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Glossary-Index

abbot (zhuchi 住持), 57, 126, 133, 161, 233–34, 350, 413; appointment of, 176–78, 190–91; death of, 59, 68, 204; described in monastic codes, 182–83, 186–91, 197–201, 204–5; necessary qualities of, 49, 73;of Great Awakening Monastery, 47–48, 79, 126, 423–24; of Shizi Temple, 43–44, 71; portraits of, 68, 361–96 passim, 405

Abe Jion, 149academies, 215–20 Academy of Scholarly Worthies

(Jixian daizhi 集賢待制), 333 Adamek, Wendi, 51Alternative Transmission of the Mind

of Awakening (Biezhuan juexin 別傳覺心), 65

Ambapālī. See ĀmrapālīAmitābha, 171, 297, 298n68, 315; reci-

tation of name of, 106, 118, 296–97, 315–18, 419–20

Āmrapālī, 34an 庵/菴 (hermitage, cloister), 178–80;

and reclusion, 136–47, 167. See also under specifĳic names

annual planning (sui ji 歲計), 192–94 anzhu 菴主 (head of the cloister),

198–200

araṇya (Ch. lanruo 蘭若), 149, 154, 178arhat, 124, 126, 360, 390n56, 391–92.

See also luohan asceticism, 21, 27n3, 46, 86, 131–37

passim, 147–54 passim, 158, 172; visual representations of, 363, 365, 377, 403. See also dhūta

Ashley, Kathleen, 26authenticity, 4, 227, 268, 352; and

Chan practice, 268, 304–6, 352; and reclusion, 64, 132–33, 161, 174; of images, 374, 379

autobiography, 75–83, 103, 274awakening (wu 悟, jue 覺), 16

Bai Juyi 白居易 (772–846), 94, 315n18; and cranes, 326; in Chan paintings, 402–3

Baiyun Shouduan 白雲守端 (1025–72), 230

Baizhang Huaihai 百丈懷海 (720–814) 229, 419; and rules of purity, 15, 181, 184–85, 193

Ba-la-tuo-yin 八剌脫因 (n.d.), 113, 293

Bashiyi hua tu 八十一化圖 (Illus-trations of eighty-one manifes-tations), 11

Bauer, Wolfgang, 132

Heller, Illusory Abiding.indd 453Heller, Illusory Abiding.indd 453 9/23/14 4:02 PM9/23/14 4:02 PM

454 Index

in portraits of Mingben, 375, 382, 385–86, 390, 393, 404

Bol, Peter K., 285 Boretti, Valentina, 432Budai 布袋, 375n74bu li wenzi 不立文字 (“do not set up

words and texts”), 15, 310, 311 Buna Zuyong 布衲祖雍 (n.d.), 44,

67n11, 79, 100, 101burning, of arms or fĳ ingers, 33, 377,

379, 380Buswell, Robert, 277, 286

calligraphy, 232, 348–55, 368; as a form of cultural competency, 121, 309, 338, 351, 355; as metaphor, 409; compared with Chan, 351–53, exchanges of, 119, 121, 355; Ming-ben’s, 351, 356, 379, 390, 402, 418

Campany, Robert, 3–5, 133n10can Chan 參禪 (to engage in Chan),

84, 240, 322–27canhua 參話 (to engage the words),

288canon(s), 222–23, 229n19, 269, 314,

417; Confucian, 33–34; inclusion in, 22–23, 68, 175n1, 225–26, 412, 418; literary, 269, 286; printing of, 178, 366–67, 411; ritual, 185

Caodong 曹洞 school: and “silent illumination,” 19, 35n31, 234n34; lineage of, 12, 210n74

causality or causation (of events), 245–47, 257, 261, 267, 279, 328

causes and conditions (of phenom-ena), 38, 127, 153, 244, 261–62, 301

Celestial Masters (Tianshi 天師), 11n25, 69, 92

chair(s): 375–385 passim, 392–93, 403; abbot’s, 361, 369, 373, 375, 377, 382, 405; high-backed, 380, 382; in con-trast to natural settings, 366, 383, 385; rope, 248

Beg Bukha 別不花 (f l. early 14th c.), 48, 73, 109–11

begging for food, 80, 134n13, 160; and monastic life, 180, 192, 195–97; as dhūta, 46, 149–51, 154

beiji zihui dijun 北極紫微帝君 (Astral Sovereign of the North Pole), 211

benji 本際 (ultimate reality, true limit), 400n76. See also shiji

Berkowitz, Alan, 132–33Bhaiṣajyaguru (Yaoshi fo 藥師佛,

Medicine King Buddha), 105Bianliang 汴梁, 159Bianshan 弁山 (Mount Bian), 44, 79,

180, 414, 423Bian wei lu 辯偽錄 (Record of disput-

ing the false), 11n24Bickford, Maggie, 338–39Biezhuan juexin 別傳覺心. See under

Alternative Transmission of the Mind of Awakening

biography, 4, 26–29; of Gaofeng, 35–36, of Mingben, 22, 29–85

Birge, Bettine, 8 Biyan lu 碧巖錄 (Blue Clifff Record ),

17, 30n13, 166n79, 346n95; Ming-ben’s attitude towards, 240, 242–43, 268, 270; and Yuanwu Keqin, 31, 240–41

blood writing, 152boat(s), 153, 180, 265, 298n70, 316; and

reclusion, 131, 144–45, 157–62, 173; as metaphor, 199, 262, 278; as resi-dence, 46, 80–81, 157–62, 394n65, 396, 406, 424

Bodhidharma 菩提達摩: and death anniversary, 228, 235–36, 269; as fĳ irst Chan patriarch, 15223, 229–30, 299, 363; coming from the West, 89, 242; encounter with Emperor Wu, 241, 364n18; images of, 360, 364, 366, 372, 402; teachings of, 304, 312n7; visual references to


Index 455

God; Great King of Walls and Moats), 212

Cheng Jufu 程鉅夫 (1249–1318), 115Chengzong 成宗, r. 1294–1307 (Temür),

107Chikusa Masaaki, 178–79Chixiu Baizhang qinggui 敕修百丈清規

(Imperial revision of Baizhang’s rules of purity), 78n131, 183, 190, 196, 212; prayers and merit dedica-tions in, 213–14

chuandeng 傳燈 (“transmission of the lamp”), 31, 198

Chuan fabao ji 傳法寶紀 (Record of the transmission of the Dharma-treasure), 223

Chuanfa zhengzong dingzu tu 傳法正宗定祖圖 (Diagram of the patri-archs of the true lineage of the transmission of the teachings), 225

Chuanfa zhengzong ji 傳法正宗記 (Record of the true lineage of the transmission of the teachings), 225, 391

Chuanfa zhengzong lun 傳法正宗論 (Discourse on the true lineage of the transmission of the teachings), 225

chujia 出家 (leaving home, becoming a monk), 346

Chungseonwang. See under Ch’ung-sŏn

Ch’ung-sŏn 忠宣 (1275–1325), 51–52, 61, 74, 424; as patron, 113–14, 229n19; and Mount Tianmu, 122; Mingben’s teachings to, 280, 288, 292, 293

chushi 出世 (otherworldly), 346Cien 慈恩 school of Buddhism, 12n28Ciming Chuyuan 慈明楚圓 (986–

1039), 230, 241, 250–51, 253–54city, 62, 75, 80, 92, 159, 406; escape

from, 117; in ox-herding images, 167; reclusion in, 47, 167–74

Changlu Zongze 長蘆宗賾 (n.d., Northern Song), 181; and Chanyuan qinggui, 184, 187–88, 189; and role of abbot, 199–201; and seated medi-tation, 205, 302n82

changzhu 常住 (“eternally abiding”), 79

Chanlin beiyong qinggui 禪林備用清規 (Rules of purity for use in Chan monasteries), 182, 184; prayers and merit dedications in, 213–14

Chanmen qinggui 禪門清規 (Rules of purity for the Chan school), 181

Chan Teacher of the Complete Illu-mination and Vast Wisdom of the Buddha-Compassion (Foci yuan-zhao guanghui Chanshi 佛慈圓照廣慧禪師) (title given to Mingben), 50

