Henry Clay

Henry Clay, Congressman and Senator from Kentucky, was the leading spokesman for the West from 1809 to 1852. He was born in Hanover County, Virginia on April 12, 1777. He attended public schools; studied law in Richmond, Virginia and commenced practice in Lexington, Kentucky.

He was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1803, then was elected numerous times to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican, serving from 1809 to 1825, during which time he rose to the position of Speaker of the House. He spoke so strongly in favor of the War of 1812 that he and his followers were called “War Hawks.”

In 1820, Clay, to help calm down sectional disputes arising from the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, pushed the Missouri Compromise through Congress. While serving in the House of Representatives, Clay began to formulate his “American System,” a national program that included Federal aid for a network of roads, canals, and railroads linking the Northeast and the West. Clay also supported tariff protection for American industries. Against heated Southern opposition, he eloquently carried through the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. When South Carolina nullified these tariffs in 1832, Clay successfully averted a crisis by proposing the Compromise Tariff of 1833.

Clay was appointed Secretary of State by President John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829. He was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1831 and served until 1842, when he resigned. He was the unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party in 1824, of the National Republican Party in 1832, and of the Whig Party in 1844. He was again elected to the U.S. Senate and served from 1849 until his death in Washington, D.C. on June 29, 1852.

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During his last term in the Senate, he was instrumental in shaping the Compromise of 1850. It was the third time that he saved the Union in a sectional crisis: first by pushing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 through Congress to calm sectional disputes over the expansion of slavery, secondly by proposing the Compromise Tariff of 1833 to avert a crisis over South Carolina’s nullification of the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, and thirdly with the Compromise of 1850, once again calming tensions between North and South over slavery. For this, Clay has been called “The Great Compromiser.” Indeed, Henry Clay can be viewed as the man who did more to keep the country from disintegrating during the Era of Sectionalism than any other individual.

Henry Clay died at the age of 75 on June 29, 1852 in Washington, D.C. He was buried in Lexington Cemetery in Lexington, Kentucky.

Henry Clay in 1850

http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/Compromi.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/65/co/Compromi.html

Daniel Webster

Daniel Webster, Congressman and Senator from New Hampshire and Massachusetts, was the leading spokesman for the North from 1812 to 1852. He was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire on January 18, 1782. A farmer’s son, he graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801. After studying law, Webster opened a legal practice in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1807. Rising quickly as a lawyer and Federalist Party leader, Webster was elected in 1812 to the U.S. House of Representatives because of his opposition to the War of 1812, which had crippled New England's shipping trade. After two more terms in the House, Webster left Congress in 1816 and moved to Boston. Over the next six years, he won major constitutional cases before the Supreme Court, most notably, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden, and McCulloch v. Maryland, establishing himself as the nation’s leading lawyer and an outstanding orator. From 1823 to 1827, Webster served in the House of Representatives, and in 1827 he was elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts, serving until 1841. When the Federalist Party was dissolved, Webster joined the National Republican Party, allying himself with Westerner Henry Clay, supporting Clay’s “American System,” which would provide Federal money to build roads, canals, and railroads linking the Northeast and the West.

Since the economy of Massachusetts and the other New England states was based on shipping and manufacturing, Webster backed the “Tariff of Abominations” of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832. Angry Southern leaders condemned the tariffs, and South Carolina’s John C. Calhoun argued that his state had the right to nullify the laws. South Carolina then threatened to secede from the Union after Congress passed the Force Act in 1833. Replying to this in a debate in the Senate, Webster triumphantly defended the Union. His words “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” won wide acclaim. In another speech, he proclaimed, “One country, one Constitution, one destiny!” Webster soon became known throughout the nation as the leading spokesman for the supremacy of the Federal Government over the states, and the country’s leading opponent to Southern views on slavery, states’ rights, nullification, and secession.

Webster ran for the presidency unsuccessfully in 1836. In 1841, President William Henry Harrison named Webster Secretary of State. The death of Harrison in April of 1841 brought John Tyler to the presidency, after which all of the cabinet members except Webster resigned from the cabinet. Webster remained to settle a dispute with Great Britain involving the Maine-Canada border and successfully concluded the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. Webster resigned from the cabinet in May 1843, returning to serve in the U.S Senate from 1843 until his death in 1852.

