1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AP Geographical Location:

Andhra Pradesh is situated on the country's southeastern coast between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude

AP is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.

The total area of Andhra Pradesh Is 2, 75,045 sq, km. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. AP is a part of the major Indo-Australian Plate a part of the ancient continent of

Gondwanaland. According to historical geology, it is one of the very few oldest land masses of the Indian sub-

continent - older in geological age than the Himalayas or the Indo-Gangetic plain, it is covered by the oldest rocks on the earth,

AP located in Tropical zone and the climate is Tropical monsoonal climate

Physiographic Divisions

The state can be divided into three distinct physical regions. They are 1. Coastal Plains – covers 35% of the area of the state.2. Eastern Ghats- covers 13% of the area of the state3. Deccan Plateau -covers 52% of the area of the state

Coastal Plain AP has 2nd longest coast line of 974 Km in India. East coast is an emergent coast. The coastal plain extends from the Bay of Bengal to the foot hills of Eastern Ghats Extends from Icchapuram in Srikakulam Dist to South of Pulicat Lake in Nellore Dist. Height varies between 0-150 m and height increases towards Eastern Ghats The Krishna and the Godavari Deltas form the central part of the plains and the shape of the

delta is Arcuate. North coast called Northern circars and south coast is called Coramandel coast i,e North and

south of false divi point. It has two wet lands 1.Kolleru Lake 2.Pulicat Lake and Coringa wild life sanctuary near Kakinada. Important Mangrove forests located along the coast are Coringa ,Krishna estuary and Godavari

estuary

The Eastern Ghats

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The Eastern Ghats are a rugged, hilly terrain running almost parallel to the eastern coast of India.

The Eastern Ghats are divisible into three zones: the northern Eastern Ghats, the middle Eastern Ghats (Kadapa hills), and the southern Eastern Ghats. Of these three zones, the northern and middle portions lie in Andhra Pradesh.

The Eastern Ghats are located between 11° 30' - 22° 00' N and 76° 50' - 86° 30' E in a N-E to S-W axis. The Ghats cover an area of about 75,000 sq. km with an average width of 200 km in the north and 100 km in the south.

They extend over a length of 1,750 km between the rivers Mahanadi and Vaigainal. The elevation of the Eastern Ghats is from 750 m to 1,672 m. Mahendragiri in AP-Odisha boarder in Ganjam dist is the highest peak of Eastern Ghats. Nallamalli Hills is largest hills situated between Krishna and Penneru Rivers The predominant rocks are khondalites and charnokites; These ranges are the source for west-flowing rivers (Machkund, Sabari, Sileru, Indravati etc.)

and the east-flowing rivers ( Vamsadhara, Nagavalli etc). Local Names are

o Papikondalu - East and West Godavario Nallamala hills- Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Guntur, Prakasam and Kadapa districts o Erramala hills – Kurnoolo Seshachalam Hills - Kadapa and Chittoor districtso Velikonda- Nellore and Chittoor

Deccan Plateau The peninsular plateau covers 52% of the area and lies within an altitude of 150-600m. It

comprises numerous hills, seasonal streams and tanks It is situated in the west of Eastern Ghats Telengana Plateau is Part of the Deccan Plateau, comprises of the interior region of Andhra

Pradesh. North of Krishna River is the plateau of Telengana. South of the Krishna River, lying in the

Rayalseema plateau region. i,e Kurnool and Ananthapur dist. It is abode of minerals including coal and rich in Black cotton soil.

Geology of the state

The geological formations of the State are: (1) The unclassified Archaean crystalline rocks mainly the granitic, but in eastern ghats comprising

granulite suites (khondalites and kodurites),(2) The Middle–Upper Proterozoic the Cuddapahs and its equivalents

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(3) The Mesozoic the coal bearing Gondwana strata,(4) Eocene lava flows(the Deccan traps) and(5) The semi-consolidated or unconsolidated tertiary and recent rocks.

Beaches Bheemunipatnam or Bhimili near visakhapatnam Kakinada Uppada Road Beach Kalingapatnam Beach is located in Srikakulam District Kottapatnam Beach and Motupalle Beach near Ongole town Krishnapatnam Beach and Maipadu Beach in Nellore District. Manginapudi Beach or Machilipatnam Ramakrishna ,Rushikonda and Lawson’s bay in Visakhapatnam. Suryalanka Beach near Bapatla Vodarevu Beach near Chirala of Prakasam District

Islands Sriharikota island - is a barrier island off the coast of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh

in India. It houses India's only satellite launch centre in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (also known as SHAR). It separates the Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal.

