hiligaynon language

Hiligaynon language 1

Hiligaynon language

HiligaynonIlonggo

Pronunciation /hlenn/

Nativeto Philippines

Region Western Visayas, some parts of Masbate and most parts of Cotabato, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat provinces

Ethnicity Hiligaynon people

Native speakers 8.2 million (2007)[1]

4th most spoken native language in the Philippines

Language family Austronesian

Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

Central Philippine

Visayan

Hiligaynon

Dialects Hiligaynon, Kawayan, Kari[citation needed]

Writing system Latin script (Ilongo alphabet)Hiligaynon BrailleBaybayin (c. 13th19th centuries)

Official status

Official languagein Regional language in the Philippines

Regulatedby Commission on the Filipino Language

Language codes

ISO 639-2 hil

ISO 639-3 hil

Areas where Hiligaynon is spoken

Hiligaynon, often referred to as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Western Visayas region of thePhilippines.Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Guimaras and Capiz, but is also spoken in the other provinces of Panay Island, including Negros Oriental, Antique and Aklan, and in many parts of Mindanao such as Koronadal City, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and in other parts of North Cotabato. It is also spoken as a second language by Karay-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon and Malaynon speakers in Aklan, and Capiznon speakers


in Capiz.There are approximately 7,000,000 people in and outside the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon, andan additional 4,000,000 who are capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.[2]

It is a member of the Visayan language family. The language is also often referred to as Ilonggo (Spanish: ilongo) inIloilo and in Negros Occidental. Many argue, however, that this is an incorrect usage of the word "Ilonggo." Inprecise usage, "Ilonggo" should only be used in relation to the ethnolinguistic group that are native inhabitants ofIloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers, they argue. The disagreement over the usage of"Ilonggo" to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laymen.Historical evidences from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago point out to the fact that thenomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod("los [naturales] de la playa"), whom Loarca called Yligueynes [3] (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, alsoreferred to by the Karay-a people as "Sin"). In contrast, the "Kinaray-a" has been used by what the Spanishcolonizers called Arayas, which is most probably a Spanish misconception (as they often misinterpreted what theyheard from the natives) of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya, or the current and more popular versionKaray-a (highlanders - people of Iraya [highlands]).[4]

Classification

DialectsSimilar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon.Some of the widely-recognized varieties of the language are urban Iloilo or Ilonggo, Bacolodnon, Guimaras andKoronadal. Native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (or Antiqueo) and Capiznon as dialects of Hiligaynon;however, these have been classified by linguists as separate languages.[5][6]

Related languages

According to H. Otley Beyer and other anthropologists, the term Visayan was first applied only to the people ofPanay and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, and northward in the smaller islands, which nowcompose the province of Romblon. In fact, at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, theSpaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte were for a longtime known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to these other islands because, as several of theearly writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay.[7]

Writing systemUntil the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written based on Spanish orthography consisting of32 letters called ABECEDARIO:

A B C Ch D E F G H I J K L Ll M N Ng Ng/Ng/g O P Q R Rr S T U V W X Y ZThe core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of whichcomes in an upper case and lower case variety.


Alphabet

The 1st to 10th letters

Symbol A a B b K k D d E e G g H h I i L l M m

Name a ba ka da e ga ha i la ma

Pronunciation [a/] [aw] [aj] [b] [k] [d] [/e] [] [h] [/i] [o] [l] [m]

in context a aw/ao ay b k d e g h i iw/io l m

The 11th to 20th letters

Symbol N n Ng ng O o P p R r S s T t U u W w Y y

Name na nga o pa ra sa ta u wa ya

Pronunciation [n] [] [/o] [oj] [p] [r] [s] [] [t] [/u] [w] [w] [j]

in context n ng o oy p r s sy t u ua w y

Additional symbolsThe apostrophe(') and dash(-) also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered letters.The dash, in particular, is used medially in some words to indicate the glottal stopglottal stop san-o when gab-eevening; night. It is also used to indicate the point in a word where reduplication is present: adlaw-adlaw daily,every day, from adlaw day, sun. However, the use of this means of marking reduplication is not always consistent:pispis bird.In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words.