The annexation of Texas in 1845 and the resulting war with Mexico, both opposed by Webster, forced the country to face the issue of the expansion of slavery into the newly-acquired Western territories. Webster opposed such expansion and feared the breakup of the Union over the dispute. In a powerful speech before the Senate on March 7, 1850, he supported the Compromise of 1850, denouncing Southern threats of secession but urging Northern support for the Fugitive Slave Act as a way of calming Southern leaders. Webster's stand angered anti-slavery forces, but it helped to preserve the Union.

Daniel Webster, statesman, lawyer, and orator, was his era’s foremost champion of American nationalism and federalism. His speaking ability was so admired that a fellow Senator once said, “His words flowed on so completely at command that his elocution can be likened to the steady flow of molten gold. Those who heard him speak were left with national pride throbbing at the heart.” He died on October 24, 1852 in Marshfield, Massachusetts.

Daniel Webster in 1847

John C. Calhoun John Caldwell Calhoun, Congressman and Senator from South Carolina, was the champion of Southern political views from 1811 to 1850. He was born on March 18, 1782 in South Carolina and educated at Yale College. He studied law and opened a law firm in 1807.

After serving in South Carolina’s legislature, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1811, serving until 1817. In 1812, Calhoun and Henry Clay, two famous “War Hawks” who favored war with Britain as opposed to the faction which preferred to remain at peace, convinced the U.S. Congress to declare the War of 1812 on Great Britain.

Calhoun was Secretary of War under President James Monroe from 1817 to 1825 and ran for president in the 1824 election against John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. However, Calhoun withdrew from the race and ran for vice president. Calhoun was elected Vice President of the United States under John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829, and was re-elected under Andrew Jackson from 1829 to 1832.

When it came to pass that President Jackson supported the “Tariff of Abominations” of 1828 and Vice President Calhoun was against it, Calhoun resigned in 1832. Because he could not do anything about Jackson’s views toward tariffs, which benefited only the industrial North and hurt the slaveholding South, John C. Calhoun became the only vice president to resign.

After being elected to the U.S. Senate in 1832, Calhoun wrote an essay, “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” in which he stated his belief in “state’s rights” and the doctrine of “interposition,” by which a state has the right to “interpose” state authority between the citizens of the state and the laws of the United States, effectively declaring those laws null and void within their borders. In 1832 the South Carolina legislature did just that, nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. The next year Calhoun and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts opposed each other over slavery and states’ rights in a famous debate in the U.S. Senate. During the debate, Calhoun expressed his view that the Federal Government had no Constitutional power to control, limit, or abolish slavery. Calhoun was now the foremost spokesman for the South in its constant struggle against the North’s increasing domination of the country. He wrote, “The North is creating a crisis that would make two out of one nation,” meaning that if the North continued to force its will on the South, the South would secede from the Union.

http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/volun/clay.htmhttp://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/jm5/index.htmhttp://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/jqa6/index.htmhttp://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/aj7/index.htmhttp://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/aj7/index.htm

In 1845 Calhoun supported the annexation of Texas as a slave state, and spoke against the Compromise of 1850. He served in the Senate until his death on March 31, 1850 in Washington, D.C.

John Caldwell Calhoun was buried in St. Phillips Churchyard in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1957, the United States Senate honored Calhoun as one of the five greatest senators of all time.

Monument to John C. Calhoun in Charleston, South Carolina

U.S. History Caycedo

Important U.S. Government Decisions on the Slavery Issue from 1820-1860 1. Missouri Compromise of 1820 When Missouri entered the Union as a slave state in 1820, Maine (which had been part of Massachusetts) was admitted as a free state in order to maintain the balance between free and slave states in the U.S. Senate (14-14). The Missouri Compromise line forbid slavery in U.S. Territories north of Missouri’s southern border, and allowed slavery south of the line.

