHIC & CLASSIC

Arts & Craft Movement- alliance of artists & factories,paved way to

Art Nouveau - organic & dynamic formscurving designs

whiplash line

Victorian Architecture- Britain revival architecture

BRITAIN

1830-1850 EARLY VICTORIANGreek Revival & Graeco Roman

Ex. Railway BuildingsPersonalities

Awn PuginS. Joseph Paxton- Crystal PalaceS. W. Chambers- Somerset HouseS. John Soane- Bank of England

1850-1875 HIGH VICTORIANGothic RevivalRenaissance Revival

PersonalitiesS.G. Scott- Liver Pool CathedralS. Charles Barry - Westminster Palace

1875-1901 LATE VICTORIANRomanesque, ByzantineBaroque, Flemish, Renaissance


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CENTRAL EUROPE

1830-1848 JULY MONARCHYNeo Renaissance

Ex. Vignon, Madeleine ParisChalgrin - Arc de TriompheBrandenburg Gate

1848- 1870 SECOND EMPIREHigh Neo Renaissance

Ex. Fernstel- Votive Church, Vienna

1870-1914 THIRD REPUBLICNeo- Baroque

Ex. Charles Garnier- Paris Opera House

ENGLAND

Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shawapplied on domestic houses

EARLY 20THCENTURY

BRITAIN

Art Nouveau - Charles Rennie Mckintosh

Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced concrete& glass after war

- Mewes & Davies

Schools

Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural DesignEcole de polytechnique- Engineering

Art NouveauFrance - Le Modern StyleGermany - Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, TapewormAustria - SezessioneItaly - Stile Liberty, Stile Inglese, English StyleSpain - Modernismo

Architects of Modern PeriodBritain

Wells CoatesA.D. ConnelC.A. LucasEdwin Maxwell FryB.R. WardF.R.S. Yorke

C. EuropeB. LubetsrinW. GropiusSerge ChermayeffE. MendelsohnMarcel Breuer

German Exponents Of Arts & CraftsAugust EndelHenri Vande Velde

Viennese ArchitectsOtto WagnerJ.M. Olbrich

Important architects of 1900-1916Peter Behrens - GermanyAuguste Perret - FranceAdolf Loos -Austria

Foremost architects of Modern Period

Erich Mendelson - GermanyRagnar Ostberg - SwedenIvar Tengbon - Sweden

Sven Markelious - SwedenGunnar Asplono - Denmark

Prominent Art Nouveau ArchitectsMckintosh- ScotlandAntonio Gaudi- Spain (undulating lines)

Sagrada FamiliaVictor Horta- Belgium

19thcentury Precedents of Modern Architecture

Crystal palace- Joseph PaxtonHalles Centralles (market)- BaltardBibioteque Nationale (lib)- Henry Labrouste


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Pioneers of Modern Architecture

Otto Wagner-AustriaPeter Behrens- GermanyAugust Perret- FranceHendrik Berlage- HollandLouis Sullivan- U.S.

19thCentury Inventions

combination of glass & steelfolded slab - introduced byEugene Freyssinetflat slab - byRobert Millartlaminated timber (plywood)

AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE

Georgian/ Colonial Architecture

White House, WashingtonMckim, Mead & White

Independence Hall, CaliforniaAndrew Hamilton

NATIONAL PHASE

1. Post Colonial Period - 1790-1815- Departure from English architecture to French

influence, revival period in U.S.AClassic Revival example:

Capitol, Washington D.C.Thornton, Hallet & Latrobe

University of VirginiaThornton, Hallet & Latrobe

Montecillo VirginiaThornton, Hallet & Latrobe

Plan of Washington D.C.Charles Pierre L Enfant

Federal Hall, Washington D.C.Charles Pierre L Enfant

Washington Monument, Washington D.C.Robert Mills

Philadelphia ExchangeWilliam Stricklamp

Revival of Gothic example:Trinity Church, New York

Richard UpjanSt. Patricks Cathedral

James Wrenwick

2. 1stEclectic Period - 1815-1860

predominant style of Greek architectureballoon frame introduction in building construction

use of cast iron as building material

3. 2ndEclectic Period- 1860-1930

- most important period in architecture in U.S.A.

Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia- 1876Worlds Columbian Exposition, Philadelphia- 1893

Predominant style:Gothic Revival- initiated by Henry Richardsonlater

by Louis Sullivan

End of Gothic Revival Frank Loyd Wright

Beaux-Arts- more academic in character

St. John the Divine Cathedral, NY- Le Farge

Marshal Field Store, Chicago- Henry Richardson

Skyscraperdominant: innovationsmetal frame constructionnon- load bearing curtainwallelevator


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4. 1930- Modern Period in America

Walter GropiusErich MendelsohnMies Vander RoheEliel SaarinenBauhaus

MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE

Principal building

Masjid/ Mosque

3 types:Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque- biggestMadrasa- colligiate mosque, learningTomb Mosque

Characteristics of Friday Mosque

Minaret- towerMaqsura- screenDikka- reading deskMihrab- nicheMimbar- pulpitLiwanit - colonnadeFawara- fountainSahn - open space

Characteristics of mosque

DomeColonnade- trefoil, ogee, horseshoe, lancetOrnaments- Mnemonic inscription (text)Superimposed ornaments- in layersStalactite- found in pendentives (muqarna)3d corbels

Examples of Muslim Architecture

Arabian SaracenicGreat Mosque Mecca

Assyrian SaracenicDome of the Rock, Jerusalem- holiest place

Spanish SaracenicGreat Mosque Cordova- capital of Islam

religion in West

Giralda, Sevillemost beautiful towers

Alhambra Granadapart of royal palace, most famous

Turkish SaracenicTaj Mahal, Agra - most important, made of marble

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

Characterized by Buddhist, Jain, Hindu

BuddhistStambha/ Lath- monumental pillarsStupa/ Tope- domical sacred moundChaitya- Indian Buddhist templeVihara - Indian Buddhist monastery

Hindu temple elementsMandapa- hall for religious dancing & musicGarbhagriha- unlighted shrineVimanasanctuary

Great Stupa Sanchi- characteristic of Indian architectureGolden Temple of Sikhs- holiest temple

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

Roof characteristics1. steep gable roof w/ spreading eaves2. extensive use of roof tiles-

yellow, green, blue-imperial palace

red- mandarinblack or gray- citizens3. sculptural works found on roof ridges- dragon,

fish


Pai- Lou- Chinese gateway (3 openings)

Pagoda/ Tais- houses relic of Buddha

Temples- contains statue of Buddha


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Elements of Temple

Temple properDagobaBell towerPagodaLibraryMonks dwelling

House - generally one storey

Emperor - 9 baysPrince - 7 baysMandarin - 5 baysOrdinary citizens - 3 bays

Great Wall of China- built by : emperor Si- Huang- Ti

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

The Gussho System- based on rigidity of the triangleFeatures:

Roof construction:1. Kiruzuma/ Gabled Roof2. Hogyo/ Pyramidal Roof3. Shichu- Hip- Ridge Roof4. Irimoya- Hip & Gabled Roof

Incorporation of Buddhist altar in Japanese mansion

Incorporation of stupas in monastery

Chasitsu or tea house in Japanese dwellings

Modular planning of house & palaces thru use oftatami 3x5

CAMBODIAN ARCHITECTURE - Stone Carving

Angkor Thom- founder Jayavarman- center of town Bayon (main temple 54 towers)

Angor Wat- one of architectural wonders of world- largest religious structure in the world, behiveshape towers

INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE- Hindu influenced(stone carving)

Borubodur- largest budhist temple Stupa in Java

NEPALIST ARCHITECTURE - Buddhist

Stupa -13 tiers, symbolizes heaven

Swayambhunath Stupa, Katmandu- square base w/ eyes of Buddha

TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE

Chorten- stupa

Sakya Monastery- famous for collection of Tibetan manuscript

Potala Palace, Lhasa- palace for entertaining important people

THAI ARCHITECTURE

Wat- group of religious buildingsBot- templePhra chedi - stupa w/ a round towerPhra prang - stupa w/ elliptical tower

Pra sat - royal throne hallMondop - library

Sala- pavilion for restingKuti - monastery

Phra Pathom Chedi- most important architectural landmark in Thailand


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PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

Indigenous Folk Dwellings

a. ISNEG ( binuron house )

- appears to have been influenced by boat design- roof : resembles inverted hull ; gable type ; half-

section of bamboo laid on like shingles

- 15 post: 8 inner posts support the floor6 posts support the roof1 post (atobtobo) support the end of the

ridge- tarakip : an annex attached to one or both end of

the ridge- side walls vertical planks may be removed to make

windows- floor : reed matwhich can be rolled up for washing

b. KALINGA

binayon or finaryon (upper kalinga)