Chan Teacher of the Universal Clarity and Broad Salvation of the Buddha-Sun (Fori puming guangji Chanshi 佛日普明廣濟禪師) (title given to Gaofeng Yuanmiao), 50–51

Chanyuan qinggui 禪院清規 (Rules of purity for Chan temples), 59, 181–82, 189, 191, 195, 220; and role of the abbot, 198

Chanzong songgu lianzhu tongji 禪宗頌古聯珠通集 (The complete collection of linked jewels lauding old cases of the Chan tradition), 244, 249n62, 251n67

chaoyin 朝隱 (“hidden within the court”), 132

Chen Jiru 陳繼儒 (1558–1639), 336–37Chen, Jinhua, 26n1Chen Lü 陳旅 (1288–1343), 113Chen, Pi-yen, 420n32Chen, Wenyi, 9–10Chen Yu 陳羽 (late 8th–early 9th c.), 94Chen Zicong 陳子聰 (n.d.), 46, 424 Chenghuang dawang 城隍大王 (City


456 Index

Mingben, 304; lineage of, 230, 259

Dajue zhengdeng Chansi 大覺正等禪寺. See under Great Awakening True Equality Chan Monastery

Danliao Jihong 澹寮繼洪 (n.d.), 182Dao 道 (the Way), 4, 171, 314n16, 320Daoism, 5, 69, 78n133, 150, 186, 216,

402n80, 417; debates with Bud-dhism, 10–11, 13; and reclusion, 132–33; Mongol patronage of, 10–11; on Mount Tianmu, 92, 94, 99, 128. See also under specifĳic traditions

daotong 道統 (lineage of the Way), 111n57

Daoxin 道信 (580–651), 229Daoxue 道學 (Learning of the Way),

7, 111, 200, 285, 288n36, 292n53; and education, 216–17

Daoyao ge 道要歌 (Song on the essen-tials of the Way), 320

Da puqing si 大普慶寺 (Great Univer-sal Celebration Monastery), 116

Darkhan Toghan 脫歡達剌罕 (1292–1328), 53, 107–9, 111, 122

Datong an 大同菴 (Great Unity Clois-ter), 50, 112, 399

Dawo ling 大窩嶺 (Great Nest Peak), 81, 424

Daxin 大訢. See Xiaoyin DaxinDaxue 大學 (Great learning), 292 dead words (siju 死句), 18, 235. See

also live words DeBlasi, Anthony, 216n90dedications of merit, 176, 178, 208,

209–10, 211, 213–14denglu 燈錄 (“record of the lamp,”

transmission records), 15. See also under specifĳic titles of works

determination (zhi 志), 110, 113, 271–72, 320, 340; as one of three essentials for Chan practice, 277, 280–81, 307; to become a monk, 75–76, 81–82

Cloister of Illusory Abiding (Huanzhu an 幻住庵), 79–80, 117, 198, 423–24; as symbol, 124, 126–27; at Mount Bian, 44, 79; at Yandang, 45; on Mount Tianmu, 414–16

Clunas, Craig, 359, 382coherence, 284–85; as a translation

for li 理, 285Collins, Randall, 1–2, 4–5, 220 commentary, 267–68, 288n36; on

Chan cases, 17, 21, 30, 138, 240–57; in verse, 257–63

Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Afffairs (Xuanzheng yuan 宣政院), 47, 50, 52–53, 105, 108, 396, 424

Confucianism (Ru 儒) 5, 7, 13, 70n116, 92, 107, 186, 312; academies, 215–16; compatibility with Buddhism, 112, 285, 288, 292, 294–95, 307; and reclusion, 132–33; as registration category, 8n14; in Mingben’s biog-raphy, 32, 34, 37, 76. See also Neo-Confucian and Daoxue

Conglin jiaoding qinggui zongyao 叢林校定清規總要 (Essentials of the verifĳ ied rules of purity for monas-teries), 182, 184, 189–90

Conglun 從倫 (n.d.), 12, 13Congrong lu 從容錄 (Record of being

at ease), 12–13, 30n13cranes, 326, 338, 345Cuiyan Kezhen 翠巖可真 (d. 1064,

nicknamed Truly-Beats-His-Chest 真點胷), 251, 253–54

cultural construction, 1, 22, 25, 406, 410

Dahui Zonggao 大慧宗杲 (1089–1163), 15, 52n80, 234, 313; and Biyan lu, 242; and kanhua, 18–19, 222, 273, 278, 292n53; and “silent illumination” Chan, 19, 265, 305; and Ying’an Tanhua, 231–32; compared with


Index 457

Enkei Soyū 遠渓祖雄 (1286–1344), 373Enni Ben’en 圓爾辯圓 (1202–80), 233,

361 “Explicating the Meaning of the

Inscription on the Faithful Mind” (“Xinxin ming piyi jie” 信心銘闢義解), 65

Fahui Chanshi 法慧禪師 (Chan Mas-ter of Dharma Insight; a title given to Mingben), 46, 424

faith (xin 信), 57, 110, 267–68, 280, 301, 336; and doubt, 18, 277, 307; and yipian 一片, 283–84; lack of, 271–73, 290, 324

Fakuang 法曠 (327–402), 93fanbai 梵唄 (Skt. bhāṣā; hymn), 31n16 Fangshan Wenbao 方山文寶 (n.d.),75n126, 82

Fanlong 梵隆 (d. before 1187), 391–92 fantou 飯頭 (cook), 201fanxing 反省 (reflect), 272 Faru 法如 (638–89), 223fasi 法嗣. See dharma heirFaure, Bernard, 37n35–36, 207Faxiang 法相 school of Buddhism,

12n28Fayan 法眼 (885–958); 142n29; lineage

of, 12Faying 法應 (n.d., Southern Song), 244Fayun Weibai 法雲惟白 (n.d.), 225fen an 墳菴 (funerary cloisters), 179Fenggan 豐干 (f l. 8th c.), 365Fengxue Yanzhao 風穴延沼 (897–

973), 229, 250, 251–53Feng Yongzhi 馮用之 (n.d.), 94Feng Zizhen 馮子振 (d. 1348), 21, 333–

34, 337; and plum blossom poetry, 337, 339–48

fenwei 分衞 (to beg), 80, 195. See also begging for food

Fenyang Shanzhao 汾陽善昭 (946–1023), 229, 250–51

dharma heir ( fasi 法嗣), 36, 284, 412dhūta (Ch. toutuo 頭陀, ascetic prac-

tices; an ascetic), 46, 147–54, 160n61, 197, 378

Dianmu 電母 (Lightning Mother), 212diernian 第二念 (secondary thoughts),

281–83diet, 133, 136–37, 147, 149, 150Dingsou Yongtai 定叟永泰 (n.d.), 47,

424 dingxiang 頂相 ( J. chinsō; image)

42n48 Dobbins, James, 360n9Dōgen 道元 (1200–1253), 140n26,

164n71, 304 Donglin Yixian 東林一咸 (n.d.), 182, 184Dong Qichang 董其昌 (1555–1636), 405Dong Tianmu shan 東天目山 (Eastern

Tianmu Mountain), 90Dongyang Dehui 東陽德輝 (n.d.), 183Dongyu xihua 東語西話 (Conversa-

tions east and west), 65, 301, 383doubt ( yi 疑): and reclusion, 142–43;

as part of spiritual biographies, 34, 38, 82, 275–76; in kanhua practice, 18, 277–83, 289, 294, 307, 322–23; of Mingben, 61

Doushuai Congyue 兜率從悅 (1044–91), 19n52

Du Fei 杜朏 (f l. early 8th. c.), 224Du Guangting 杜光庭 (850–933), 94Duanqiao Miaolun 斷橋妙倫 (1201–

61), 35, 274–75 Duanyai Liaoyi 斷崖了義 (1265–1334),

43n51, 71, 333, 383, 395, 415–16

Elder Xianyue (Xianyue Zhanglao 顯月長老, also known as Wu-ba-ci-shi-li 烏巴刺室利), 396n69

