Health ClassHealth Class

Emergency First Aid Emergency First Aid

and CPRand CPR

This presentation is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. First Aid and CPR training

certification can be obtained at the American Heart

Association or the American Red Cross.

NOTICE

EMERGENCY FIRST AID

If you are the first on the scene of accident that results in an injury or serious illness, you may be the only link between a victim and emergency medical care. Your role is to take action, whether by providing first aid, seeking medical help or calling 911. Your actions may improve the victims chance of recovery.

The following slides will provide specific information from the American Heart Association on basic first aid procedures.

CHECK, CALL, CARE

Check: Consider safety first and make sure the surroundings are safe for you and victim. (Gloves, glasses, masks, etc.)

Call: Call 911 or yell for help for someone to call 911.

Care: Follow ABC’s.

BLEEDINGApply direct pressure to

the wound (at this time a direct pressure bandage may be used)

Elevate (do not further harm)

Pressure Point additional pressure may be applied to a pressure point to help reduce bleeding.

2 TYPES OF WOUNDS

1. OPEN WOUND 2. CLOSED WOUNDA closed wound (a contusionor internal bleeding) is a bruise that damages the underlying tissue without breaking the skin (as in a black eye).

An open wound (as in a knife cut) is a break in the skin or mucous membrane.

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS

Name Description Avulsion (OPEN) In an avulsion, a portion of skin isIn an avulsion, a portion of skin is torn.

This can be partial, with a portion of skin remaining as a This can be partial, with a portion of skin remaining as a "flap." In a total avulsion, a body part is completely torn "flap." In a total avulsion, a body part is completely torn off. off.

Contusion/Bruise (CLOSED) Bleeding that occursBleeding that occurs under the skin causes discoloration, swelling. The area begins as red causes discoloration, swelling. The area begins as red but may turn into a "black and blue mark." but may turn into a "black and blue mark."

Incision (OPEN) A cut is a split in the skin caused by a A cut is a split in the skin caused by a sharp object, such as asharp object, such as a knife, or even a dull object; has aknife, or even a dull object; has a smooth edge.edge.

Laceration (OPEN) A cut that has aA cut that has a jagged edge.edge. Puncture (OPEN) A puncture wound is caused when the A puncture wound is caused when the

skin isskin is pierced by a sharp object. Included in this category by a sharp object. Included in this category are gunshot wounds, impaled objects, and an object that are gunshot wounds, impaled objects, and an object that passes totally through a part of the body.passes totally through a part of the body.

Abrasion/Scrape (OPEN) A scrape is very common, and A scrape is very common, and occurs when skin isoccurs when skin is rubbed or scraped awayor scraped away..

CARE FOR SHOCK Keep the victim laying

down (if possible). Elevate legs 10-12 inches…

unless you suspect a spinal injury or broken bones.

Cover the victim to maintain body temperature.

Provide the victim with plenty of fresh air.

If victim begins to vomit - place them on their left side.

Call 911.

FIRST AID FOR SPRAINS AND STRAINS

P-R-I-C-E

P-rice, protection of injured area

R-est, no activity I-ce, for 20 minutes C - Compress, use an

elastic or conforming wrap - not too tight.

E - Elevate, above heart level to control internal bleeding.

CARE FOR DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURES

I-A-C-T I - Immobilize area above and below the

injured site. Use pillows, jackets, blankets, etc. Stop any movement by supporting injured area.

A - Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS), call 911.

C - Care for shock. See “Care for Shock” slide.

T - Treat any additional secondary injuries.

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FRACTURESFRACTURES

Open FractureOpen Fracture

Close to the fracture, the skin is broken and the bone may protrude through the skin.

Closed FractureClosed Fracture -

The surrounding skin is unbroken. However, injury to internal tissue may cause swelling

SIMPLE FRACTURE

When there is a clean break or crack in the bone, it is also known as a simple fracture.

COMPOUND FRACTURE

A compound fracture is a break in the bone with an external wound extending to the bone.

GREENSTICK FRACTURE

A split in a young, immature bone (common in children).

COMMINUTED FRACTURE

This type of fracture produces multiple bone fragments.

IMPACTED FRACTURE

An impacted fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other. This is commonly seen in arm fractures in children and is sometimes known as a buckle fracture.

