EARLY PHILIPPINES TO 1565

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

A. Mythological and Legendary

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

According to the early Spanish friar-chroniclers:

1. The ancestor of the Filipinos sprang from the soil like wild plants

2. The early Filipinos were created by the sun, their father

3. They were produced from certain base metals by the magic of alchemy

4. They descended from Adam of Asia

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

Other popular stories of the origin of the Filipinos are the following:

1. Lalake and Babae or Malakas and Maganda stepped out of a bamboo nodule after a bird had pecked on it.

2. A god and a goddess were so lonely that they decided to bake people out of clay. The first and second attempt came overcooked, the black race, and undercooked, the white race. The third attempt was perfectly cooked which came the brown race.

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

B. Archaeological and Scientific Theories1. The “Land Bridge” Theory

a. During the Pleistocene or Ice Age, the waters surrounding what is now Philippines fell about 156 feet below, the present level, exposing certain sections of land (land bridges) connected to mainland Asia.

b. The land bridges were used by a group of people to reach the Philippines.

Land Bridge Theory

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

2. Negritos as the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippinesa. They moved to the Philippines through land bridges 25,000

to 30,000 years ago (H. Otley Beyer)b. Severely criticized by F. Landa Jocano, because fossils of

ancient men showed they also went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia but it is uncertain whether or not they were Negritos.

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

c. Tabon man, the earliest human fossil remain in the Philippines was discovered in Palawan. It is estimated to be more than 20,000 y.o. It is also uncertain whether or not he was a Negrito.

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

3. Waves of Migration Theorya. People came to the

Philippines on waves of migration (Beyer)

b. Malays came to the archipelago in three waves from 200 B.C. to about 1500 A.D.

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

c. Indonesian settlers had also come in two waves about 3,500 to 5,000 years ago.

d. Questioned by Jocano and young anthropologists because of the discovery of Tabon Man who came to the Philippines as early as 21,000 or 22,000 years ago whereas migration to the Malay Peninsula was dated to be around 5,000 B.C. only

Theories Concerning the Peopling of the Philippines

4. Long process of evolutiona. Theorize by Jocanob. Present Filipinos, Indonesians, and

Malays of Malaysia are “end results” of both long process of evolution and later movements of people

c. Differences of people are due to differences of their responses to their environment

EARLY TRADE CONTACTS

Inter-Island and Intra-Island Trading

Early Filipinos traded among themselves. People in coastal areas bartered with one another and also with those in upland areas

Commercial exchanges between and among islands in the Philippines also developed

Relation with the Orang Dampuans, Banjarmasin, Siam, and Tonkin

The Orang Dampuans or Men of Champa from Southern Annam came to the southern past of the Philippines between 900 and 1200 AD where they established trading posts in Sulu.

Men of Banjars from Banjarmasin, Borneo succeeded in putting Sulu under their influence through diplomatic coup. Sulu developed into an emporium.

Relation with the Orang Dampuans, Banjarmasin, Siam, and Tonkin

Trade with Siam and Tonkin developed in the middle of 14th century in which they exchanged their porcelain products for Philippine native wares

Relation with the Indians and the Chinese

Trade with the Chinese started in the 10th century and reached its zenith in the 14th and 15th centuries.

Chinese writer Chao Ju-Kua, sometime in 1209 and 1214, described the Chinese trade with Ma-i (presumably Mindoro) and praised the honesty of the Filipinos

Relation with the Indians and the Chinese

Early Chinese trading junks brought goods and immigrants to the Philippines

Under Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), China exercised suzerainty over the Philippines, and some of the Filipinos paid tribute to China

The last Filipino tribute embassy came to China in 1421

Early Relations with the Japanese Japanese pirates (wako), kingdom builders, and settlers

had come to Luzon before and immediately after the Spanish colonization.

Japanese traders, especially from Nagazaki frequently bartered Japanese goods for Filipino gold, pearls, and native earthen jars.

According to Japanese records, the early Spaniards found Japanese settlement in Manila and Agoo, La Union Province

Early Relation with the Arabs In 1380, according to the tarsilas

(Muslim chronicle), the Arab missionary-scholar Mudum landed in Sulu and there laid thee foundation of Islam in the Philippines

In 1390, Raja Baginda, prince of Menankabaw, Sumatra, led an army of Muslim invaders to Sulu, and overcame native opposition with firearms

Early Relation with the Arabs Abu Bakr, Muslim leader from Palembang,

Sumatra, reached Sulu in 1450 and married the daughter of Rajah Baginda. After Baginda’s death, he founded the Sultanate of Jolo with himself as sultan.

Sharif Kubungsuan, Muslim leader of Johore who landed in Cotabato in 1475, conquered Maguindanao. Married the native princess and founded the first Sultanate of Maguindanao. It is instrumental in the Islamization of Mindanao.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INTRODUCTION OF ISLAM

Unification of Mindanao and Sulu Establishment of a common religion.

The founding of sultanate system facilitated

the unification of the people Promoted common language – Arabic. In the 16th century, it brought about close correspondence between the royal houses of Sulu and Brunei.

The Spread of Islam to the Visayas and Luzon

Kingdoms of Rajah Soliman and Rajah

Lakandula in Tondo and Manila were under the sway of Islam. Influence

also seen Mindoro and Batangas.

If not for the Spaniards, Islam could have established itself in the northern part of the Philippines.

Young Moro Men of Zamboanga (1900)

The Successful Resistance of the Muslim to Spanish Colonialism

Spaniards failed miserably in controlling Mindanao and Sulu

Alliances were formed among different Muslim groups to fight against the Spaniards

Enmity and animosity further developed between Muslim and Christian Filipinos who helped the Spaniards

The present secessionist movement in Mindanao and Sulu, and the protracted conflict between the Philippine Government and the Moro rebels may be understood as partly as offshoot of earlier conflicts between Christians and Muslims.

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