Emperor Shun (Shundi 順帝, r. 1333–1368), 183

Emperor Wu of Liang (Liang Wudi 梁武帝, r. 502–549), 241, 364n18


458 Index

64, 173, 243, 317; Mingben’s defĳ ini-tion of, 237–40; prose commentar-ies on, 240–57; verse commentaries on, 257–63, 310

gongde fensi 功德墳寺 (merit clois-ters), 178

gongfu 工夫 efffort, work, 234, 272, 274, 277, 281–82, 283–84, 290, 296

Great Awakening True Equality Chan Monastery (Dajue zhengdeng Chansi 大覺正等禪寺): abbacy of, 43–44, 45, 47–48, 79, 81; and dona-tions to, 43, 104–5, 128; imperial plaques for, 101; Mingben’s connec-tion to, 43, 45, 47, 81, 129, 423–24; site of, 98–99

“great matter of birth-and-death” (shengsi dashi 生死大事), 34, 54–55, 142; contemplation of, 279, 282–83, 288, 307, 322

guan 觀 (to contemplate, contempla-tion), 40, 66, 72, 346–48

Guan Daosheng 管道升 (1262–1319), 115, 118, 295–6, 368, 402

Guanding 灌頂 (561–632), 28, 223Guanyin 觀音 (Skt. Avalokiteśvara),

89n2, 99, 211; paintings of, 356–57, 389–90, 402, 403

Guiyang 溈仰 school, 12, 210n74guoji 國忌 anniversaries of death

days of emperors and empresses, 209

Haar, Barend ter, 14hair, 39n42, 59, 61, 78n133, 152; in por-

traits of monks, 361, 369–71, 374, 377–79, 393, 403, 405; of Hanshan and Shide, 365

Haiyun Yinjian 海雲印簡 (1202–57), 13Han Ju 韓駒 (d. 1135), 311, 312Hangzhou 杭州, 8, 30–31, 33, 41, 50,

288n37, 338, 341; monasteries in, 12, 31, 48, 229, 424; Mount Tianmu’s

Foulk, T. Grifffĳ ith, 42n48, 181, 395fuan 副菴 (assistant to the cloister

head), 201Fujishima, Tateki, 109–10Fukuan Sōki 復庵宗己 (1280–1358),

390, 395, 410, 411n6fuma 駙馬 (imperial son-in-law),

52n78, 114funeral rites, 56–60, 192, 203–4Fuyu 福裕 (1203–75), 13fuyuan 伏願 (vow or vows), 209,

210–11

Gaofeng Yuanmiao 高峰原妙 (1238–95), 50, 74, 230, 286, 410, 423; and kanhua Chan, 18, 35–36, 273–78, 286, 307; and Qu Tingfa, 102–5; anniversaries of, 210; as teacher of Mingben, 34–35, 38–43, 45, 61, 67–68, 70–72; commentary on Chan cases, 241, 245–50; life of, 35–37, 45–46,74–75; lineage of 101, 235–36; on Mount Tianmu, 93, 96–100, 128, 131, 414; portraits of, 42, 235–36, 369–73; reclusion of, 36–37, 97–99, 135, 147, 235; stūpa of, 46

Gaoseng zhuan 高僧傳 (Biographies of eminent monks), 27, 134, 178

gāthā (Ch. jiesong 偈頌; hymn, psalm), 58, 130, 145, 226, 318

Genju sect ( Jp. Genjū ha 幻住派), 411gifts, 10n21, 42–43, 52, 103–6, 118–19,

121, 128, 152, 356, 359–60, 395, 412 Gimello, Robert, 367–68Gómez, Luis O., 83, 206 gong 公 (impartiality), 176, 195,

199–201gongan 公案 (public case or cases),

5, 20, 31, 89, 233, 355; and kanhua, 235–36, 269, 273, 276, 318; collec-tions of, 15, 16–18, 30, 240, 270; im-proper approach to, 57, 270–71; manifest (xiancheng 現成), 162–


Index 459

Huanglong Huinan 黃龍慧南 (1002–69), 254, 258–59

Huanglong’s Three Passes (Huang-long sanguan) 黃龍三關, 258–63, 270

Huangmei 黃梅, 231 huanren 幻人 (“illusory man”), 76,

327, 328–30, 331huanzhu 幻住 (“illusory abiding”),

76, 79; as brand, 88, 124, 126–27, 128, 393, 414 ; used in portrait in-scriptions, 378–79, 396, 399–400

Huanzhu an 幻住庵. See Cloister of Illusory Abiding

Huanzhu an qinggui 幻住庵清規 (Rules of purity for the Cloister of Illusory Abiding), 23, 175, 183, 220, 221, 420, 424; introduction to, 185–88; monastic roles discussed, 199–202; orgnaization of, 190–97; rituals in, 207–15, 420

Huanzhu jiaxun 幻住家訓 (Household instructions for Illusory Abiding), 65, 323n41, 331n57, 407, 414

huatou 話頭 (critical phrase), 16, 203, 272, 273, 278–83, 307, 323, 344n89, 411n6; and Dahui Zonggao, 15, 18–19; and seated meditation, 303, 306; and nianfo, 296–97, 318, 419; and reclusion, 137, 143, 155–56, 172–73; and Xueyan Zuqin, 234; lay Bud-dhists’ use of, 103, 105–6, 113, 286, 288–90, 292–94; Gaofeng Yuan-miao’s use of, 35, 273–78

Huichang 會昌 suppression, 48n70, 89n4

Huike 慧可 (487–593), 89, 223, 229Huilin 慧琳 (751–832), 93Huineng 慧能 (638–713), 39, 41, 229,

310huixiang 回向 (merit dedications),

209–10. See also dedications of merit

proximity to, 21, 87–88, 128. See also Lin’an and Qiantang

Hanshan 寒山 (“Cold Mountain”), 22, 65, 89–90, 320–21, 323; paint-ings of, 360, 365–66, 369, 372, 382, 402

Hargasun 哈剌哈孫 (1257–1308), 107–8, 111

Hartmann, Charles, 338Heart Sūtra (Xinjing 心經), 118, 121Heine, Steven, 246–47henan zaibai 和南再拜 (to pay

respects and bow), 350 hereditary monasteries or temples,

43–44, 48, 99, 201Hong Mai 洪邁 (1123–1202), 179n12Hong Qiaozu 洪喬祖 (n.d.), 97–98,

101, 128Hong Xinweng 洪信翁 (n.d.), 98Hong Yao 洪鑰 (n.d.), 52Hong Zinao 洪咨夒 (1176–1236), 98Hongren 弘忍 (602–75), 41, 229, 310Hongzhi Zhengjue 宏智正覺 (1091–

1157), 15, 304–5, 395Hsieh, Ding-hwa Evelyn, 17n44, 258,

310Hua Zhen 華真 (1051–1110), 338–39Huahu jing 化胡經 (Conversion of

the barbarians), 11Huairang 懷讓 (677–744), 229,

265n107, 266huan 幻. See illusionHuang, Chi-chiang, 121n90Huang Minzhi, 178Huang Tingjian 黃庭堅 (1045–1105),

337n72, 338–39Huangbo Xiyun 黃檗希運 (d. 850),

37n36, 229Huangchao jingshi dadian 皇朝經世大典 (The great imperial institu-tions for regulating the world), 69

Huanglong Huiji 黃龍誨機 (10th c.), 402


460 Index

Jia feng 家風 (Household Customs), 192, 194, 195

Jiang Jun 蔣均 (n.d.; zi: Gongbing 公秉), 50, 112–13, 122, 290, 424

Jiangnan 江南: in literature, 252; Mingben’s popularity in, 47, 63, 88, 123, 264, 286; offfĳ icials serving in, 40, 108, 111, 115, 128; social and economic changes in, 7–10