Grammar

DeterminersHiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided intopersonal, that have to do with names of people and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further intosingular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers +mga (a contracted spelling for /maa/), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon.

Absolutive Ergative Oblique

singular impersonal ang sang, sing* sa

plural impersonal ang mga sang mga, sing mga* sa mga

singular personal si ni kay

plural personal** sanday nanday kanday

(*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite, while sang tells of a definite noun, like theuse of a in English as opposed to the, however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replace by sang. Itappears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech(**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an exampleof a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditionalform of Hiligaynon, using less Spanish loan words.The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verbdetermines this, though the ang-marked noun is always the topic.


Example

Ang lalaki nagkaon sang tinapay. Ang tinapay ginkaon sang lalaki.

"The man ate the bread" "The bread was eaten by the man" (literal)

Personal pronouns

Absolutive Ergative(Postposed)

Ergative(Preposed)

Oblique

1st person singular ako, ko nakon, ko akon sa akon

2nd person singular ikaw, ka nimo, mo imo sa imo

3rd person singular siya niya iya sa iya

1st person plural inclusive kita naton, ta aton sa aton

1st person plural exclusive kami namon amon sa amon

2nd person plural kamo ninyo inyo sa inyo

3rd person plural sila nila ila sa ila

Demonstrative pronouns

Absolutive Ergative/Oblique Locative Existential

Nearest to speaker (this, here) * in sin dir (y)ri

Near to addressee or closely removed from speaker and addressee (that, there) in sin dir (y)ra'

Remote (yon, yonder) at sadt didt (y)(d)to

In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, kar, meaning come to speaker, and kadto, meaning to go yonder.

CopulaHiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion "ay" of Tagalog/Filipino or "hay" of Akeanon. Instead sentencesin SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo) are written without any marker or copula.Examples: "Si Inday ay maganda" (Tagalog)"Si Inday matahum/ Si Inday guapa" (Hiligaynon) = "Inday is beautiful." "Inday is beautiful" (English)There is no direct translation for the English copula "to be" in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- andnangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively.Example: Manm mangin manggaranon"It is nice to become rich"The Spanish copula "estar" (to be) has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciationhave become corrupted. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as "istar" and means "to live (in)/location"(Compare with theHiligaynon word "puyo").Example: Nagaistar ako sa tabuc suba"I live in tabuc suba" "tabuc suba" translates to "other side of the river" and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.


ExistentialTo indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used.Example:May id (a)ko"I have a dog"

Hiligaynon LinkersWhen an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two.Example:Itom nga idoBlack dogSometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptableto contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the numberof syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga and maayong aga. The first meaning: (the)good morning; while the other is the greeting for 'good morning'.The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun.Example:Anum ka idosix dogs

Interrogative wordsThe interrogative words of Hiligaynon are as follows: diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano, and pilaDiin means where.Example:Diin ka na subong?"Where are you now?"A derivation of diin, tagadiin, is used to inquire the birthplace or hometown of the listener.Example:Tagadiin ka?"Where are you from?"San-o means whenExample:San-o in?"When is that?"Sin-o means whoExample:Sin-o imo abyan?"Who is your friend?"Nga-a means whyExample:Nga-a indi ka magkadto?"Why won't you go?"Kamusta means how, as in "How are you?" Example:


Kamusta ang tindahan? "How is the store?"Ano means whatExample:Ano ang imo ginabasa?"What are you reading?"A derivative of ano, paano, means how, as in "How do I do that?"Example:Paano ko makapul?"How can I get home?"A derivative of paano is paanoano an archaic phrase which can be compared with kamustaExample:Paanoano ikaw?"How art thou?"Pila means how much/how manyExample:Pila ang maupod sa imo?"How many are with you?"A derivative of pila, ikapila, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in yourfamily?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has noequivalent.Example:Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya?"What place were you born into your family?"A derivative of pila, tagpila, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?"Example:Tagpila ini nga karne sang baka?"How much is this beef?"

