history: architectural character of the spanish period
TRANSCRIPT
Architectural Characterof the Spanish Period
Transcripts from Arch. Norma I. Alarcon’s seminal book, Philippine Architecture During The Pre-Spanish And Spanish Periods
Histarc 4 1st Term S.Y. 2016-17
Why Spain kept the Philippines in the first place?
Source: http://web.stanford.edu/group/journal/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Merchant_SocSci_2009.pdf
First, it reveals that when examining the mercantile empires, non-economic factors need to be given equal consideration relative to economic factors.
The case of the Spanish Philippines is such that economics may not have been the main reason for keeping the colony.
Source: http://web.stanford.edu/group/journal/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Merchant_SocSci_2009.pdf
SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE 17TH CENTURY
Why Spain kept the Philippines in the first place?As some historians have suggested, religious or strategic reasons may have been more important.
Some assert that Spain kept the Philippines with the hope of spreading Christianity into China…
Source: http://web.stanford.edu/group/journal/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Merchant_SocSci_2009.pdf
Why Spain kept the Philippines in the first place?…while others argue that the Philippines’ central location in the Pacific, near the colonies of other European powers, gave Spain a naval advantage.
Source: http://web.stanford.edu/group/journal/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Merchant_SocSci_2009.pdf
Architecture in the Philippines is the result of natural development enriched with the absorption of varied social, cultural and religious influences.
From the Spanish period to the contemporary times, its development has been interwoven with foreign features.
As a result, Philippine architecture has acquired various definition as follows;1. A conglomeration of various architectures as a result of the
country’s cultural relationship with her neighbors and various colonizers from the West;
2. Regionalized, due to its geographical condition and location;
A House at VIGAN HERITAGE VILLAGE“Ilocano Architecture” Lopez Mansion
“Visayan Architecture”
3. Ethnic, due to the affinity it has with the Asian type of culture;
Moro House“Mindanao-Moro Architecture”
Badjao “village”Traces of the
“Thallasocratic” society
4. Folk, because of the mixture of pre-Western culture and Western culture brought from Spain and America. (---Nothing Follows---)
JUST THINK ABOUT YOUR HOUSE.
Folk architecture is the living environment people have created
for themselves
Before we go to Spanish Colonial AR in the Philippines
What is Spanish Architecture (in Europe)?
Plaza de España, Seville
Maqsura of the Great Mosque of Córdoba
The Caliphate of Córdoba
Alacrán, scorpion
From Classical Arabic aqrab (عقرب) of same meaning.
Alacrán, scorpion
From Classical Arabic aqrab (عقرب) of same meaning.
Filipino: Alakdan
Spanish: AsesinoEnglish: AssassinArabic: hashasheen (“smokers of hash”)
Spanish: AsesinoEnglish: AssassinArabic: hashasheen (“smokers of hash”)
Filipino: manglilingo
What were the period styles dominant in Spain from 1521-1899?• Spanish Renaissance architecture• Spanish Baroque architecture• Spanish Colonial architecture• Neoclassical Style
Basic characteristic of “Early Renaissance” architecture• Use of “human scale”(part of humanism)
San Agustin Church, IntramurosHigh Renaissance Architecture
What were the period styles dominant in Spain from 1521-1899?• Spanish Renaissance architecture• Spanish Baroque architecture• Spanish Colonial architecture• Neoclassical Style
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in SpainChurrigueresque Obradoiro façade
Churrigueresquerefers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th century and was used up to about 1750, marked by extreme, expressive and florid decorative detailing, normally found above the entrance on the main facade of a building.
Named after the architect and sculptor, José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725)
“Dahil ‘daw sa dugong LATIN na Nananalaytay sa ating mga ugatMukang natural na expresiyon na Siya ng ating pagkatao.”
- Lourd de Veyra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cezbq_2mQg
Horror vacui
Horror vacuiFear of blank spaces.
Our Lady of the Gate Parish ChurchDaraga, Albay
Church of Santo Tomas de VillanuevaMiag-ao, Iloilo City
What were the period styles dominant in Spain from 1521-1899?• Spanish Renaissance architecture• Spanish Baroque architecture• Spanish Colonial architecture• Neoclassical Style
Spanish Colonial ArchitectureThe combination of the Native American and Moorish decorative influences with an extremely expressive interpretation of the Churrigueresque idiom may account for the full-bodied and varied character of the Baroque in the American colonies of Spain.
Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Memorial at Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila.
We’re more “Mexicans” rather than “Spanish”Ang impluwensiya sa ating kultura ay hindi Kastila kundi Mexicano.
- Lourd de Veyra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyP2Fsm8MxI
“Spanish Mission Architecture”
“Spanish Roof Tile”
Adobe (rammed-earth const’n.)
Danao City Church, Cebu.The structure is made from coral stones.
DETAIL OF EXPOSED CORAL WALL
What were the period styles dominant in Spain from 1521-1899?• Spanish Renaissance architecture• Spanish Baroque architecture• Spanish Colonial architecture• Neoclassical Style
Basilica of Saint Martin of Tours, a.k.a. “Taal Basilica”
“maestro de obras”
Who designed/ planned/ construct churches before “maestro de obras” or “architects” became the norm in the Philippines?
Who designed/ planned/ construct churches before “maestro de obras” or “architects” became the norm in the Philippines?
SPANISH FRIARS
“prayle”
Generally, planning and construction of churches in the Philipines were undertaken by the Spanish friars.
In the book, THE FILIPINO HERITAGE, Fr. Pedro G. Galende, OSA wrote in his article “Angelus in Stone” that the reason for professional architects in assisting the friars is explained by the following:
1. Distance of the Philippines from their country;2. Uncertainty of the job;3. Legends and stories about the Philippines;4. Low salary
With the provisions set forth by the Laws of the Indies clearly stated and with experiences learned from their previous undertakings, the friars, armed with the desire to convert the Filipinos to Christianity took the task of building the imprints of the Catholic religion.
According to Fr. Pablo Fernandez, O.P. in his book, “History of the Church in the Philippines”, funding for the construction of the churches came from the following sources:
1. occasional funds from the government;2. encomenderos who are residents of the area;3. priest’s savings; and,4. monetary tribute or contribution and manual labor of the town people
The encomienda was a labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people.
Furthermore, according to Fr. Fernandez, the king of Spain, on his part, provided a new church with;
- sacred furnishings;- a chalice with its paten;- a bell- mass wine- aciete (oil) for the sanctuary
- support services (repair of the churches, conventos, and cemeteries)
Taxation:
Native [Filipinos] – half real per person
Chinese-Filipino mestizo – two reales
To be continued…Next week we’ll discuss:
- Components of Bahay na Bato- Typical components of Spanish Colonial churches in the PH- Spanish Law of the Indies- A bit more of vernacular terms (ulit)
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