Jiangnan gu Fo 江南古佛 (“Old Buddha of the South”), 1, 47

jiangzhu 講主 lecture masters, 331, 395

Jian lü 踐履 (Practice), 192, 202–3jianxing cheng Fo 見性成佛 (“see their

nature and become Buddhas”), 15Jianzhong Jingguo xudeng lu 建中靖國續燈錄 (The continued lamp record of the Jiangzhong Jingguo era), 225, 227n13, 254

jiao 教 (teachings), 4, 204, 304n85, 306, 319

Jiaoran 皎然 (720–804), 94 jiaowai biechuan 教外別傳 (separate

transmission outside the teach-ings), 15, 323, 331

Jiaoyuan qinggui 教苑清規 (Rules of purity for teaching monasteries), 181n16

jiasha 袈裟. See kaṣāya Jiatai pu denglu 嘉泰普燈錄 (Univer-

sal record of the lamp of the Jiatai era), 226–27, 245

jiayi 甲乙 (“succession,” hereditary [re monasteries]), 176, 180, 201. See also hereditary monasteries or temples

jiedai 接待 (guest attendant), 395jiesong 偈頌. See gāthāJing Yan 敬儼 (zi: Weiqing 威卿), 53,

111–12, 122Jingang bore lueyi 金剛般若略義 (The

general meaning of the Diamond Sūtra), 65

huixiang 繪像 (painted likeness), 360Huiyuan 慧遠 (334–416), 99n38, 99Huizong 徽宗 (r. 1100–26), 226, 343n87Huizong 惠宗 (r. 1333–70), 411hunsan 昏散. See lethargy and

distraction huoju 活句. See live wordsHuqiu Shaolong 虎丘紹隆 (1072–1137),

19, 230–31hut(s), 233, 266, 417, 419; and reclu-

sion, 130–31, 134–37, 141–44; in poetry, 145, 163, 173, Gaofeng’s, 97–98; Mingben’s, 44, 46–47, 52, 79–81, 144–46, 414, 424

Huzhou 湖州, 44, 115, 124n96, 395, 414

Hymes, Robert, 3–5, 7, 228

Ide, Seinosuke, 390, 393illusion (huan 幻), 160, 336, 339, 408–

9; and illusion-like samādhi, 124, 126, 146; in plum-blossom poetry, 339–43; in portrait inscriptions, 401, 404

immortals. See xianimmortality, 10, 92, 95ink traces (moji 墨迹), 402intellectualization, 164, 171, 286, 307,

313, 324Ishii Shūdō, 242 itinerancy (xingjiao 行腳), 134, 154–

58, 172, 261

Jan,Yün-hua, 13, 27Japan: and monastic portraits, 360,

373, 376–82 passim, 390; Chan texts available in, 242, 245n54; circulation of Mingben’s works in, 23, 159n60, 175n1; lineage of Mingben in, 127, 410; visitors from, 152–53, 155, 172, 376–79

Jayata (Sheyeduo 闍夜多), 38Ji Huachuan, 213, 335


Index 461

establish a monastery), 46–47, 96n26, 415

kanhua 看話 (contemplation of the critical phrase), 16, 18–19, 269, 294, 407; and Dahui, 18–19, 222, 230; and Gaofeng, 273–78; and lay Bud-dhists, 286–90, 294–95; compati-bility with other practices, 296–302; Mingben’s instructions on, 240, 279–83, 323

Ka’o Sonen 可翁宗然 (d. 1345), 410, 411n6kaṣāya (Ch. jiasha 袈裟; pieced robe),

361, 363, 372, 375, 380, 382, 390. See also robes

keji 渴疾 (diabetes), 81, 134Kent, Richard K., 391, 393n63Ketsuzan Ryōi 傑山了偉 (f l. early 14th

c.), 376, 378, 395Kieschnick, John, 27King Shim 瀋王. See Ch’ung-sŏn 忠宣Kōgenji, 373, 374kongxian 空閑 (wilderness), 154. See

also araṇya Korea: exiled royals from, 51, 52n78,

113–14, 286; Mingben’s renown in, 63, 410; monks from, 303

Kosen Ingen 古先印元 (1295–1374), 410, 411n6

Kumāralāta / Kumārata / Kumāralabdha, 38

Kuoan Shiyuan 廓庵師遠 (f l. 11th c.), 167

land, landholdings: cultivation of, 9; divining for, 147; donations of, 77–79, 83, 87, 114, 122, 128; Hong Qiao-zu’s donation of, 97, 128; Lu Derun’s donation of, 124, 126, 180; purchase of, 170, 180; Qu Tingfa’s donation of, 43, 73, 78, 97–105, 128

landscape, 88–89, 94–95, 117; as gon-gan, 163; in portraits, 360, 366–68, 383–90, 392–94, 400–401

Jingci 淨慈 Monastery, 35Jingde chuandeng lu 景德傳燈錄

(Record of the transmission of the lamp of the Jingde era), 34n26, 224, 245

Jingjue 淨覺 (683–c. 750), 224Jingshan 淨善 (Southern Song), 49n73Jingshan 徑山 (Mount Jing), 12, 35n30,

52, 233, 361, 424 jingshe 精舍 (Skt. Vihāra; cloister),

124–25, 126, 178 Jinhua Weimian 金華惟勉 (Southern

Song), 182, 184, 188, 190, 200–201Jinling 金陵, 44, 112Jinping mei 金瓶梅 (The plum in the

golden vase), 416–17, 420Jin song 津送 (Final Rites), 192, 204 Jishō-in, 383, 384jixin shi fo 即心是佛 (“the mind is just

Buddha”), 241ju 句 (word, phrase), 17, 18, 232, 255–

56, 323; one phrase, 58, 155, 252, 263, 378

ju 舉 (to raise [a case, previous words]), 17, 268, 276, 278, 324, 331

jue 覺 (awakening, enlightenment), 16, 100, 124–25, 127

juechen 覺禪 (to awaken through dhyāna, or meditation), 127n103

Juefan Huihong 覺範慧洪 (1071–1128), 245, 251, 254, 255–57, 338–39; and lettered Chan, 311–13

Juehai 覺海 (n.d.), 388Jueji Yongzhong 絕際永中 (n.d., early

Yuan), 125, 356–57jueliao 決了 (to resolve, resolving),

284Juzhi 俱胝 (n.d.), 136n18

Kaifu Daoning 開福道寧 (1053–1113), 31Kai ganlu men 開甘露門 (Opening the

gate of sweet dew), 214, 420kaishan 開山 (“open a mountain,”


462 Index

33; as discussed in monastic codes, 184–85, 186, 209. See also ritual

li 理 and shi 事 (principle and phe-nomena; meaning and activity), 206, 215, 298n71, 409, 411–12

Liandeng huiyao 聯燈會要 (Collected essentials of the linked lamps), 254

Liang Wudi 梁武帝. See Emperor Wu of Liang

liangzhi 良知 (inherent knowledge of the good),108n49

Lidai fabao ji 歷代法寶記 (Historical record of the Dharma-treasure), 224

Liji 禮記 (Record of ritual), 184Lin’an 臨安, 30, 36, 40, 91, 102, 229n19.

See also Hangzhou and QiantangLin Bu 林逋 (967–1028), 338, 345–48lineage: and bodily remains, 56, 68;

and Chan texts, 15, 223–27, 237; and identity formation, 20, 133, 235–37, 269, 402; and kanhua teachings, 235–36, 250, 269, 274, 304; and mon-asteries; 48–49, 176, 178, 180, 182; and Mount Tianmu, 123, 128–29, 236; and portraits, 42, 228–30, 235, 269, 360–61, 363, 369, 381, 394; in biographies, 28–29, 37, 67, 69–70, 73–74, 78, 85; fĳ ive lineages of Chan, 12; for Neo-Confucians, 111n57; Mingben as inheritor of Gaofeng’s lineage, 42, 48–49, 101; of Illusory Abiding, 123, 127, 129; Tiantai, 223

Lingdong shan 靈洞山 (Mount Ling-dong), 33–34

Linping shan 臨平山 (Mount Lin-ping), 34n25

Lingyin Temple 靈隱禪寺, 48, 52, 57, 110, 424

lingzhi 靈知 (numinous knowledge), 108, 325

Lauer, Uta, 380, 386, 390, 392, 405lay Buddhism, 307, 313n12, 333–37,

413, 419; and kanhua, 18–20, 240, 281, 286–96; and monasteries, 90; and Pang Yun, 105–6; and Pure Land, 315; as donors, 211; Mingben’s mother and, 37; movements, 14; precepts for, 33