Verbs

Focus

As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippinelanguages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed thevoice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example:1. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.2. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.3. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.4. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.5. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister with his hands.Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor orobject as the subject:

The man stole the rice. vs. The rice was stolen by the man.In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus ismarked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon


translations of the above sentences:1. Nagakawat ang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.2. Ginakawat sang lalaki ang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.3. Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas ang tinda para sa iya utod.4. Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda ang iya utod.5. Ikawat sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod ang iya kamot.

(lalaki = man; kawat = to steal; bugas = rice; tinda = market; sister = utod; kamot = hand)

Summary

Trigger, Mode and Aspect Affixes for Hiligaynon

TRIGGER ASPECT MODE

Neutral Purposive Durative Causative Distributive Cooperative Dubitative

Agent Goal Unreal -on pagon pagaon paon pangon pakigon igaon

Real gin- gin- gina- ginpa- ginpang- ginpakig-

Referent Unreal -an pagan pagaan paan pangan pakigan igaan

Real ginan ginan ginaan ginpaan ginpangan ginpakigan

Accessory Unreal i- ipag- ipaga- ipa- ipang- ipakig- iga-

Real gin- gin- gina- ginpa- ginpang- ginpakig-

Actor Unreal -um- mag- maga- mang- makig-

Real -um- nag- naga- nang- nakig-

Patient Actor Unreal maka- makapag- makapaga- makapa- makapang- mapapakig-

Real naka- nakapag- nakapaga- nakapa- nakapang- napapakig-

Goal Unreal ma- mapag- mapaga- mapa- mapang- mapakig-

Real na- napag- napaga- napa- napang- napakig-

ReduplicationHiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or partof a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead ofaffixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplicationsuggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used nominally, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which arenot fully actualized members of their class. Note the following examples.


(1) baly-blay

house-house

toy-house, playhouse

(2) mastra-mastra

teacher-teacher

make-believe teacher

Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describeevents which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also beimplied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in(5).

(3) Nag-a- hb-hb ang bt.

NAG-IMP- cry-cry FOC child

The child has been crying and crying.

(4) Nag-a- tnlo-tnlo ak sang lamsa

NAG-IMP- clean-clean 1SG.FOC UNFOC table

I'm just cleaning off the table (casually).

(5) Nag-a- kon-kon gid sil sang mag-abt ang la bista.

NAG-IMP- eat-eat just 3PL.FOC UNFOC MAG-arrive FOC 3PL.UNFOC visitor

They were just eating when their visitor arrived.

When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6).In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stressof the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in(7). Note that superlatives can also be created through prefixation of pinaka- to the root, as in pinaka-dak. Whilenon-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), incontrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), mayoyo, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests atrajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), mayoay suggests a trajectory of decline whenaccented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated yo implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; fullgoodness/wellness is not achieved.


(6) In nga kwrto ma-dulm-dulm sang sa sin

this.FOC LINK room MA-dark-dark UNFOC OBL that.UNFOC

This room is darker than that one.

(7) (a) dak-dak

big-big

bigger

(b) dak-dk (gid)

big-big (really)

biggest

(8) (a) Ma-yo ang rel.

MA-good FOC watch

The watch is good/functional.

(b) Ma-yo-yo na ang rel.

MA-good-good now FOC watch

The watch is semi-fixed.

(9) (a) Ma-yo ak.

MA-good 1SG.FOC

I'm well.

(b) Ma-yo-ay na ak.

MA-good-good now 1SG.FOC

I'm so so.

SoundsHiligaynon has sixteen consonants: /p t k b d m n s h w l j/. There are three main vowels: /a/, / ~ i/, and /o ~/. [i] and [] (both spelled i) are allophones, with [i] in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and[] in final syllables. The vowels [] and [o] are also allophones, with [] always being used when it is thebeginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable. Consonants [d] and [] were once allophones butcannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron (to forgive) [from patawad, forgiveness] but notpatawadon, and tagadin (from where) [from din, where] but not tagarin.