Hope Island is a small island situated off the coast of Kakinada, India, in Bay of Bengal. Lakes

Kolleru- is a largest freshwater lake in India located between Krishna and Godavari delta. Habitat for many resident and migratory birds, including the Grey or Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis). It is recognised under the international Ramsar Convention in November 2002

Pulicat Lake - is the second largest brackish – water lake or lagoon in India. It shares the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states on the Coromandal Coast in South India. The lake is most noted for the many Greater Flamingos .

Water falls

Ethipothala Falls –is on the Chandravanka River, a tributary of river Krishna. It is 11 KM near to Nagarjuna Sagar Dam,located in Guntur dist.

Kaigal waterfall is also called Dumukurallu waterfalls, near the Kaigal village in Chittoor district . Kuntala water fall located on the Kadam river , a tributary of Godavari in Adilabad dist. Talakona and Kailasakona wqater falls in chittoor dist.

2. CLIMATE OF A.P

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The climate is hot and humid with temperatures ranging from 15 °C to 45 °C. Precipitation is mainly during the southwest monsoon (June-September). Nearly 80%

precipitation falls during this period, the rest during the northeast monsoon (November-December).

The normal annual rainfall of the State is 940 m.m. Mean annual rainfall of the State ranges from 500 mm in the south to 1,210 mm in the north.

The northeastern areas along the coastline are periodically lashed by cyclones.Andhra Pradesh Climate is generally hot and humid

Highest temperatures recorded above 45 C. Kothgudem in Khammam and Rentachintala of Guntur district recorded the highest temperatures over 45 degree Celsius.

The influence of South-West Monsoon is predominant in Telangana region (716m.m) followed by Coastal Andhra (620 m.m) and Rayalaseema (407 m.m),

North-East Monsoon provides high amount of rainfall in Coastal Andhra area (324 m.m) followed by Rayalaseema (238 m.m) and Telangana (129 m.m).

Rainfall variability is high in lowest rainfall regions. As per Koppen climatic classification ,AP has As i.e Tropical wet and dry and Aw ie Tropical dry

type of climate Rayalaseema region ,Nalgonda ,Mahabubnagar districts are frequent drought prone areas due

to low rainfall. Govt declares drought affected mandals when they received deficit rainfall of above

(-)20% is of the normal rainfall.3. SOILS

Andhra Pradesh is endowed with a variety of soils ranging from poor sands to highly fertile deltaic alluviums.

Red soils occupy over 66% of the cultivated area and are mostly situated in Rayalaseema and Telangana districts. Red soils are composed of weathered crystalline and metamorphic rock and get their color from a high diffusion of iron. These soils have a low nutrient status.

Black soils cover nearly 25% of the cultivated area. They are also called as Regurs or Vertisols. These are useful for cotton cultivation. The black soils located in the districts of Khammam, Karimnagar, Warangal, East and West Godavari , Krishna and Guntur, Prakasam and Nellore.

The alluvial loamy clay soils found in Krishna and Godavari deltas cover 5% of the cultivated area.

The coastal sands occupy only 3% while the remaining 1% is covered by laterite soils in certain pockets of the State.

4. DRAINAGE SYSTEM

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The flow of water through well-defined channels is called Drainage and the network of such channels is known as Drainage system. AP drainage system characteristics

Part of Peninsular drainage system It is only Rain fed system and rivers are seasonal. All rivers are east flowing and joining Bay of Bengal All rivers are matured.

Andhra Pradesh is rightly called “A RIVER STATE” as it is blessed with major river systems like the Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Vamsadhara and 36 other rivulets. The state’s share of dependable flows at 75% dependability from the river systems is estimated at 2769 TMC (Thousand Million Cubic Feet).

Name of the Basin Catchment Area Availability of Water

1 2 3

Krishna River Basin 76.25 811.00

Godavari River Basin 73.20 1480.00

Pennar River Basin 47.11 98.65

Vamsadhara River Basin

1.93 52.50

Other River Basins 63.58 326.86

Andhra Pradesh 262.07 2769.01

GODAVARI RIVER The river Godavari, the largest of the peninsular rivers, and third largest in India, drains about

10% of India's total geographical area. The catchment area of the river is 3,12,812 sq.km. and is spread in the states of Maharashtra

(48.6%), Andhra Pradesh (23.4%), Madhya Pradesh (10.0%), Chattisgarh (10.9%), Orissa (5.7%) and Karnataka (1.4%).

The river Godavari rises in the Western Ghats near Thriambak Hills in the Nasik district of Maharashrta. After flowing for about 1,465 km., in a generally south-east direction, it falls into the Bay of Bengal. The lenghth of Godavri Andhra Pradesh.

