HEALTH GEOGRAPHY OF ANDHRA PRADESH

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

Dr. B.ShrinageshProf. Kalpana Markandey

Mr. Kiran BaktulaMr. Bhagiaiah

Globalization “is the closer integration of countries and peoples of the world…..brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication ,and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, Knowledge, and people across borders.

Joseph Stiglitz

Globalization and its ImpactGlobalization and its Impact• The world has become increasingly interconnected

and interdependent

• This has positive and negative consequences

• Rapid industrialization and urbanization

• Demand for energy and land

• Profits maximized : no focus on standards and regulation

• Pollution, improper waste disposal

• Depletion of natural resources

• Increased consumption

• Globalization and infectious diseases

• With changing climate, people have become more vulnerable to health risk at global level.

• With the changing climate and the environment, and the change in the seasons, which in turn, affecting agriculture globally.

• India, is not far behind, the current drought and flood situation is an indication to the future.

• The deficiency in food nutrition has set new challenges to the government.(Food Bill was Passed

in Parliament on 26/08/2013 IST)

• Common person has become a soft target to various new diseases.

Factors that Influence the Earth's Climate

Source: Internet

Health effects

Temperature-relatedillness and death

Extreme weather-related health effects

Air pollution-relatedhealth effects

Water and food-bornediseases

Vector borne and rodent borne diseases

Health Effects

Temperature-relatedillness and death

Extreme weather-related (floods, storms, etc.) health effects

Air pollution-relatedhealth effects

Human exposures

Regional weatherchanges

•Heat waves•Extreme weather•Temperature•Precipitation

Regional weatherchanges

•Heat waves•Extreme weather•Temperature•

•Sea-level rise

Contaminationpathways

Transmissiondynamics

----rodent

Microbial changes:

Contamination paths

Transmission dynamics

Water and food-bornediseases

Vector borne and borne diseases

Climate ChangeClimate Change

Changes in agro-ecosystems, hydrology

Socioeconomic and demographic disruption

Effects of food and water shortages

Mental, nutritional,infectious-disease and other effects

Modulating influences

Changes in climatic phenomenon

Confidence in observed changes

(latter half of 1900s)

Probability of projected changes to

2100

Higher maximum temperatures - more hot days

Likely Very likely

Higher minimum temperatures, - fewer cold days and frost days

Very likely Very likely

Increase of heat index over land areas Likely Very likely

More intense precipitation events Likely, (N mid to high

latitudes)

Very likely

Increased summer continental drying and associated risk of drought

Likely, in a few areas Likely, over most mid-latitude continental

interiors.

Increase in tropical cyclone peak wind intensities

Not observed in the few analysis available

Likely, over some areas

Increase in tropical cyclone mean and peak precipitation intensities

Insufficient data Likely, over some areas

IPCC WORKING GROUP I, Third Assessment Report, 2001

Social Pathology

In fact, different locations on earth are usually associated with different profiles: •physical, •biological, •environmental, •economical,•social, •cultural and •sometimes even spiritual profiles, that do affect and are affected by health, disease and healthcare.

These profiles and associated health and disease conditions may also change with time (the longitudinal or temporal dimensions).

Since the 1970s, newly emerging diseases have been identified at the unprecedented rate of one or more per year.

There are now nearly 40 diseases that were unknown a generation ago. In addition, during the last five years, WHO has verified more than 1100 epidemic events worldwide.

Today’s highly mobile, interdependent and interconnected world provides myriad opportunities for the rapid spread of infectious diseases

Epidemic-prone diseases

Food borne diseases

Accidental and deliberate outbreaks

Toxic chemical accidents

Radio nuclear accidents

Environmental disasters

The categories and examples given below illustrate the variety and breadth of public health threats confronting people today.

Infectious diseases such as

Malaria,

Leprosy,

Filariasis,

Tuberculosis,

Hepatitis and

Sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS are major health issues

Infectious diseases

Significance of the study

Health geography plays a vital role in public health surveillance, including the design and monitoring of the implementations of health interventions and disease prevention strategies.

Geographical research into healthcare services can also help identifying inequities in health service delivery between classes and region, and in the efficient allocation and monitoring of scarce healthcare resources.

As a modelling and decision support tool, GIS can help determining the geographical distribution and variation of diseases (e.g. prevalence, incidence) and associated factors, analyzing spatial and longitudinal trends, mapping population at risk and stratifying risk factors.

Andhra Pradesh is one of the fastest growing states in the country.

IT development has made A.P. as the most preferred global destination. Many MNCs have established themselves.

