his 112 chapter 27
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HIS 112 Chapter 27. Headed for War Again. At the same time FDR was president in the U.S., Adolf Hitler , head of the Nazi Party, became Chancellor of Germany (Prime Minister of the Weimar Republic) The president of Germany at the time was Paul von Hindenburg - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
HIS 112Chapter 27
Headed for War Again
At the same time FDR was president in the U.S., Adolf Hitler , head of the Nazi Party, became Chancellor of Germany (Prime Minister of the Weimar Republic)
The president of Germany at the time was Paul von Hindenburg
When Hitler became Chancellor, he began working to gain absolute power, especially after the death of Paul von Hindenburg
Hitler despised democracy He worked his way into the hearts and
minds of the German people by playing up their frustrations The Treaty of Versailles Their enemies: Jews, Communists, and
Socialists
New Deal Foreign Policy Cordell Hull was named Secretary of State He was content to follow the foreign policy
guidelines of Hoover and his Secretary of State, Henry Stinson
FDR initiated the Good Neighbor Policy, the role the U.S. was to play in Central and South America
Good Neighbor Policy A less controversial way of maintaining
influence in Latin America The U.S. would be less blatant in its domination
of Latin America Less willing to defend exploitative business
practices Less eager to send in military force American investments in Latin America would
increase
U.S. would train the national guard in various Latin American nations to support their dictators like Trujillo in Dominican Republic, 1930-1961 and Somozas in Nicaragua, 1936-1979
FDR removed marines from Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic who had been sent there by other presidents to restore order and protect American interests
U.S. had large investments in Cuban sugar industry
After a 1933 revolution led by Ramon Grau San Martin, which threatened American interests, U.S. encouraged a coup that brought Batista to power
Batista established a pro-American dictatorship that lasted until 1959
1917, Mexico claimed ownership of its land and raw materials and that threatened American investments
1938, Mexico expropriated property of all foreign owned petroleum companies
1941, the U.S. conceded that Mexico owned its raw materials and then Mexico compensated American companies for their lost property
Roosevelt decided to take Mexico’s offer because he was afraid they would sell their oil to Germany and Japan, and he remembered the Zimmerman Telegram of World War I
At a Pan-American Conference the members agreed to reduce sales of raw materials to Germany, Japan, and Italy and increased sales to the U.S. showing their gratitude for removing soldiers from their countries
New Deal Policy in Asia Followed Hoover’s lead which was to
maintain China’s independence and American trading rights called the Open Door Policy
U.S. tried to do this at the same time Japan was trying to take over China bit by bit
China’s leader at the time was Chiang Kai-shek who was disorganized, inefficient, corrupt, but anti-communist
1931, Japan took over Manchuria and set up the puppet state of Manchukuo
Stimson, Hoover’s Secretary of State, believed the U.S. should retaliate against Japan by imposing economic sanctions; Hoover disagreed
Instead, Hoover announced the U.S. would not recognize the legality of any territory taken by force
This was known as the Stimson Doctrinewhich was curious – Stimson didn’t recommend this
1932, Japan attacked Shanghai and terrorized the people
1937, Japan bombed Shanghai and its civilians
FDR responded with words, not actions; he didn’t want war with Japan
USSR U.S. didn’t recognize the Soviet Union in
the 1920s However, some American did business
with USSR By 1930, USSR was the largest buyer of
American agricultural and industrial equipment
With the depression, businessmen urged the formal recognition of USSR to stimulate American business
FDR granted formal recognition to Soviet Russia in 1933
Within a few years, Soviet-American relations had become embittered
Neutrality Policy of U.S. Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937
Neutrality Act of 1935 – prohibited arms shipments to either side once the president had declared the existence of belligerency
Neutrality Act of 1936- forbade loans to belligerents
Neutrality Act of 1937- introduced cash-and –carry principle for trade with warring nations, and forbade Americans from traveling on belligerent vessels
Worldwide Events Were Heating Up 1935- Hitler introduced universal military
training and Italy invade Ethiopia and took it only with Germany’s help
1936- Francisco Franco, Spanish General, rebelled against an unstable democratic government in Spain; he succeeded after receiving support from Italy and Germany who tested their new weapons there
1937- Japan took over Peiping, the northern capital of China, and then took most of China’s coastal peovinces
March, 1938- the Anschluss: the forced political union of Germany with Austria, increasing Hitler’s resources