The important tributaries are Pravara, Purna, Manjira, Maner, Penganga, Wardha, Pranhita, Indravati, Sabari

The distributaries of Godavari are Gautami,Vasista,Vynateya,Tuyla and Baradwaja. Important dams and Barrages are the Jaikwad and Pravara dam in Maharastra, Sriramsagar,

Kadam on Kadam river , Singur and Nizamsagar reservoirs on Manjira and Godavari Barrage at Dowlaiswaram. Polavaram ,Icchmpalli, Dummugudem are under construction.

KRISHNA RIVER

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The river Krishna rises in the western Ghats at an altitude of 1337 m just north of Mahabaleswar amd it empties into Bay of Bengal at Hamsaladivi.

The Krishna is the second largest eastward draining interstate river basin in Peninsular India. Total length is 1400 km and in AP is 610 Km The Krishna drains an area of 2,58,948 sq.km. which is nearly 8% of the total geographical

area of the country The important tributaries are Koyna ,Panchganga ,Dudhganga ,Ghataprabha,

Malaprabha ,Bhima,Tunga ,Bhadra ,Dindi ,Halia ,Musi ,Munneru The completed important major projects in Krishna basin are Koyna and Ujjani projects in

Maharashtra state, Almatti, Narayanpur, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhadra and Tunga Bhadra projects in Karnataka state and P.D. Jurala, Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, Prakasam Barrage, Musi and K C Canal projects in Andhra Pradesh.Pulichintala project is under construction.

PENNAR RIVER The river Pennar known also as "Uttara Pinakini" has its origin in the Nandidurg hills of Mysore .

it enters Anantapur district of the state. It flows through Cuddapah and Nellore district before entering into the Bay of Bengal near Utukur in Nellore District through several openings.

Its total length in Andhra Pradesh is almost 568-kms. The important tributaries of Pennar are the Jayamangali, the Chitravati, the Kunderu, the Papagni, the Sagileru, the Cheyyeru, the Boggeru and the Biraperu.

Important dams is Somasila dam in Nellore dist.

VAMSADHARA The Vamsadhara River is the biggest of the river systems flowing from Eastern Ghats into the

Bay of Bengal. It is 250-kms long. The catchment is 41,400-sq-kms flowing through Srikakulam district. It rises at Jayapur hills and enters Andhra Pradesh at Patapatnam, and merges into the sea at Kalingapatnam.

NAGAVALI It is also called the "Lungulya" in its lower reaches It rises in Orissa , flows through

Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam districts, before joining the sea near Mofaz Bandar in Srikakulam district.

Its chief tributaries are the Swarnamukhi, Jhanjavathi .DINDI

Dindi, a tributary of river Krishna ,rises in the Shabad mountains in Mahaboobnagar district and joins into the river Krishna at Eleswaram

MANJEERA

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Manjeera is a tributary of river Godavari and is a principal river flowing in Nizamabad district. It rises in the Balaghat hills and enters Andhra Pradesh in Medak district.

Singur and Nizan sagar dams are located on it.

MUSI An important tributary of river Krishna.nIt rises in the Ananthagiri hills in Rangareddy district. Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar is known as gandipet are the two dams built on it which act as

source of water for Hyderabad.

INDRAVATI Indravati is an important tributary of river Godavari and contributes to about 20% of the waters

of Godavari. The Indravati River rises from Rampur Thuamul in the Orissa state and merges into the

Godavari at Bhadrakali in Dantewada district. SABARI

The river Sabari is a tributary to the River Godavari. It merges with the river Godavari in Kunavaram, about 40-km from Bhadrachalam.

5. NATURAL VEGETATION Forest types

The total notified forest area of the State is 63,814 Km2, which is 23.2 % of the geographical area.

Reserved-, Protected- and Un-classed forests constitute 50,478.63 Km2 (79.10%), 12,365.34 Km2 (19.38%) and 969.76 Km2 (1.52%) of the total forest area

The Khammam District has the highest notified forest area– 8,436.94 Km2 and the Krishna has the lowest notified forest area – 664.28 Km2 only

FOREST TYPE Area in Sq.Km % of AreaTropical Dry Deciduous Forests 28431 44.5Southern Tropical Thorn Forests 16110 25.3Southern Tropical Moist Deciduous 16100 25.2Littoral Forests 2856 4.5Tidal Swamp Mangrove Forests 317 0.5

Total : 63814 100

Forest ProduceThe forest products in the state include Timber, Bamboo, Firewood & Charcoal, Beedi Leaves and Miscellaneous. Wild life conservation & Protected Area Network in AP

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Andhra Pradesh is endowed with rich Flora and Fauna with 5000 plant species, 500 bird species, 100 species of mammals and more than 100 reptile species.

