Unit 2 – The End of Absolutism and the French Revolution

Change to the old system is best exemplified by the ideas of the French Revolution. This unit emphasizes the events of the French Revolution and their impact on the way people thought. The unit starts by looking at the 1600s and the idea of absolutism. We then study the causes of the Revolution. The events of the Revolution are broken into 3 phases – Moderate, Violent and Reaction Phases. We end with the coup d’

Idea Progression

Calls for change Absolutism and the Old Regime Long Term Causes of the Revolution Immediate Causes

Calling of the Estates General Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

The Moderate Phase begins National Assembly (abolishes Feudalism ) + Rights of Man and

the Citizen Women’s March on Versailles Taking of Church lands and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Rise of the Political “Clubs” Flight of the King Declaration of Pillnitz Radical Phase Begins

Revolutionary Wars (against Austria + Prussia) New government (National Convention) Reign of Terror (1793-94)

Reaction Phase begins The rule of the Directory Coup d’Etat lead by Napoleon Bonaparte (1799)

People and Terms to Know (remember to identify who/what they are AND their significance)

Rousseau Voltaire Renaissance EnlightenmentThree Estates Louis XIV Versailles Henry IVHuguenots Constitution Old Regime Jacques NeckerLouis XIV Absolutism 3 Estates NationalizationLouis XVI Marie Antoinette Estates-General BourgeoisieTennis Court Oath Bastille Declaration of Rights of Man +

CitizenLiberty, Equality, Fraternity

Assignats Civil Constitution of the Clergy The Great Fear Jacobin ClubDeclaration of Pillnitz Paris Commune Sans-culottes GirondinsReign of Terror Maximillian Robespierre Committee of Public Safety Guillotine September Massacres Coup d’etat Consulate Conservative

French Revolution

Big Ideas

- How do the changes of the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (the last unit) pave the way for the French Revolution?

- What are the forces of change that cause or contribute to the French Revolution?

- What impact does the French Revolution have on European society (you will need to use other units to assist you in this question for the final) ?

What is the legacy of the French Revolution?

Was the French Revolution a success?

Questions to ConsiderPre-Revolution

Describe how France and other European nations were ruled by absolute monarchies in the 1600 and 1700s. How is Louis XIV a great example of absolutism?

What measures did Cardinal Richelieu and later Louis XIV use to centralism power?Causes of the Revolution

What are the 4 long term causes of the Revolution? Be able to support each with at least 2 pieces of evidence.

What are the immediate causes of the Revolution? Explain the 3 estates of French society in the 1700s. Who made up each group and what

percentage of society did they make up? Know some other facts about each estate. What are the expectations of each estate going into the Meeting of the Estates general? (Be

able to break down the 3rd Estate into its sub groups and know their expectations)The Revolution begins

Describe the meeting of the Estates-General. How did the voting system work? How did the meetings break down and lead to the King losing control?

The Moderate Phase Know the characteristics, events and the goals of this phase. Describe the events surrounding the Fall of the Bastille. What were some of the reforms of the National Assembly? Describe how the power of the church was weakened significantly in this phase. Describe the attempted escape of the king in some detail and why this is a turning point in

the Revolution. Explain the idea of mob mentality. How does the Paris mob influence the French

Revolution?The Violent Phase

Why does the Revolution turn violent? Describe the decision to convict the king of treason and then have him executed. What are the goals of the violent phase of the Revolution? How do Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety gain control of the National

Convention? Who are the san-coulette? How do they impact the Revolution? Why does the violence come to an end?

The Reaction Phase What are the characteristics and goals of this phase? Describe the type of government that rules during these 5 years. Why do people eventually turn against the Directory? Describe the coup d’etat of 1799.

Overall Is violence ever justified in seeking historical change? Explain using examples from the

French Revolution What was the legacy/impact of the Revolution? Why do we still study it today?

Other things to know

Explain the structure of the Old Regime (Three Estates)

What economic factors affected the rise in tensions in 1789?

Why was the Fall of the Bastille so important?

What role did the commoners (both rural and the Paris mob) play in the revolution?

Why was the “King’s Flight” an important turning point in the revolution?

How did the National Assembly try to create a new France, free of old class distinction, religious domination and emphasize the ideas of “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality”?

