THE GATHERING STORMCH 15

WESTWARD MIGRATION

Remember the Alamo Texas Independence became a popular cause after the Alamo

Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican government recognized Texas Independence

Texans clamored for annexation

Northern Abolitionists opposed adding another slave state to union

Texas was independent for almost a decade

WESTWARD MIGRATION

Mexican War Joint resolution of Congress in 1845 annexed Texas to United States

James K. Polk sought to acquire California, New Mexico and Texas through negotiations

Stand off along Rio Grande

American Army insulted Mexican soldiers

Mexican Army crossed Rio Grande and U.S declared war

WESTWARD MIGRATION

Results of Mexican War 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico ceded California, New Mexico to U.S. and gave up claims to all land North of Rio Grande

Vast new territory incited fierce debate over slavery in the new territories

Legacy of Westward Expansion

http://ahiv.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.vccs.edu:2048/View/772399/Clip/56832

SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES

The Wilmot Proviso Slavery issue intensified after Mexican American War

Wilmot Proviso slavery prohibited in all territories acquired rom Mexico

Wilmot Proviso never passed

Popular sovereignty Settlers of new territories should decide issue of slavery for that

territory

SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES

The free-soil Coalition Northern Democrats

Anti-slavery Whigs

Liberty Part

The California Gold Rush Gold discovered in 1848

California had enough people to petition for admittance to Union

Slave state or free state? How to decide?

SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES

California & New Mexico statehood Both territories forbade slaver within their borders even though they

were south of the Missouri Compromise line

President Zachary Taylor supported their admission regardless of their status on slavery

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

The return of Henry Clay Returned to Senate in 1850

Great Debate 8 Resolutions

California admitted as a free state

New Mexico and Utah are territories without slaves

Texas claims to land in New Mexico are not recognized

Slavery legal in Washington D.C.

Slave trade is illegal in D.C.

Fugitive slave act enforceable

Congress may not interfere with interstate slave trade

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

Toward a compromise

The Fugitive Slave Act Required slaves who had crossed into free territory to be returned to

their slave-holders

Dramatic reversal of previous law which granted slaves freedom once they reached free soil.

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Bestselling novel focused on plight of the slaves

Morality of slavery brought to popular discourse in North and West

The election of 1852 Franklin Pierce

Attempted to appease both sides

Who Won?

North Gets South Gets

California admitted as a free state No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico territories

Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C. Slaveholding permitted in Washington D.C.

Texas loses boundary dispute with New Mexico Texas gets $10 million

  Fugitive Slave Law

FOREIGN ADVENTURES

Cuba U.S. wanted Cuba as a possession

1854: U.S. attempts to buy Cuba from Spain but is refused

Ostend Memo: if Spain did not sell Cuba, U.S. should take it by force

U.S. forced to disavow

Diplomatic gains in Asia 1850’s Negotiated 4 pots in China to U.S. shipping

1853 Perry negotiates treaty to open Japanese ports to U.S. shipping

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA CRISIS

Gadsden Purchase 1853 National RR transportation system necessary to ship goods coast to

coast now that trading opportunity for U.S. existed in Asia

Douglas’s proposal Path to West begins in Chicago

RR cut through Louisiana Territory

Missouri Compromise amended to permit popular sovereignty to decide issue of slavery for territories south of Missouri

Kansas Nebraska Act http://www.ushistory.org/us/31a.asp

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA CRISIS

The emergence of the Republican Party Whig Party destroyed over the Kansas Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas Each territory swamped with pro-slavery and anti-

slavery “settlers”

Voter fraud: who were real “settlers”?

John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre: 5 pro-slavery settlers killed

WHO WERE THE KANSAS SETTLERS?

Border Ruffians "are determined to repel this Northern invasion, and make Kansas a Slave State; though our rivers should be covered with the blood of their victims, and the carcasses of the Abolitionists should be so numerous in the territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our purpose“- John H. Stringfellow, Atchison Squatter Sovereign

Free Staters New England Emigrant Co.

John Brown and his sons

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA CRISIS

Violence in the U.S. Senate Senator Charles Sumter speech, “The Crime Against Kansas” singling

out Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina as an example of an evil slave holder.

Congressman Preston Books, Butler’s nephew, beat Sumter almost to death on the Senate floor.

Sumner’s Speech May 19-20, 1856

"Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the power of slavery in the National Government.” …“The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight -- I mean the harlot, slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator."

Sumner Butler Brooks

THE DEEPENING SECTIONAL CRISIS

The Dred Scott case Decided by U.S. Supreme Court

Roger B. Taney, a slaveholder, was Chief Justice

Dred Scott had been take to a free territory and after many years returned to Louisiana.

Sued when his master’s wife refused to permit him to purchase his freedom

Taney: slaves had no rights, would never have rights, and any law that said otherwise was unconstitutional and illegal

LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION

Drafted by Kansas Territory Legislature (mostly pro-slavery) 1857 Permitted slavery

Free state settlers (majority of population) boycotted the vote

Widespread election fraud

Territorial governor (pro-slavery) resigned rather than implement

Stephen Douglas (pro-slavery) broke with Democratic Party

Lecompton Constitution endorsed by President Buchanan (pro-slavery)

Defeated in House of Representatives in 1858

THE DEEPENING SECTIONAL CRISIS

The Panic of 1857 Banks overextend loans to RR companies

Banks overextend loans to Western farmers

Banks overextend loans to Western Merchants

S.S. Central America sinks in hurricane

30,000 lbs. of Gold

500 lives

The revival of 1857–1859 Focused on “spiritual renewal” rather than society

THE DEEPENING SECTIONAL CRISIS

Douglas versus Lincoln 1858 Illinois Senate Election

Debates

John Brown’s raid Attempt to seize federal arsenal

Intended to arm slaves for uprising

Both of Brown’s sons died

Robert E. Lee captured John Brown

THE CENTER COMES APART

The Democrats divide 1860 election Dems nominate Stephen Douglas

Southern Dems chose John C. Breckenridge

Lincoln’s election Republican Candidate:

Campaigned on making slavery illegal in the territories

Did not propose to outlaw slavery in the states where it was already legal

America, 8th EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company

The Election of 1860

THE CENTER COMES APART

Secession of the Deep South South Carolina vowed to secede if Lincoln was elected

Lincoln elected in November, 1860; South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860

Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas seceded soon after

Confederate States of America: Jefferson Davis, President

President Buchanan, a pro-slavery Southerner, did nothing to keep South Carolina or other secessionist states in the Union

Washington Peace Conference of 1861 Delegates from 21 states

Republicans and Democrats

No compromise