Important endemic species of the state are Cycas beddomi, Red sanders, Shorea talura, Jerdon’s courser, Golden gecko and Slender loris

The State has 26 Protected Areas – 20 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 4 National Parks and 2 Tiger Reserve i.e.

Tiger Reserves included in the Project Tiger 1973 are Nagarjuna Sagar – Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR), the biggest Tiger Reserve of India and Kawal tiger reserve in Adilabad dist.

The wild life sanctuary included in the Project Elepahnt is The Rayala Elephant Reserve including the Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary.

Seshachalam Hill Ranges as Biosphere Reserve-The hill ranges spread in parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh have been designated as Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve on 20th September, 2010. National Parks Area

National parks include Sri Venkateshwara Sanctuary in chittoor dist, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park, Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park in HyderabadZoos of Andhra Pradesh include Nehru Zoological Park, Hyderabad,Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park, Tirupathi, Indira Gandhi Zoological Park, Visakhapatnam

Wild life sanctuaries include, KAWAL, PRANAHITA, SIVARAM, ETURNAGARAM, PAKHAL, KINNERASANI,PAPIKONDA,CORINGA,KOLLERU,KRISHNA,POCHARAM,MANJIRA,NAGARJUNASAGA,ROLLA PADU,GUNDLA BRAHMESWARA,SRI LANKAMALLESHWARA,NELAPATTU, PULICAT, KAUNDINYA (Project Elephant), SRI PENINSULA NARASIMHA, KAMBALA KONDA

6. POPULATION

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in the Country, in terms of population. As per Census-2011(Provisional), the State accounts for 7.0 per cent of the total population in the country.

The decadal growth of population is 11.1 percent during 2001-11, lower than the All-India’s growth of 17.6 percent.

Population-wise, The State occupies 5th rank in the country after Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,Bihar and West Bengal.

Among the districts Ranga Reddy district stands to be the most populous district in State surpassing the legacy of East Godavari and Vizianagaram dsitrict has the lowest population.

Sex Ratio: Sex ratio defined as the number of females per 1,000 males has shown a declining trend in the State till 1991. The Sex Ratio in the State up from 978 in 2001 to 992 in 2011 is higher than All India’s 940 in 2011.

The sex ratio continues to show a favourable trend in Nizamabad, Vizianagram and Srikakulam districts. The Districts of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Guntur and Chittoor have registered a progressive sex ratio moving from less than 1000 category to more than 1000 from 2001 to 2011.

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Density Density of population defined as the number of 135persons living per Sq. The density of the population for the state is 308 persons per square kilometres., as against 382 persons per square kilometres. at all India level in 2011. Among the districts, the density of population of Hyderabad continues to be the highest at 18,480 while Adilabad and Khammam due to their larger forest area, continue to have the lowest population density.

The percentage of urban population to the total population in the state is 33.49 percent in 2011 as compared to 27.3 percent in 2001. Among all the districts, Hyderabad obviously is the only district with 100 percent urban population followed by Rangareddy district with 70.32 percent urban population. The least urbanized district is Mahabubnagar with 15 percent of urban population followed by Srikakulam with 16.16 percent

Literacy -A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is considered as Literate. The literacy rate of the State is 67.66 percent in 2011 as against 60.47 percent in 2001. The literacy rate of the State is lower than of all India literacy rate at 74.04 per unit. The literacy rate in India increased from 64.84 to 74.04 percent during 2001-2011.

Literacy in Andhra Pradesh increased over 24 percentage points from 44.1 percent in 1991 to 67.66 percent in 2011. the male literacy rate has increased from 70.32 percent to 75.56 percent. Where as, the female literacy rate has gone up from 50.43 percent in 2001 to 59.74 percent in 2011. Among the districts, Hyderabad is at the top with 80.96 percent and Mahabubnagar district by least with 56.06 percent in 2011.

Tribal PopulationThe criteria followed for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe are.

i. Indications of primitive traits;ii. Distinctive Culture;

iii. Geographical isolation;iv. Shyness of contact with the community at large; andv. Backwardne

The total population of Andhra Pradesh, as per the 2001 Census, is 76,210,007. Of which, 5,024,104 (6.6 per cent) are Scheduled Tribes (STs). The ST population constitutes 6 per cent of the country’s ST population. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 have notified 33 STs in the state. Out of the 33 STs, five namely, Goudu, Malis, Nayaks, Thoti and Valmiki have been notified with an area restriction. Goudu, Nayaks and Valmiki have been notified in the Agency tracts area, which comprises Srikakulum, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts. Malis have been notified in the state excluding Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal districts. Thoti have been notified in the Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal districts. Twelve tribes namely, Bodo Gadaba, Gutob Gadaba, Bondo Poraja, Khond Poroja, Parangiperja, Chenchu, Dongaria Khonds, Kuttiya Kondhs, Kolam, Kondareddis, Konda Savaras, and Thoti have been recognized as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs).