Explain the evolution of the Reign of Terror.

What changes were brought about by the revolution?

How did Napoleon gain and consolidate power?

Explain Napoleon’s domestic policies that strengthen France.

Describe Napoleon’s attempt at conquering Europe. Why was he not completely successful?

(Emphasis will be placed on the idea of cause and effect)

Unit 2 – The Rise of Industrial Societies

Unit Overview – This unit examines how economic decisions influence history and our lives. We started off by spending a lot of time looking at economic terminology and economic systems around the world (command, free market, traditional). From there we looked at the motivation for economic change in Britain and why it took the lead in the Industrial Revolution. Agricultural and population changes cause changes in the way work is done. The old Mercantilist system and Cottage industries rapidly change to an emphasis

on Capitalism and the Factory System. The textile industry leads the way with technological changes that will eventually see more inventions, a new source of power, transportation changes and a huge shift in the social conditions of the people. Finally, this new way of life leads to important questions about government and ownership over the means of production.

Idea Progression

Three Economic Models Mercantilism Rural Economies based on Cottage Industry and Agriculture Agricultural

Revolution Enclosure Movement Agricultural Inventions/Changes Population growth Why Britain

Changes in Textile Industry Flying Shuttle Spinning Jenny Water Frame Water powered factories

New sources of Power – Steam factory system & cities Urbanization Factory working Conditions

Problems and Benefits of Industrialization New forms of transportation Solutions to Social Problems Socialism

Communism Capitalism

Traditional economy Free Market / Capitalism Command Economy Laise-faireProfit motive Entrepreneur Mercantilism Cottage industry/ putting out sys.John Kay – Flying Shuttle Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny Arkwright – Water Frame James Watt – Steam powerNewcomen Engine Locomotion Factory system Industrial revolutionLuddites Adam Smith Karl Marx Fredrich EnglesDas Kapital Bourgeoisie Proletariat CommunismSocialism Factory Act Mines Act UrbanizationRobert Owen New Lanark Supply and demand

Industrial Revolution (1750-1850):

Historians say that the Industrial Revolution began when new inventions began to develop factories and thus bring an end to the domestic system of production. The second half of the 18th century served as a catalyst for an age-old evolutionary process rather than a commencement of inventions. By the middle of the 19th century, industrialization began to reshape the landscape of Europe and altered the lifestyle of Europeans

BIG IDEAS

-The industrial revolution caused a huge societal shift and brought about many changes in the values of society. Explain the overall impact of the industrial revolution on society.

-**** Be able to compare and contrast the economic systems that existed prior to the Industrial Revolution (mercantilism + cottage industry versus capitalism + factory system)

- ****Compare and contrast the theories of capitalism and communism.

Other things to know

Why does the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?

Explain the changes brought about by the Agricultural Revolution and why they were necessary prior to any changes in industry.

Understand the principles of the three economic theories we’ve studied. What is the motivating factor of each theory?

Describe the experiment, which Robert Owen implemented at New Lanark.

Explain the law of supply and demand and determine the optimum price.

Unit 3 – Nationalism and the Rise of the Nation-State

Unit Overview – We start this unit by looking at the reaction to Napoleon’s conquest of central Europe and his eventual defeat. The Congress of Vienna attempts to establish an international system so that no one power can dominate Europe the way that France did under Napoleon. The Congress system emphasizes the restoration of ‘legitimate’ rulers to the thrones of European countries and attempts to crush any liberal or nationalist feelings in Europe. Collective security is established through a ‘balance of power’ and enforced through the Concert of Europe. Rebellions and uprisings continue throughout Europe during this period, but with limited success. The competing ideas of Liberalism vs.

Conservatism dominate this era. The year 1848 sees revolutions spread to almost every country in Europe. France continues to lead the path of government changes. A conflict in the Crimean Peninsula begins to shake the balance of power. The weakened position of the Austrian Empire allowed Italy to begin its road to unification through a series of diplomatic and military moves. Finally, the central portion of Europe attempts to unite, eventually leading to the creation of a unified German state. These new states dramatically alter the balance for power. Through Bismarck’s policies and alliances, Germany moves in to a position of great importance prior to World War One.