2. Wilmot Proviso of 1846 The Wilmot Proviso was a proposed law to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War. Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania first introduced the proviso in the United States House of Representatives in 1846. It passed in the Northern-controlled House but failed in the Senate, where the South had equal representation. It was reintroduced in 1847 and again passed the House but failed in the Senate, where the South now had a 15-14 majority because of the admission of Texas as a slave state in 1846. In 1848, an attempt to make it part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo also failed. Sectional disputes over slavery in the Western territories continued, leading to the Compromise of 1850.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Cessionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Cessionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilmothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representativeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representativeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_United_States_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850

3. Compromise of 1850 After Texas entered the Union as a slave state in 1846, California was admitted as a free state to preserve equality in the U.S. Senate (15-15). A harsh Fugitive Slave Law was passed which allowed Southern slaveholders to capture and return escaped slaves to the South. In addition, the slave trade was prohibited in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.). It was also decided that a U.S. Territory which applied for statehood would be a free or slave state by the vote of its citizens. This concept was called “popular sovereignty.” The admission of Iowa, Minnesota, and Oregon as free states eventually upset the balance in the U.S. Senate, giving the free states an 18-15 majority.

A sign warning escaped slaves The Compromise of 1850 also

about the Fugitive Slave Law included Texas giving the U.S. which was enacted in a large land area in exchange for the Compromise of 1850 payment of debts after annexation

4. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 As the Kansas and Nebraska Territories became ready for statehood, it was decided that the concept of “popular sovereignty” would be applied to both. Supporters of slavery and “free soil” flooded into both territories in an attempt to swing the election in their favor. Violence between the two groups was especially severe in Kansas, which became known as “Bleeding Kansas” or “Bloody Kansas.” Kansas eventually entered the Union as a free state in 1861, giving the free states a 19-15 majority.

U.S. History Caycedo Name_____________________________________

Quiz on Slavery Compromises 2020P CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1. The best title for the chart above would be a) “Sectionalism in America” b) “The Benefits of Federal Union” c) “Reasons for the Decline of Slavery in the U.S.” d) “The Effects of Machinery to Process Cotton” 2. The three regions in the chart above experienced such different development in their economies and cultures mainly because each region a) was settled by different religious and ethnic groups b) had different climates and landforms c) needed specific products to satisfy their needs d) was developed at a different period of U.S. History 3. By the time of the American Civil War, which of the regions above had developed similar economies and political views? a) Northeast and South c) South and West b) Northeast and West d) all three regions 4. The Northern political party which tried to stop the spread of slavery into the Western territories was the a) Democratic Party c) Western Party d) Libertarian Party d) Free-Soil Party

Northeast

The Northeast had become a center of manufacturing, business, finance, shipping, and fishing, with many small farms. The Northeast had the most developed system of roads, canals, and railroads,

and had many large cities. Northerners favored high tariffs

and were strongly opposed to slavery.

West

The West became the nation’s breadbasket, growing and shipping grain to the Northeast and South.

The growing cities of the West were also developing business

and industry. They favored improvements to the system of

roads, canals, and railroads connecting the West to the

Northeast and were strongly opposed to slavery.

South

Much of the South’s economy was based on plantation agriculture

using slave labor. The plantations grew cash crops, mainly cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane for sale

to the Northeast and Europe. The South’s few large cities

were mainly seaports. Southerners opposed tariffs

and favored slavery.

Plantation agriculture required large numbers of unskilled laborers Slave labor more cost-effective than paid laborers

Machinery to process cotton developed during Industrial Revolution Christian morals outweighed by economic necessity

5. A good title for the list above would be a) “Factors Leading to the Growth of Slavery in the South” b) “Sectional Differences in Colonial America” c) “Reasons for the Decline of Slavery in the U.S.” d) “Factors Leading to the End of Slavery in the North”

6. During the Era of Sectionalism, the free states of the North were able to control the U.S. House of Representatives because a) Northern states had much larger populations b) there were more Northern free states than Southern slave states c) most of the South’s population were slaves who could not vote d) Southern voters supported the North’s control of the government

