THE HEART

WHEN BREATHING AND WHEN BREATHING AND CIRCULATION STOP:CIRCULATION STOP:

0 to 4 minutes – BRAIN DAMAGE NOT LIKELY

4 to 6 minutes – BRAIN DAMAGE LIKELY!

WHEN BREATHING AND WHEN BREATHING AND CIRCULATION STOP:CIRCULATION STOP:

CLINICAL DEATH

6 to 10 minutes – irreversible BRAIN 6 to 10 minutes – irreversible BRAIN

DAMAGE DAMAGE PROBABLEPROBABLE

10 minutes or more – irreversible BRAIN 10 minutes or more – irreversible BRAIN

DAMAGE DAMAGE CERTAINCERTAIN

WHEN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN WHEN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN DEPRIVED OF OXYGENATED BLOOD:DEPRIVED OF OXYGENATED BLOOD:

6

7

Normal Respiration Rates

Adults 12 to 20 breaths/minChildren 15 to 30 breaths/minInfants 25 to 50 breaths/min

BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL DEATHDEATH

FIRST AID IS:FIRST AID IS:

FIRST AID IS:To alleviate suffering

To prevent further injury

To prolong life

What is FIRST AID?What is FIRST AID?

What is FIRST AID?What is FIRST AID?

It is an immediate care It is an immediate care given to a person who given to a person who have been injured or have been injured or suddenly taken illsuddenly taken ill

It includes self help and home care when medical assistance is delayed or not available

ABC’s of FIRST AIDABC’s of FIRST AID

C – CIRCULATIONC – CIRCULATION

A – AIRWAYA – AIRWAY

B – BREATHINGB – BREATHING

LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL OF CARDIOPULMONARY OF CARDIOPULMONARY

RESUSCITATIONRESUSCITATION

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)A – B – C steps now changed to A – B – C steps now changed to

C – A - BC – A - B

C – A – B STEPSC – A – B STEPS

C – CHEST COMPRESSION C – CHEST COMPRESSION A – AIRWAY OPENEDA – AIRWAY OPENED B – BREATHING ASSISTEDB – BREATHING ASSISTED

To ensure open airway and to To ensure open airway and to administer Artificial Respiration if administer Artificial Respiration if neededneeded

To control severe bleedingTo control severe bleeding

To check for injuriesTo check for injuries

OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AIDERAIDER

OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AIDERAIDER

To immobilize the injuredTo immobilize the injured

To arrange for transportationTo arrange for transportation

To avoid subjecting the victim to To avoid subjecting the victim to unnecessary disturbanceunnecessary disturbance

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER:

OBSERVANT Should notice all signs and symptoms

RESOURCEFUL Should make the best use of things at hand

GENTLE Should not cause pain

ABC’s of FIRST AIDA – AIRWAY

Is the victim conscious or unconscious?B – BREATHING

Is the victim breathing?Is it shallow or deep?Does he appear to be choking?Is he cyanotic?

C – CIRCULATIONIs the victim’s heart beating?Assess the pulseIs he severely bleeding?

LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL OF LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIONCARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIONADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT

(ACLS)

D DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS, DEFINITIVE

THERAPYCARDIAC MONITORINGCARDIAC STABILIZATION

CHAIN OF SURVIVALEARLY ACCESS (DIAL 117)EARLY CPR (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)EARLY DEFIBRILLATIONEARLY TRANSPORT TO HOSPITALEARLY ADVANCE CARE

(ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT)

CALL FOR MEDICAL ASSISTANCE

What happenedNumber of persons injuredExtent of injury and First aid givenTelephone number from where you

are calling

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

SURVEY THE SCENEIS THE SCENE SAFE?