September, 1938- Hitler said he wanted to reunite all German-speaking people under one flag, so he demanded the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia be given to Germany – Appeasement
Britain and France let him have it hoping that was all he wanted
March, 1939- Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakia
Closer Look at 3 Aggressor Nations Japan
Had few natural resources and little Wanted China for economic reasons Was the U.S.’ 3rd largest customer buying
cotton, copper, scrap iron, and oil American trade was important to Japan
Italy Benito Mussolini was its fascist leader He was described as a strutting buffoon By itself, Italy was no threat to the world Couldn’t take over Ethiopia by itself; needed
Germany’s help to do it
Germany Adolf Hitler was its fascist leader Hitler was head of Nazi Party Serious threat to world peace Wrote down his plans for European domination in Mein
Kampf; not taken seriously at first Hitler knew just what he could get away with in Europe
Re-started arms industry Re-started military training Re-armed Rhineland Took Austria Took Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia
Hitler’s actions broke the Treaty of Versailles
All 3 aggressor nations were anti-democratic
All exalted totalitarianism All had Fascist governments Hirohito – Emperor of Japan Mussolini – Il Duce of Italy Hitler – Fuhrer of Germany
They all put the interests of the state over those of the individual
Nazism, with its racist policies, was criminal Promoted a pure Aryan race Promoted anti-Semitism Felt any non-Aryan was subhuman: Jews and
gypsies, for exampleNazis disposed of, exiled, and silenced German
communists, socialists, democrats, Jews, gypsies, handicapped, and homosexuals
Hitler: Brutalized Jews Stripped them of their citizenship and civil
rights Deported them Put them in concentration camps Worked them to death or Sent them to extermination camps, the Final
Solution
Each time Hitler broke a stipulation of the Treaty of Versailles, he got no resistance from other European nations
By September 1939, Hitler began to encounter some resistance from other European nations
Hitler and Stalin formed the Nazi-Soviet Pact – an agreement to help each other take over Poland in September of 1939
Germany would invade from the west and USSR would invade from the east
1 September 1939, the invasion of Poland began
In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany but weren’t adequately prepared to defend Poland
During the winter of 1939-1940, an uneasy quiet fell over Europe
This was called the Phony War when neither side attacked the other
The French and the British had decided on a defensive war and waited at the Maginot Line, a system of fortifications France had constructed in the 1930s.
It ran along the common border between France and Germany
France and Britain then dropped pamphlets over Poland telling Hitler to go
During the French and British silence, Hitler prepared for his Blitzkrieg, lightning war (fast-moving troops and tanks with air support)
Beginning in 1940, there were massive land, sea, and air attacks against other European countries April 1940- Denmark and Norway were taken May 1940- Luxembourg, Belgium and the
Netherlands fell June 1940- France fell to Hitler
After a 6-week fight, France fell Britain had 300,000 men there and tried to
quickly remove them in all manner of boats
Then Britain awaited Hitler’s attack on them
Germany bombarded England with aerial attacks during the summer of 1940
Italy then joined in the fight with Germany against France
They also faced British and ANZAC forces (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) in Libya, North Africa
Operation Barbarossa USSR was under the impression that it was
an ally of Germany There was that Nazi-Soviet Pact However, that proved to be false as of the
summer of 1941 Hitler remembered World War I and its 2-
front war To avoid that this time, Hitler made a pact
with USSR just until western Europe had been subdued
With western Europe fairly subdued, Hitler turned on USSR
Russians weren’t prepared They lost ground until the fall; they then
began to hold their ground When the Russian winter began, Germans
weren’t prepared for it Hitler lost 750,000 men during his first
year of attack
German troops almost surrounded Leningrad in the north and Moscow to the south
1942, Germans advanced towards Stalingrad, but their campaign stalled
Changes in the American Attitude American attitude about involvement in
the war began to change during the summer of 1940 after The fall of France The resistance of the British
As early as 1938 Roosevelt felt that only a show of force would stop Hitler but would not take definitive action without the backing of the American people
1939, at FDR’s request, Congress repealed the Neutrality Acts, so war materials could be sold on a cash-and-carry basis
FDR’s responses to Hitler’s victories: Ordered the sale of surplus World War I
equipment to Britain and France in May 1940 Traded 50 old American destroyers to Britain