In spite of development in IT field, there is considerable backwardness in Health sector.

During the last ten years, the state has witnessed many new health related problems mainly in the rural areas.

When it comes to the urban areas, the city of Hyderabad, which is considered as the health capital of India, has its own drawbacks.

Objectives

• To study the prevalent diseases across the state of Andhra Pradesh.

• To study the infrastructural facilities available and suggest the alternatives.

Methodology

Data Collection

Spatial Data Primary

(Attribute Data)

Secondary(Attribute

Data)

Satellite Image( Medium &

High Resolution)Sample Survey

of villages DMHO dataAP Map &

Survey of India Toposheets

Data from DME And other private

hospitalsAPVVP data

Digitization of Layer

Boundaries

Carving of AOILinking of Spatial &

Attribute Data

DATA SOURCES Primary Data through a sample survey of households by means

of a multidimensional questionnaire

Directorate of Medical and Health Office

Andhra Pradesh Vaidya Vidhana Parishad

National Sample Survey

Directorate of Medical Education

Private Hospitals and Research centres

Census of India

Satellite Imagery of the disasters form NRSC

Toposheet and ground checks

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

LANDUSE/LANDCOVER OF ANDHRA PRADESH

WATER BODIES OF AP

DISEASES PREVALENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2001-2011

YEAR

NO

.0F

CA

SE

S

YEAR

No

. O

F C

AS

ES

DISEASES PREVALENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2001-2011

Contd.

DEATHS AS PER DISEASES PREVALENT

YEAR

No

. OF

DE

AT

HS

YEAR

No

.OF

DE

AT

HS

DEATHS AS PER DISEASES PREVALENT

Contd.

Gastroenteritis cases in Andhra Pradesh1991-2001

MALARIA CASES IN ANDHRA PRADESH2006-2010

DISTRICTS

CA

SE

S

MALARIA DEATHS IN ANDHRA PRADESH2006-2010

DISTRICT

DE

AT

HS

MALARIA CASES & DEATHS IN ANDHRA PRADESH2002-2012

YEAR

CA

SE

S A

ND

DE

AT

HS

PROJECTION OF VITAL STATISTICS

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

Nobel laureate Amartya Sen said that India needs to invest more on providing basic health care services, especially in rural areas and backward states.

The elementary health care services are worst in some of the backward states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkand.

He also lauded India’s growth trajectory but he emphasized that health care planning is not able to tackle various problems in its implementation.

Amartya Sen for better health care (24-10-2009) (The Hindu)

DISTRICT Sub Centres PHCs CHCs SDH Dist Hosp

ADILABAD 470 70 13 2 0

ANANTHAPUR 609 82 11 3 0

CHITTOOR 653 94 9 5 1

CUDDAPAH 462 72 12 1 1

EAST GODAVARI 809 96 20 3 1

GUNTUR 689 74 16 2 1

HYDERABAD 53 10 0 4 1

KARIMNAGAR 580 70 16 3 1

KHAMMAM 591 69 13 2 1

KRISHNA 609 72 9 2 1

KURNOOL 576 88 18 1 1

MAHABOOBNAGAR 680 85 14 4 1

MEDAK 489 67 8 3 1

NALGONDA 626 72 4 4 1

NELLORE 481 61 15 2 1

NIZAMABAD 412 50 14 3 1

PRAKASHAM 555 85 14 3 0

RANGA REDDY 399 48 9 1 1

SRIKAKULAM 488 86 14 2 0

VISHAKAPATNAM 573 76 13 2 0

VIZIANAGARAM 470 58 10 1 1

WARANGAL 605 69 14 2 0

WEST GODAVARI 643 70 15 3 1

STRENGTH OF HOSPITALS IN AP, DISTRICT WISE 2011

PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRESANDHRA PRADESH

Climate change and Health – Impact on Health through Climate change, Mitigation and Adaptation.

CASE STUDY – I NETWORK ANALYSIS

Rural-urban differences are quite high both in Andhra Pradesh and at the national level.

More health workers are located in urban areas than in rural areas. The availability of health workers and therefore health services is much better for the urban population as compared to the rural.

There is also a large difference in the per capita availability of health workers between rural and urban areas, indicating the disadvantage of rural people in terms of access to health services in general and public health services in particular.

Owing to inadequate public health facilities, while awareness and demand for health services are increasing, private health care has developed on a wide scale.

The rising cost of health care at the household level is a cause of concern and needs public action. The average share of household budget spent (7 per cent) on health care is relatively higher than the share of public budget spent (5 per cent) on health care in the state.

ConclusionsConclusions