7. An agreement in which both sides give up some of what they want in order to also gain some of what they want is called a a) treaty b) purchase c) proviso d) compromise 8. The U.S. Government decisions on the issue of slavery which were passed between 1820 and 1854 mainly concerned the issue of the

a) transfer of Native Americans to Indian Reservations b) extension of slavery into the Western territories c) abolition of slavery in the entire United States d) desire of the U.S. Government to pursue a policy of Manifest Destiny 9. The Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 were basically intended to a) make sure slavery would spread to all of the Western states b) keep slavery contained in the original 11 slave states c) declare slavery to be illegal in all of the states West of the Mississippi River d) maintain a balance between free and slave states in the U.S. Senate 10. A proposed law to ban slavery in the territories gained from Mexico in the Mexican War, it passed in the Northern-controlled House but failed in the Senate, so it was never passed a) Wilmot Proviso c) Compromise of 1850 b) Three-Fifths Compromise d) Kansas-Nebraska Act 11. The Wilmot Proviso was never passed by the U.S. Congress in 1846, 1847, or 1848 because a) the North had a majority in the House of Representatives b) it was vetoed by the President all three times c) the entire Mexican Cession was north of the Compromise Line d) Southern equality or majority in the U.S. Senate allowed them to block the law

12. The state labeled A on the map above is

a) Arkansas b) Illinois c) Maine d) Missouri 13. The map above is associated with which of the following?

a) Missouri Compromise c) Kansas-Nebraska Act b) Compromise of 1850 d) Three-Fifths Compromise 14. The compromise about Texas and California which first included the concept of “popular sovereignty” was the a) Missouri Compromise c) Compromise of 1850 b) Great Compromise d) Kansas-Nebraska Act 15. With “popular sovereignty,” when a territory became a state, the issue of slavery in that state would be decided by a) the Compromise Line c) a vote of that territory’s citizens b) the Federal Government d) the U.S. Supreme Court 16. The compromise which extended “popular sovereignty” to the territories of Kansas and Nebraska in 1854 was the a) Missouri Compromise c) Compromise of 1854 b) Wilmot Proviso d) Kansas-Nebraska Act 17. The Fugitive Slave Law was part of the a) Missouri Compromise c) Wilmot Proviso b) Compromise of 1850 d) Kansas-Nebraska Act

Maps of Texas upon annexation in 1845 and after the Compromise of 1850

18. According to the maps above, the Compromise of 1850 also included a) the division of Texas into four slave states b) using popular sovereignty to abolish slavery in Texas c) the sale of some Texan land back to Mexico to pay for the Mexican Cession d) Texas ceding a large land area to the U.S. in exchange for payment of debts

Tariffs are Necessary

Federal Power is Supreme Slavery should not be allowed in Western Territories

Slavery should be Abolished

19. What is the best title for the list above? a) “Northern Political Views” c) “Southern Views on States’ Rights”

b) “Anti-Federalist Views” d) “Compromises between North and South”

The U.S. Government has no power within a state States have the right to nullify Federal Laws

A state has the right to secede from the Union The U.S. Government has no power to limit Slavery

20. What is the best title for the list above? a) “Views of the Republican Party” c) “Northern Beliefs in Federal Power” b) “The Abolitionist Movement” d) “Southern Political Views” 21. One result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was that it led to a) dividing Kansas and Nebraska into two separate states b) “Bleeding Kansas” or “Bloody Kansas” c) Kansas and Nebraska being admitted to the Union as slave states d) fugitive slaves being arrested in Northern states and returned to the South

EXTRA CREDIT: How many free and slave states were there in the U.S. after Kansas joined the Union in 1861? Free States:_________ Slave States:_________

QUOTE OF THE DAY: “You can compromise between good, better, and best, and you can compromise between bad and worse and terrible. But you can't compromise between good and evil.” - Gary Ackerman

Key to Quiz on Slavery Compromises

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. D 21. B

Extra Credit: Free States: 19 Slave States: 15

Questions are worth 4 points each. Multiply number wrong by 4, subtract from 100. Add 1 point for each part of the extra credit answered correctly.

Key to Test on Sectionalism and Slavery Compromises

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. A 21. D 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. D 29. C 30. C 31. D 32. A

33. D 34. C 35. C 36. A 37. A 38. D 39. D 40. A 41. A 42. C 43. B 44. D 45. B 46. B 47. D 48. B 49. D 50. A 51. A

Extra credit: Eli Whitney Questions are worth 2 points each. Multiply number wrong by 2, subtract from 100. Add 2 points if the extra credit is answered correctly.