Poisons

Poisons can enter the body one of four ways:

1. Inhalation

2. Ingestion

3. Injection

4. Absorption

POISONING Assess the scene for clues

and safety. Get victim away from

poison if necessary. Provide care for any life

threatening conditions. Notify medical staff or on-

call Doctor. Call the Poison Control

Center and 911 when necessary.

OTHER FIRST AID PROCEDURES

Burn CareBurn CareNeck and Back InjuriesNeck and Back InjuriesHeat Exhaustion/Heat StrokeHeat Exhaustion/Heat StrokeHypothermia/Frost BiteHypothermia/Frost BiteSevere Allergic ReactionsSevere Allergic ReactionsBites and StingsBites and Stings

Degree of Burn

First Degree Burn

Second Degree Burn

Third Degree Burn

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Burns – Degrees of Burns

1. First-degree burn

a. Only the top layer of skin is

b. The skin is only mildly

c. There is only a little

d. These burns usually within a week.

burned.

discolored.swellin

g.heal

First-Degree Burn

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

First Degree Burn

Damage to the outer layer of skin

(epidermis), causing pain, redness, and

swelling.

Redness (Erythema)

Burns – Degrees of Burns

1. Second-degree burn

a. layers of skin are burned.

b. The skin has a appearance.

c. There is greater swelling, and there are

d. These burns take up to three weeks to heal and should be attended by a

Several

spotty or blotchy

blisters.

physician.

Second-Degree Burn

Second Degree Burn

Damage to both outer skin and underlying tissue layers (epidermis and dermis), causing pain, redness, swelling, and

blistering.

Blisters (Bulla)

Burns – Degrees of Burns

1. Third-degree burn

a. layers of skin are burned.

b. There is discoloration.

c. Some skin may be

d. These burns can be

Many

severe

charred.life threatening.

Third-Degree Burn

Third Degree Burn

Damage extends deeper into tissues (epidermis,

dermis, and hypodermis) causing extensive tissue

destruction. The skin may feel numb.

Full thickness burn with tissue damage

Heat Burn Treatment

For a first or second degree burn, run cool For a first or second degree burn, run cool tap water for 15-20 minutes and cover with tap water for 15-20 minutes and cover with a bandage. Do not use ice or butter.a bandage. Do not use ice or butter.

Burn is first-degree or small second-Burn is first-degree or small second-degree, apply cold water/compress until degree, apply cold water/compress until pain stops.pain stops.

Do not apply an ointment.Do not apply an ointment.

Determine degree and amount of burnDetermine degree and amount of burn..

Heat Burn Treatment

• Do not attempt to pull off the clothing Do not attempt to pull off the clothing because skin may come with it.because skin may come with it.

• Cut off clothing if it is not attached to the Cut off clothing if it is not attached to the skin.skin.

Apply a sterile dressing and elevate.Apply a sterile dressing and elevate.

Seek immediate medical attention.Seek immediate medical attention.

If it is a third-degree burn or large If it is a third-degree burn or large second-degree burn: second-degree burn:

Chemical Burn Treatment

Determine if burn was caused by a dry chemical.

If so, brush it off, remove clothing, wash area fifteen to twenty minutes.

If not caused by dry chemical, remove clothing and jewelry, wash area for fifteen to twenty minutes.

Seek medical attention in both cases.

Electrical Burn Treatment

If burn is not chemical, then it’s an electrical burn.

Is victim in contact with electrical source, are you at risk?

If yes, ask adult to turn off power.

May entail calling 911 to have then call appropriate person.

Treatment same as heat burn.

Electrical Burn Treatment

In all cases, monitor wound for signs of infection.

Large wounds – seek medical attention to reduce risk of infection.

Serious burn, monitor for signs of shock.

HEAD AND SPINE INJURY

Always suspect head and spine injury.

Do not move unless area is unsafe and the person’s life is in danger.

Use the jaw thrust method if unresponsive.

Weather Related EmergenciesWeather Related Emergencies

Weather related emergencies include:

Hyperthermia: Heat related, body unable to cool itself

Heat Exhaustion: Skin cold & clammy, person alert

Heatstroke: Skin hot, altered state of awareness

Hypothermia: Cold related, body unable to warm itself

Frostbite: Freezing of the extremities (fingers & toes)

Frostnip: First stage of freezing outer layers of skin

Move person into a cool place; remove any excess clothing; cool victim with either water, fanning, or cool packs under the armpits or groin; wait for medical attention, in the case of heatstroke.