Ledyard, Gari, 113n68 Leian Zhengshou 雷庵正受 (1147–

1209), 226–27Leigong Dianmu 雷公電姥 (Thunder

Duke and Lightning Granny), 212Lengjia jing 楞伽經 (Laṅkāvatāra

Sūtra), 39Lengqie shizi ji 楞伽師資記 (Record of

the teachers of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra), 224

Lengyan zhengxin bianjian huowen 楞嚴徵心辯見或問 (Questions on authenticating the mind and de-bating views in the Śūraṃgama Sūtra), 65

Lengzhai yehua 冷齋夜話 (Evening chats in a cold studio), 312

lethargy and distraction (hunsan 昏散), 281–82, 303, 307

lettered Chan (wenzi Chan 文字禪), 254, 311–13, 338, 354

letters, 6, 20–21, 47–48, 52, 78, 195, 289, 293, 313, 415; between Ming-ben and Zhao Mengfu, 118–21, 134, 287n33, 349–51, 353, 376n35; Gao feng’s to Xueyan Zuqin, 75, 274–76; Mingben’s to Feng Zizhen, 335–36

Levering, Miriam, 18–19 Li Bai 李白 (701–62), 94Li Chunfu 李純甫 (1185–1231), 13Li Pin 李頻 (f l. mid-9th c.), 94li 禮 (worship, ritual, make offferings),

56, 112n61, 329; childhood play at,


Index 463

McRae, John R., 70, 205–6, 223meditation, 15, 155n53, 222, 285–86,

300, 347, 410; and artistic endeav-ors, 339; and kanhua, 277–8; and mountains, 89, 123, 378, 414–15; and reclusion, 149, 180, 369, 375, 385; as part of the monastic sched-ule, 191–93, 204–7, 221, 290n47; criticism of, 266, 268, 277–78, 303; in Mingben’s biography, 33, 34, 61; mentioned in poetry, 127, 162, 170, 324; visual depictions of, 378. See also seated meditation

Mengshan Deyi 蒙山德異 (1231–?), 75n126

Mengzi 孟子 (Mencius), 32, 75, 108n49, 295

Meskill, John, 216Mi’an Xianjie 密菴成傑 (1118–86), 230,

232–33Mianxue fu 勉學賦 (Rhapsody on

encouraging study), 314Miaoxing Temple 妙行寺, 229mind (xin 心) , 65, 112, 120, 149, 164,

170–71, 205–6, 256, 331–32; and its role in administering the monas-tery, 185–87, 191, 194, 199, 202, 205–6, 208, 220; and kanhua, 18, 106, 153, 271–89, 295–97 passim, 303–8 pas-sim; and Buddhist practices, 299–300, 419; as Buddha-mind, 110, 239, 241, 335,; as a single piece, 303–8; Chan pointing at, 15, 70; everyday, 311; four minds (sixin 四心), 408; in Chan cases, 264, 266–68; meta-phors for, 108, 165–67, 262, 327; pu-rity, 19, 316, 327; ritual as a function of, 214-15; writing the character for, 142-44, 173. See also no-mind

Mingdao jishuo 鳴道集說 (Collected explanations proclaiming the Way), 13

Linji 臨濟 (lineage or school), 30, 70–71, 116, 225–26, 230, 251, 254

Linjian lu 林間錄 (Record of the forest), 245, 254

Linji Yixuan 臨濟義玄 (d. 866), 70, 165, 229, 241, 241, 347, 402

Lion Clifff (Shizi yan 獅子巖), 96–97, 99n36, 101

Liu Bingzhong 劉秉忠 (1216–74), 13Liuan shan六安山 (Mount Liuan),

47, 80, 120, 159Liuzu tanjing 六祖壇經. See Platform

Sūtra live words (huoju 活句), 18, 235 Long Renfu 龍仁夫 (14th c.), 216Longxu 龍鬚, 36, 97, 130, 145–46Lotus Sūtra, 32n18, 33, 121, 146n39,

205, 211Lu Derun 陸德潤 (1295–1367), 124–25,

126, 180Lü Dongbin 呂洞賓 (traditionally late

Tang), 402 Lunyu 論語 (Analects), 32, 75–76, 185,

287, 345n91Luofu plums (Luofu mei 羅浮梅), 340–

44, 347luohan 羅漢 (Skt. arhat), 360, 383n47,

391–92, 393n63, 402, 404. See also arhat

Lüqiu Yin 閭丘胤 (n.d., Tang), 402Lushan 廬山 (Mount Lu), 44, 79, 99,

254, 423Lüyuan shigui 律苑事規 (Services

and rules for vinaya monasteries), 181n16

Ma Lang Fu 馬郎婦 (“Mr. Ma’s wife”), 402, 403

Mañjuśrī (Ch. Wenshu 文殊), 34, 89n2Mazu Daoyi 馬祖道一 (709–88), 229,

265n107, 266, 305, 311McCausland, Shane, 353


464 Index

nianfo 念佛 (recitation of the Bud-dha’s name), 297n67, 298, 410

niangu 拈古 (“raising old cases”), 21, 226, 241, 245, 270–71, 309

Nian gui 年規 (“Yearly Ordinances”), 192, 193, 208

Niaoke 鳥窠, 360, 363, 365, 402, 403Ni Hanshan shi 擬寒山詩 (Imitating

Hanshan’s poems), 320–27 Ningzong 寧宗 (r. 1194–1224), 177n6Noguchi, Zenkei, 33, 34n25–26,

48n69, 50n75, 418n25no-mind (wuxin 無心), 166, 168

Ouyang Shoudao 歐陽守道 (1208–73), 218

Owen, Stephen, 51n77, 321n32ox-herding, 167, 326–27, 402

Pan Gongshou 潘恭壽 (1741–94), 405Pang Yun 龐蘊 (Pang Jushi 龐居士,

Layman Pang), 105, 402 patronage, 45, 53, 83, 127–28, 135, 179,

413; and monastic fundraisers, 196, 220, 395; at Mount Tianmu, 20, 47, 87, 98, 100–101, 105–7; imperial, 33, 51, 53, 114; of local offfĳ icials, 53, 88; of Zhao Mengfu, 121–22, 241; role in Dahui’s critiques of “silent illumation,” 19. See also gifts; land, landholdings

Pei Du 裴度 (765–839), 326Peng Zhizhong 彭致中 (n.d.), 417Penkower, Linda, 223Peterson, Willard, 285‘Phags-pa (1235–80), 11–12Pingjiang 平江, 45, 180, 395 Platform Sūtra (Liuzu tanjing 六祖壇經), 39, 41, 205–6, 224, 330n55

plum blossoms, 336–54 passimPo’an Zuxian 破菴祖先 (1136–1213),

230, 233poetry, 5, 20–21, 75, 85, 309–13, 354–

Ming fen 名分 (Names and Positions), 192, 197, 201–2

Minghe yuyin 鳴鶴餘音 (Echoes of the calling crane), 417,

mirror, 124, 160, 164, 165, 166, 233, 265–66, 275, 295, 325; as a metaphor for the mind or nature, 108, 109, 165, 275, 295, 325

Mohe zhiguan 摩訶止觀 (The great calming and contemplation), 233

Mongols and Mongol rule, 33, 36, 38, 102, 217, 359n5, 385; and Korea, 51–2, 113–14; and religion, 10–14; and Zhao Mengfu, 115, 132; efffects of conquest: 7–8; followers of Ming-ben, 107, 109, 113, 286, 293, 396

Morrison, Elizabeth, 225 mozhao 默照 silent illumination, 19,

265n102, 305Muin Genkai 無隱元晦 (d. 1358),

380n41, 410, 411

Nanbei erdou xingjun 南北二斗星君 (Star Lords of the Southern and Northern Dipper), 212

Nanhe Taishou zhuan 南柯太守傳 (“Account of the Governor of the Southern Branch”), 342n83

