health and safety at works of marine surveyors marine compliance(quality and health and safety...

Health and Safety at Works of Marine Surveyors

Marine Compliance(Quality and Health and Safety management)department

Date of revision : 31st of December 2013

1. Group HSE Management System2. HSE Marine Organisation3. General recommendations for Safety of Surveys4. Personal Protective Equipment5. Confined space safe entry6. Safe Boarding of Vessels and escort by interested parties7. Driving risk prevention8. Working at height, survey by boats or rafts, pressure tests9. Electricity Danger 10.Risk of Fire & Explosion, ATEX11.Exposure to Noise12.First Aid for Heat Illness

Chapter 1

Group HSE Management System

4MARINE HSE 31December 2013

Health, Safety and Environmental Statement from CEO


Health, Safety & Environment Statement

► Bureau Veritas’ HSE vision is an accident free workplace, that causes no harm to people and that minimizes the environmental impacts of business activities.

► Bureau Veritas is specialized in testing, inspection and certification services in the fields of Quality, Health & Safety, Environment and Social Responsibility. Present in 140 countries, with a strong acquisition policy, an increasing number of test laboratories and of sub-contractors, we face significant challenges to ensure a consistent level of HSE throughout the Group.

► The following elements constitute the heart of our commitment to continuously improve our HSE performance and to add value for our clients. (QHSE), creating sustainable added value to out clients.



► OUR PRINCIPLES:

Safety is an absolute;

Health and Safety at work is our responsibility;

• Line management is accountable for compliance,

• Each employee, sub-contractor and visitor must comply and the be alert.



► OUR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:

Risks are identified and managed where they have the potential to cause and accident, injury to people, or unacceptable impacts on environment or the community;

Employees and sub-contractors are empowered to address unsafe or hazardous situations;

Sub-contractors are required to comply with this Statement.



► OUR COMMITMENTS:

Provide a safe workplace and systems of work to prevent accident and injury to people;

Prevent pollution, minimize energy consumption and waste generation;

Increase employees HSE awareness and safe behaviour;

Comply with relevant HSE legislation, Group, clients and other applicable requirements.


Bureau Veritas Cardinal Safety Rules (1/2)


Bureau Veritas Cardinal Safety Rules (2/2)

Chapter 2

HSE Marine functional Organisation


HSE Marine organization

Peter Yang

Deputy Director for Marine East Zone

Patrick Le-Dily

Director of Marine HSE

Renato Lomenso

Deputy Director for Rest of World

Michel Bereau

Deputy Director for Head Office

Chapter 3

General recommendations for Safety of surveys



► General principles; Bureau Veritas Cardinal Rules;

Personal Safety must be the top priority during survey or audit works. Many hazards can be encountered on board during surveys;

• Systematically assess the risk involved before approaching or entering enclosure area and never take unnecessary risks or carry out the survey unaccompanied (systematically perform 2 minutes for my safety as follows).

• Surveyor should take all necessary precautions preserving his own safety.

• If safety is in doubt for whatever reason, survey should be refused (see Stop Work Authority in BV safety cardinal rules).



► General principles; Bureau Veritas Cardinal Rules;

The safety requirements imposed by a third party (local Authorities, yards, terminals, owners and others) must be strictly observed.

These requirements shall not be transgressed under any circumstances, even if they prevent the Surveyor from proceeding with his surveys. The Surveyor should always require that necessary arrangements be made to allow him complete his surveys.

The Surveyor should always take advantage from the local safety measures already adopted to satisfy various regulations in force, as mentioned above.

These safety measures may concern protection against falling (laying out of scaffoldings, guardrails, nets, ...), protection against the risk of explosion or suffocation (gas freeing, ventilation), protection against shocks or falling objects (wearing protective helmets), etc.



► General precautions for all surveys - Cooperation with the customer and general precautions; (1/2)

• Surveyor must work with the yard/owner representative/manufacturer to set safe practices in the yard/ on board ships/at works and should always require that necessary arrangements are made to conduct surveys safely.

• Below listed unsafe environment that should not be existing and if existing should prevent the surveyors to attend;

Unsafe temporary ladder (e.g. using part of cable racks as ladder), badly fixed, unsteady ladders

Unsafe (badly fixed, unsteady or unguarded) scaffoldings. Timber or wooden boards of scaffoldings in poor condition or overhanging.

Missing or wobbly and unfixed temporary floor plates around the engine or equipment being testing. • No or insufficient ventilation provided in confined spaces (such as tank).

No or insufficient light provided in enclosed spaces

No valid permit to entry made available by the client before entry into confined space.

Decks and openings without any railing, holes without any protection.

Non protected electrical installations.



► General precautions for all surveys - Cooperation with the customer and general precautions; (2/2)

• Surveyors should also avoid;

going or standing where there are men working overhead or heavy loads being handled,

staring an electric arc - in particular if it is an automatic welding unit which produces very intense.

• Accompaniment during survey;

The surveyor must always be accompanied during surveys by competent personnel. An accident when unaccompanied would mean for the Surveyor that he cannot get any help.