Loan wordsHiligaynon has a large number of words that derive from Spanish words including nouns (e.g., santo from santo,saint), adjectives (e.g., berde from verde, green), prepositions (e.g., antes from antes, before), and conjunctions (e.g.,pero from pero, but). Moreover, Spanish provides the Ilonggo base for items introduced by Spain, e.g., barko (barco,ship), sapatos (zapatos, shoes), kutsilyo (cuchillo, knife), kutsara (cuchara, spoon), tenedor (fork), plato (plate),kamiseta (camiseta, shirt), and kambiyo (cambio, change).Spanish verbs used in Hiligaynon often remain unconjugated (have the verb endings -ar, -er or -ir) which in Filipino would almost always be conjugated in the 'vos' form,[citation needed] e.g., komparar, mandar, pasar, tener, disponer,


mantener, and asistir.

Examples

Numbers

Number Hiligaynon

1 Is

2 Duh

3 Tatlo

4 Apat

5 Lim

6 Anum

7 Pit

8 Wal

9 Siym

10 Pl

100 Gats

1000 Lib

First Tig-una

Second Ika-duh

Third Ikatlo / Ika-tatlo

Fourth Ikap-at / ika-apat

Fifth Ika-lim

Sixth Ikan-um / ika-anum

Seventh Ika-pit

Eighth Ika-wal

Ninth Ika-siym

Tenth Ika-pl

Days of the weekThe names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.


Day Adlaw

Sunday Domingo

Monday Lunes

Tuesday Martes

Wednesday Miyerkoles

Thursday Huwebes

Friday Biyernes

Saturday Sabad

Months of the yearThe first set of Hiligaynon names of the months are derived from Spanish.

Month Bulan

January Enero; ulalong

February Pebrero; dagangkahoy

March Marso; dagangbulan

April Abril; kiling

May Mayo; himabuyan

June Hunio; kabay

July Hulyo; hidapdapan

August Agosto; lubad-lubad

September Septiyembre; kangurolsol

October Oktubre; bagyo-bagyo

November Nobiyembre; panglot-diotay

December Disiyembre; panglot-daku

Quick phrases

English Hiligaynon

Yes. Hu-o.

No. Ind.

Thank you. Salamat.

I'm sorry. Patawaron mo ako. / Pasaylo-a 'ko. / Pasensyahon mo ako. / Pasensya na.

Help me! Buligi ako! / Tabangi (a)ko! /

Delicious! Namit!

Take care. Halong.

Are you mad? Akig ka?

I don't know. Ambot. / Wala ko kabalo.

That's wonderful! Nm-nm ba! / Nami ah!


Greetings

English Hiligaynon

Good morning. Maayong aga.

Good noon. Maayong ugto./Maayong udto

Good afternoon. Maayong hapon.

Good evening. Maayong gab-i.

How are you? Kamusta ka?/Kamusta ikaw?/Musta na?

I'm fine. Maayo man.

I am fine, how about you? Maayo man, ikaw ya?

How old are you? Pila na ang edad (ni)mo? / Ano ang edad mo? / Pila ka tuig ka na?

I am 25 years old. Beinte singko anyos na (a)ko./ Duha ka pulo kag lima ka tuig na (a)ko.

I am Erman. Ako si Erman./Si Erman ako.

What is your name? Ano imo ngalan?/ Ano ngalan (ni)mo?

I love you. Palangga ta ka./Ginahigugma ko ikaw.

Thank you very much. Salamat gid./ Madamo gid nga salamat.

This, that, and whatnot...

English Hiligaynon

What is this? Ano (i)ni?

This is a sheet of paper. Isa ni ka panid sang papel./Isa ka panid ka papel ini.

What is that? Ano (i)n?

That is a book. Libro (i)n.

What will you do? Ano ang himu-on (ni)mo? / Ano ang buhaton (ni)mo? / Maano ka?

