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Dedicated Freight Corridors & High Speed Rail India’s Ultra Low Carbon Mega Rail Projects Anjali Goyal Executive Director Finance (Budget), Ministry of Railways, India

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Page 1: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Dedicated Freight Corridors 

High Speed Rail 

India’s 

Ultra Low Carbon Mega Rail Projects ­ Anjali Goyal 

Executive Director Finance (Budget), Ministry of Railways, India

Page 2: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Approach adopted 

1. Rail Transport Scenario in India 

2. Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context 

3. Complexities in going low carbon in transport sector 

4. Structuring DFC and HSR as low carbon projects 

5. Launching the projects as a brand 

6. Conclusion­ suggestions on the way forward

Page 3: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Freight Cargo Scenario in India: 

Boom in traffic versus serious capacity constraints 

ª  Railways set to carry 1 billion ton by 2011, 1.5 billion ton by 2017 

ª  Rail share <38% ª  Freight movement growth (2002­06) 

§  Road   48%+      Rail  35 % + ª  Road Commercial carriers­ low payloads & fuel efficiency ª  Bulk of IR’s traffic moves on the overstretched Golden 

Quadrilateral §  Speeds of 26 km/hr, Limited flexibility 

ª  Capacity constraints will kill the surge

Page 4: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

7.9 

2.6 

5.5 

3.7 

0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 

India 

China 

Canada 

France 

Japan 

Sweden 

Need to drive down India’s rail tariff

share benefit with users

Capture larger market share 

Rail Tariff :  US cents/tkm (in purchasing power parity) 

Cited in New Tigers of Asia, Morgan Stanley, July 04

Page 5: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Dedicated Freight Corridors 

•  Eastern Corridor‐ 1805 km Ludhiana – Kolkata 

•  Western Corridor‐ 1515 km fromMumbai(J.N. port) to Dadri 

•  Liberal Moving Dimensions Higher payload/axle 

•  Suitable for  heavy haul trains (65 fr. Cars) 

•  Higher  HP & tractive effort locomotives 

•  Higher capacity freight  cars 

•  Speed: 100 ‐120 kmph+

Page 6: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

High Impact Development 

Haryana

Rajasthan

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Maharashtra Arabian Sea

J.N.Port

End Terminals DFC Alignment

G-Q (NH-8) N-S & E-W NH Corridor Existing Passenger Rail Link (Delhi-Mumbai)

Dadri

Investment Region Industrial Area 

DELHI MUMBAI INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR 

§  DMIC­ a continuous 1515 km long 150 km wide giant Industrial conglomeration 

§  Delhi –Ludhiana industrial corridor, another 200 km 

§  15 cities of  pop.1 million + to 10 million+, 

§  38,500 km   existing   rail lines in region 

§  6000 km+ of existing freeways/ expressways 

§  40 custom bonded warehouses 

§  159 SEZ s, end to end OFC connectivity 

§  6 major ports, 15 impex  sea ports,   7 new ports, 

§  20 industrial clusters regions/ areas (newly planned) 

§  two  450 km long HSR corridors (planned) 

§  19 rail links and 26 road links for port connectivity 

§  Four international airports, 9 domestic 

§  15 logistics parks/ hubs

Page 7: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Efficient supply chain relationships 

ªConvergence of   industrial activities 

ªTremendous  potential for high value, end to end logistics solutions provider services­ 

§  Temp controlled warehouses  and other logistics inputs 

§  Tapping seamless intermodal potential 

DFC’s Mega Logistics Cities 

These hinge on the special features of DFC as a new rail transport service  product

Page 8: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

DFC v/s Competing modes­ efficiency scorecard

Page 9: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

India’s Passenger Transportation Landscape 

87% 

13% 

Rail  Non­Rail •  Fast Mobility transport modes on the rise 

•  Cars/airlines growing at15­20% 

•  Nearly 2 million cars p.a 

•  Set to go up when Nano cars hit the market 

•  So will the emissions IR carries 7 billion

Page 10: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

India’s Freeways Today Nano Cars Yet To Hit The Roads

Page 11: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Market Requirements ª  New growth centres: 

§  More spread of economic activity §  Dramatic increase in urban population 

> 50% 

25­50% 

0­25% 

Change in Population 

E&Y

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Page 13: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Section Non­AC Small Cars 