► Additional recommendations for particular surveys - ship in service surveys; (1/2)

The fact that the Surveyor takes all precautions concerning his own safety should not prompt the crew to dissociate themselves from safety matters. The Surveyor should point out that the crew is responsible for all checkings and precautions concerning the safety during the surveys.

Survey into confined space must be done according to Chapter 5.

Boarding ships being at sea is a very critical situation. Conditions for such boarding described in Chapter 6: must be strictly met.

For working at height, surveys (close up) by boats or rafts, and pressure tests, see Chapter 8.

Cases for special ships; some IMO instruments (Gas Code, Chemical Code, BC Code, IMDG) lay down specific personal safety provisions to be taken before accessing certain cargo spaces (cargo hold/tank, pumproom, gas compressor room), even deck cargo area itself (the list is not exhaustive); in such cases the surveyor should request the captain to inform him personally and in details about such provisions; the captain should avail the necessary equipment (in good working order and with sufficient autonomy) as well as a competent officer to accompany the surveyor personally during the whole duration of the survey.



► Additional recommendations for particular surveys - ship in service surveys; (2/2)

• The following dangers are well known to Surveyors, but it is useful to recall them

wooden hatch covers badly secured or missing (even when in good condition, it is safer not to walk on them),

ladders steps, securing, fixation on structure, missing or in poor condition,

decks, platforms, ladders, gangways, graving-dock stairs, ... very often slippery,

deck openings left open and unguarded, particularly dangerous on poorly lit tweendecks.

conditions in engine room spaces (floors, slippery , insulation of hot parts, etc.);

The surveyor shall not carry out surveys of tanks, compartments and holds when ballasting, loading or discharge operations are carried out (mistakes may be made, for example in valve operations, or the crane operator not being informed),

Before the Surveyor proceeds to the examination of insulated parts of machinery components (on decks and in engine rooms), the insulation should be removed by the crew, the elements cleaned and the dust removed as necessary.

Chapter 4

Personal Protective Equipment



► General

The services performed by BV surveyors will expose them to one or several dangers of different natures.

In order to reduce the risks related to these exposures ,it is necessary to implement technical or organisational measures which will allow by order of preference;

• To suppress the exposure to this danger or the danger itself.

• If the above is not possible, to implement collective protection means,

• if none of the above is possible, to wear individual protective equipments.

In order In the scope of BV interventions which are exposing us to dangers generated by processes and installations of our customers it is seldom possible to reduce the risk by measure 1 or 2 as above ; therefore it is compulsory to ensure the physical integrity of our surveyors by implementing an efficient and effective policy of wearing Personal Protective Equipments (PPE).

There are different types of PPE depending of the danger and of the potential risks met (depends on the modes of exposure to these dangers).



► Registry of PPE;

A registry of PPE is to be set and maintained under the responsibility of the Marine Manager at appropriate level of each country / location / site / activity management.

This registry is to contain the following indications, as appropriate or practicable;

• If the abovetype of equipment, main characteristic;

• Manufacturer, serial number;

• For mass equipment, if not assigned to a particular staff , number of such equipment;

• For individual equipment , if applicable, expiry date of use;

• For individual equipment , if applicable, last and/or next date of calibration or servicing, periodicity, record of servicing;

• If applicable, assignment to a specific person.



► Personal Equipment : Always use the necessary personal safety equipment according to specific conditions and the safety being carried out:

Safety hard Hat - shall always be worn outside of site office building.

Safety Shoes - with steel toe caps and non-slip soles shall always be worn outside office building.

Overall – should be of an easily visible type, preferable with flammability.

Gloves – prevent slippery type.

Eye protection – goggles should always be used when there is danger of getting solid particles or dust into the eyes. Protection against welding arc flashes and ultraviolet light should also be considered.

Ear protection – ear muffs or ear plugs should be used when long staying a noisy areas with over 85 db noise level.

Safety belt and line – should be worn where there is a high risk of falling from more than 3 meters height.

Breathing protection – dust masks shall be used for protection against the breathing of harmful dust, paint spraying and sand blasting.

Gas Detectors - they are necessary during surveys in confined spaces, poorly ventilated zones which might present a risk of presence of toxic gases or explosion.



► Personal Equipment - General measures for the use of equipment; PPEs should be carried correctly and during all the length of the survey in order to

ensure maximal efficiency. Each PPE should be adapted to the particular characteristics of the danger.

Each surveyor shall ensure that the PPEs are used in accordance with their purpose and strictly for professional use. Before each usage, the surveyor should verify;

• that the expiry date of the equipment, if applicable, is not overdue,

• that the servicing or calibration of the equipment, as required by the manufacturer, is not overdue,

• the good visual aspect (possibly the good functioning) of his equipment.

After each usage, the reusable PPEs should be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

It belongs to each surveyor to request the replacement of each PPE or of a safety equipment when it appears that it is no more fit. The equipment should be used and maintained in compliance with the instructions of the maker.

Some safety equipment and PPEs should be subject to compulsory periodical verifications by competent persons, in accordance with the maker’s instructions. Detailed inspection reports should be kept in the concerned equipment’s individual record.



