high quality gev electron beams from laser-plasma accelerators · high quality gev electron beams...
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High Quality GeV Electron Beams from Laser-Plasma Accelerators
Wim Leemans
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
EPAC 2008, Genoa, Italy
June 23-27, 2008
http://loasis.lbl.gov/
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Accelerators: from handheld to size of a small country
2Size x 105 Energy x 109
1929 LHC, 2008
300 MJ stored energy
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Motivation and overview
Collider size set by maximum particle energy and maximum achievable gradient: breakdown limitationPlasma accelerators 1000 x higher gradientMotivates R&D for ultra-high gradient technology
3
Driver technology
Laser E-beam
Direct laser accelerator
Laser wakefieldaccelerator
Plasma wakefieldaccelerator
Dielectric accelerator
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10’s to 100’s GV/m, scales as Accelerate e- and e+
Must provide laser guiding mechanism: no non-linear self-guidingMust provide injection mechanism: no self-trapping
4
Linear laser/plasma wakefield accelerator
T. Tajima and J.M. Dawson, PRL 1979
Laser
Electron
Laser in plasma displaces electronsWake velocity = Group velocity of light
n
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Non-linear laser/plasma wakefield accelerator
5
Blow-out or bubble regimeLarge gradientsSelf-trapping
Two major experimental results: GeV with few % ΔE/E in 3 cm using a laser (LBNL)Up to 85 GeV electrons using a 42 GeV beam (SLAC)
Insufficient controlIneffective for positrons: very small accelerating region
Laser beam
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Mid 90’s -2003: lasers generate electron beams with 100 % energy spread
e-beam spectrum
Energy spectrum obtained with a magnetic spectrometer
Ebeams: • 1-100 MeV, nC• <100 fs, • ~10-100 mrad divergence
Modena et al. (95); Nakajima et al. (95); Umstadter et al. (96); Ting et al. (97); Gahn et al. (99); Leemans et al. (01); Malka et al. (02)
Jet
Laser beam
Electron beam
Magnet
PhosphorPhosphor
OAP
Gas Jet
ChargeDetector
Magnet
vacuumCCD
d=2 mm
plasma
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Building a laser wakefield accelerator using conventional accelerator paradigm
Drive laser: Ti-sapphire (chirped amplification technology)
Structure: plasma fiber
Injector: source of electrons/positrons commensurate with LWFA technology
W.P. Leemans et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Science (1996); Phys. Plasmas (1998)
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Initi
alE
xpan
ded
Plasma Profiles
1Geddes et al., Nature 20042Leemans et al., Nature Physics 2006
Radial control of refraction index:Hydro-dynamically expanding:
Laser heated plasma1
Resistive (current) heating2
Limits on acceleration: ΔW = Ez . LHow to pick the accelerator length?
1. Diffraction: laser beam defocuses
- Option 1: increase spot size so that diffraction distance = O(gas jet)
- Option 2: make a waveguide
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Limits on accelerationHow to pick the accelerator length? – cont’d
Esarey et al., IEEE 1996; Leemans et al., IEEE 1996
Energy gain:
Reduce np
• Dephasing: particle outruns wave
Length scale set by density
Mom
entu
m
Phase (z-vgt)
][cmn]I[W/cm~[GeV]W -3p
2dΔ
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Wake Evolution and Dephasing Yield Low Energy Spread Beams in PIC Simulations
WAKE FORMING
INJECTION
DEPHASINGDEPHASING
Propagation Distance
Long
itudi
nal
Mom
entu
m
200
0
Propagation DistanceLo
ngitu
dina
l M
omen
tum
200
0
Propagation Distance
Long
itudi
nal
Mom
entu
m200
0
Geddes et al., Nature (2004) & Phys. Plasmas (2005)
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Low energy spread beams at 100 MeV using plasma channel guiding
86 MeV, 300 pC, 1-2 mrad divergence
Bunch duration: sub-50 fs measured using electro-optic technique
Simulations indicate < 5 fs bunches
C. G. R. Geddes,et al, Nature,431, p538 (2004)
•Alternative: bigger spot• RAL/IC+ (12.5 TW -> ~20 pC, 80 MeV)
•Mangles et al., Nature 431, p535 (2004)
• LOA^ (33 TW -> ~500 pC, 170 MeV)•Faure et al., Nature 431, p541, 2004
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Higher beam energy requires lower plasma density
Higher power laser
Lower density, longer plasma
3 cm
e- beam
1 GeV
Laser: 40-100 TW, 40 fs 10 Hz
Plasma channel technology: Capillary
]3-[cmpn]2I[W/cm~[GeV]dWΔ
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Going to higher beam energy
electrode
gas in 0V+V
bellows
sapphire channel
laser in
Gas ionized by pulsed dischargePeak current 200 - 500 A
Rise-time 50 - 100 ns
D. J. Spence & S. M. Hooker Phys. Rev. E 63 (2001) 015401 R; A. Butler et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 185003.