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The growth rate of ST population in the decade 1991-2001 at 19.6 per cent has been higher if compared to the overall growth rate of 14.6 per cent of the state population as a whole. Among the numerically major STs, highest growth rate of 36 per cent has been recorded in the case of Sugalis, followed by Koya (24.4 per cent), Gond (18.9 per cent), Yenadis (16.8 per cent) and Yerukulas (12.8 per cent).

Population- Size & Distribution Out of the 33 STs, Sugalis are numerically the largest ST with a population of 2,077,947 constituting 41.4 per cent of the state’s ST population. They are followed by Koya 568,019 (11.3 per cent), Yenadis 462,167 (9.2 per cent), Yerukulas 437,459 (8.7 per cent) and Gond 252,038 (5 per cent). These five (5) STs together account for 76 per cent of the ST population of the state. District-wise distribution of ST population shows that they are mainly concentrated in the districts of Khammam, Visakhapatnam, Warangal, Adilabad and Nalgonda. These five districts constitute 48.9 per cent of the total ST population of the state.

Sex ratioThe overall sex ratio of the ST population is 972 females per 1000 males, which is marginally lower than 978 reported for the state population as a whole at 2001 Census. The over all sex ratio of the ST population has registered an increase over 960 reported at the 1991 Census. The sex ratio of above 1000 among ST population in the five contiguous districts namely, Srikakulam (1009), Vizianagaram (1025), Visakhapatnam (1003), East Godavari (1011) and West Godavari (1018) have returned higher sex ratio among STs. In the remaining 18 districts it varies between 994 (Nizamabad) and 921 (Nalgonda).

Literacy and educational level

According to 2001 Census, percentage of literate persons (those who can read & write with understanding), aged 7 years and above, among ST population of Andhra Pradesh is 37 per cent, which is lower than 60.5 per cent reported for state population as a whole. Among the major STs, Yerukulas have reported the highest literacy rate (45.4 per cent), followed by Koya (41.8 per cent), Gond (36.4 per cent), Yenadis (35.3 per cent) and Sugalis (34.3 per cent). The female literacy rate of 26.1 per cent among the ST population is matter of concern as almost a fourth of ST females are illiterate in the state.

6. POPULATION

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in the Country, in terms of population. As per Census-2011(Provisional), the State accounts for 7.0 per cent of the total population in the country.

The decadal growth of population is 11.1 percent during 2001-11, lower than the All-India’s growth of 17.6 percent.

Population-wise, The State occupies 5th rank in the country after Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,Bihar and West Bengal.

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Among the districts Ranga Reddy district stands to be the most populous district in State surpassing the legacy of East Godavari and Vizianagaram dsitrict has the lowest population.

Sex Ratio: Sex ratio defined as the number of females per 1,000 males has shown a declining trend in the State till 1991. The Sex Ratio in the State up from 978 in 2001 to 992 in 2011 is higher than All India’s 940 in 2011.

Density Density of population defined as the number of 135persons living per Sq. The density of the population for the state is 308 persons per square kilometres., as against 382 persons per square kilometres. at all India level in 2011. Among the districts, the density of population of Hyderabad continues to be the highest at 18,480 while Adilabad and Khammam due to their larger forest area, continue to have the lowest population density.

The percentage of urban population to the total population in the state is 33.49 percent in 2011 as compared to 27.3 percent in 2001. Among all the districts, Hyderabad obviously is the only district with 100 percent urban population followed by Rangareddy district with 70.32 percent urban population. The least urbanized district is Mahabubnagar with 15 percent of urban population followed by Srikakulam with 16.16 percent

Literacy -A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is considered as Literate. The literacy rate of the State is 67.66 percent in 2011 as against 60.47 percent in 2001. The literacy rate of the State is lower than of all India literacy rate at 74.04 per unit. The literacy rate in India increased from 64.84 to 74.04 percent during 2001-2011.

the male literacy rate has increased from 70.32 percent to 75.56 percent. Where as, the female literacy rate has gone up from 50.43 percent in 2001 to 59.74 percent in 2011. Among the districts, Hyderabad is at the top with 80.96 percent and Mahabubnagar district by least with 56.06 percent in 2011.

7. AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVITIES

Andhra Pradesh is primarily an agro-based state and employs 65 % of the state’s population. It has about 115.32 lakh operational land holdings out of which 94.41 lakh are marginal farmers and 25.18lakh are Small farmers .The average size of land holding is 1.25 hect. Around 25 percent (average contribution) of AP’s GDP comes from Agriculture.

Land Utilization

The total Geographical area of the State is 275.04 lakh hectares. Out of the Geographical area, 41.04 % is under Net Area Sown (112.88 lakh hectares), 22.65 % under Forest (62.30 lakh hectares), 8.10 % under current fallow lands(22.29 lakh hectares),

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10.08% under Land put Non- Agricultural uses (27.71 lakh hectares), 7.37 % under Barren and uncultivable land (20.26 lakh hectares) and remaining 10.76 % under other fallow land, cultivable waste, permanent Pastures and other

grazing lands and Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves not included in the Net Area Sown (29.60 lakh hectares).

Gross Area and Net Area Irrigated in A.P. The gross area irrigated by all sources during the year 2010-2011 is 71.53 lakh hectares. This

accounted for 49.29 % of the gross cropped area as against 45.89 % during 2009-2010. The Net Area Irrigated for 2010-2011 is also increased to 50.34 lakh hectares from 42.15 lakh

hectares in 2009-2010. The major share of irrigated area under wells accounts 51.40% ,canals- 34.7% and by tanks

10.3%.

Agro-Climatic Zones

Based on the climate parameters i.e., rainfall and temperature, the State is broadly divided into 9 distinct Agro-Climatic Zones.

Sl.No Name of the Zone Districts Head quarters 1 North Coastal Zone Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam Anakapalle2 Godavari Zone East Godavari, West Godavari Maruteru3 Krishna Zone Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam Lam4 Southern Zone Chittoor, Kadapa, Nellore Tirupati

5 Northern Telangana Zone

Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Adilabad Jagtial

6Central Telangana Zone

Warangal, Khammam, Medak Warangal

7Southern Telangana Zone

Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, Rangareddy (+ Hyderabad)

Palem

8 Scarce Rainfall zone Kurnool, Anantapur Nandyal

9High Altitude & Tribal Areas Zone

High Altitude & Tribal Areas of Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Khammam and Adilabad districts

Chintapalli

Food production Andhra Pradesh has only 5.49% of the area under foodgrains in India Rice and Jowar are the staple food grain crops which together accounted 62.34 % of the total

area under food grain crops during 2010-2011

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The total food production in the state is 19.50 MT.

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Highest food grain production : Guntur>WG>KRM------RR>CTR

Rice: WG>KRM>Nalgonda--RR>Kdp

Wheat :ADB>Medak>NZB Jowar: KNL>Medak Bajra: Prakasam>Kadapa-

Kurnool Ragi:VSP>CTR>ATP Maize:Guntur>KRM

Bengal gram:Kurnool>Prakasam

Red gram:MHB>Prakasam>KNL

Ground Nut: ATP>MHB>CTR

Sunflower: KNL Chillies:Guntur>KHM Cotton:ADB>WGL Sugar cane:WG>CTR>VSKP Tobacco:Prakasam>WG Onions:KNL>MDK

Production strengths of Horticulture crops of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Ranks 1 st in production of Spices and Fruits and 3 rd in production of Flowers in the Country. Crop wise, Andhra Pradesh Ranks 1 st in production of Sweet

Orange, Lime/ Lemon, Papaya, Oil Palm; 2nd in the production of Mango, Cashew and Tomato; 3rd in production of Loose flowers, Pomogranate, Cocoa, Brinjal,

Bhendi & Tapioca 4th in production of Banana, Grapes & Sapota Mango- Chittoor, Krishna, Vizianagaram, Khammam, Cuddapah,

West Godavari Sweet Orange- Nalgonda, Prakasam, Ananthpur, Karimnagar Banana - East and West Godavari, Guntur, Vizianagaram, Cuddapah,

Kurnool Papaya- Cuddapah, Ananthpur, Prakasam Lemon / Lime- Nellore, Cuddapah, West Godavari, Nalgonda Sapota- Guntur, Prakasam, Ananthpur Tomato- Kurnool, Chitoor, Rangareddy, Prakasam Onion - Kurnool, Medak, Cuddapah. Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy Tapioca - East Godavari Bhendi - Kurnool, Krishna, Warangal, Vizag, Nalgonda Brinjal - Vizag, East Godavari, Nizamabad, Rangareddy, Ananthpur Chillies - Guntur, Krishna, Warangal, Khammam, Prakasam

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Turmeric - Nizamabad, Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal Coriander - Kurnool, Cuddapah, Ananthpur, Prakasam Tamarind - Ananthpur, Chittoor

Livestock population in A.P (as per 2007 census) Catgory No.in lakhs

Cattle - 112.23Buffaloes - 132.72Sheep - 255.39Goat - 96.26Pigs - 4.39Poultry - 1239.85

The important breeds of AP are Ongole breed bull and Punganur breed cow.