► Personal Equipment - Exceptional event;

Such an event is likely to reduce dramatically the reliability of the PPEs. It can be the consequence;

• Of a fall or an important impact,

• Of a contact with chemical agents,

• Of the use of the PPE outside the range of the conditions of use defined in the instruction book. etc.

Further to such exceptional event the surveyor should :

• undertake a complete verification of the concerned equipment as per maker’s notice if necessary involving competent personnel.

• record it in the maintenance book of the PPE,

• If necessary phase out the equipment(and to identify it as defective) for repair or scrap if necessary.



► Protection of the head

Protection helmets : To be used as soon as a risk of falling object from a higher level exist particularly in shipyards and fabrication factories. The helmets must have a role of anti penetration. The lifetime of the helmet depends on the fabrication materiel . These information are mentioned in the instruction notice. The date and the trimester of fabrication and possibly the validity date (non compulsory as per applicable standard) are visible under the visor of the helmet. They must be replaced particularly after a chock.

The protection helmets for the industry should comply with standard EN397 or equivalent national standards.



► Protection of the head - Specific helmets

IDRA helmet equipped with a visor resisting to the consequences of an electric arc. (cf FTP SD 002 « Danger : Electricité » et FTP M 003 « IVS Electricity »).

Helmet for interventions in height without visor or chinstrap; (cf FTP SD004 « Danger : Chutes de Hauteur »).

Ventilated helmet

• A ventilated helmet covers only the head and the shoulders of the operator. It is equipped with a device of feeding in compressed air medium range pressure supplying the breathable air with an acceptable overpressure.

• The protection of the body is ensured by a non ventilated clothe protecting the carrier against a possible atmospheric contamination ,such protection shall be extended to the body by means of a clothe.

• Length of the carriage : Depends on the type of clothe used by the carrier but should normally not exceed 1h30 mn unless particular advise from the medical doctor.



► Protection of the eyes and of the face: (these EPIs protect against these projections but not against the vapours or the micro drops)

These protections are used to face the following different risks:

• Mechanical : projection of solid particles, choc…...

• Chemical : projection of lquid particles, dusts…...

• Thermic : cold, heat, projections de welted metals, fire……

• Linked to radiances : ultraviolet, infrared, laser…

Different PPE are carried by the inspector, depending on the risks inherent to its activity :

• Mechanical : projection of solid particles, choc…...

• Simple glasses: frontal projections.

• Goggles with lateral protections : frontal and lateral projections, Goggles integrated to a helmet and Facial screen integrated to a helmet. LA FTP M N°003 « Electricity» request the potation and the wearing of a helmet equipped with a facial screen (IDRA helmet). This facial screen protect particularly against the projections of metal in fusion which happen during an electric arc further to a short circuit. The safety goggles do not guarantee this protection.



► Protection of the respiratory track

The protection of the respiratory tracks is necessary when the inspector is likely to inhale air loaded with pollutants such as gaz, vapours, aerosols or dusts, two types equipment, they are;

• The filtering equipment: They purify the surrounding air by filtration (disposable semi-masks FFP, anti-gaz filters, etc.), The choice of the equipment and of the level of protection depends of the nature of the works involved, of the duration of the exposure, the caracteristics of the different substances involved, but also of the inspector involved (for example: Mask FFP3 adapted for an occasional carriage (disposable) in the case of samplings of materials likely to contain asbestos.

• The isolating respiratory equipments: These equipments function in overpressure, they are usable whatever the nature and the concentration of the atmospherics pollutants. Lenght of the carriage : The length of uninterrupted of the carriage cannot be overcome and should not exceed 4 hours per working day, depending on the conditions of intervention (arduous nature, temperature,…), this length must be fractioned.



► Protection of the feet

The risks for the feet depend on the work situation and several types of safety shoes are available in order to cover all the types of risks in below, as well as basic comfort needs :

• Linked to the action : slipping, fall, false move.

• Mechanical : chocks, jamming, crushing, perforations, bites.

• Chemical : dusts,corrosive liquids, toxic ou irritating……….

• Electrical : electrical contacts, with conductors under voltage, electrostatic discharges…..

• Biological : allergy, irritations, development of pathogenic germs.

• Thermic : cold,heat,fire...

The risks Shoes having a protection index S3 (cf norme EN345 révisée) are to be preferred.

Specific shoes : adapted for specific interventions, particularly : During interventions in ATEX zone or in areas with possible electrostatic discharges shoes wearing the label ESD (Electrostatic discharges)



► Hearing Protection auditive

Noises can impact the audition.

There are different types of noises, which differentiate themselves depending on their frequency and the intensity of the sound.

The protective equipments should comply with EN 352 or a national equivalent standard.



► Protection of the body

Can be classified in two diferent categories :

• The protection clothes : against the chemical substances, the dangerous biological agents, in humid environment, etc.

• The highly visible warning clothes.



► Protection of the body

Permeable non ventilated clothes

• These clothes are made of materials weaved or not (disposable), not equipped with internal ventilation system.

• Depending on the tightness of the clothes they offer a good protection against surface contaminations mostly prorogued by solid substances.