AC Small Cars 

AC BigCars 

Mini Bus Ordinary 

Mini Bus Deluxe 

Mini Bus AC 

Normal Bus 

Ordinary 

Normal Bus 

Deluxe 

Normal Bus AC 

Delhi­Sonipat  4015  10509  9996  73  89  7  1250  240  58 

Sonipat­Panipat  894  7710  9309  70  84  50  1252  265  87 

Panipat­Ambala  2346  7651  9013  180  117  60  1187  298  285 

Ambala­Ludhiana  1435  5737  6993  128  220  29  688  296  74 

Ludhiana­Jalandhar  2961  8305  7975  168  161  12  1105  668  21 

Jalandhar­Amritsar  1961  4466  5772  196  90  14  635  218  34 

Ambala­Chandigarh  2022  6593  7767  82  53  27  1880  472  293 

Highway Traffic­Delhi Amritsar Corridor ­Summary Volume Counts 

* Daily Figures based on survey

Page 14: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Car User Preferences 

Closer to home 9% 

Safer Mode 8% Other Modes 

unavailable 1% 

Facilities provided 7% 

Non Availability of train tickets 

22% Cheaper Mode 

13% 

Lesser Time 40%

Page 15: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Ø 97% preferred 

Ø three hour or shorter journey on Delhi – Amritsar Corridor 

ØHST to be frequent, rather than one train in the morning one in the evening. 

Ø Willing to pay  more for time saving 

Ø 93% preferred a restaurant with price of a meal in the range 100 to 200 Rupees 

Ø Current car passengers wanted facilities, like, pre­recorded video programmes, cable TV and shop on the train. 

Car Passenger Preferences

Page 16: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Why the entry of India and China in  HSR is important for the world 

§High carbon emissions of developed and fast developing countries a major worry 

§Per capita emissions in India & China low but total emission volumes  high­  Rising fast 

§Both countries will (and should)   accelerate their GDP growth 

§Both economies automobile industry driven ­ Low fuel efficiency

Page 17: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

8  15 

137 

500 

363 

555 645 

382 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

India  China  Brazil  USA 

2007 

2050 

Cars per 1000 Persons 

PWC study

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The number of cars is increasing alright. But I think stopping people buying cars is not the right way. Helping people to use their cars in a different manner is the way to go. 

­Nicholas Stern in an interview –Down to Earth 30, Nov. 2007

Page 19: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Complexities in going low carbon in Transport Sector 

ªPeoples Mobility­ a matter of personal choice

Page 20: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Economic Factors 

Taxation 

Car Purchase Cost 

Fuel or Energy Cost 

Transport Infrastructure 

Settlement Form, Size, Density & Configuration 

User Charges 

CAR BUS TRAIN AIR  HST 

Lifestyle 

Image Culture, Attitude & Perception 

FARE 

Speed 

Trip Length 

Number of Trips 

Congestion Ease of Access 

Car Ownership 

Income 

Activity Pattern 

Travel Volume 

CO 2 Emissions 

Govt Policy 

Source: Managing Transport Energy.

Page 21: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Complexities in going low carbon in Transport Sector 

ªPeoples Mobility­ a matter of personal choice 

ªFreight Transportation decisions ­ driven by cost competitiveness, supply chain   commitments 

ªCDM­ rewards/ offsets mostly for investors­ nothing much for users 

ªApprehensions of the stakeholders in business as usual carbon based transport infrastructure

Page 22: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Automobile industry  Passenger cars, SUVs, 

Commercial vehicles 

Commercial Truck operators 

Locomotive manufacturers 

Investors/ banks/ lending institutions 

Rail shippers, Rail passengers, Car passengers, Logistics players Oil companies 

Coal based thermal power producers 

Airlines, air craft manufactures 

Stricter emission norms­ Better technologies not yet  developed­ High cost  R&D 

Adverse impact on sales/ expansion 

High taxes and penalties 

High cost of clean fuel technologies 

Large scale Solar, Wind  power ­ costly, not yet commercially viable 

Too fragmented CO2 savings proposals 

CO2 reduction  strategies not yet clear /backed by clear government policies 

Stakeholders Common Apprehensions On Carbon Mitigation 

in Transport 

?