Sericulture

Andhra Pradesh is the second largest producer of Mulberry and tasar cocoons in the country, and Muga culture is in initial stage. Andhra Pradesh has the privilege of producing all 4 types of silk called Tasar, Eri, Muga besides mulberry being predominantly practiced in Tribal areas of the State.

Tasar culture : rearing of Tasar silk worms on the food plants available in the forest areas of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal and Khammam Districts

Ericulture Andhra Pradesh is having larger extent of Castor and Tapioca plantations particularly in MahabubNagar, Nalgonda, Rangareddy and East Godavari districts

Fisheries

Fresh water fish production is more than salt water fish in the state. Andhra Pradesh ranks First in Brackish water shrimp production, First in Fresh water prawn production;

second in Fresh water fish production, second in total value of fish and prawn produced and Fifth in Marine fish production.

8. IRRIGATION AND POWER PROJECTS

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Completed Irrigation Projects in A.P

Completed Major Irrigation Projects

S.No. Major Irrigation ProjectsAyacut in

AcresS.No. Major Irrigation Projects

Ayacut in Acres

1 Godavari Delta System 10,13,000 9 Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme 87,500

2 Kaddam Project 68,500 10 SriRamSagar Project Stage-I 9,69,000

3 KC Canal Project 102465 11 Srisailam Project (NSRSP) 1,90,000

4 Krishna Delta System 13,09,000 12 TBPHLC Stage-I 1,13,200

5 Nagarjuna Sagar Project 21,43,000 13 TBPLLC 1,51,000

6 Nizamsagar Project 2,75,000 14 Vamsadhara Project stage-I 1,48,000

7 Pennar Delta System 2,47,000 15 Yeleru Reservoir Project 1,44,000

8 RDS Link Canal 30,000

POWER PLANTS IN AP

The present installed capacity in the State (including share from Central Sector and private sector) is 15,768.14 MW

A.P Genco Source Installed Capacity(MW)Thermal 5092.5Hydel 3829.4Wind 2.00

List of thermal power plants

1. Ramagundam Thermal Power Station-An NTPC run in Karimnagar district

2. Simhadri -NTPC- Pittavanipalem Village in Vishakhapatnam district.

3. Konaseema Gas Power Ltd-Konaseema is one of the largest natural gas based combined cycle thermal power plants in AP. Located at Ravulapalam in the East Godavari district, it has a capacity of 460 MW.

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4. Vijjeswaram-Situated in the west Godavari District, it is one of the first gas based thermal power plants in AP with a capacity of 60 MW.

5. GVK Jegurupadu Power plant- Jegurupadu is one of India's First independent combined cycle thermal power plants Andhra

6. Kothagudem Thermal Power Station- Paloncha in khammam.7. Vemagiri Power Generation Limited- this is one of the natural

gas based thermal power plants Andhra Pradesh houses. It has a capacity of 388.5 MV.

8. Rayalseema Thermal Power Station –Muddanur,Kadapa dist.9. Dr Narla Tatarao TPS -Also known Vijayawada Thermal Power

Plant, 10. Kakatiya Thermal Power Station- Warangal.

List of Hydro Power Plants

Hydro Power Stations River Capacity in MWMachkund (AP Utilisation) Sileru 84

Tungabhadra (AP Utilisation) Tungabhadra 57.6

Upper Sileru sileru 240Donkarayi sileru 25Lower Sileru sileru 460Priyadarshini Jurala Krishna Srisailam Right Krishna 770Srisailam Left Krishna 900Nagarjunasagar Krishna 815.6NS Right Canal and left canal Krishna 150Pochampad Godavari 36Nizamsagar Manjira 10Penna Ahobilam penna 20Singur Manjira 15Mini Hydro 12.2

APGENCO Hydro 3829.4

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List of Ultra Mega Power Projects in India

State Location Capacity (MW) AwardedGujarat Mundra 4000 Tata PowerMadhya Pradesh Sasan 3960 Reliance

Andhra Pradesh Krishnapatnam 4000 Reliance

Tamil Nadu Cheyyur 4000 Jharkhand Tilaiyya 3960 Reliance

9. MINES Andhra Pradesh is well known globally for variety of rocks and minerals and called as Ratna Garbha, a State endowed with variety of minerals.

The state has the distinction of having produced many of the historically famous diamonds like the Koh-i-noor, the Great Mogul, the Hope and the Orloff.