- octagonal house ( the house of the rich)- supported by 12 post :

4 inner posts8 outer posts to form an octagon

- floor : reed mat- roof : hipped, not high and steep, made of bamboo

- on one side, the floor is removed leaving a space thatextends from the ground level to the roof

upper kalinga

- floor area is divided intoone wide middle section (dattagon)slightly narrow elevated side sections (sipi)

- kinimpal : roof system using several layers of bamboo

- tinalob : only 2 layers of bamboo (for poor)

- 4 inner posts constitute the houses coresupport; outer posts at each corner of the housesupport the roof

c. BONTOC ( fayu house)- basic form is like the ifugao house except that thequarters are on ground level and the house cageserves as the granary

- walls : up to waist level, leaving a continuous openingprotected by the eaves

-falig : granary for richer people adjacent to theirhouse

- has a lot of sections having specific names for its areais quite bigger

d. IFUGAO ( fale house)

- three-level structure: stone pavement, house cageand roof

- posts : shoulder height, support only the girders- walls : slaut outward

- 3-level space within the house :floor, shelf, loft (granary)

- ratguard: thin cylinders placed on the posts- roof : thatched, pyramidal, extends up to floor level- basket under second level- detachable stairs- slaughtered carabao and human heads displayed onfront of their house

- doors can be remain open- hagabi : bench under their house for socialization

local variations

a. kiangan house

- roof is not as steep and does not extend up tofloor level, hipped

- wall sidingswood or sawali; no ratguards

b. mayoyao house

- roof is steeper and completely conceals the housecage; not ratguards

- eminent for its pure, classic outline and fine

craftsmanship


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e. KANKANAI ( binangiyan house)

- high, steep, hipped roof, conceals the house cage- 4 posts support the house cage; roof is supported bythe upper frame of the house

- walls : made of narra or pine- living quarters consist of main area where the fireplaceis located and a small room at the rear

- only one entrance, door is decorated with fluting- no rat guards

f. IVATAN

- made of thick lime-andstone walls with athick roof of cogon

- made up of two houses :one which makes up the living and the sleeping areas(rakuh), the other makes up the kitchen

- rakuh has 2 doors and 2 windows built on 3 walls,fourth wall facing the strongest wind is leftwindowless

Special type of house

a. chivuvuhung- cogon- itbayaten house- one structure, one room house

b. sinadumparan- ivatan

g. TBOLI- space surrounded by space

h. TAUSUGand SAMAL- humanist architecture- clustered houses built on water

i. MARANAO

torogan house- colored- datus house- post are placed on top of rocks for earthquakepurposes

SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

BAHAY NA BATO

- brought about 19thcentury by the changes in

society and economy

- 3 possible origins (Bahay na Bato)

a. BAHAY KUBOopen plan, concept of space (space surrounded byspace), pointed roof and ventilation (widewindow), silong

b. TRIBAL LEADERS HOUSEstrong construction; spacious with many furnitureand rooms; elaborate decoration; best materials

c. CONVENTOSadjacent to the church, permanencepermanencespaciousness; may have been the local modelsof luxury and prestige

- earthquake proof : resting on wooden posts mortisedon stone, buried on the ground to dance with theearthquake

- the PEAK of native Philippine architecture :made the bahay kubo bigger and more extravagantbut retained its character

- 10 areas

GROUND FLOORmade of coral stones, adobe or rubble;with small windows; area include:

a. zaguan for caruajes, grainsb. quadra stablesc. bodega old carozas, grainsd. entrasuelo mezzanine where the valuables

are kept, may also house offices

or additional dwelling unitse. patioenclosed courtyard


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CEREMONIAL STAIRWAY first three step

(descanzo) made of marble tiles;landing with bastonera;

remaining steps are made of narra

LIVING SPACES wide double doors may beopened to connect the spaces

and create a large hall

a. antesalaor caidafor acquaintances;spacious hall separated by callado

b. salafor friends and intimates;divided by movable screens or biombo

c. bedrooms(quarto or silid)usually three;contains four-posted beds, armories, chests;SANTOS with ivory heads and hands are placedat the master bedroom

d. comedordining area; plateria and long table

COCINA kitchen; contains the paminggalan(food cabinet) and dispensa(rice storage)

COMON or LATRINA toilet, sometimes withtwo-passenger water closet

BAO or PALIGUAN bathroom

ALCOVA additional quartos

BALCON terrace in the living room, jutting out ofthe house

AZOTEAopen terrace of stone and ceramic placednear the kitchen; with a cistern for gatheringrain water

VOLADA flying gallery over the zaguan;protects the interior from heat and rain

- distinctive features

PERSIANAlarge windows with slats covered withcapiz to filter light; unique in Southeast Asia

VENTANILLAsmall windows usually at lowerportion of the wall

CALLADOopen woodwork or tracery; fixed over awindow or placed as space dividers

BARANDILLASwrought iron traceries on the wallBANGGERAwhere the dishes are kept

- regional differencesILOCOS sober architecture; Vigan houses are

entirely made of bricks, pilasters embedded onsides, dignified without too much decoration

CEBU expansive, ground floor made of hugecoral stones

SOUTHERN TAGALOG airy. Second flangesover the walls of the ground

MILITARY ARCHITECTURE

- forts and fortresses constructed by Spanishfriars as a defense against Moro pirates

REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO (Fort Santiago)

shrine of freedom,- designed by Father Antonio Cedeno

with Diego Jordan as engineer

INTRAMUROS

- famous walled city within a city;- seven gates;- completed 1872;- made of bricks and hard adobe from the Pasig

River quarries;- wall are 45 ft thick and rise 25 ft above the moat;

Structures inside the city include:

a. FortSantiagob. SanAgustin Church

c. Convent


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LATE SPANISH PERIOD

- Architectural development

1. roofs at 45 degrees gradient or less2. use of bricks, limestone, hardwood,

capiz shells (G.I. sheets and clay tiles or tisawere imported)

3. elaborate lace-like grillwork (1870s)

4. transoms with floral and foliate scroll work(1890s)

5. 1890s Art Nouveau brought swirling vines andflowers for staircase balustrades, etched orcolored glass panels replaced capiz

6. emergence of Filipino and foreign architectsworking in the Philippines

a. FELIX ROXAS first Filipino architect;served as architect to the Manila government;studied in England and Spain

b. JUAN HERVASa Catalan who was oneof the Spanish architects invited to reconstructManila after the earthquake of 1863 and 1880

7. churches

a.Sto. Domingo Church, Intramurosb.San Ignacio, Intramuros

first church designed by a Filipino architectc.San Sebastian Church, Manila

only Gothic church in the Philippines

8. bridges

a. Fuente de Espanafirst bridge to span the Pasig Riverlinking Intramuros and Binondo

b. Colgante Bridgesuspension bridge;only for pedestrians; framework of ironimported from England

AMERICAN PERIOD- architectural development

1. a regime of reinforced concrete andgalvanized iron

2. Neo-Classical styles

3. DANIEL BURNHAMcommissioned by Gov. General W.H. Taftto draft theMaster Plan for Manila and government buildings

(Agri-Finance Building, Senate Building, among others)

4.MASTER BUILDERS(maestro de obras)acquired title either from practical experience orcompleted academic training of Master Builders course

5.LICEO DE MANILAfirst school to open three year course in architecture

6.TOMAS MAPUAfirst licensed architect; established the second school(followed by UST and Adamson)

7.MASONIC TEMPLE, Escoltafirst multi-storey reinforced concrete building in thePhilippines

8.CHALETsuburban house; simple design with verandah in front oraround the house; middle-class

9. 1930scontinued urban development; emergence of multi-storey, multi-family dwellings and commercialstructures; distinct simplification of lines, emphasis onverticality; other architects contradicted the trend byputting horizontal strips of glass window

POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE

- mediocre design, uncontrolled and hastyrebuilding only resurrected old designs

- commercial building drew inspiration from

contemporary architecture in the West

- development of community planning


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- BUNGALOWintroduced in 1948; one-storey house with wide picturewindows, a lanai and a carport for up to three cars

- modern architecture with a renewed interest in FilipinoMotifs

a. use of pointed roofs, lattices, screens, wood carvingsb. architecture of LEANDRO LOCSINand

FRANCISCO MANOSA

history of architecture

Documents

plan w continousramp

temple of amnonkarnakamenophis

mortuary temple

assyriafinished w

pyramid square

cult temple worship

trabaetedcomparative

plan open