Henry Continued Henry Continued AA

• There is a low number of people of colour There is a low number of people of colour working in print media and news organizations.working in print media and news organizations.

• People of colour is the term used…this was an People of colour is the term used…this was an older article. older article.

• Out 1731 people working in a newsroom, only Out 1731 people working in a newsroom, only 30 people were of colour, female or had a 30 people were of colour, female or had a disability. disability.

• Mirror mirror on the wall, tell me if I exist at all.Mirror mirror on the wall, tell me if I exist at all.– The media should reflect society, but it does not. It The media should reflect society, but it does not. It

represents a narrative that sustains social and racial represents a narrative that sustains social and racial hierarchies. hierarchies.

MisrepresentationsMisrepresentations AA

• Different races and minorities are treated Different races and minorities are treated differently in the mediadifferently in the media

• Misrepresentation, invisibility, and Misrepresentation, invisibility, and marginalization of people of colour by the marginalization of people of colour by the media communicates the message that they media communicates the message that they are not full participants in Canadian societyare not full participants in Canadian society– Arabs are often portrayed as angry terrorists who Arabs are often portrayed as angry terrorists who

are cruel, ignorant and backwardsare cruel, ignorant and backwards– Asians as foreign but model minorityAsians as foreign but model minority– Blacks as always wanting a handout and or violentBlacks as always wanting a handout and or violent

Henry Continued AgainHenry Continued AgainAA

• Elite RacismElite Racism• White IdeologyWhite Ideology• Racist discourse Racist discourse

– When people of colour speak up about the When people of colour speak up about the representations of racial images in the media, representations of racial images in the media, the elites see these people see them as the elites see these people see them as repressing their freedom of expression. repressing their freedom of expression.

• The power of representation lies in the The power of representation lies in the hands of the creators, and the media hands of the creators, and the media remains a white institution. remains a white institution.

Summary and Some Summary and Some Implications Implications

AA• Mass media reproduces racism while Mass media reproduces racism while

maintaining an image of being neutral, maintaining an image of being neutral, objective and unbiased of the truth.objective and unbiased of the truth.

• Since the 19Since the 19thth century, we have regulating century, we have regulating media agencies that create new media agencies that create new guidelines. guidelines. – The lobbying efforts of community groups have The lobbying efforts of community groups have

lobbied to create cultural diversity; however, lobbied to create cultural diversity; however, racism is embedded in the media and racism is embedded in the media and reinforces white ideology.reinforces white ideology.

– Inferential racism.Inferential racism.

Y. JiwaniY. Jiwani MMMediations of Domination:Mediations of Domination:Gendered Violence Within and Across Gendered Violence Within and Across BordersBorders• The media mediates violence in Canada. The media mediates violence in Canada. • Culturalizing violence through the media by portraying Culturalizing violence through the media by portraying

certain groups as victims and others as invisible.certain groups as victims and others as invisible.• Homicides of women are related to husband/bf Homicides of women are related to husband/bf

assaults, sexual assaults half the time, but this is assaults, sexual assaults half the time, but this is never addresses in the media.never addresses in the media.– In particular women.In particular women.

• I.e.. Muslim women after 9/11 (Good because they are oppressed)I.e.. Muslim women after 9/11 (Good because they are oppressed)– Especially valorized in abroad in Afghanistan.Especially valorized in abroad in Afghanistan.– Our media used this valorization to justify the war. Our media used this valorization to justify the war.

• I.e.. Missing Aboriginal women of Canada (Bad-prostitutes, drugs)I.e.. Missing Aboriginal women of Canada (Bad-prostitutes, drugs) Women are framed to Good vs. BadWomen are framed to Good vs. Bad

Jiwani Continued. Jiwani Continued. • Looking at Canada?Looking at Canada?    • We tend to think of violence in Canada as non-We tend to think of violence in Canada as non-

existent because we have been known to be existent because we have been known to be “Peacekeepers,” or the “friendly opposites” of the “Peacekeepers,” or the “friendly opposites” of the U.S.  U.S.  

• It starts from the imagery of culture provided in our It starts from the imagery of culture provided in our media. media.

• Missing Aboriginals in Canada   Missing Aboriginals in Canada   Why are Aboriginal women ignored as victims?   Why are Aboriginal women ignored as victims?  

1) Sign of Aboriginality   1) Sign of Aboriginality   2) Sex work   2) Sex work   3) Association with Eastside – poverty, drugs, crime 3) Association with Eastside – poverty, drugs, crime

• The media frames gender, and racializes violence The media frames gender, and racializes violence against women of color.against women of color.

JiwaniJiwani

• Globalization of Generalised Images   Globalization of Generalised Images   – Image and culture changes to fit prevailing assumptions  Image and culture changes to fit prevailing assumptions  – Media frames race and gender through a historical, Media frames race and gender through a historical,

contextual lens. contextual lens.

• Islam has taken the place of Orientalism in our Islam has taken the place of Orientalism in our culture as the Other.culture as the Other.– Explanation for a variety of illsExplanation for a variety of ills– Subordination of women to the emerging terrorist threat Subordination of women to the emerging terrorist threat

with the homeland with the homeland • New media can present different perspectives; New media can present different perspectives;

however, new media is not accessible to all however, new media is not accessible to all people. people. – Audience fragmentationAudience fragmentation

Jiwani Summary and Jiwani Summary and ImplicationsImplications• Images of race and gender, including specific references to Images of race and gender, including specific references to

minorities and women, reinforce and reproduce existing minorities and women, reinforce and reproduce existing stereotypes in the mainstream media. stereotypes in the mainstream media.