Nanyuan Huiyong 南院慧顒 (d. 952), 229

Neo-Confucianism, 13, 111, 112, 216, 219–220, 249n63, 285; see also Con-fucian, Confucianism; Daoxue

network(s), 1–10, 20–22, 45, 87-88, 395, 405, 406-7, 421; and exchange of art, 356-57, 395, 405; and print-ing projects, 411-13; and reclusion, 152; associated with Mount Tianmu, 122-23, 128; lineage as, 230, 236; national networks, 88, 113–14, 128; social networks reflected in Ming-ben’s biography, 70n115, 74, 85–86


Index 465

Qisong 契嵩 (1007–72), 225–26, 391Qiu Chuji 丘處機, or Changchun 長春

(1148–1227), 10 qiyu 祈雨. See prayers for rainQu Shixue 瞿時學 (n.d.), 47, 106Qu Tingfa 瞿霆發 (1251–1312; zi

Shengfu 聲父), 101–7, 121–22, 424; and Greak Awakening Monastery, 43–47 passim, 99–100, 104, 125–26, 128; and gifts of land, 73, 78, 97, 103–4; Mingben’s eulogy for, 102–3, 105–6

Quanzhen 全真 (Daoism), 10, 11n22Qubilai Khan (1215–94), 11–12, 13,

69n113, 115

Rahū (Ch. Luohou 羅睺) and Ketu (Ch. Jidu 計都), 397

rebirth, 34, 110n54, 261–62, 420; and the Pure Land, 297, 317; as houshen 後身, 31n15; paths of, 214n86, 273

relics (Skt. śarīra), 39n42, 56, 58, 60–61, 68, 78n113, 85

Renzong 仁宗 (r. 1311–20), 46, 73, 113, 182, 411, 424

repertoire(s), 1–6, 10, 20, 22, 84–86, 221, 352–55, 406–11, 420–21; of Chan texts, 16–17, 20, 243, 263, 270, 309; combination of, 206–7, 308, 348; literary, 84; of religious prac-tices, 85, 130, 134, 273; ritual, 173; visual, 360–63

ritual(s), 17, 105, 112n61, 132, 343, 415; childhood play at, 32–33, 72; daily, 53, 162; in monastic codes, 181–93, 198, 200, 206, 207–15, 220–21; interaction, 1–6, 10, 172, 220, 349; letters as reflecting, 349–51; monasteries as sites for, 100, 135, 138, 176, 178, 220; of Chan lineages, 228, 236, 269; post-mortem, 56–57, 59, 60, 68, 178; Pure Land, 418–20. See also funeral rites

55, 417; and Chan cases, 250, 258, 259–63 passim; about temples, 128; and lettered Chan, 311–13, 355; and reclusion, 135, 147, 158–73, 407; and social exchange, 310, 331–36, 351, 405–6, 416; as cultural compe-tency, 115, 237, 270, 309–10, 354–55, 368; devotional, 320, 354; on plum blossoms, 336–54 passim. See also Ni Hanshan shi

pomegranate (shiliu 石榴), 394portraiture, 42, 228–29, 235–36, 359–

63, 369–83 passim prayers for clear skies (qiqing 祈晴),

209, 211, 212prayers for rain (qiyu 祈雨), 209, 211,

212, 213precepts, 35, 39, 92n14, 205; lay, 33;

receiving, 188–89, 377, 423public monasteries, 176–77, 190, 208,

220Puhui 普會 (n.d., Yuan), 244Puji 普濟 (1179–1253), 245Pure Land ( jingtu 淨土), 123, 410, 418–

20; and Chan, 19, 296–99, 410; as mental state, 206, 297; and poetry, 119, 315–19, 354

pushuo 普說 (public sermon), 18

Qangli Toghto 康里脫脫 (n.d.), 48Qianjiang 千江 (n.d.), 119Qiantang 錢塘, 30, 34n25, 75–76, 335,

423. See also Hangzhou and Lin’an qinggui 清規 (rules of purity), 15, 21,

181–83. See also specifĳic titles of works

Qingmiao shenghui 青苗勝會 (Green Sprouts Rite), 211

Qingyi lu 請益錄 Record of Asking for Improvement, 12

qiqing 祈晴. See prayers for clear skiesqishi 乞食 (to beg for food), 46, 196,

149. See also begging for food


466 Index

shangtang 上堂 (to ascend the hall), 241

Shanhai jing 山海經 (Scripture of mountains and seas), 91

Shanju xinyu 山居新語 (New talk of mountain living), 104–5

Shanzhu 善住 (n.d.), 28n8Shanzhu 善助 (n.d.), 46n63, 395Sharf, Robert, 42n48, 395, 400n76Sheingorn, Pamela, 26She yang 攝養 (“Care and Comfort”),

192, 204Shi, Youhuang, 213, 281, 283Shide 拾得 (n.d., Tang), 360, 365, 369,

372, 402n80 Shi fan 世範 (“Models for the Age”),

192, 193, 209–14 shifang 十方. See public monasteriesshifang zhenzai 十方真宰 (spirit-rulers

of the ten directions), 211Shiina Kōyū, 23, 242, 244, 245n54shiji 實際 (true limit), 400Shiji an實際菴 (Cloister of the True

Limit), 400Shim Wang瀋王 (King Shim). See

Ch’ung-sŏnShimen wenzi Chan 石門文字禪 (The

lettered Chan of Stone Gate), 312Shinohara, Koichi, 28shizhong 示眾 (teachings to the as-

sembly), 241, 303n84Shizi Lin 師子林 (Lion Grove), 123Shizi yan 獅子巖 (Lion Clifff), 96–97,

99n36, 101Shizi Temple (Shizi yuan 獅子院), 43–

50 passim, 57, 96, 128–29, 415, 424; imperial plaques for, 50, 101; later influence of, 123; Mingben’s service at, 43, 46, 49, 71, 80–81, 175

Shizi Zhenzong Chan yuan/si 師子正宗禪院/寺 (Lion True Lineage Chan Temple), 50–51, 96. See also Shizi Temple

Riyue lianggong tianzi 日月兩宮天子 (Princes of the Palaces of the Sun and the Moon), 211–12

rizi 日資 (“Daily Schedule,” daily schedule), 190–92

robes, 64, 81, 155n53, 248, 335; and entry in monkhood, 39, 77, 78n133, 343–44; and reclusion, 149, 151, 163; as symbol of transmission, 41; im-perial gifts of, 50, 53, 135; in por-traits, 361–83 passim, 390, 394n65, 403, 405, 415n16, 424

Ru 儒. See ConfucianismRuzhong riyong qinggui 入眾日用清規

(Rules for purity in the daily func-tioning of the assembly), 259

Ruzhou 汝州, 230

sample prayers (shu 疏), 176, 209saṃsāra, 34, 279, 300, 323. See also

“the great matter of birth-and-death”

Sanjie 三階 (Three Stages), 150, 311n5sanjie wanling 三界萬靈 (myriad

spirits of the triple realm), 211sanyao 三要. See three essentialsSargent, Stuart, 258Schlütter, Morten, 18–19, 44n53,

176n3 seated meditation, 15, 205, 277,

283n24, 302–6, 320, 335. See also meditation

Sengcan 僧粲 (504–606), 229seng tang 僧堂 (monks’ hall, saṃgha

hall), 78, 97–98, 99sengzheng si 僧正司 (saṃgha rectifĳ i-

ers), 177 “Shanfang yehua” 山方夜話 (Night

talks from the mountain lodge), 237, 271, 302

Shangjie yuhuang dadi 上界玉皇大帝 (Jade Emperor of the Upper Realm), 211


Index 467

Taihu 太湖 (Lake Tai), 46n64, 80n136, 88, 93, 115, 128

Taizhou 台州, 89Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀 (1316–1403), 119n85tathāgata, 38, 76, 171, 330Tei’ichi Dhūta 丁一頭陀 (n.d.), 152, 172Ten Kings of Hell, 391–92thief-mind (touxin 偸心), 281, 282–84,