Page 23: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Breaking the barriers 

ªNeed to launch CO2 mitigation strategies with §a new image §a new platform for a popular movement 

ªNew  business opportunities­ taken to scale 

ª Rewards offset to address these influencing elements 

ª People’s participation through branding 

ª IR’s proposed two Ultra low carbon mega rail projects best platform to launch CO2 emission reduction as a popular movement and brand

Page 24: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Structuring of India’s Ultra Low Carbon Mega Rail Projects 

ª  HSR & DFC­ new transport projects will  cause carbon emissions­ Owning the footprints 

ª  Identify and measure actions which create emissions 

ª  Adopt clean energy/ technologies/ waste reductions 

ª  Neutralize/ Offset  emissions to maximum extent 

ª  Own the costs of emission reductions 

ª  Encourage users to avail the benefits of clean public transport 

ª  Document and Communicate

Page 25: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Ultra Low Carbon Rail Projects ­CO 2 Reduction Strategies 

Primary – neutrality objective ª  Power requirement – non 

fossil fuel ª  Traction/ Operation ª  Rolling Stock

Page 26: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Electricity Grid 

Traction Substation 

Overhead Alignment 

Rolling Stock  Track 

Power Quality Management 

High Voltage Transmission Lines 

Dynamic Load Management 

Unity Power Factor Harmonics Management 

Intelligent Train Scheduling Intelligent Train Operation 

Efficient Traction Power Conversion Intelligent Auxiliary Power Conversion 

Hotel Load Management

Page 27: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Ultra Low Carbon Rail Projects ­CO 2 Reduction Strategies 

Primary – neutrality objective ªPower requirement – non fossil fuel 

ªTraction/ Operation ªRolling Stock ªFEMU for light cargo ªLEED rated energy efficient terminal buildings & Logistic Parks 

ªWarehouses PV panels­ roof, outer walls 

ªLand use­no farmers land 

Consequential 

­ Mode Shift 

ªInter city ridership 

§Cars/Buses/Air  to HSR 

ªTrucks to DFC freight trains 

§Shift by choice and piggy back rides

Page 28: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

DFC Transforming  India’s Freight Cargo Movement 

Product Design 

ªSourcing 30% of energy requirement from clean power 

ªOnly fuel efficient 3 phase locomotives with regenerative braking­ kinetic energy supply to grid ­10% 

ªFEMU services for time sensitive light cargos. 

ªHybrid cars and efficient trucks 

Inter­modal Shift ªRail bridging through road­ railers and piggy back services ªValue added services through mega logi parks ª Time­tabled open access movement ªEarn Diamond Miles 

CO 2 savings 

+

Page 29: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

HSR: Changing Market Tectonics 

Product Design ª Substantially carbon neutral – 

traction power source­non fossil 

fuels based Swap/barter strategy 

ª  High Speed Regenerative 

locomotives­ kinetic energy 

recovery 

ª HSR on PPP mode­ partners 

eligibility based on owning new 

small hydel power plants 

ª Hybrid cars for hire at terminals 

Inter­ Modal Shift ª Fare Structure  ­ less than car usage costs, low priced air tickets 

ª 1000 passengers per trip ª Drastic cut in travel time (compared with road travel) 

ª Improve on board ambience and quality of services on HSR­ at par with air craft and luxury cars 

ª Safe & fast transit 

ª Carbon miles for non use of personal cars­ park your car at HSR terminal, travel by HSR 

CO 2 savings 

+

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Business as Usual 

Stabilization Trajectory 

The Pacala and Socolow Wedge Theory and India’s mega Rail projects 

Stabilization Wedge 

Stabilization Wedg

Stabiliz

ation W

edge 

Stabilizat

ion Wedge

 

Stabilization

 Wedge 

Stabilization Wedge 

Stabilization Wedge 

2054 

Gt of carbo

n per 

year 

2004 

14

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Wedge #1&2 

Double Fuel Efficiency & 

Cut Distances to half

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10.01 11.82 

13.96 

16.49 

19.49 

23.04 24.60 

26.27 28.07 

30.01 

32.10 

34.35 

36.78 

39.41 

45.30 

8.01 

36.24 

0.00 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  2022  2023  2024  2025  2026  2027 

Million tons  C O2 s av ed due  to DF C  (bas e c as e ) 

Million tons  C O2 s av ed due  to DF C  (like ly s c enario) 

•  Through vehicle displacement alone, the two DFC s expected to save 

347 ­500 million tonnes of CO2 by 2027 (cumulative) 

•  Emissions saved through locomotives with regenerative braking an 

additional 3 million tonnes 

•  Through swap/barter strategy an additional 9 million tonnes

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0.507 

1.490 

0.000 

0.200 

0.400 

0.600 

0.800 

1.000 

1.200 

1.400 

1.600 

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 

Year 

CO

2 (m

illion ton) 

Reduction in CO 2 Emission due to HST on Carbon Neutral Electricity * 

Reduction of CO 2 in 15 Years = 14.679 Million Ton

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Wedges # 3, 4 & 5 

Wedge  Implementation Cutting carbon emission from buildings 

Freight & HSR Terminals and Logi cities will cut carbon emissions by 25% ­ LEED rated buildings 

700 fold Expansion of photovoltaic solar energy 

Logi cities ­ Confluence of Warehouses, Trade and Commercial complexes, malls, Hotels­  encouraged to draw power from solar sources­ especially from large solar farms in Rajasthan, Gujrat, Maharashtra. 