U.S. History Caycedo Name_____________________________________

Test on Sectionalism and Slavery Compromises 2020P CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. Which statement best describes the economic differences between the North and South in the period prior to the Civil War?

a) the North had significant manufacturing, while the South was primarily agricultural b) plantation jobs attracted many more immigrants to the South than to the North c) the South had a more diversified economy d) transportation systems were less extensive and less developed in the North

2. According to the map above, which region of the U.S. had the most multi-cultural society? a) North b) South c) U.S. Territories 3. One conclusion that can be made using the information on the map above is that

a) at that time, no one lived in the Western territories b) the South’s population was growing faster than that of the North c) European immigrants went in much larger numbers to Northern states d) none of the Southern states had any immigrants in their population

4. What was the main reason for the facts shown on the map above? a) immigrants did not like the climate of Southern states b) in Southern states, immigrants were easily able to find jobs as unskilled laborers c) European immigrants avoided the South because they did not want to be farmers d) there were many more opportunities available to immigrants in Northern states

“The Constitution grants to Congress the power of imposing a tax on imports, which power is abused by being converted into an instrument of rearing up the industry of one section of the country on the ruins of another. The manufacturing States urgently demand an increase in the Tariff, but the burden it imposes falls not on them, but on others. Their object in the Tariff is to keep down foreign competition, in order to obtain a monopoly of the domestic market. The effect on us is to compel us to purchase at a higher price, both what we obtain from them and from others, without receiving any corresponding benefit.” - From “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” by John C. Calhoun, 1832

5. What are tariffs? a) sales taxes on agricultural products b) taxes on imports from foreign countries c) acts of Congress making compromises about slavery d) actions taken by states to nullify Federal laws

6. According to the author of the passage above, tariffs were a) good for the economy of the entire country b) only benefiting the Southern states c) allowing European countries to control American trade d) benefiting the North at the expense of the South

7. Tariffs were supported by Northern businessmen and manufacturers because tariffs

a) lowered the price of Southern cotton and tobacco b) made both foreign and domestic goods cheaper c) would lead to the abolition of slavery d) protected American industries from foreign competition

8. Since the economy of the South was based on exporting cash crops and importing manufactured goods, a) slavery declined after 1820 b) Southern states always voted in favor of tariffs c) tariffs did not affect most Southerners d) Southern politicians strongly opposed tariffs

9. Which of the following was a result of the viewpoint expressed in the passage above? a) Southern political figures began supporting tariffs b) the U.S. Government stopped imposing tariffs on imported goods c) South Carolina nullified the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 d) compromises were reached on the expansion of slavery 10. The development of different economies and ways of life in the Northeast, West, and South of the United States is known as a) federalism b) mercantilism c) colonialism d) sectionalism

11. The leading political figure of the North during the era of sectionalism, known for his words, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable,” was a) John C. Calhoun b) Zachary Taylor c) Henry Clay d) Daniel Webster 12. The leading political figure from the West, known for his “American System” was a) John C. Calhoun b) James Buchanan c) Henry Clay d) Daniel Webster 13. The “American System” involved using U.S. Government funds to

a) work for the abolition of slavery b) build a network of roads, canals, and railroads from the Northeast to the West c) achieve compromises between free soil and slave states d) increase the amount of cotton being grown in the South

14. The politician from South Carolina who was the leader in the South’s fight for States’ Rights, Nullification, and Slavery was a) John C. Calhoun b) Franklin Pierce c) Henry Clay d) Daniel Webster 15. The main reason for the expansion of cotton production and the growth of slavery in the U.S. in the 1800s was the a) annexation of Texas b) Mexican War and Mexican Cession c) invention of machinery to process cotton d) election of Republican presidents 16. The term “King Cotton” referred to the fact that, in the 1800s, cotton was the a) main reason for the growth of slavery b) #1 export of the United States c) least important product of the South d) main import from Great Britain 17. One reason why the South was not industrialized in 1860 was that a) the Industrial Revolution did not begin until after the Civil War b) high tariffs kept the South from industrializing c) Southern states concentrated on developing agriculture d) the U.S. Government only allowed factories in the North

“The Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave could be a U.S. citizen, or ever had been a U.S. citizen… According to the Constitution, slaves were property.”