sapphire channel
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14W.P. Leemans et al., Nature Physics2, 696 (2006); K. Nakamura et al., Physics of Plasmas,14056708 (2007)
Experimental Setup for GeV Accelerator
OAP
Capillary Dipole magnet
ICT
Lanex screens
PD2
CCD camera
Beam dump
L1
W2
PD1
W1
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First GeV Electron Beam from LWFA
Laser: a0 ~ 1.46 (40 TW, 37 fs)Capillary: D = 312 μm; L = 33 mm
W.P. Leemans et. al, Nature Physics2(2006) 696; *Simulation using VORPAL
1 GeV beam
Sim ExptQ (pC) 25-60 35E (GeV) 1.0 1.1dE/E RMS (%) 4 2.5div. (mrad) 2.4 1.6
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Electron beam properties can be tuned by scanning input parameters - e.g density
Laser Energy: 1.4 to 1.7J (a0=1.2 to 1.3)
Laser Pulse Length 45fs
Et (%
) &C
harg
e (p
C)
Average Ne (1018cm-3)
4.5
6.5
8
9.8
5 Ne
(101
8 cm
-3)
Shot
#
Energy (MeV)
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Low Plasma Density can produce narrow energy spread beams without “external” injection
Density: 5x1018cm-3
Laser intensity: a0=1.2 to 1.3Laser Pulse Length 45fs
Subsequent shotsduring pressure scan
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Is the beam quality sufficient for an FEL?
Energy spreadEmittanceStability
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Undulator
Ipk ~ 1018 W/cm2
40 TW, 40 fs
An EUV Free electron laser
T-REX laser systemPlasma capillary technology
Leemans et al, Nature Phys. (2006)
XUV radiation
FEL output:λ=31 nm
1013 phot./pulsee-
0.5 GeV
5 m
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FEL places tight constraints on e-beam quality
Photon beam:λ=31 nm
1013 photons/pulse in 5 fs
LWFA Electron Beam:Beam Energy 0.5 GeVPeak current 10 kACharge 0.2 nCBunch duration, FWHM 20 fsEnergy spread (slice) 0.25 %
Norm. Emittance 1 mm-mrad
Seeded Unseeded
7.5 kA7.5 kA
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Injection in blowout regime degrades emittance due to high transverse field
Consistent with few mrad divergence in experiments
Degrades emittance for high energy self-injected stages
� Use controlled trapping at low wake amplitude to reduce emittance
Injection
*Geddes Ph.D dissertation 2005, Tsung PRL 2004
705 X(µm) 740
-15
Y(µm
)15 Laser , dedensnsityity,
beam
Y[µ
m]
X[µm]
5-5 800 2000
Transverse motion
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Building a laser wakefield accelerator using conventional accelerator paradigm
Drive laser: Ti-sapphire (chirped amplification technology)
Structure: plasma fiber
Injection: source of electrons, controlled
W.P. Leemans et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Science (1996); Phys. Plasmas (1998)
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Techniques for Controlled Injection
*Ting et al., Phys. Plasmas12, (2005); †Esarey et al., PRL 79, (1997); Faure et al., Nature (2006),‡Bulanov et al., PRL 78, (1997), Geddes et al., PRL (2008)
Additional laser pulsesLIPA*Colliding pulse†, etc
Density downramp‡
Accelerator:3 to >50 cm; n~1017 -1018 cm-3
n
z
Injector: plasma ramp
Laser
Improved stabilityHigher EnergyReduced energy spread: fluid simulations indicate ΔE at injection remains “frozen” in =>ΔE/E reduces with E
Later in timeLower in density
Density downramp - effect on wake
z-ct
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“Electrons” accelerating on a wave: controlled injection
Injected Electrons Injected Out of Phase
Self Injection
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E-beam quality: energy spread
Goal: Reduce energy spread from ~2% to <0.25 %Approach:
Produce MeV beam with <20% ΔE/EAccelerate to GeV: ΔE/E<0.2%
Laser10TW
e-
Jet
Laser10TW
Laser focused on downramp of gas jet
density profile
MeV beam produced withLow absolute energy spread (170keV)Good stability
Central energy (760keV ± 20keV rms)Energy spread (170 keV ± 20keV rms)Beam pointing (1.5 mradrms)
Sequential spectra*centroid, avg
Geddes et al., PRL2008
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E-beam quality: energy spread – continuedStaged injector and accelerator structure
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Gas jet Injector + capillary
Reproducible electron beam (few nC charge) achieved with 40 TW-laser pulses and gas jet
High laser beam transmission
Simulations indicate ~ O(0.2%) ΔE/E
Electron Energy ~ MeV
Pos.