The State occupies first position in Barytes, Limestone and Beach sand heavy mineral deposits in the country.

There are huge deposits of Bauxite in East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts.

Asbestos near Bramhana palli and Lime stone near Yerraguntla mining in Kadapa dist.

Kadapa is also famous for its stone called as "Kadapa stone" used in building construction and for slabs especially in the south India.

Krishna- Godavari on shore and off shore basin contain huge reserves of oil and natural gas.

Andhra Pradesh is only State in the entire Southern India that contains large deposits of Coal in south india in the Godavari Valley. Important mines include Tandur, singareni collieries, Kothagudem.

In India, the main mica-sites in Andhra Pradesh are found at Atmakur, Ravuru and Gudur of Nellore district.

The important gold mines Ramgiri gold fields are in Ananthapur district.

The large uranium reserve discovered at Tummalapalle near Pulivendla in Kadappa district, Lambapur in Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh .

The Mangampet Barytes deposit of Kadapa is the largest among the known Barytes of the globe .

Marble in Khammam District,

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Manganese in Srikakulam districts Iron ore in Rayadurg area in Anantapur district, Bayyaram in

Khammam district, Gani- Ramallaokota and Veldurthi areas in Kurnool district, Gaudrai area in Krishna district and around Konijedu in Prakasham district

Lead mininignin Agnigundala mine of Guntur dist. Diamond mine in Wajrakarur-Lattavaram-Chigicherla-Kalyandurg

area (WKF) in Anantapur district.

10. TRASPORTATION AND SEA PORTS

STATE ROAD NET WORK The R&B Department is maintaining 68,286 Kms of roads comprising National Highways, State Highways, Major District Roads and Rural roads. The details of State Highways, Major District Roads and Rural roads are as under:

S.No. ROAD TYPE Length in Kms.

1 State Highways 10231

2 Major District Roads 32222

3 Rural Roads 21186

4 National Highways(12) 4647

List of important National Highways Passing through AP

S. NO.

HIGHWAY NO. HIGHWAY NAME ROUTE IN AP

LENGTH (Km)

1 4

Junction with National Highways No 3 nearThane-Pune-Belgaum-Hubli-banglore-Ranipet-Chennai

Karnataka Border-Palmaner-chittoor-Naraharipeta-uptoTamil Nadu Border 83

2 5 Junction with National HighWays From Orissa border to Tamil 1000

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No 6 near Baharagora -Cuttak-Bhubaneshwar-Vishakhapatnam-Vijaywada-Chennai Nadu Border

3 7 Varanasi-KanyakumariFrom Maharashtra Border - Border 753

4 9Pune-Sholapur-Hyderabad-Vijayawada-Machilipatnam

From Karnataka Border- Machillipatnam 430

5 16 Nijamabad-Macheral-jagdalpur

Nizamabad-Armur-Jagtial- Chinnur upto Maharashtra Border 220

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Junction with National Highway No 7 near Kurnool Nandyal-cuddapah Junction with National Highway No 4 near Chittor

Kumool-Nandyal-C uddapah- Rayachot-Chittoor- 369

National water ways in AP NW-4: Godavari & Krishna rivers & Canals between Kakinada and Puducherry Declared as National Waterway 4 (NW 4) on 25.11.2008 The Kakinada-Puducherry stretch of Canals and the Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam – Rajahmundry stretch of River Godavari and Wazirabad - Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna Total lenghth of NW-4, 1095 km.

Seaports

Andhra Pradesh is having about 974 Km long coastline with 1 major and 14 non-major ports. The ports are given below:

Sl.No Ports District Major Port

1 Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Dist. Intermediate Ports:

2 Kakinada E. G. Dist. 3 Machilipatnam Krishna Dist.

Minor Ports:

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4 Vodarevu Prakasam Dist. 5 Krishnapatnam Nellore Dist. 6 Bhavanapadu Srikakulam Dist. 7 Kalingapatnam Srikakulam Dist. 8 Bheemunipatnam Visakhapatnam Dist. 9 Gangavaram Visakhapatnam Dist.

10 Meghavaram (Captive Port) Srikakulam Dist. 11 Nakkapalli (Captive port) Visakhapatnam Dist. 12 Rawa E.G.Dist. 13 Narsapur W.G.Dist. 14 Nizampatnam Guntur Dist.

Visakhapatnam port-largest cargo handling port in the country. Gangavaram port with ultimate capacity of 200 MTs would be fully

mechanised with latest equipment & deepest in the country will be useful as a satellite port for vizag port.

Krishnapatnam Port is situated in Potti Sriramulu Nellore District On the left bank of Upputeru River and it is the first Greenfield Port privatized by the Government of AP.

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