18. The passage above is from the a) Dred Scott Decision c) Fugitive Slave Act b) Kansas-Nebraska Act d) Wilmot Proviso

19. The state labeled A on the map above is a) Arkansas b) Kansas c) Iowa d) Missouri

20. The map above is associated with which of the following?

a) Missouri Compromise c) Kansas-Nebraska Act b) Compromise of 1850 d) Three-Fifths Compromise 21. The Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 were basically intended to a) extend slavery into the Western territories b) keep slavery contained in the original 11 slave states c) eventually abolish slavery in the U.S. d) maintain a balance between free and slave states in the U.S. Senate 22. The U.S. Government decisions on the issue of slavery which were passed between 1820-1854 mainly concerned the issue of the

a) transfer of Native Americans to Indian Reservations b) extension of slavery into the Western territories c) nullification of laws by Southern states d) fair distribution of frontier lands to Northern and Southern settlers 23. A proposed law to ban slavery in the territories gained from Mexico in the Mexican War, it passed in the Northern-controlled House but failed in the Senate, where the South had greater representation, so it was never passed a) Wilmot Proviso c) Compromise of 1850 b) Three-Fifths Compromise d) Kansas-Nebraska Act 24. Southern plantation crops such as cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane are called a) food crops b) cash crops c) industrial products d) fabrics

Introduced the concept of “Popular Sovereignty” California admitted as a free state

Texas ceded land to the U.S. Included the Fugitive Slave Law

25. The list above is describing the a) Wilmot Proviso c) Compromise of 1850 b) Missouri Compromise d) Kansas-Nebraska Act 26. With “popular sovereignty,” when a territory became a state, the issue of slavery in that state would be decided by a) the Compromise Line c) a vote of that territory’s citizens b) the Federal Government d) the U.S. Supreme Court 27. The compromise which extended “popular sovereignty” to the territories of Kansas and Nebraska in 1854 was the a) Missouri Compromise c) Compromise of 1854 b) Wilmot Proviso d) Kansas-Nebraska Act 28. The terms, “Bleeding Kansas” or “Bloody Kansas,” refer to the a) fact that the Civil War officially began in Kansas b) admission of Kansas as a slave state in 1854 c) division of Kansas and Nebraska into two separate states d) violence between pro-slavery and free soil forces before statehood 29. In the Dred Scott decision of 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a) slavery was sinful and immoral b) slaves could not be brought into free states or territories

c) Dred Scott was not a U.S. citizen, and therefore had no Constitutional rights d) since his master had taken him to a free state, Dred Scott was a free man 30. The final ruling in the Dred Scott case was that

a) slavery was unconstitutional b) the Fugitive Slave Law was unconstitutional c) Dred Scott lost the case and remained a slave d) slaves could no longer be brought north of the Compromise Line

31. In the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court based its decision on a) the Wilmot Proviso b) Southern pro-slavery demands c) Northern abolitionist views d) the court’s interpretation of the U.S. Constitution 32. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford reminded Americans that the status of African Americans in the U.S. could only be changed by a) Constitutional amendment c) electing a new government b) Supreme Court ruling d) Presidential decree

In another ruling delivered at the same time, the Supreme Court declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to be unconstitutional. The Court declared it violated the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution which prohibits Congress from depriving persons of their property (in this case, slaves) without due process of law.

33. The Supreme Court ruling being discussed above was made as part of the a) Compromise of 1850 c) Kansas-Nebraska Act b) Three-Fifths Compromise d) Dred Scott Decision 34. According to the passage above, the Missouri Compromise was declared to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because it a) admitted Missouri as a slave state b) had not been ratified by two-thirds of the states c) favored slavery over free soil d) interfered with the property rights of U.S. citizens

Tariffs are Necessary

Federal Power is Supreme Slavery should be Abolished

35. What is the best title for the list above? a) “The Views of John C. Calhoun” c) “Southern Views on States’ Rights” b) “Northern Political Beliefs” d) “Compromises between North and South” 36. The Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case angered abolitionists because it

a) strengthened the position of Southern slave owners b) put restrictions on where U.S. citizens could own slaves c) declared slavery to be unconstitutional d) would lead to the eventual abolition of slavery

37. In 1854, Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave from Alexandria, Virginia, was arrested in Boston and returned to slavery in Virginia. Which Federal legislation provided the basis for Burns’ arrest? a) Fugitive Slave Law c) Homestead Act b) Kansas-Nebraska Act d) Freedmen’s Bureau

38. Signs like those above appeared as a result of the

a) Missouri Compromise c) Dred Scott Decision b) Wilmot Proviso d) Compromise of 1850

39. Which of the following belongs in the box above? a) The “American System” c) Northern Beliefs in Federal Power b) Reasons for Supporting Tariffs d) Southern Political Views

Nullification States’ Rights

Slavery Secession

?