(mm
)
0
20
laser
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Undulator based diagnostic is first step towards SASE-FEL at 30 nm
Undulator from Boeing corp.Measure emittance and ΔE/E through undulator spectrumSASE-FEL
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Electron Positron
1 TeVLaser200-500 m, 10-100 stages
1 TeV
e-10 GeV
e+
200-500 m, 100 stages
Conceptual (strawman) collider lay-out
Technology Challenges:Staging technologyDiagnostics -- control Positron and polarized electron sources compatible with
laser acceleratorsEmittance and energy spread control (collisions in plasma)
High average power, high peak power lasers
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Grand technical challenges in next 10 years
Challenge 2
1-> 100 GeV, low energy spread beam, low emittance
Multi-GeV beams
Challenge 3
Staging of modules
Challenge 1
Lasers: high rep rate PW lasers
Challenge 4
One-to-one, 3-D modeling
laser
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Limits on accelerationHow to pick the accelerator length?
Energy gain:
Reduce np
1. Dephasing: particle outruns wave
Length scale set by density
2. Diffraction: laser beam defocuses
- Option 1: increase spot size so that diffraction distance = O(gas jet)
- Option 2: make a waveguide
3. Pump depletion: laser runs out of energy
- Must figure out way to replenish - > STAGING
- What is optimum stage energy?
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BELLA = Berkeley Lab Laser AcceleratorCritical technology for future laser accelerator
BELLA R&D:
Diagnostics
Staged Accelerators
30-60 cm1000 TW40 fs
e- beam10 GeVLaser
BELLA Project: 1 PW, 1 Hz laser
Undulator spectrum THz
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Pumping: diodesEfficient, low thermal load
Leverage: LED Street lightsEmerging market50 million lamps in US aloneVolume drives price down
Critical Technology: High average power, high peak power lasers, high wall plug efficiency
Laser: amplifier material and pump source
Amplifier material: Ceramics
Prospect for kJ, picosecond, multi-kHz systems at 30-50 % wallplug seems possible
Courtesy: B. Byer
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SummaryLaser-plasma based accelerator technology continues to show promise:
GeVbeams (~% ΔE/E) demonstrated and 10 GeV is feasible with PW-class laser
Key technology: guiding structures and controlled injection via density downramp
Demonstration experiments underway:
Energy spread and emittance reduction using controlled injection
Staging technology: how to chain modules together
Free electron laser at 30 nm
Colliders:
Many issues remain
Key technologies systematically being addressed
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People who say it cannot be done should not interrupt those who are doing it.
George Bernard Shaw
34Size x 105 Energy x 109
1929 LHC, 2008
300 MJ stored energy
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Acknowledgments
Collaborators• LBNL: W. Fawley, K. Robinson, N. Kelez, R. Duarte, M. Battaglia, A. Ratti, et al.•TechX-Corp: J. Cary, D. Bruhwiler, et al.•SciDAC team• Oxford Univ.: S. Hooker et al.• MPQ: F. Krausz et al.• LOA: O. Albert, F. Canova• GSI: T. Stoehlker, S. Hess
LOASIS Team 2008StudentsM. BakemanS. BerujonG. BouquotE. EvansC. LinE. MonaghanG. PlateauA.Shu
Postdocs/StaffA. GonsalvesN. MatlisE. MichelK. Nakamura (UNR)D. Panasenko
E. EsareyC. GeddesC. SchroederD. SyversrudC. TothN. YbarrolazaO. WongM. Condon