What are you doing? Ano ang ginahimo (ni)mo? / Gaano ka?

I don't know. Ambot / wala ko kabalo

My girl friend/boy friend Ang akon miga/migo

My girlfriend/boyfriend Ang akon uyab

Space and time


English Hiligaynon

Where are you now? Diin ka subong?

Where shall we go? Diin (ki)ta makadto?

Where are we going? Diin (ki)ta pakadto?

Where are you going? (Sa) diin ka makadto?

We shall go to Bacolod. Makadto (ki)ta sa Bacolod.

I am going home. Mapa-uli na ko (sa balay). / (Ma)puli na ko.

Where do you live? Diin ka naga-istar?/Diin ka naga-puy?

Where did you come from? (Where have you just been?) Diin ka (nag)-halin?

Have you been here long? Dugay ka na di(ri)?

(To the) left. (Sa) wala.

(To the) right. (Sa) tuo.

What time is it? Ano('ng) takna na?/Ano('ng) oras na?

It's ten o'clock. Alas diyes na.

What time is it now? Ano ang oras subong? or Ano oras na?

The marketplace

English Hiligaynon

May I buy? Pwede ko ma(g)-bakal?

How much is this/that? Tag-pil in/in?

The Lord's Prayer

The Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon in Molo Church at Molo, Iloilo.

Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langitPagdayawon ang imo ngalanUmabot sa amon ang imo ginharianMatuman ang imo buotDiri sa duta subong sang sa langitHatagan mo kami nian sing kan-on namonSa matag-adlawKag ipatawad mo ang mga sala namonSubong nga ginapatawad namon angnakasala sa amonKag dili mo kami nga ipagpadaug sa mgapanulayGino-o luwason mo kami sa kalautAmen.

Translation of Ten Commandments writtenin photo:

1.Believe in God and worship only him 2.Do not use the name of God without purpose


3.Honor the day of the Lord 4.Honor your father and mother 5.Do not kill 6.Do not pretend to be married against virginity (don't commit adultery) 7.Do not steal 8.Do not lie 9.Do not have desire for the wife of your fellow man 10.Do not covet the riches of your fellow man

Universal Declaration of Human RightsArticle 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ang Kalibutanon nga Pahayag sang mga KatarungangPangkataohan)

Ang tanan nga tao ginbun-ag nga hilway kag may pag-alalangay sa dungog kag katarungan. Sila ginhatagan sang pagpamatu-od kagkonsensya kag nagakadapat nga magbinuligay sa kahulugan sang pag-inuturay. Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for thespirit of brotherhood. Children's books

Ang Bukid nga Nagpalangga sang PispisAng Bukid nga Nagpalangga sang Pispis is a fully illustrated, colored children's picture book. The original story isThe Mountain That Loved A Bird by Alice McLerran. Originally published in the United States with illustrations byEric Carle, the story has been translated to Hiligaynon by Genevieve L. Asenjo and illustrated with new art byBeaulah Pedregosa Taguiwalo drawn from the landscapes of the Philippines.The publisher is Mother Tongue Publishing Inc.[8], a new publishing company based in Manila, Philippines formedin November 2006 by Mario and Beaulah Taguiwalo. Their mission is to publish books in as many languages aspossible. They are inspired by the words of science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin: Literature takes shape and lifein the body, in the wombs of the mother tongue.[citation needed] They also agree with neuro-scientist ElkhononGoldberg who refers to mother tongues as an extremely adaptive and powerful device for modeling not only whatis, but also what will be, what could be, and what we want and do not want to be.[citation needed]

Noted Hiligaynon Writers Antonio Ledesma Jayme (18541937) Lawyer, revolutionary, provincial governor and assemblyman. Born in

Jaro, lived in Bacolod City. Graciano Lpez Jaena (18561896) Journalist, orator, and revolutionary from Iloilo, well known for his written

works, La Solidaridad and Fray Botod. Born in Jaro. Flavio Zaragoza y Cano (18921994) Lawyer, journalist and the "Prince of Visayan poets". Born in Janipaan.