Idea Progression

Napoleon Bonaparte is defeated Congress of Vienna is called Concert of Europe established to maintain Balance

Of Power Struggle between ideas of Conservatism and Liberalism Rise of Nationalism Nationalist Revolts

Revolutions of 1848 (especially France) Frankfurt Parliament Crimean War Push for Italian Unification

(with French help - War with Austria, Plebiscites, Two Sicilies, help Prussia vs. Austria, Franco-Prussian War) Push for German

Unification ( Bismarck – War with Denmark, War with Austria, Franco-Prussian War) Rise in Militarism and disruption of Balance

Napoleon I (Bonaparte) Battle of Waterloo Congress of Vienna The Hundred DaysLouis XVIII Prince Clemons von Metternich Lord Castlereagh TalleyrandTsar Alexander I Conservatism Liberalism NationalismRomanticism Edmund Burke Confederation of the Rhine BourbonSaxony Concert of Europe Status quo Carlsbad DecreesTraupau Protocol Ottoman Empire Legitimacy Crimean WarFlorence Nightingale Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Victor Emanuel IIGaribaldi Pope Pius IX Sardinia/Piedmont ZollvereinFrankfurt Assembly Otto von Bismarck Prussia North German ConfederationNapoleon III Republic Junkers Schleswig-HolsteinDanish War Seven Weeks War (Austro-

Prussian War)Franco-Prussian War Chancellor

Alsace-Lorraine Universal suffrage Great Powers Louis-Philippe – July MonarchyEms Telegram Kleindeutsch Grossdeutsch Revolutions of 1848

Congress of Vienna

To create a lasting peace and to erase all of the revolutionary fervor that had spread throughout Europe, the victors met at Vienna in September, 1814. The four great powers: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia dominated Congress, although the grand architect of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian Chancellor, Prince Metternich (1773 - 1859). Metternich was aware of the social, political, and to some degree economical, changes that the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic War, had caused to the state of France and to Europe in general, he decided to try to erase the legacy of the Revolution. Congress of Vienna wanted to make sure that such ideas such as

nationalism and liberalism be totally erased from Europe. For example, they decided not to liberate Poland, and thus kept Poland under the power of Russia. Congress also wanted to make sure that no nation could grow as to dominate all of Europe again. To keep the people of France happy, France walked away with little reproach and instead got a generous peace term. For example they kept all of the territories that they got prior to November 1, 1792. The powers also put in new states, called Buffer States, that would serve as to stop future French Expansion. They created the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and gave Prussia some territories that would block future French Expansion.

Other purposes of the Congress included restoring the legitimate rulers back to the thrones of Europe, and creating a Balance of Power. The idea of the Balance of Power is NOT the idea that countries should be equal, but it was the idea of collective security. No single country would risk expansion and increased power, because of the knowledge that the other Great Powers would unite against them.

The Great Powers worked together through the Concert of Europe or Metternich System to put down any liberal or nationalist uprisings throughout the first part of the 19th Century. The Traupau Protocol and Carlsbad decrees reduced freedoms and limited the right to criticize the government. This period demonstrates the determination of both the conservative and liberal idealists in Europe to promote their ideas. Revolts and revolutions were usually crushed during this period. In 1848, most of Europe (with the exception of Britain and Russia) experienced rebellions. Most ended in failure, except for France which saw Louis Napoleon become leader, eventually taking the title Napoleon III and establishing a new French Empire.

The Crimean War was the first major challenge to the balance of power. It is significant for many reasons. It disrupts the balance of power, and exposes the weaknesses of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Italy begins its 20 year path to unification through the leadership of Cavour and the Sarindia/Piedmontese government. Garibaldi conquers southern Italy with military force. Through diplomacy and war, Cavour is able to unite most of Italy. The unification of Italy shows the power of nationalism and liberalism as forces of change.

The Unification of the German states takes a different road. After the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, Prussia becomes the driving force for a new united German state. Through the policy of Weltpolitik, Bismarck is able to assert Prussian domination in the center of Europe. Through a series of wars, Bismarck is able to weaken Austrian power and make Prussia the most powerful state in central Europe. With the Franco-Prussian war, the southern German states will join the north and create modern country of Germany.