After being elected to the U.S. Senate in 1832, he stated his belief in “states’ rights” and the doctrine of “interposition,” by which a state has the right to “interpose” state authority between the citizens of the state and the laws of the United States, effectively declaring those laws null and void within their borders.

40. The person being described in the passage above is a) John C. Calhoun c) Henry Clay b) Daniel Webster d) Charles Sumner 41. The passage above is stating the concept of a) nullification of Federal laws by states b) making compromises over slavery c) passing a Fugitive Slave Law d) Federal supremacy over the states

Three times he saved the Union in a sectional crisis. He pushed the Missouri Compromise through Congress, proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and shaped the Compromise of 1850. For this, he has been called “The Great Compromiser.”

42. The person being described in the passage above is a) John C. Calhoun c) Henry Clay b) Daniel Webster d) James K. Polk

A statesman, lawyer, and orator, he was his era’s foremost champion of American nationalism and federalism. He soon became known throughout the nation as the leading spokesman for the supremacy of the Federal Government over the states.

43. The person being described in the passage above is a) John C. Calhoun c) Zachary Taylor b) Daniel Webster d) Thomas Jefferson 44. In the years before the Civil War, members of the Whig Party, the Free-Soil Party, and the Northern Democratic Party came together to form which of the following political parties? a) Democratic Party c) Anti-Federalist Party b) Equal Rights Party d) Republican Party

45. An important conclusion that can be made from the map above is that

a) there were very few railroads in the United States in 1860 b) the North had far more railroad mileage than the South c) most of America’s railroads were in the South d) the South was much more industrialized than the North

46. From what you have learned and by using the map above, which two regions of the U.S. were connected to each other by a network of roads, canals, and railroads, and had become politically and economically inter-dependent?

a) Northeast and South b) Northeast and West b) South and West d) Southeast and Southwest

47. The facts shown on the map above were mainly the result of the a) rapid industrialization of the South b) several compromises over slavery between the North and South c) growth of the South’s population due to immigration d) U.S. Government putting the “American System” into effect

48. Nat Turner is known for

a) his role as an important Southern political leader b) leading the largest slave rebellion in U.S. History c) writing several books promoting abolitionist views d) representing the North in the fight against slavery

“Convinced that his ability to read and write played a crucial role in conceiving and planning his rebellion, state legislatures throughout the South passed new laws making it unlawful to teach slaves or free blacks to read or write.”

49. The person being described in the passage above is a) Dred Scott c) John C. Calhoun b) John Brown d) Nat Turner 50. Southern cotton planters exported their cotton mainly to the a) textile factories in the North and in Europe b) farmers living in Western states c) people living in Southern cities d) Northern steel mills 51. The abolitionists believed in the a) end of slavery in the U.S. c) rights of states to nullify federal laws b) power of judicial review d) economic necessity of slavery

EXTRA CREDIT: I was born in Massachusetts and became an important American inventor. My assembly line using interchangeable parts revolutionized manufacturing, but it was my invention of the cotton gin which helped to bring about the Era of Sectionalism. Who was I? ________________________________________

QUOTE OF THE DAY: “Slavery was a terrible system, but it was a system. Who survived? The strongest. Who are the strongest? We are.” - African American historian Cynthia McLeod

Bio - Henry ClayBio - Daniel WebsterBio - John C. CalhounNotes Argument over Expansion of SlaveryUS Hist Decisions on the Slavery Issue 1820-1860 PUS Hist Quiz Slavery Compromises 2020PUS Hist Quiz Slavery Compromises KeyUS Hist Sectionalism & Slavery Compromises Test KeyUS Hist Sectionalism & Slavery Test 2020P