WHAT HAPPENED?HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INJURED?ARE THERE BYSTANDERS WHO CAN HELP?IDENTIFY YOURSELF

GOLDEN RULES OF EMERGENCY CARECare for the most serious injuries firstAssist the victim with his or her prescribed

medicationsKeep onlookers away from the injured personHandle the victim to a minimumLoosen all tight clothing

GOLDEN RULES OF EMERGENCY CARE

Obtain consent, whenever possibleThink the worstCall or send for helpIdentify yourself to the victimProvide comfort and emotional supportRespect the victim’s modesty and physical

privacy

WHAT NOT TO DOFirst do no harmDo not let the victim see his own injuryDo not leave the victim except to get helpDo not assume that the victim’s obvious

injuries are the only ones

WHAT NOT TO DODo not make unrealistic promisesDo not trust the judgment of a confused

victimDo not require the victim to make a

decision

INTERVIEW THE VICTIM

Introduce yourselfGet permission to give careAsk the victim’s nameAsk what happened

CHECK THE VITAL SIGNS

Determine Respiratory rate and type of breathing

Get the Pulse Rate

Get the Blood pressure

CHECK THE VITAL SIGNSDetermine the radial or carotid pulse

Look at the victim’s face and lips

Record skin appearanceTemperature, moisture, colour

HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION

HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATIONHEAD

Look and feel for cuts and bruisesEYES

Check and compare pupilsNOSE / EAR / MOUTH

Check for fluid and bloodNECK

Feel for injury

HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION

COLLAR BONECOLLAR BONE Check and compare shouldersCheck and compare shoulders

CHEST / RIBSCHEST / RIBS Check for injuriesCheck for injuries

ABDOMENABDOMEN Check for tendernessCheck for tenderness

HIP BONEHIP BONE Press slowly, inward and upwardPress slowly, inward and upward

HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION

LEGSLEGS One at a timeOne at a time

ARMSARMS One at a timeOne at a time

SPINAL COLUMN (BACK)SPINAL COLUMN (BACK) Press gently from cervical region to lumbar Press gently from cervical region to lumbar

regionregion

EMERGENCY RESCUE AND TRANSFER DANGER OF FIRE OR EXPLOSION DANGER OF TOXIC GASES DANGER / HAZARD TO VEHICULAR

TRAFFIC RISK OF DROWNING DANGER OF ELECTROCUTION DANGER OF COLLAPSING WALL

METHODS OF TRANSFER

ONE MAN ASSIST / CARRY / DRAG

TWO MAN ASSIST / CARRY

CARRY USING STRETCHER

POINTERS TO BE OBSERVED DURING TRANSFER

VICTIM’S AIRWAY MUST BE MAINTAINED OPEN

HEMORRHAGE IS CONTROLLED

VICTIM IS SAFELY MAINTAINED IN A CORRECT POSITION

POINTERS TO BE OBSERVED DURING TRANSFER

REGULAR CHECK OF THE VICTIM’S CONDITION IS MADE

SUPPORTING BANDAGES AND DRESSINGS MUST REMAIN EFFECTIVELY APPLIED

CARRIES USING A STRETCHERCARRIES ALONG SIDEHAMMOCK CARRYBLANKET CARRYIMPROVISED STRETCHERCOMMERCIAL STRETCHERAMBULANCE STRETCHER

RESPIRATORY ARREST Occurs when breathing stops but the

heart continues to beat for quite some time

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

Also known as RESCUE BREATHING

Blowing air into and out of the lungs of a person when his natural breathing has stopped or insufficient

HEIMLICH MANEUVER

CARIOPULMONARY RESCUCITATION

The NEW Chain of SurvivalThe NEW Chain of Survival

• Early access: Early access: immediate recognition and activationimmediate recognition and activation

•Early CPREarly CPR

•Early defibrillationEarly defibrillation

•Early advanced careEarly advanced care

•Integrated post-cardiac arrest careIntegrated post-cardiac arrest care

RESCUE BREATHING

RESCUE BREATHING

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

HAND PLACEMENT IN CPR

HAND PLACEMENT IN CPR

VENTILATION TECHNIQUE USING FACE MASK

THANK YOU!