Treatment for Hyperthermia

Weather Related EmergenciesWeather Related Emergencies

Weather Related EmergenciesWeather Related Emergencies

Treatment for Hypothermia

“The core body temperature drops below degrees.”Ninety-

five

Weather Related EmergenciesWeather Related Emergencies

Treatment for Hypothermia

Move the victim out of the cold; handle the victim carefully; replace wet clothes with dry clothes. You may need to be forceful verbally to get the individual to comply; Insulate from the cold with layered clothing and/or an insulated sleeping bag.

If possible, try to catch the spider or insect without risk to you.If possible, try to catch the spider or insect without risk to you. Check to see Check to see if if the stinger is in the skin.the stinger is in the skin. If not, Clean the area, apply ice to reduce swelling.If not, Clean the area, apply ice to reduce swelling.

Insect Bite or Sting Treatment

Insect Bite or Sting Treatment

If stinger is found, gently scrape the stinger out of the wound using a plastic card or fingernail, If stinger is found, gently scrape the stinger out of the wound using a plastic card or fingernail, pulling away from the wound to minimize amount of toxin released into the body.pulling away from the wound to minimize amount of toxin released into the body.

Do not squeeze stinger. Treat wound as a minor cut.Do not squeeze stinger. Treat wound as a minor cut.

Insect Bite or Sting Treatment Next, check to see if the victim is allergic to the bite. (Check for difficulty breathing, swelling of face and tongue. If can use a epinephrine Next, check to see if the victim is allergic to the bite. (Check for difficulty breathing, swelling of face and tongue. If can use a epinephrine

pen.)pen.) Look for signs of shock and swelling.Look for signs of shock and swelling. If no, then seek medical attention or an adult for assistance.If no, then seek medical attention or an adult for assistance. If yes, check “ABC,” treat for shock, and immediately seek medical attention.If yes, check “ABC,” treat for shock, and immediately seek medical attention.

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION CPR ABC’s

AIRWAY - Open the airway with the tilt-chin method.

Breath - give two breaths.

Check circulation.

If there is no pulse or breathing…..(next slide)

CPR Continued

… Perform chest compressions. 30 compressions and two breaths.

Count = 1-2-3-4-5…30 80-100 chest compressions per minute Cycle through 5 times (2/30)

Two steps for Two steps for Hands-OnlyHands-Only CPR:CPR:

When an adult suddenly When an adult suddenly collapses, trained or untrained collapses, trained or untrained bystanders – that means a person bystanders – that means a person near the victim – should:near the victim – should:

1) Call 911 1) Call 911 2) Push hard and fast in the 2) Push hard and fast in the center of the chest.center of the chest.

AED

The American Heart Association has determined that 250,000 people die each year from cardiac arrest. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most common arrhythmia that causes cardiac arrest. Defibrillation is the only known treatment for VF.

MORE ON AED’s

Due to the introduction of a new generation of defibrillators, called automated external defibrillators (AED's), it is possible for lay rescuers to deliver defibrillation. The new AED's are safe, effective, lightweight, low maintenance, easy to use and relatively inexpensive (about $2000).

How Do AED's Work?

A microprocessor inside the defibrillator interprets (analyzes) the victim's heart rhythm through adhesive electrodes (some AED models require you to press an ANALYZE button). The computer analyzes the heart rhythm and advises the operator whether a shock is needed. AEDs advise a shock only to ventricular fibrillation and fast ventricular tachycardia. The electric current is delivered through the victim's chest wall through adhesive electrode pads.

RESCUE BREATHING

11 breath every breath every 55 seconds - 12 per seconds - 12 per minute.minute.

Compressions : ventilations = 15:2Compressions : ventilations = 15:2

REMEMBER!!!UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS:

The routine use of The routine use of appropriate appropriate barrier precautionsbarrier precautions to prevent to prevent skin and mucous membrane skin and mucous membrane exposure when contact with blood exposure when contact with blood or other body fluids of any or other body fluids of any individual may occur or is individual may occur or is anticipated.anticipated.

Universal PrecautionsUniversal Precautions apply to apply to blood and to all other body fluids blood and to all other body fluids with potential for spreading any with potential for spreading any infections.infections.

THE ENDREFERENCES: GLENCOE HEALTH;GOOGLE; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION