historical roots of migration in the age of globalization cynthia radding university of new mexico...
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Historical Roots of Historical Roots of MigrationMigration
in the Age of in the Age of GlobalizationGlobalization
Cynthia RaddingCynthia RaddingUniversity of New MexicoUniversity of New Mexico
Region XIII Diaconate CommunityRegion XIII Diaconate Community2525thth Annual Conference in Gallup, New Mexico Annual Conference in Gallup, New Mexico
July 27-29, 2007July 27-29, 2007
Continental BorderlandsContinental Borderlands
Migratory streamsMigratory streams
Borderlands before the nation-Borderlands before the nation-statestate
Movements of native peoples Movements of native peoples through deserts, mountains and through deserts, mountains and wetlandswetlands
Casas Grandes, Paquimé
Photograph: Xicotencatl Murrieta
European Invasions of the European Invasions of the AmericasAmericas
Immigrants, slave and Immigrants, slave and freefree
New plants, animals, New plants, animals, and microbesand microbes
Colonial institutionsColonial institutions
Adaptation to natural Adaptation to natural environment and to environment and to Indians’ cultural Indians’ cultural traditionstraditions
1919thth-Century Transitions-Century Transitions Wars for IndependenceWars for Independence
Anglo-American traders, Anglo-American traders, trappers and adenturerstrappers and adenturers
North-to-south North-to-south migratory flowsmigratory flows
Borderlands networks of Borderlands networks of kinship and cultural tieskinship and cultural ties
Mapping the Mapping the BorderlandsBorderlands
U.S. invasion of U.S. invasion of MexicoMexico
Treaty of Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoGuadalupe-Hidalgo
Boundary Boundary CommissionCommission
Treaty of MesillaTreaty of Mesilla
Migration in Historical Migration in Historical ContextContext
Migratory flows to and from Latin Migratory flows to and from Latin AmericaAmerica
Diverse populationsDiverse populations
Globalization and migrationGlobalization and migration
Cultural identity, citizenship, and Cultural identity, citizenship, and nationalismnationalism
Mexico and the U.S.: Mexico and the U.S.: 1820-19201820-1920
Migration is not restricted to the Migration is not restricted to the border regionborder region
Migration issues understood within Migration issues understood within larger national and international larger national and international historieshistories
Seasonal and permanent migrationsSeasonal and permanent migrations
Mexico in the 19Mexico in the 19thth CenturyCentury
Internal StrugglesInternal Struggles
Church-state Church-state relationsrelations
Regional autonomy Regional autonomy vs. the central statevs. the central state
Communal landsCommunal lands Colonists in Colonists in
ChihuahuaChihuahua
Foreign InvasionsForeign Invasions
United States, 1846-United States, 1846-18541854 Loss of territoryLoss of territory Binational boundaryBinational boundary
France, 1862-1867France, 1862-1867 Hapsburg monarchyHapsburg monarchy French troopsFrench troops
Modernization in MexicoModernization in Mexico
Capital growth and Capital growth and technologytechnology
Railroads, telegraphRailroads, telegraph Industrial miningIndustrial mining Timber concessionsTimber concessions Commercial Commercial
agricultureagriculture
President Porfirio President Porfirio DíazDíaz
Population growth Population growth and immigrationand immigration
Immigrants from Immigrants from Europe, Middle Europe, Middle East and ChinaEast and China
Colonies in Colonies in northern Mexiconorthern Mexico
Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution
Principal Principal MovementsMovements
ConstitutionalistsConstitutionalists CarranzaCarranza ObregónObregón CallesCalles
División del NorteDivisión del Norte VillaVilla
Plan de AyalaPlan de Ayala Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata Orozco, La
Trinchera
Past Meets the Present: Past Meets the Present: 1920-20001920-2000
Parallel histories of Mexico and the Parallel histories of Mexico and the United StatesUnited States
World Wars and Great DepressionWorld Wars and Great Depression Structural changes in world financesStructural changes in world finances Mexico: agrarian reforms and labor Mexico: agrarian reforms and labor
policiespolicies Bracero program, 1943-1968Bracero program, 1943-1968 Assembly plants (Assembly plants (maquiladorasmaquiladoras))
Mexican Revolution on the Mexican Revolution on the BorderBorder
Recruitment, Recruitment, provisions and provisions and weaponry for the weaponry for the principal armiesprincipal armies
Migration in Mexico Migration in Mexico and to the U.S.and to the U.S. Yaqui Indian Yaqui Indian
communities in communities in ArizonaArizona
Migrants settle beyond Migrants settle beyond the border statesthe border states
Constitution of Constitution of 19171917
Elective Elective government government restored, 1920restored, 1920
Cristero Revolt, Cristero Revolt, 1927-19291927-1929
1919thth-century U.S. History-century U.S. History Forced migration of Forced migration of
Native AmericansNative Americans Raiding by Kiowas, Raiding by Kiowas,
Comanches and Comanches and Apaches in MexicoApaches in Mexico
Consequences of Consequences of U.S.-Mexico War U.S.-Mexico War for the United for the United StatesStates SlaverySlavery Civil WarCivil War
Industrial capital Industrial capital and private fortunesand private fortunes
Immigration historyImmigration history Migrants from Migrants from
Europe, North Africa, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Latin Middle East, Latin America and ChinaAmerica and China
African-American African-American “Great Migration” of “Great Migration” of 1920s1920s
Changing Migratory Changing Migratory PatternsPatterns
Migrant regional Migrant regional originsorigins TraditionalTraditional NorthNorth CenterCenter South-SoutheastSouth-Southeast
DestinationsDestinations Major industrial citiesMajor industrial cities Small towns in the Small towns in the
interior of the U.S.interior of the U.S.