307three correct views (san zhengjian 三正見), 280–81, 293

three essentials (sanyao 三要), 273, 277, 280, 285, 294n60, 307, 320

Tianchu jinluan 天廚禁臠 (Forbidden cutlets from the imperial kitchen), 312

Tianlong 天龍 (n.d.), 136n18Tianmu shan 天目山 (Mount Tianmu),

50, 53, 80, 87–98, 125, 127–29, 423–24; and donors, 107, 114–15, 122; and Mingben’s disciples, 123, 128, 236, 390, 419; as a site of reclusion, 131, 135, 145; gazetteer of, 414–16; in poetry, 94, 335, 378–79, 401; in por-traits, 393

Tianmu shan fu 天目山賦, 95Tian Rucheng 田汝成 (f l. mid-16th c.),

337n71Tianru Weize 天如惟則 (d. 1354), 84,

123, 290, 298n70, 395, 419Tiansheng Guangdeng lu 天聖廣燈錄

(The broad lamp record of the Tiansheng era), 224, 225

Tianshi 天師. See Celestial MastersTiantai 天台 mountains, 27, 89, 365Tiantai 天台 school, 35, 123, 181n16,

225, 304; and contemplative inter-pretation, 205; and rituals, 212, 213; lineage, 223

toilet, 191, 300 tourism, 90, 92n13, 103, 123n94, 367,

416touxin偸心. See thief-mind

Shōjūji, 386, 387, 405 shouji 授記 (Skt. vyākaraṇa) (predic-

tion of enlightenment), 61n98shoujie 受戒 (to receive the precepts),

188. See also preceptsShoushan Shengnian 首山省念 (926–

92), 229shouzuo 首座 (prefect), 201 Shuangquan Shikuan 雙泉師寬 (n.d.),

255Shundi 順帝 (r. 1333–1368). See Em-

peror Shunshutang 書堂, shuyuan 書院 (study),

216. See also academiessi 私 (private, selfĳ ish), 184, 199–200, 313 siju 死句. See dead words siyuan 寺院 (temple, monastery), 179.

See also specifĳic monastery namesSkin-Bag, 328–30, 354social visits, 148, 152, 310, 334–36,

351–52, 354, 367 Song Ben 宋本 (1281–1334), 28–29,

51n74, 60n97, 67n111, 69–74, 85, 87Song Gaoseng zhuan 宋高僧傳 (Song

biographies of eminent monks), 27, 93

songgu 頌古 (“lauding old cases”), 21, 226, 244, 257–63, 271, 309

Song Lian 宋濂 (1310–81), xiii, 29, 124, 177n6, 180n13

Songshan 嵩山 (Mount Song), 89stafff, 97, 155–56, 172, 234–35, 246,

380–81stele, 50, 67n111, 71, 94–95, 97, 116, 204Stevenson, Daniel, 212Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037–1101), 4, 95, 139–40,

143, 311, 340–41, 402sui chu zhu 隨處住 (“living in any

place”), 149suiji 歲計. See annual planning Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment (Yuan-

jue jing 圓覺經), 33, 126, 351 Swidler, Ann, 3


468 Index

Wei Daoru, 240, 303–4Weidner, Marsha, 356weinuo 維那 (rector), 42, 77n130, 202Welter, Albert, 27, 224Wenjin Academy (Wenjin shuyuan 問津書院), 216

wenzi Chan 文字禪. See lettered ChanWest Lake (Xihu 西湖), 31, 102, 338Wu, Pei-yi, 74wu 無 (no; there is none), 18, 35n31,

274–75, 276, 278–79, 281wu 悟 (awakening), 5, 16, 243, 288Wudeng huiyuan 五燈會元 (The

collected essentials of the fĳ ive lamps), 245, 254

Wujian Xiandu 無見先覩 (1265–1334), 219

Wujiang 吳江, 35, 46, 397, 417n20Wuliang Zongshou 無量宗壽

(f l. 13th c.), 258–59Wumen 吳門, 29n8, 58, 79, 423Wumen guan 無門關 (Gateless

barrier), 17, 30, 241–42, 245–46, 252

Wumen Huikai 無門慧開 (1183–1260), 34, 258, 263; commentary in Wumen guan, 242, 246–47, 252–53; Mingben’s mother’s dream of, 30–31, 72

Wusong 吳松/淞, 80n136, 123Wusong jiang 吳淞江, 46Wutai shan 五臺山 (Mount Wutai),

46, 88, 89n2, 114, 333 Wuxing吳興, 44n56, 80n137, 81n139,

88, 115, 118, 120wuye yihua 五葉一華 (“fĳ ive petals

of a single f lower,” the fĳ ive Chan schools), 210

Wuzhun Shifan 無準師範 (1178–1249), 52n80, 230, 233–34, 366; portrait of, 361–64, 373

Wuzu Fayan 五祖法演 (d. 1104), 230

transmission, of Chan teachings, 28, 31, 68, 236, 304, 402, 423; dis-cussed in poetry, 163, 168, 170, 231–34, 262; genealogical model of, 70, 85, 223; portraits and, 42, 73, 231–34; purchase of, 48; separate, 15, 288, 323, 331; symbols of transmis-sion, 39, 41–42; texts on, 12–13, 17n43, 34, 65, 224–27, 294; to Yun-nan, 62, 73

tree(s), 60, 164, 170, 265, 342; and as-ceticism, 136, 149, 346; in paintings of monks, 363–64, 366–68, 383, 385, 388, 389n54, 393–94; on Mount Tianmu; 90, 92, 401; pear, 413; plum, 338, 340

Twitchett, D. C., 29n9, 70n115tudi tang 土地堂 (shrine of the earth

god), 211–12

unity, 283–86, 288n36 Unkoku Tōyo 雲谷等与 (1612–68),

394n65, 405

vinaya, 19, 35n29, 66, 181, 184, 216n90 vows. See fuyuan

Wang Kangju 王康琚 ( Jin dynasty), 167

Wanshan 皖山, 44, 148n41Wansong Xingxiu 萬松行秀 (1166–

1246), 12–13wanxing 萬行 (myriad practices), 206water, 102n40, 117, 160–67 passim, 198,

233, 264, 303, 407; and asceticism, 64, 135, 137; and Mount Tianmu, 91; as a metaphor for transience or il-lusoriness, 165, 249; as a metaphor for the mind, 124, 166, 170, 252; in Chan commentaries, 251–52, 262; in paintings, 367, 389–90; living on or by, 157, 159–70 passim


Index 469

35, 74–75, 82, 84, 230, 234–35, 274–76

Xutang Zhiyu 虛堂智愚 (1185–1269), 380n43

Yan Youyi 嚴有翼 (12th c.), 358Yandang 鴈蕩, 45, 124, 180n13, 423Yang Miaoxi 楊妙錫 (n.d.), 39, 77–

78, 83Yang Wanli 楊萬里 (1127–1206), 311Yang Yu 楊瑀 (1285–1361), 104Yangqi 楊岐 lineage, 30, 254, 259Yangqi Fanghui 楊岐方會 (992–1049),

230, 260–61, 265–66 Yao He 姚合 (f l. early 9th c.), 94 Yaoshi fo 藥師佛. See Bhaiṣajyaguruyayang seng 啞羊僧 (mute-sheep

monks), 311Yelü Chucai 耶律楚材 (1190–1243), 13,

150yi 疑 (doubt, uncertainty): generated

in kanhua, 18, 275–79, 294, 322; in reading, 34, 289; Mingben’s own, 82; about Mingben’s attainment, 61–62, 84. See also doubt