Halting of current deforestation  Rail uses less land than road

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Automobile industry  Passenger cars, SUVs, 

Commercial vehicles 

Commercial Truck operators 

Locomotive manufacturers 

Investors/ banks/ lending institutions 

Rail shippers, Rail passengers, Car passengers, Logistics players Oil companies 

Coal based thermal power producers 

Airlines, air craft manufactures 

Stricter emission norms­ Better technologies not yet  developed­ High cost  R&D 

Adverse impact on sales/ expansion 

High taxes and penalties 

High cost of clean fuel technologies 

Large scale Solar, Wind  power ­ costly, not yet commercially viable 

Too fragmented CO2 savings proposals 

CO2 reduction  strategies not yet clear /backed by clear government policies 

Stakeholders Common Apprehensions On Carbon Mitigation 

in Transport 

?

Page 36: High Speed Rail - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291... · Dedicated Freight Corridor & High Speed Rail – setting the context ... § Road 48%+ Rail

Regenerative braking/ kinetic energy harnessing electric locos 

Research on biofuels, cellulosic ethanol , 

Complementary role of airlines­ partnering HSR 

Mega logistic parks­ intermodal hubs­ truckers parks,Hybrid cars 

Road railers, Piggy back riders through inter­ modal movement 

Hybrid Diesel locos, regenerative batteries, bio diesel 

Possibility of lower fares / lower tariff ­ high through put HST / heavy haul faster freight trains 

Large scale solar power in logi cities & HSR terminals 

New Business Opportunities in Carbon Mitigation 

Areas of Convergence in specially crafted low carbon projects 

Dedicated Freight Corridor  Logistics Parks  High Speed Trains

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Changing Perceptions 

ªClimate Change in itself bad news 

ªDespair, Gloom, Catastrophe 

ªIR’s proposed two Ultra low carbon mega rail projects   best platform to launch co 2 emission reduction as a popular movement and brand

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Low carbon brand personality

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India’s HSR – A Low Carbon Highly Marketable Brand 

ªPosition Indian HSR with an ultra low carbon brand personality­ an endearing symbol­ no lifestyle loss in public transport 

ªHSR ridership –India’s giant population HSR market size : opens with 7 million passengers/ corridor 

ªHuge Market potential huge :Indian ad market   to cross USD 6 billion in 2011 §0.40 million+ (true green) 30 seconds ad spots   per year (estimated) 

ª Vast Out of Home (OOH), premium ad space in HSR terminals 

ªNet “true green ad ” revenues can support HSR’s debt servicing 

ªVast potential for real estate development

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Another Ultra Low Carbon Brand Personality ­ DFC & Mega Logistic Cities 

ªHeavy haul freight corridor with a brand personality 

ªPartly user­ funded rail project 

ªBaptism for high carbon sinner industries­ freight carbon miles­ possibilities of convertibility into carbon credits? 

ªCarbon credits for clean energy warehouses­ to be shared with warehouse users as benefits

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Acceptability of Mitigation Strategies 

ªGDP growth retardation­ developing countries ªErosion in quality of lifestyles ªPunitive taxes­ regressive, ªMisgivings on trading in carbon credits ªCDM­ rewards/ offsets mostly for investors­ nothing much for users ªAvailability/ Costs  of renewable energy ªQuantum reduction not possible ­ lack of scale of technological breakthrough 

ªBio fuel impact on agri land and food prices, ªPeople’s participation important for success­Rewards offset will have to address these influencing elements 

ªPoints for  pondering­ should this dictate approach for future policy

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Way Forward 

ª  Carbon Mitigation Rating for Transport Sector Projects 

ªSetting Pre­qualification  Benchmarks for low carbon projects ­ Facilitate Convergence 

ªConcessional Funding 

ªMechanism for sharing benefits ­ investors and users ­ maybe even the brand builders & advertisers too 

ªDiamond grams reward scheme for rail users – Payment card schemes  to benefit too.

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THANK YOU