Annual net flows of migrantsAnnual net flows of migrants
1961-1970 27,5001961-1970 27,500
2000-20052000-2005 396,000 396,000
20052005
26.8 million persons from 26.8 million persons from Mexico living in the U.S.Mexico living in the U.S.
10.6 million born in 10.6 million born in MexicoMexico
Human Faces of Human Faces of MigrationMigration
Sam QuiñonesSam Quiñones
Antonio’s Gun and Antonio’s Gun and Delfino’s DreamDelfino’s Dream
Hard choices for Hard choices for poor migrants.poor migrants.
Barriers to returning Barriers to returning home to Mexico.home to Mexico.
Dangerous border Dangerous border crossings.crossings.
Circular patterns Circular patterns give way to give way to permanent permanent migration.migration.
Migration in the Global Migration in the Global EconomyEconomy
Neo-liberal policiesNeo-liberal policies
Structural Structural adjustmentadjustment
Eroding standards Eroding standards of living of living
Reduced social Reduced social servicesservices
Maize and Global Maize and Global MarketsMarkets
Ethanol and world Ethanol and world demand for demand for industrial uses of industrial uses of maizemaize
Rising prices for Rising prices for Mexican consumersMexican consumers
Importation of cornImportation of corn Subsidies to raise Subsidies to raise
productionproduction NAFTA and peasant NAFTA and peasant
agricultureagriculture
Ecuador: “our America”Ecuador: “our America”
President Rafael Correa, inaugural President Rafael Correa, inaugural speechspeech
Foreign debt service renegotiationForeign debt service renegotiation
Demands to meet basic social servicesDemands to meet basic social services
Integration of Latin AmericaIntegration of Latin America
Indigenous MovementsIndigenous Movements
Challenges to Challenges to traditional national traditional national constitutionsconstitutions
Demands for political Demands for political recognition, recognition, territory, cultural territory, cultural dignitydignity
Responses to Responses to globalizationglobalization
Indian Migrants to the Indian Migrants to the U.S.U.S.
Inclusion and autonomyInclusion and autonomy Territorial spacesTerritorial spaces Cultural distinctivenessCultural distinctiveness Autonomous Autonomous
communities in communities in ChiapasChiapas
Language preservationLanguage preservation Tzotzil Tzotzil MixtecMixtec ZapotecZapotec
CitizenshipCitizenship New political actorsNew political actors
Internal indigenous movementsInternal indigenous movements Migrant populationsMigrant populations New claims to suffrageNew claims to suffrage
PaisanosPaisanos in Mexicoin MexicoEcuadorian Constituent AssemblyEcuadorian Constituent AssemblyVoter registration of Brazilians Voter registration of Brazilians abroad.abroad.
Human Rights and Human Rights and PopulismPopulism
Freedom from Freedom from detentiondetention
Security of life and Security of life and homehome
Right to food, Right to food, housing, health carehousing, health care
Access to educationAccess to education Freedom of Freedom of
movementmovement Right to work and a Right to work and a
living wageliving wage
Collaborative Research and Collaborative Research and ServiceService
Language Language revitalizationrevitalization
Local historiesLocal histories
Community Community traditionstraditions
Economic Economic developmentdevelopment
Border Violence and Civic Border Violence and Civic ActionAction
Border State Border State Governors and Governors and Commissions.Commissions.
Surveillance and Surveillance and securitysecurity
Citizens’ networks Citizens’ networks for human rights for human rights and dignityand dignity
Sources of InformationSources of Information
University of New MexicoUniversity of New Mexico, , Latin America Database Latin America Database
University of Texas, LANICUniversity of Texas, LANIC New York New York TimesTimes EspadañEspadaña Pressa Press SPIN México IlustradoSPIN México Ilustrado Reséndez, Reséndez, Changing National Identities at the Changing National Identities at the
FrontierFrontier Zúñiga, et al, Zúñiga, et al, Migración México-Estados Migración México-Estados
UnidosUnidos