Yi’an 一庵 (early 14th c.), 373–74, 377, 399

Yifa, 77n130, 181–82, 198, 216n90 Ying’an Tanhua 應菴曇華 (1103–1163),

230Ying bian 營辨 (“Plans and Provi-

sions”), 192, 194Yingzhou 瀛洲, 95n22Yingzong 英宗 (r. 1321–23), 57, 73,

411, 424yipian 一片 (one piece, one chunk),

281, 283, 286yiqing 疑情. See doubtYishan Liaowan 一山了萬 (1241–1312),

48Yishan Yining 一山一寧 (1247–1317),

363–64

xian 仙 (immortal), 94, 95, 133, 211, 343, 346

xiancheng gongan 現成公案 (“mani-fest gongan”), 173; see also under gongan

xiangjiao 像教 (teaching of images), 378

Xiangmai 祥邁 (late 13th c.), 11n24xiaoxi 消息 (happenings, news, state

of afffairs), 166, 170, 279–80, 341 Xiaoyin Daxin 笑隱大訢 (1284–1344),

28n8, 183Xihu 西湖. See West LakeXinghua Cunjiang 興化存獎 (830–88),

229xingjiao 行腳. See itinerancyxinglu 行錄 (record of conduct), 22,

28, 29, 31n16 xingzhuang 行狀 (account of con-

duct), 29Xinjing 心經. See Heart Sūtra Xinxing 信行 (540–94), 150Xiongbian 雄辯 (d. 1301), 63n102Xi Tianmu shan 西天目山 (West

Mount Tianmu), 90, 98n34Xi Tianmu Zushan zhi 西天目祖山志

(Annals of West Mount Tianmu), 90, 93

Xiyuan yaji tu 西園雅集圖 (Elegant gathering in the Western Garden) 368

Xu Qian 許謙 (1270–1337), 111, 112Xu Yikui 徐一夔 (1318–1400), 411Xuanjian 玄鑑 (n.d.), 62, 331–32Xuanjiao 玄教 (Mysterious Teaching),

11n25, 69Xuanzheng yuan 宣政院. See Com-

mission for Buddhist and Tibetan Afffairs

Xuefeng Yicun 雪峰義存 (822–908), 161n65, 264

Xueyan Zuqin 雪嚴祖欽 (d. 1287),


470 Index

Zhang Daoling 張道陵 (34–156 CE), 92, 99, 128

Zhang Liusun 張留孫 (1248–1321), 11n25

Zhang Lu 張閭 (f l. late 13th–early 14th c.), 73

Zhang Shangying 張商英 (1043–1121), 19

Zhang Shi 張栻 (1130–80), 217Zhang Zongyan 張宗演 (1244–91),

11n25zhanglao 長老 (an elder), 198–99Zhangqing Huileng 長慶慧棱 (854–

932), 264n98Zhangzong 章宗 (r. 1189–1208), 12Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫 (1254–1322),

114–17, 124, 132, 286–87, 315, 319, 423; and calligraphy, 118, 121, 348–55; and Ch’ung-sŏn, 114; and Feng Zizhen, 333n62, 336–37; and Guan Daosheng, 118, 119n26, 295–96, 368, 402; and painting, 45, 359, 368–69, 405; and relationship with Ming-ben, 45, 73–74, 80, 117–22, 126, 128, 134, 241, 289; stele for Great Awak-ening Temple, 67n111, 100–101; stele for Shizi Temple, 50, 96, 99, 103

Zhao Mengxian 趙孟僴 (n.d.), 405Zhao Yong 趙雍 (1289–ca. 1360), 118–

19, 369–71Zhaozhou 趙州 (778–897), 18, 264–67

passim, 278–79, 281, 289, 402 Zhaxi 霅溪, 80n137Zheng Yuanyou 鄭元佑 (1292–1364),

46n65, 103Zheng Yunyi 鄭雲翼 (f l. early 14th c.,

zi: Pengnan 鵬南), 46, 112, 280n15, 293–94, 424

zhenji 真際 (limit of reality), 52, 114, 400n76

zhengjian 正見 (correct view[s]), 268, 280

Zhenjiang 鎮江, 50, 125n101

Yixi Ziru 一溪自如 (n.d.), 40Yizhen 儀真, 46, 80, 424 Yizhong 以中 (d. 1322), 119Yongming Yanshou 永明延壽 (904–

975): and Tiantai, 123; attribution of ritual texts to, 418–19; biogra-phies of, 27; integration of Chan and other practices, 205–7, 297–99, 302, 311n6, 319

Yü, Chün-fang, 108n50, 205, 298n70, 402

Yu Ji 虞集 (1272–1348), 23, 28–29, 59, 60n97, 63n101, 69–74, 85, 87

Yuanjue jing 圓覺經. See Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment

Yuantong Faxiu 圓通法秀 (1027–90), 226, 368

Yuanwu Keqin 圓悟克勤 (1063–1135), 230–31, 250, 402; and gongan, 17–19; and Biyan lu, 31, 241–42, 347n98; yulu of, 137, 241

Yue jin 月進 (“Progress of Months”), 192, 193, 208

Yuetang Daochang 月堂道昌 (1090–1171), 226–27

Yujian 玉澗 (n.d.), 241, 254–57yulu 語錄 (record(s) of words): and

commentaries on old cases, 241, 248; and genres of Chan literature, 15, 17n43, 222, 349; and lineage, 16

Yunfeng Miaogao 雲峰妙高 (1219–93), 12

Yunju an 雲居菴 (Cloud-Dwelling Cloister), 399

Yunmen 雲門 lineage, 12, 210n74, 226–27, 255–56

Yunnan 雲南, 62, 63, 73, 359; Ming-ben’s disciples from, 62, 264, 331–32, 395, 410

Yunqi Zhuhong 雲棲祩宏 (1535–1615), 410

Yuqian 於潛 (also known as Mount Qian 潛山), 98n34


Index 471

Zhongjia (shan) 中佳 (山) (Mount Zhongjia), 52, 81, 424

Zhongren 仲仁 (d. 1123), 337n72, 338–39

Zhou Conglong 周從龍 (n.d., late Ming), 419–20

Zhou Pu 周朴 (late Tang), 250zhoufan seng 粥飯僧 (porridge-and-

rice monks), 311Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130–1200), 4, 29n9, 200,

217, 287–92 passim, 345n91zhuan 傳 (biography, account), 29Zhuangzi 莊子, 133, 139n23, 185, 301 zhuchi 住持. See abbotZifu si 資福寺 (Accumulating Merit

Monastery), 44Zizheng 子證 (n.d.), 42zong 宗 (tradition, lineage), 4. See also

lineagezongjiao 宗教 (religion, teaching of

the lineage), 4Zongmi 宗密 (780–841), 27zu 族 (clan), 75–76, 228Zuo chan yi 坐禪儀 (Protocol for

seated meditation), 205Zuochan zhen 坐禪箴 (Admonition

on seated meditation), 304–6, 320

Zunshi 遵式 (964–1032), 212Zushun 祖順 (n.d.), 28–29, 30–69

passim, 80, 101; compared to Song Ben and Yu Ji, 70, 72, 74, 84–85; on portraits of Mingben, 359–60

Zutang ji 祖堂集 (Collection of the patriarchs’ hall), 224

zhengjue 正覺 (Skt. samyak-saṃbodhi; complete awakening), 43n52

zhenshiji 真實際 (ultimate reality), 400n76

Zhenyan 真言 (“True Word” or Eso-teric school of Buddhism), 360

zhenzan 真贊 (portrait eulogy), 42n48zhi 志. See determinationZhidun 支遁 (314–66), 326zhike 知客 (guest master), 202zhiku 知庫 (supply master), 192, 201Zhili 知禮 (960–1028), 212Zhiman yuan 智滿院 (Zhiman Tem-

ple), 388Zhiwen 至溫 (1217–1267), 13zhixue 直學 (academy managers), 217Zhiyi 智顗 (538–597), 28, 205, 223zhizhi renxin 直指人心 (“directly

pointing at men’s minds”), 15Zhongfeng Guoshi sanshi xinian Foshi 中峰國師三時繫念佛事 (National Teacher Zhongfeng’s Buddha-rite of the three periods of attentive recitation), 418–19

Zhongfeng Guoshi sanshi xinian Foshi quanji 中峰國師三時繫念佛事全集 The complete collection of Na-tional Teacher Zhongfeng’s Buddha-rite of the three periods of atten-tive recitation), 418

Zhongfeng Guoshi sanshi xinian yifan 中峰國師三時繫念儀範 (Rites for National Teacher Zhongfeng’s three periods of attentive recita-tion), 418–19


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