for leases to bases in England in September 1940
Approved Selective Training and Service Act, first peacetime draft in American history
1940, FDR ran for a third term against Wendell Wilkie
FDR won After election, FDR send the Lend-Lease
Bill to Congress in response to a request from Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of England
Lend-Lease was approved in March of 1941
Lend-Lease allowed America to act as the “arsenal of democracy” where all sorts of arms could be “loaned” to Britain Sent naval patrols to the Atlantic so they could
protect delivery of weapons Sent troops to Greenland Sent aid to USSRThe total of all this aid was $54 billion. By this
time the U.S. was at war in everything but name
August, 1941, FDR met with Churchill on 2 ships: Prince of Wales, British and the Augusta, American
Met off the coast of Newfoundland Adopted mutual war aims Called the Atlantic Charter
Self-determination of nations after the war Free trade Freedom of the seas Disarmament of aggressor nations United Nations, 1945
Pro-war sentiment was growing, especially after some incidents between American destroyers and German submarines Greer Incident, September 1941 – a German
submarine fires on the Greer; FDR ordered them to fire on submarines on sight
Roosevelt did not tell the public that the Greer had been tailing the submarine for hours and reporting its location to British planes
Kearney & Reuban James, October of 1941 – Germans torpedoed Kearney and sank Reuban James; 100 sailors lost
By autumn 1941, FDR believed he had the support of most Americans to enter the war against Germany
Hitler had to be stopped at any cost The America First Committee opposed this
move; they felt protecting Britain was not a worthy cause
While we debated war with Germany, Japan turned our eyes to the Pacific
Japan FDR had initiated a partial embargo against Japan
in 1940 because it had not given up any Chinese territory
Then in July of 1941, FDR froze Japanese assets and ended trade with Japan
Negotiations were going on to end the embargo Japan wanted a meeting between the Japanese
Prime Minister and FDR U.S. refused until Japan left China and got out of
the Tripartite Pact (an alliance of Japan, Italy, & Germany)
Having broken the Japanese Code, FDR knew Japan was committed to war if oil embargo wasn’t lifted and were preparing forces at the beginning of December 1941
Even so, the U.S. did not know where they would attack and felt Japan would have to fire the first shot so to have the full support of the American people
Pearl Harbor The attack was on Pearl Harbor on 7
December 1941 Surprise attack on Sunday morning Result: sank or badly damaged 8
battleships, 7 other vessels, 188 airplanes and killed or wounded 3,435 servicemen
8 December 1941, FDR went before Congress and described 7 December as “ a day that will live in infamy”
Both Houses, except for Representative Jeannette Rankin, a pacifist, voted for war
By December 1941, more than 1.5 million men were in uniform and most were well-trained
By the end of the war in 1945, 15 million had served
Majority -- drafted
Cost of the war: 1941 - $2 billion / month 1942 - $15 billion/ month 1945 – cost of war was $300 billion
National debt in 1941 - $48 billion 1945 - $247 billion
The size of the federal government grew from 1.1 million civilian employees in 1940 to 3.3 million in 1945
There was waste, inefficiency, and corruption
Senator Harry S. Truman headed a committee to investigate this
This brought him to the attention of FDR and resulted in Truman being FDR’s Vice President during his short 4th term
Factories began making war products 1944, 96,000 airplanes came out of the
factories Unemployment ended in the U.S. during
World War II Factories had trouble finding enough
workers Blacks found security in war industries;
they could not discriminate
Women of all ages and levels of education worked in war industries
“Rosie the Riveter” Independent women did not return to their
homes after the war; they liked getting that paycheck
U.S. Battle with Japan When u.s. declared war on Japan,
Germany declared war on U.S.; in turn, we declared war on Germany
But we had been attacked by Japan After bombing Pearl Harbor, Japanese
under Admiral Yamamoto quickly took Malaysia, Hong Kong, Philippines Java, Guam, 2 American Aleutian Islands British Singapore, Burma, Dutch East Indies
Japanese were establishing a buffer zone around Japan
When Japanese landed in the Philippines, the U.S. had troops on the island under the direction of Douglas MacArthur
When the island was about to fall to the Japanese, FDR got MacArthur and some troops out
20,000 were left on Bataan Peninsula and on Corregidor
Battle ended 6 July 1942 with Japanese as victors
Japanese then marched 10,000 U.S. prisoners to a prison camp in the interior, called the Bataan Death March
1,000 died along the way Many more died in the camp Brutal treatment By May 1942, Japanese had also taken
Solomon Islands and most of New Guinea
However, between 3-4 June 1942, the Japanese offensive capacity was smashed 7 months after Pearl Harbor
American planes destroyed 4 Japanese carriers that could not be replaced
Japanese were now on the defensive
Germany U.S. feared Hitler would get a foothold in
Western Hemisphere because of friends in South America
FDR joined in alliance with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin against the Nazis (Stalin was not trusted)
Germany was fighting savagely in USSR and Stalin wanted a second front started to take pressure off USSR
So first, Britain and U.S. bombed Germany from the air – day and night
FDR sent supplies to Stalin Next, Britain and U.S. attacked German and
Italian forces in North Africa Stalin still wanted a second front begun in
Western Europe There was a stalemate in North Africa with British,
American, and ANZAC forces against General Irwin Rommel (Desert Fox) with German and Italian forces
Germans and Italians threatened the Suez Canal British Commander Marshall Montgomery and his
troops with supplies from U.S., defeated them in June
November 1942, Montgomery and Eisenhower moved into French North Africa and fought Rommel’s Afrika Korps Stalemate Hitler recalled Rommel to Berlin Afrika Korps fell Allied victory
USSR 1942, Stalin captured 250,000 German
soldiers at Stalingrad War seemed to be turning against the
Germans Stalin was still calling for another second
front So it was now Italy
U.S., British, & ANZAC forces invaded Sicily in July 1942
Conquered island in 6 weeks
Generals George Patton and Omar Bradley moved troops north into Italy and essentially knocked Italy out of the war
Mussolini was ousted by Italian Field Marshall Pietro Badoglio who didn’t like Italy as Hitler’s pawn
Hitler rescued Mussolini and established him in northern Italy
Operation Overlord – D-Day The second front Stalin wanted was finally
going to happen Slated for 1944 Was an attack against Hitler’s forces in
Europe by crossing the English Channel and entering from France
Was the largest amphibious invasion in history
Commanded by Dwight David Eisenhower, Ike
Eisenhower was an organizer, a natural diplomat, and was aided by Charles De Gaulle, leader of free French in England
D-Day took place on 6 June 1944 with massive troop landings in Normandy in NW France
1 million men landed on the beaches Troops then marched to Paris and then on
to Belgium
Advance on Germany Eisenhower and Montgomery decided to
advance on Germany slowly and on a broad front that extended from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland
Germany was slowly being strangled Along the way they liberated
concentration camps
Battle of the Bulge – December 1944 German troops pushed American and
British troops back into Belgium creating a bulge in the line
Allied troops held until bad weather cleared and bombers could fly in
2 weeks later German defenses began to collapse
Fall of Germany Hitler, fearing defeat and still blaming Jews
for it, retreated to an underground bunker in Berlin
30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide after marrying Eva Braun and naming Admiral Karl Doenitz as the new Fuhrer
Germany surrendered 8 May 1945 – V-E Day
Final Battles with Japan FDR wanted Stalin’s help fighting the
Japanese To get this help, FDR at Yalta in the
Crimea in 1944, promised USSR they could dominate Eastern Europe after the war
FDR wasn’t giving Stalin any territory he didn’t already occupy
Stalin agreed that Russian forces would attack the Japanese in China
The Pacific U.S. had had 3 strategies after they took
Midway in June 1942 Supplies would go to USSR fighting Japanese in
China U.S. would drive the Japanese out of the
Solomon Islands to ensure the security of Australia and then on to New Guinea and the Philippines
Islands would be captured from which planes could easily reach Japan and bomb it
6 March 1945, a single raid on Tokyo killed 85,000 people and destroyed 250,000 buildings
Then troops began to “island hop” Japanese would not surrender A formidable weapon would be needed
Manhattan Project Code name for the group who built the
atomic bomb Albert Einstein, physicist, pacifist, refugee
from Nazism, and Jewish was one of the group who built the bomb
$2 billion was secretly allotted to the project
It was under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer
Groups worked in different locations for safety
Bomb was ready for testing in summer of 1945
April 1945, after being reelected for a fourth term, FDR died of a stroke
Harry Truman became President He had to decide whether or not to use the
bomb
Truman only learned about the bomb when he became president
Truman had to decide if there should be a massive invasion of Japan with great American casualties or use the bomb
The bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 killing 100,000; an additional 100,000 died of radiation later
8 August, bomb was dropped on Nagasaki killing more
Hirohito surrendered on 14 August 1945 against the advice of the Japanese high command
Was the bomb necessary? Controversial to this day
The war officially ended on the deck of the battleship Missouri on 2 September 1945