[9][10]. Conrado Saquian Norada (1921 ) Lawyer, intelligence officer and governor of Iloilo from 19691986.

Co-founder and editor of Yuhum magazine. Born in Iloilo City. [11] Ramon Muzones (?-?) Born in Molo. [12] Magdalena Jalandoni (18911978) Prolific writer, novelist and feminist. Born in Jaro.[13]


Angel Magahum Sr. (18761931) Writer, editor and composer. Composed the classic Iloilo ang Banwa Ko, theunofficial song of Iloilo. Born in Molo.[14][15]

Valente Cristobal (18751945) Noted Hiligaynon playwright. Born in Polo (now Valenzuela City), Bulacan. [16]

References[1] Nationalencyklopedin "Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007[2][2] Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000[3] Cf. BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 14931803. Volume 05 of 55

(15821583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and recordsof the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religiousconditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 120-121.

[4] Cf. Miguel de Loarca, Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (Arevalo, June 1582) in BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds.(1903). The Philippine Islands, 14931803. Volume 05 of 55 (15821583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward GaylordBOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators,descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books andmanuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with Europeannations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 128 and 130.

[5] http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_language. asp?code=cps[6] http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_language. asp?code=krj[7] G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122-123.[8] http:/ / mothertonguepublishinginc. wordpress. com/[9] http:/ / en. wikipilipinas. org/ index. php?title=Flavio_Zaragoza_Cano[10] http:/ / www. nhi. gov. ph/ downloads/ ca0045. pdf[11] http:/ / www. panitikan. com. ph/ authors/ n/ csnorada. htm[12] http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=v8Xk_10M4icC& pg=PA1& lpg=PA1& dq=Ramon+ Muzones& source=bl& ots=4rCNeKWm7_&

sig=jqPAW0uJFaOUa15Lr_sNTK4PPZI& hl=en& ei=wWEmTrOJPIensQLO6t2TDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA

[13] http:/ / www. nhi. gov. ph/ downloads/ lt0021. pdf[14] http:/ / www. thenewstoday. info/ 2008/ 08/ 05/ angel. m. magahum. sr. html[15] http:/ / fil. wikipilipinas. org/ index. php?title=Angel_Magahum%2C_Sr.[16] http:/ / bayanihan. org/ 2010/ 05/ 21/ today-in-history-87/

English-Tagalog Ilongo Dictionary (2007) by Tomas Alvarez Abuyen, National Book Store. ISBN971-08-6865-9.

External links Omniglot on Hiligaynon Writing (http:/ / www. omniglot. com/ writing/ hiligaynon. htm) Ilonggo Community & Discussion Board (http:/ / www. dinagyang. com/ forum/ index. php)Dictionaries

Hiligaynon to English Dictionary (http:/ / kalibo. tukcedo. nl/ dictionary-HE. pdf) English to Hiligaynon Dictionary (http:/ / kalibo. tukcedo. nl/ dictionary-EH. pdf) Bansa.org Hiligaynon Dictionary (http:/ / www. bansa. org/ dictionaries/ hil/ ) Kaufmann's 1934 Hiligaynon dictionary on-line (http:/ / www. bohol. ph/ kved. php) Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/

books?id=95VkAAAAMAAJ& printsec=frontcover& hl=en#v=onepage& q& f=false) (by Alonso de Mntrida,published in 1841)

Learning Resources

Some information about learning Ilonggo (http:/ / ciaran. compsoc. com/ languages. html#ilonggo) Hiligaynon Lessons (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ HiligaynonLessons) (by Cecile L. Motus. 1971) Hiligaynon Reference Grammar (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ HiligaynonReferenceGrammar) (by Elmer

Wolfenden 1971)


Writing System (Baybayin)

Baybayin The Ancient Script of the Philippines (http:/ / www. mts. net/ ~pmorrow/ bayeng1. htm) The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet (http:/ / emanila. com/ news/ opinion/

ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog. html) The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet: Genocide (http:/ / emanila. com/ news/ opinion/

ggrivera_2001_04_24_genocide_tagalog. html) The importance of the Hiligaynon 32-letter alphabet (http:/ / emanila. com/ news/ opinion/

ggrivera_2001_04_24_future_tagalog. html)Primary Texts

Online E-book of Ang panilit sa pagcasal ga si D. Angela Dionicia: sa mercader ga contragusto inHiligaynon (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer& cc=philamer& idno=aql6284.0001. 001& q1=hiligaynon& frm=frameset& view=image& seq=1& size=100), published in Mandurriao, Iloilo(perhaps, in the early 20th century)

Secondary Literature

Language and Desire in Hiligaynon (http:/ / www. sil. org/ asia/ philippines/ ical/ papers/Villareal-Hiligaynon_lang_desire. pdf) (by Corazn D. Villareal. 2006)

Missionary Linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo,March 1316th, 2003 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/ books?id=ancRNeJEAukC& printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage& q& f=false) (ed. by Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen

Article Sources and Contributors 17

Article Sources and ContributorsHiligaynon language Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=591648922 Contributors: 23prootie, 4pq1injbok, A380 Fan, AeLJei, Ahoerstemeier, Akoinidiri, Amire80, Archduke ofKaliburan, Arctic Kangaroo, Avicennasis, Babbage, Bacoleo, Bbb23, Berniemack, Bluemask, Bruce Hall, Burotsoy, Canterbury Tail, ChavacanBen, Chowbok, Christopher Sundita, Cjpanila,DVdm, Dangnad, Danny, Dbmag9, Deflective, Dmitri Lytov, Dominicalojado, Edward, Emperor Zemeckis, Enzino, Erythrii, Ettrig, Florian Blaschke, Foxmajik, Frietjes, Furittsu, Garzo,Gilgamesh, Gilliam, GracianoFord, Greatgavini, Grendelkhan, Gronky, Gwapa27, Hmains, Hottentot, Ilonggonet, Iokama, Isa-duha, Ish ishwar, JL 09, Jiggsokeken, JmT, Joemaza, Johnbrillantes,Jondel, Jose77, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpers36, JungerMan Chips Ahoy!, Kaiged, Kam Solusar, Kate, Kguirnela, Khoikhoi, Kristjohn92, Kwamikagami, LilHelpa, LordBrain, Mahmudmasri,Michael Devore, Mikhailov Kusserow, Mk32, Mkh85, Namayan, Nasugbu batangas, Nikai, Niscen, Obiwankenobi, Obsidian Soul, Ohconfucius, Oldman4278, Padihut panghunahuna,Pansitkanton, Pare Mo, PhnomPencil, Pne, Rich Farmbrough, RickK, Rjwilmsi, Samito1050, Seav, Sedotes, SenyoritaMaestra, Stevey7788, Sverdrup, THSlone, Tabletop, Taylortheturtle, TheRambling Man, The Show-Ender, Themadbluebird, Toussaint, VicIlongo, Wapogwapo, Wavelength, Wiki.Tango.Foxtrot, Wtmitchell, Wuzur, Xeltran, Youkokurama, Zachlipton, Zollerriia, 321anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Hiligaynon language map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hiligaynon_language_map.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: User:Namayan, User:TheCoffeeFile:The Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon at Molo Church, Iloilo.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Ten_Commandments_in_Hiligaynon_at_Molo_Church,_Iloilo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: JayzlNebre-Villfania

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Hiligaynon languageClassificationDialectsRelated languages

Writing systemAlphabetAdditional symbols

GrammarDeterminersPersonal pronounsDemonstrative pronounsCopulaExistentialHiligaynon LinkersInterrogative wordsVerbsFocusSummary

Reduplication

SoundsLoan wordsExamplesNumbersDays of the weekMonths of the yearQuick phrasesGreetingsThis, that, and whatnot...Space and timeThe marketplaceThe Lord's PrayerUniversal Declaration of Human Rights

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