These changes to the balance of power and the growth of industry and power in the new Germany would put Europe powers on a collision course that would result in World War One.

Big Ideas

This time period is often referred to as the Age of Reaction and Revolution. Explain what the reactions were against and why there was so much turmoil in Europe in the mid 1800s. (stress the ideas of nationalism – liberalism – conservatism )

Compare the ideologies of Liberalism and Conservatism. Tie this idea back into the Enlightenment Philosophers. Who was on each side? What did they want to accomplish?

Explain the Congress of Vienna, its aims, and its attempt to create a Balance of Power

Explain the role of nationalism in Europe in the period following Napoleon. How did it contribute to the formation of new states and the breaking down of former empires.

Compare the unification of the Italian States and the unification of the German states. Explain the path that each state took to reach its goal and how those paths had some similarities but many differences.

Other things to know

- Define nationalism and the 5 conditions necessary for nationalism to develop. Provide examples

- Explain the role of Crimean War in upsetting the European Balance of Power. How did this open the door for the unification movements of the 1850-1870 period

- Identify the three major powers involved with the Unification of Italy and the role each of them played?

- Identify how Sardinia/Piedmont was able to gain territory to create the unified state of Italy (steps)

- Explain Bismarck’s role in uniting the German states

- Explain the difference between Kleindeutsch and Grossdeutsch and how Austria is eventually squeezed out of any control in German unification.

- Explain how Italian unification is based around liberalism and German unification takes a more conservative approach.

- What role did each of the following play in German unification?

o The war with Denmark (Schleswig-Holstein),

o The Seven Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War 1866)

o The Franco-Prussian War

Unit 4 – The Age of Imperialism

Unit Overview – Imperialism was not a new idea European nations. Many European nations had colonies in the Americas and port-cities in Africa. However, in the late 1800s, a new imperialism begins, pushed by the developments of the industrial revolution. There were many driving motives for colonizing another region. Economic motives led the way (even though most colonies would cost more than they would bring in), but other reasons such as political, military, humanitarian, social Darwinism and prestige played large roles as well. In the 1850s, less than 10% of Africa was under the influence of a European power. By 1914, all areas of Africa except Liberia and Ethiopia had been “claimed” by a European nation. Imperialism also dominated India and many parts of South-East Asia, and the coastal areas of China. While imperialism did bring some benefits to those areas considered to be economically important, it is a period filled with many tragedies for the people under the rule of “mother country”. The legacy of imperialism still can be seen today in the divisions of African society today, the commerce of India and the legacy of Hong Kong. The competition between European nations for “there place in the sun” also will be a long term factor in the lead up to World War One.

Imperialism Colony Indirect rule Direct Rule

Protectorate Sphere of influence Quinine Maxim-gun

Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden Scramble for Africa David Livingston

Henry Stanley Liberia Berlin Conference British East India Company

Sepoy Rebellion Suez Canal Opium War -1839 Treaty of Nanjing

King Leopold Cash Crops Sati Trade deficit

Muhammed Ali Boer War The Mahdi Gold, Glory, God

Armenian Massacre Concession Jewel in the Crown

Idea Progression

The industrial revolution needs raw materials and new markets improvements in technology ( transportation, weapons, drugs

against diseases Desire and ability to acquire colonies Scramble for Africa Resistance of local groups

British in India British in China Impact of Imperialism (both positives and negatives) Legacy of Imperialism

Terms to Know

BIG IDEAS

- Why was there such a desire to ‘colonize’ different areas of the world in the later 1800s? Provide examples for each motive using evidence from each section of your handouts (1-5)

- What are some of the results of imperialism (both positive and negative)- What is the legacy of imperialism today?

Other things to think about.

- Why did colonization (especially in Africa) not take place sooner? What changes allowed Europeans to dominate the region

- How did the industrial revolution help cause the age of imperialism?- What were some of the ways people resisted colonial rule?- What was the Sepoy rebellion? Why did it start and what did it accomplish?- Describe the first Opium War. Why did it begin and what happened and what were

the terms of the treaty of Nanjing- What is the Suez Canal and why was it so important for European nations?- Explain the difference between direct and indirect rule and who used it.- Is there imperialism in the world today? Where ? Why?