health animal health and disease. sources of information keeping livestock healthy: a vet guide to...
TRANSCRIPT
Health
Animal Health and Disease
Sources of Information
• Keeping Livestock Healthy: A Vet guide to Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Goats & Sheep. Haynes. Publisher: Storey Books. 1994 ($15.96) (6.65 used Out of Print)
• Farm Animal Health: A practical Guide. 1991. Patrick T. Cullen. Pergamon Press. ($74.95)
• Principles ov Vet Science. Keith. H. Hoopes. 1997. (39.95)
• The Merck Veterinary Manual ($32.00)
• Dorland's pocket medical dictionary or Steadman's medical dictionary ($30-50)
• Stockman's handbook - Ensminger ($91.25, used 42.00)
Health & Behavior
• Alert• Ears ‘normal’• Bright eyes• Head up• Contented,
productive• Playful, easy
movement
• Listless• Dull eyes, pallid skin• Thin, no appetite• Diarrhea or no
bowel movements• Skin rashes,
blemishes• ‘Unkept’ haircoat
•Learn to observe behavior indicating health/disease
• Observe an animals bowel movements– A change (looser, firmer, different color)
can indicate a coming change in health
4 Good Rules
• Learn to observe behavior & condition carefully and routinely
• Spot problems EARLY
• Reduce Animal Stress– Protection from environment, parasites,
injury
• Know WHEN to call for help
Sources of Help
• Veterinarian
• ADDL (supports Vet services)
• Extension Personnel
• Help from State Chemist’s office, State Veterinarian, etc.
Zoonoses
• Bovine tuberculosis
• Brucelosis (undulant fever)
• Psittacosis (parrot fever)
• Rabies
• Trichinosis
• Q fever
• Salmonellosis others
Causes of Disease
• Genetics– Dwarfism– Hairlessness– Hemophilia– Mongolism
Nutrition
• Deficiencies– Hypovitaminosis– Mineral deficiencies
• Rickets• Grass tetany• Milk fever• Anemia• Goiter
Injuries
• Mechanical & thermal injuries– Blows– Cuts (wire?)– Heat– Irradiation– Frostbite
Poisons
• Snake venom• Phenol• Arsenic• Salt• Urea (ammonia)• Castor beans• Locust trees
• Wild cherry, esp. after frost
• Mushrooms• Bracken fern• Many plants & many
chemicals
Living Organisms & Disease
• Metazoan parasites
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Higher bacteria
• Lower bacteria
• Viruses
Metazoan parasites
• Intestinal worms• Heart worms• Tape worms• Kidney worms• Lung worms• Hook worms
• Ticks• Mites• Botflies• Liver fluke• Grubs
Protozoa
• Seldom do violent damage – more chronic
• Coccidiosis• Toxoplasmosis• Anaplasmosis
FUNGI
• Mostly skin and mucous membranes
• Aspergillosis• Histoplasmosis• Ringworm• Mycotic abortion
Higher Bacteria
• Slowly progressive and chronic
• Tuberculosis• Glanders• Actinomycosis
Simple Bacteriaacute, severe disease
• Anthrax– Herbivores & Man– DEATH
• Clostridial Infections– Blackleg (highly fatal)– Malignant edema– Tetanus
• Man & animals• Death
– Enterotoxemia– Botulism
Simple Bacteria continued
• Streptococcus– Strangles
• Horses• Respiratory
– Strep Mastitis– Genital infections
Simple Bacteria continued
• Staphylococal infections
• Vibriosis– Genital system
• Swine Erysipelas• Brucellosis
– Bangs, Undulant fever
• Salmonellosis• Pasteurellosis• Others
Means of control
• SOME bacteria are controllable by ANTIBIOTICS.
• NOTE: Antibiotics are NOT effective against viruses.
• SOME bacteria can be vaccinated against (as can some viruses)
VIRUSES
• Neurotropic– Rabies – all animals
FATAL– Equine
Encephalomyelitis– Pseudorabies– Scrapie (not really a
virus – a prion)– LCM lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
• Epitheliotropic– Foot & Mouth Disease– Vesicular exanthema– Pox
Viruses (continued)
• Pneumotropic– Swine influenza– Bovine malignant
catarrh– Chronic murine
pneumonia (rats)– IBR (Infection bovine
rhinotracheitis)
• Pantropic– Distemper– Hog cholera– EIA Equine
Infectious Anemia (Swamp Fever)
– Virus Diarrhea
• Tumor Forming Viruses
To REPEAT
• ANTIBIOTICS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST VIRUSES
• Some antiviral agents do now exist, but are not yet used routinely for animals, except for testing for human use.
Prions
• Prions are probably NOT living material (viruses may not be either)
• Portions of protein
• Cause Mad Cow Disease, Scrapie (sheep)
Normal parameters
• Temperature (F)– Horse 99.5 – 101.3– Cattle 100.4 – 103.1– Swine 100.4 – 104.0
Normal parameters
• Heartbeats per Minute– Horse 28 – 40– Cattle 40 – 70– Swine 60 – 100
Normal parameters
• Breaths per minute– Horse 8 – 16– Beef cow 10 – 30– Dairy cow 18 – 28– Pig 8 – 18
Back to Basics – about health
• Identify animals – it’s fundamental
• Keep records
Basics
• Plan a program for health– To control disease– To maximize profit
• Vaccination
• Castration
• Isolation
• Sanitation
• Herd replacement
• Use the professional advice of your VET and of your Extension Service
• Know the Capabilities and Limitations of Drugs– Administer properly– FOLLOW DRUG RESTRICTIONS
SANITATION
• CLEAN UP before applying disinfectant
• Use an EFFECTIVE disinfectant
• Clean floors regularly
• Properly dispose of manure, bedding, and dead animals
• Allow buildings to remain empty (3 wks) to break disease cycle
• Quarantine NEW and DISEASED animals
• Limit movement or contact with man and animals that my carry disease
Keeping Animals HealthyCattle - Prevention
• Buy or breed healthy animals– If possible buy direct from breeder– When animals are sent to concentration
points• Unfavorable environment• Fed, watered irregularly• Mixed with other animals
Preconditioning
• Prior to placing in feedlot– Varies with:
• Age• Origin• Procurement method• Vaccination history• Mgmt procedures applied
• MORE than just a NEEDLE program
• Carefully timed program of:– Weaning– Feed and water adaptation– Immunization– Treatment & reduced marketing stresses
• Want a healthy, disease resistant animal that will readily adjust
Preconditioning Practices
• Surgical procedures– Castrate & dehorn well in advance of
shipping
• Parasite control– Treat for internal parasites– Treat for grubs & lice
• Vaccinations– Blackleg – malignant edema – clostridium– Parainfluenza 3– Pasteurella– IBR– BVD– PROBABLY – work list with your VET
• Wean calves at least 3 weeks before shipping
• Feeding– Start on hay and grain at least 3 weeks
ahead
• Feeder must expect and be willing to pay more for preconditioned animals
• Transport animals under the best possible conditions
• Inspect animals immediately upon arrival
• Give cattle access to water & long hay– Also protein supplement– Antibiotics help reduce disease
• Provide shelter
• Keep isolated from any other animals
• Remove and treat any sick animals
• A good animal husbandryman can recognize when his animals are not healthy
• A trained and licensed Veterinarian is qualified to make diagnoses and prescribe treatment