• Even within the context of two minority groups of women, there Even within the context of two minority groups of women, there are “good” women who are worthy of attention and help – and are “good” women who are worthy of attention and help – and there are “bad” women who are made invisible, and ignored. there are “bad” women who are made invisible, and ignored. – The missing Aboriginal women in Canada are viewed on as a micro-The missing Aboriginal women in Canada are viewed on as a micro-

level issue.level issue.– They choose to put themselves at risk. They choose to put themselves at risk.

• The government’s role in their lives and its involvement in their The government’s role in their lives and its involvement in their social and physical conditions, are not questioned or social and physical conditions, are not questioned or challenged. challenged.

• Evidently, these women have Evidently, these women have generalised imagesgeneralised images, , – We are only able to recognize them in their stereotypical We are only able to recognize them in their stereotypical

associationsassociations– When they are outside of that image, we think of them as When they are outside of that image, we think of them as

exceptions.exceptions.

MMPopular Culture and Popular Culture and Stereotypes Stereotypes • Popular culture has framed the Popular culture has framed the

characters to represent the characters to represent the stereotypes of races.stereotypes of races.

•Breakfast at Tiffany’s ExampleBreakfast at Tiffany’s Example– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwlkAk8bd5chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwlkAk8bd5c

•Classified X Pt.3 7:15 Classified X Pt.3 7:15 http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=IXLKwXq6G98http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=IXLKwXq6G98

•Bell Hooks: Cultural Criticism Spike LeeBell Hooks: Cultural Criticism Spike Lee– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEQh-Zpb4XU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEQh-Zpb4XU

Overarching Themes Overarching Themes MM

• NaturalizationNaturalization– Rightness of Whiteness: Hidden Norm Rightness of Whiteness: Hidden Norm

• White ideology White ideology • Systematic racismSystematic racism

• Misrepresentation Misrepresentation – Classical writers’ doctrines had produced racial Classical writers’ doctrines had produced racial

theory of “justification of slavery” or theory of “justification of slavery” or arguments over “colonial exploitation”…pg. 13, arguments over “colonial exploitation”…pg. 13, Said. Said.

– News print projects stories of the model News print projects stories of the model minority to sustain stereotypes of racial groupsminority to sustain stereotypes of racial groups

• Ideological and Systematic racismIdeological and Systematic racism

LensLens P P • The media shapes and constructs race The media shapes and constructs race

through applying an through applying an ideological lensideological lens that naturalizes a social hierarchy of that naturalizes a social hierarchy of social, economic and cultural social, economic and cultural inequalities. inequalities.

• It is a framework on how we It is a framework on how we understand the unfamiliar and the understand the unfamiliar and the strange. strange. – Orientalism-lens that makes people look Orientalism-lens that makes people look

different and threatening.different and threatening.

Some further Implications: Some further Implications: AA

• There becomes a discrepancies between There becomes a discrepancies between representations and groups of people and representations and groups of people and culture. culture.

• The media constructs an image outside of The media constructs an image outside of history, that contradicts history.history, that contradicts history.

• It becomes a constructed narrative of race It becomes a constructed narrative of race that protects systematic racism and that protects systematic racism and inequalities. inequalities.

• Classified X by Marten Van PeeblesClassified X by Marten Van Peebles

Activity!!!!!!!!!!Activity!!!!!!!!!!

• Please get into groups of 3 or 4!Please get into groups of 3 or 4!– What are your initial reactions to this video?What are your initial reactions to this video?– What do you feel this video represents?What do you feel this video represents?– Can you list some examples of the ways discrimination Can you list some examples of the ways discrimination

was played out?was played out?– How were the characters portrayed? What do their How were the characters portrayed? What do their

attitudes imply?attitudes imply?– Why are certain media (comedies, programs, movies) Why are certain media (comedies, programs, movies)

considered humorous while others are seen as considered humorous while others are seen as offensive?offensive?

Some Discussion Questions:Some Discussion Questions:

• Do you believe that the ways you’ve learned to talk Do you believe that the ways you’ve learned to talk about race has been shaped by the media? about race has been shaped by the media? – i.e. movies, the news and TVi.e. movies, the news and TV

• Can you identify current racial stereotypes that we Can you identify current racial stereotypes that we have in our media that have naturalized racism?have in our media that have naturalized racism?

• How do feel about talking about race in general with How do feel about talking about race in general with regards to racial terms?regards to racial terms?– I.e.. Coloured, Indians, East Indian, Black, White. I.e.. Coloured, Indians, East Indian, Black, White.

Back to the beginning…Back to the beginning…How Does Media Construct How Does Media Construct

Race?Race?• How is race framed and constructed How is race framed and constructed

through social relations in media?through social relations in media?

• Throughout media history, can you Throughout media history, can you discuss the how racial discuss the how racial representations have changed since representations have changed since the twenties to now? the twenties to now?

Obama RamaObama Rama

• How did you think racial How did you think racial representations could change representations could change because of Obama’s presidency?because of Obama’s presidency?

• Obama InaugurationObama Inauguration• [http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=6-zjho9SPgA&feature=channel_page [http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=6-zjho9SPgA&feature=channel_page

 PART 1] PART 1]

• [http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=y88a9EpQid8   PART 2][http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=y88a9EpQid8   PART 2]

• Linda Walker http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WhkfEZGHU0Linda Walker http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WhkfEZGHU0