Inpermeable non ventilated clothes

• These are disposable clothes made of impermeable material in soft thermoplastic film type PVC or similar, without internal ventilation.

• They ensure a good protection against surface contaminations originated by solid or liquid substances and against liquid protections.

• The thermic constraints generated by these clothes limit the length of their carriage which depends on the physical activity of the surveyor.

• Length of carriage :If these gears are associated to filtering respiratory devices and unless specific medical advise the maximum length of carriage should be limited (irrespective of the clothing and unclothing time) to maximum: 1 hour if associated to a filtering respiratory equipment, 1 hour 30 if associated to an isolating respiratory equipment, with compressed air.



► Protection against falls from heigth

Working at height can encompass several working situations resulting from the location of the work (roofs, catwalks…) or of the access and the moving at heights with the use of some equipments (ladders, scaffoldings, working platforms).

The individual protection against the falls at height are involving three different components (Each of these components are equally important for the effectiveness) ;

• The gripping of the body (harness, EN 361 or equivalent).

• The anti-fall links (connectors EN 362 and liaison system EN 363).

• The anchoring system( EN 365 : 5 classes )

Such equipments should be verified annually.

Each surveyor concerned by the use of the equipments of protection against the falls at height must be trained and informed of the risk.



► Protection of the hands

The manipulations carried out by a surveyor and involving various risks :

• Mechanical : abrasions, cuts by slicing, lacerations, perforations.

• Electrical : electrostatic discharges with conductors under voltage, conductivity.

• Chemical and microbiological : penetration of chemical products or substances

• Thermic : cold ;heat, fire, projection of melted metals.

• Biological : allergies, irritations


Other Safety Equipments

► The gas detectors

The gas detectors (mono or multi gaz : O2, CO, H2S, explosion meters) allow a verification of the atmosphere before and during the survey and alerts the surveyor in case of change.

They are necessary during surveys in confined spaces, poorly ventilated zones which might present a risk of presence of toxic gases or explosion.

• Note: VERIFICATION of the equipment and its autonomy should be carried out before each intervention. EXTERNAL ANNUAL VERIFICATION should be carried out according to the maker’s manual . (Gas detectors are to be calibrated every 6 months; some suppliers are now offered some to be calibrated every year but it is for the time being the exception.)


Other Safety Equipments

► The lamps

The use of a frontal lamp is absolutely necessary to ensure a sufficient level of lightning in case of survey in an insufficiently lighted environment.

For intervention in zones with risks of explosion (ATEX), the lamp should be adapted to this risk


Measures to be taken by the surveyor

► Measures to be taken by the surveyor

Personal Safety must be the top priority during surveys. Many hazards can be encountered on board during New Construction. The safety requirements imposed by Local Authorities and shipyard must be strictly observed.

PPEs should be carried correctly and during all the length of the survey in order to ensure maximal efficiency.

Each PPE should be adapted to the particular characteristics of the danger.

Each surveyor shall ensure that the PPEs are used in accordance with their purpose and strictly for professional use.

Before each usage ,he should verify the good visual aspect (possibly the good functioning) of his equipment. After each usage, the reusable PPEs should be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

It belongs to each surveyor to request the replacement of each PPE or of a safety equipment when it appears that it is no more fit.


Measures to be taken by the surveyor

► Measures to be taken by the surveyor The surveyor shall compulsorily carry the PPE which has been given to him and

which use is made necessary by the nature of the concerned surveys. In case of doubt he should ask his manager.

Depending of the nature of the survey it might be necessary to carry the following:

Lampe frontale / portative

Combinaison de travail + gilet de haute visibilité

Chaussures de sécurité

Vous devez disposer et/ou porter au minimum :


Combinaison de travail +haute visibilité




Combinaison de travail + gilet de haute visibilité




Combinaison de travail +haute visibilité



Protection de la tête

EPI adaptés en Zone ATEX

Détecteur de gaz

Dosimètre Protection contre les

chutes

Protection des voies

respiratoires

Gants Protection auditive

Lunettes de

sécurité

Selon les risques de votre environnement et/ou la phase d’intervention , vous devez disposer et/ou porter :

Protection de la tête

EPI adaptés en Zone ATEX

Détecteur de gaz

Dosimètre Protection contre les

chutes

Protection des voies

respiratoires

Gants Protection auditive

Lunettes de

sécurité

Selon les risques de votre environnement et/ou la phase d’intervention , vous devez disposer et/ou porter :

Chapter 5

Confined Spaces Safe Entry


Confined spaces safe entry

► General:

Most of the accidents occurring to Surveyors during their work are related to inspection inside confined spaces. The following requirements must always be complied with strictly;

The slightest dizziness or lack of balance is a warning which shall prompt the surveyor, before any other consideration, to return immediately to the open air, as any wasted time could be fatal.

The MPG 03 section 4 must be closely studied and followed of which the following slides are extracts only.


Requirements for Confined Space Safe Entry( IACS PR 37 attached to MPG03)

► PR37 – Procedural Requirements for Confined Space Safe Entry was issued by IACS in April 2013 and it applies from 30 June 2013. Contents of it are related to:

Definitions of Confined space and others related to its safe entry are clearly defined in it.

Surveyors training regarding to who are expected to enter and work in confined spaces are required.


Procedural Requirements for Confined Space Safe Entry(IACS PR 37 attached to MPG03)

► Objective;

This procedural requirement contains the minimum requirements that Societies shall prescribe to help keep Surveyors safe when conducting confined space entry.

Societies are free to take measures beyond those required in this documents, but shall as a minimum prescribe the requirements contained in this documents in place at locations where work is conducted.

IACS Recommendation 72 can be referred to for further guidance on confined space safe entry practice. (The Recommendation 72 was issued in year 2000, Rev. 1 issued in October 2003, Rev. 2 was issued in April 2007, the Rev. 3 is under reviewing by member societies and it will be issued soon).


Procedural Requirements for Confined Space Safe Entry(IACS PR 37 attached to MPG03

► Definitions;

Confined Spaces;

• Confined Space means a space that has any of the following characteristics:

• Limited openings for entry and exit

• Unfavourable natural ventilation

• Not intended for continuous worker occupancy

• It may include, but is not limited to: boilers, pressure vessels, cargo spaces (cargo holds or cargo tanks), cargo space stairways, ballast tanks, double bottoms, double hull spaces, fuel oil tanks, lubricating oil tanks, sewage tanks, pump rooms, compressor rooms, cofferdams, void spaces, duct keels, inter barrier spaces, engine crankcases, excavations and pits.

Confined Space entry;

• Confined space entry is the process of entering, working in and exiting a confined space.



► Definitions; Permit to Enter / Permit to Work;

• A Permit to Enter or Permit to Work is a documented authorization that has been signed and dated, including time of issue by the Responsible Person, which states that the space has been tested by a Competent Person and the space is safe for entry; what precautions, equipment, etc. are required and what works is to be done.

Surveyor;

• A surveyor is any person employed by the classification society conducting activities within a confined space on behalf of this classification society.



► Definitions; Responsible person;

• Responsible Person means a person authorised to permit entry into a confined space and having sufficient knowledge of the procedure to be followed and other activities that are being undertaken that could impact on the safety of those in a confined space.

Competent person;

• Competent person means a person with sufficient theoretical knowledge and practical experience to make an informed assessment of the likelihood of oxygen deficient/enriched or a dangerous atmosphere being present or subsequently arising in the space. Competent person must be trained and qualified in the hazards of Confined Spaces and in use of atmospheric monitoring devices. The Competent Persons role may be performed by a Marine Chemist.

Marine Chemist;

• A Marine Chemist is a person holding a valid and suitably recognised qualification as a marine chemist or equivalent.



► Definitions; Attendant (may also be referred to as ‘Standby Person’)

• Attendant is a person who is suitably trained and responsible for maintaining a watch over those entering the confined space, for maintaining communications with those inside the space and for initiating the emergency procedures in the event of an incident occurring.

Toxic Product;• A Toxic Product means any chemical, gas or solid material, which can

give toxic vapour and which is assigned with suffix "T" in column "k" of table given in Chapter 17 of IBC Code, or assigned with suffix "T" in column "f" of table given in Chapter 19 of IGC Code, or classified as a Toxic Substance (Class/Division 6.1) within the part 2 of IMDG Code, or any other product which has a toxic symbol in the data sheet or is a hazard classified as a toxic.

Adjacent space;• An adjacent space is any space bordering the confined space in any

directions, including all points of contact, corners, diagonals, decks, tank tops and bulkheads



► Surveyor Training;

All surveyors who are expected to enter and work in confined spaces should receive appropriate training for such activity and should include the following;

• Recognising a confined space• Role of the Competent Person, Responsible Person, Attendant and

Marine Chemist• How to recognise the hazards and manage the risks associated with

Confined Space Entries• PERMIT TO ENTER (PTW or PTE) systems/control procedures at the

workplace• Requirements for atmosphere testing and the interpretation of their

results• Use of personal multigas meter.• Access, exit and safe working requirements• Emergency arrangements.


Surveyor Training for Confined Space Safe Entry

► Recognising a confined space;

If a Survey is required to be carried out in any space as listed in below, the survey work will take place in a confined space;

• boiler or pressure vessel,

• cargo tank,

• ballast tank,

• double hull space,

• fuel oil tank,

• lube oil tank,

• cargo hold,

• void space, or

• similar type of enclosure



► How to Identify a Confined Space? - A confined space is a space that has the following characteristics:

Limited openings for entry and exit:

• Confined space openings are limited primarily by size or location. Openings are usually small in size, perhaps as small as 450 mm (18 inches) in diameter, and are difficult to move through easily. Small openings may make it very difficult to get needed equipment in or out of the spaces, especially life-saving equipment when rescue is needed. However, in some cases openings may be very large, for example open-topped spaces such as ships’ holds. Access to open-topped spaces may require the use of ladders, hoists, or other devices, and escape from such areas may be very difficult in emergency situations.




Unfavourable natural ventilation:

• Because air may not move in and out of confined spaces freely due to the design, the atmosphere inside a confined space can be very different from the atmosphere outside. Deadly gases may be trapped inside, particularly if the space is used to store or process chemicals or organic substances which may decompose. There may not be enough oxygen inside the confined space to support life, or the air could be so oxygen-rich that it is likely to increase the chance of fire or explosion if a source of ignition is present.




Not designed for continuous worker occupancy:

• Most confined spaces are not designed for workers to enter and work in them on a routine basis. They are designed to store a product, enclose materials and processes, or transport products or substances. Therefore, occasional worker entry for survey, inspection, maintenance, repair, cleanup, or similar tasks is often difficult and dangerous due to chemical or physical hazards within the space.

• A confined space found in the workplace may have a combination of these three characteristics, which can complicate working in and around these spaces as well as rescue operations during emergencies.



► Role of the Responsible Person;

Responsible Person means a person authorised to permit entry into a confined space and having sufficient knowledge of the procedure to be followed and other activities that are being undertaken that could impact on the safety of those in a confined space.

Management of Permit to Enter or Permit to Work standard and general items.

Issue the documented Permit to Enter or Permit to Work after his checking of the condition of permit following with the space has been tested by a Competent Person and the space is safe for entry.

Have an authority of stop entry or work if the approval of permit was not issued.



► Role of the Competent Person and Marine Chemist;

Competent person means a person with sufficient theoretical knowledge and practical experience to make an informed assessment of the likelihood of oxygen deficient/enriched or a dangerous atmosphere being present or subsequently arising in the space.

Initial testing of the atmosphere and certified the space as safe by issuing a certificate stating whether the space is ‘safe for man’ and/or work, and if any special conditions are to be observed.

Attach the sticker at specified location for permit of entry.

Periodical testing of the atmosphere during permit entry period.

Maintain testing instrument in working condition and only use the instrument which calibration is valid.

On a vessel this may be the Chief Officer, or a Competent Person onboard. If in doubt of the officer’s qualification, documentation is required to be shown. In no case shall the surveyor be considered to be a “Competent Person” - even if he is equipped with his own personal testing equipment.



► Role of the Attendant Person;

An attendant should be assigned to remain on the outside of the confined space and be in constant contact (visual or two-way voice communication e.g. walkie-talkie) with the survey team inside. Routines for communication intervals with the survey team should be established.

The Attendant;

• shall not have any other duties than to serve as standby and know who should be notified in case of emergency;

• shall never leave his post even after help has arrived and is a key communication link to others onboard;

• shall be able to communicate effectively in a relevant common language.



► Recognise confined space hazards;

Hazardous atmospheres from the containment in the tank;

The atmosphere in a confined space may be extremely hazardous because of the lack of natural air movement. This characteristic of confined spaces can result in:

• oxygen-deficient atmosphere,

• flammable atmospheres, including oxygen enrichment, and/or

• toxic atmospheres.



► Recognise confined space hazards - oxygen-deficient atmosphere; The health effects and consequences because of lack of oxygen in a confined

space are listed in the table below. These effects will take place without any warning such as odour or physical symptoms.

Lack of oxygen leads very quickly to unconsciousness and death. Lack of oxygen may be a problem in all kinds of confined spaces, it is therefore considered as the most dangerous factor when considering dangers in a confined space.

The oxygen level in a confined space can decrease because of work being done, such as welding, cutting, or brazing; or, it can be decreased by certain chemical reactions like: rusting, paint drying or through bacterial action (fermentation).

In tanks and/or voids of complicated geometry with high possibility of "pockets of atmosphere" with low O2-content, and where rescue operations may be difficult, the use of a portable oxygen meter with audible alarm is strongly recommended.



► Recognise confined space hazards - oxygen-deficient atmosphere - Inert gas, N2 and exhaust;

Inert gas is a non-reactive gas used to prevent possible explosive atmosphere from different cargo vapours.

On Oil Tankers the most common inert gas is the exhaust from oil fired boilers, main- or auxiliary engines. On Chemical Tankers the most common inert gas is nitrogen.

Pure nitrogen is not poisonous itself, but it causes displacement of the natural breathing environment.

Exhaust contains hundreds of chemical compositions. Main components are: carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. The exhaust as described above may cause reduced lung capacity and increased respiratory in addition to irritating mucous membrane in eye, nose and throat.

Total dilution of oxygen by another gas, such as carbon dioxide, will result in unconsciousness, followed by death.



► Recognise confined space hazards – Bulk cargos; A number of bulk cargoes may cause low level of oxygen in the

cargo hold. This is mainly with cargoes like vegetables, grain, timber, forestry products, iron metals, metal sulphide concentrates and coal.

Some bulk cargoes may oxidize which may result in reduced level of oxygen, poisonous gases, or self ignition. Other bulk cargoes may produce poisonous gases without oxidation, especially when they are wet.



► Recognise confined space hazards - flammable atmospheres, including oxygen enrichment;

As same which were stated in slide 46 that two things make an atmosphere flammable, they are; the oxygen in air, and a flammable gas, vapour, chemical reaction or dust in a proper mixture.

Different gases have different flammable ranges. If a source of ignition (e.g. a sparking or electrical tool, static electricity, sand blasting) is introduced into a space containing a flammable atmosphere, an explosion will result. An oxygen-enriched atmosphere (above 22%) will cause flammable materials, such as clothing and hair, to burn violently when ignited. Therefore, never use pure oxygen to ventilate a confined space. Ventilate with normal air.

Some bulk cargoes may produce health toxic dust which also will represent an explosive hazard, especially during cargo handling and cleaning.



► Recognise confined space hazards - toxic atmospheres;

Unless a certified Marine Chemist or a competent person has certified a space as safe, assume that any substance (liquids, vapours, gases, mists, solid materials and dust) in a confined space can be hazardous. Toxic substances may range from fast acting poisons to long term cancer causing carcinogens.

Toxic substances can come from the following;

• the product stored in the space;

• the work being performed in a confined space;

• areas adjacent to the confined space



► Toxic atmospheres - Toxic substances come from the product stored in the space;

Chemical products;

• In cargo tanks for chemicals it is possible to find all types of chemicals. It is very important that the customer provides a Data Sheet for the product that has been stored in the tank and follows the instructions for safety measures according to this.

• Health effects as a result of exposure from chemicals in general may cause immediate headache, nausea, fainting and possible death. Long-term exposure to benzene can result in serious blood disorders such as allergy, anaemia and leukaemia.

• Chemicals can be absorbed into the structure and/or tank coatings and give off toxic gases at a later stage. When removed or when cleaning out the residue of a stored product, toxic gases can be given off.

• It is very important to follow the marking and recommendations as given in the Data Sheet to reduce immediate damage as well as the risk for long term damage.




Petroleum products;

• Most petroleum products are distilled from crude oil which is a product with very high complexity regarding composition of different substances.

• Petroleum products may be absorbed into the body by inhalation, absorbed through skin or ingested. Effects to health will depend on how high exposure and for how long. Immediate effects of high exposure can include headaches, tiredness, nausea and dizziness. Unconsciousness may occur if exposure is very high. Long-term exposure can result in serious blood disorders such as anaemia and leukaemia.

• When testing for toxins in a confined space that has contained petroleum products, it may be very difficult to decide what toxic gas to measure for. In general, testing for the most dangerous toxic product in the composition should be carried out.

• If not otherwise stated on the Data Sheet, benzene is the most toxic part in petroleum products and measuring for this product should be done. If the readings for benzene are within the limits, all the other natural parts of the petroleum product should be within the acceptance limits




Hydrogen sulphide, H2S;

• Hydrogen sulphide is highly toxic and also flammable and with dangerous fire hazard, and is created by the decay of organic matter that is found in sewers and sewage treatment plants. H2S may also be found in crude oil tanks, ballast tanks, void spaces and other tanks that have been empty and decomposition of organic material has taken place.

• Hydrogen sulphide can affect when inhaled and when passed through the skin. Contact can irritate the eyes. Long-term exposure to low levels can cause pain and redness of the eyes with blurred vision. Breathing hydrogen sulphide can irritate the nose, throat and irritate the lungs causing coughing and/or shortness of breath.

• Removal of sludge or mud from a tank-decomposed material can give off deadly hydrogen sulphide gas and/or methane gas.




Benzene;

• Benzene is a highly flammable liquid which occurs naturally in crude oil, natural gas and some ground waters. It is also manufactured from crude oil and is present in crude oil vapours.

• Benzene evaporates easily, and most people can just detect its distinctive smell at concentrations between 2.5 and 5 ppm in air. Exposure to benzene may occur in oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants including offshore installations. Benzene can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, absorbed through skin or ingested.

• Benzene can affect human beings when inhaled and when passed through the skin. It can irritate the eyes and skin with drying and scaling of the skin. Exposure can irritate the nose and throat. Benzene can cause symptoms of dizziness, light-headedness, headache and vomiting. Convulsions and coma, or sudden death from irregular heart beat, may follow high exposure. Repeated exposure can cause damage to the blood cells (aplastic anaemia).



► Recognise confined space hazards - Work being performed in a confined space;

Such include welding, cutting, brazing, painting, scraping, sand blasting and degreasing. Toxic atmospheres are generated in various processes. For example, cleaning solvents are used in many industries for cleaning/degreasing. The vapours from these solvents are very toxic in a confined space. It is also important to be aware that hot work carried out consumes oxygen.

Welding; hot work on all surfaces with coating will create several gases which may be very toxic. This gas may come from hot work being carried out in a tank adjacent to the space being surveyed.

Coating; special attention should be paid when spray coating is carried out in the area of the survey. Spray coating where small size particles are mixed with air will lead to high toxic exposure if inhaled.

Sand blasting; the dangers connected to sandblasting very much depend on the object’s substance and the size and containment of grit. Several grits used for sandblasting contain carcinogenic substances like quartz, nickel, lead and lead compound. During sandblasting the containment of carcinogenic chemicals may increase depending on the surface of the sandblasted area.



► Permit to Enter (PTW or PTE) systems/control procedures at the workplace - Confined Space Entry Policy:

A confined space shall be entered only when a PERMIT TO ENTER (PTW or PTE) has been issued and if it is safe to do so. Surveyors shall remain inside a confined space only for as long as it is necessary to perform the related work.

It is the full responsibility of the Owner/Owner Representative of the confined space (ie Ship, shipyard) to ensure that the confined space is safe to enter;

• Surveyors shall not enter a space alone unless the physical dimensions of the space prevent entry by more than one person.



► Confined Space Entry Procedures; Surveyors shall refuse to enter a confined space (or shall exit the space) if: (1/3)

Safe entry procedures are not in place, have time expired or are not being followed.

The Responsible and or Competent Person is not identified. The access and exit arrangements to and within the confined space are not

considered safe (where available, multiple entry and exits ways shall be opened).

Communications arrangements are not adequate. The confined space is not adequately clean to allow safe working

conditions. Lighting is not adequate for entry/exit and to allow safe working conditions

in the confined space. The atmosphere has not been demonstrated as being safe (safe limits are:

atmospheric oxygen the range of 20.6% to 22% by volume, combustible gases less than 5% of lower explosive limit, toxics within acceptable limits).

Adequate ventilation arrangements are not in place or not functioning.




Isolation of the confined space, as applicable, from other tanks, cargo spaces, pipes, etc and of machinery in the space, is not confirmed.

They are required to wear breathing apparatus.

The surveyor may wear a respirator or other escape device if required by an Owners policy but only if sufficiently trained in the use of such equipment. However, the space MUST be safe first.

Noise can adversely impact effective communications.

Extreme temperature effects are not adequately considered.

Electrical equipment in the confined space is not suitable or not in acceptable condition.

Toxic Product is contained in an adjacent space.

Adequate emergency response arrangements are not in place.




A dedicated Attendant is not provided by the vessel’s management or the management of the facility where the surveyor’s activities are carried out for the complete duration of the time spent working in the confined space and/or the Attendant does not have suitable means of initiating emergency response.

In any other situation where the surveyor has a valid concern over the safety of the confined space.

The points addressed in this entry procedure shall be considered and reviewed as changes occur during any Confined Space Entry.

No surveyor shall be the first to enter a confined space, and they shall be accompanied at all times where the size of the space permits.

No surveyor shall be part of a rescue team.

Surveyors shall immediately leave a confined space, by the nearest safe exit, if any alarms sound, or any physical impairment or distress is experienced by the surveyor.



► Confined Space Entry Procedures; prior to entry into a confined space the following procedure shall be adopted;

A safety meeting should be held prior to the survey to discuss all aspects of safety measures.

Entry permit shall be obtained for the space to be entered.

Identify potentially unsafe conditions by reviewing the following information provided by the owner; latest content of the spaces to be surveyed, contents of adjacent spaces, for Gas Carriers: a data sheet for the last cargo should be presented, and for Chemical Tankers: a data sheet for the previous three cargoes should be presented.

Evaluate ventilation of the space and check that the confined space or tank is empty, cleaned and ventilated.

Evaluate need for isolation of the space.

Ensure that an Attendant is in place and ensure that a standby person and/or a rescue team is in place, when applicable.

Evaluate need for precaution against extreme temperature.

Evaluate the lighting arrangements.

Evaluate if special clothing and/or equipment is required



► Confined Space Entry Procedures; prior to entry into a confined space the following procedure shall be adopted;

• Perform two minutes for my safety

Check and evaluate gas measurements taken by the Owner Representative. For testing limit values see slides following this;

• As a minimum, oxygen measurements shall be carried out before entry into the enclosed space. The Surveyor may request to carry out measurements under his supervision, when deemed necessary.

• A set of additional control measures should be evaluated depending on what type of tank is to be surveyed. See “Checklist for entry into Confined Spaces”.

The surveyor should always use their personal gas measuring equipment during the survey, but this is not intended to substitute the measurements taken by the Owner/Owner Representative.



► Requirements for atmosphere testing and the interpretation of their results - Testing of the atmosphere;

Initial testing should be carried out by a certified “Marine Chemist” or a “Competent person” or similar accredited person who will issue a certificate stating whether the space is ‘safe for man’ and/or work, and if any special conditions are to be observed.

On a vessel this may be the Chief Officer, or a Competent Person onboard. If in doubt of the officer’s qualification, documentation is required to be shown. In no case shall the surveyor be considered to be a “Competent Person” - even if he is equipped with his own personal testing equipment.

Ventilation should be stopped about 10 minutes before tests are made and not restarted until the tests are completed.

The testing should be carried out immediately before entry into the confined space and in the following sequence;

• Oxygen-deficient or -enriched atmospheres

• Flammable atmospheres

• Toxic atmospheres when considered necessary



► To evaluate the measurements taken, the following limit values should be used;

Testing for oxygen; any atmosphere with less than 20.6% or greater than 22% oxygen by volume should not be entered.

Testing for flammable atmosphere; a space with an atmosphere with more than 5% of the “Lower Flammable Limit” (LFL) or “Lower Explosive Limit” (LEL), on a combustible gas indicator should not be entered. The Flammability indicator shows the percentage within a safety range of 0-10% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and, ideally, should read 0%. Combustible gas detectors have normally two measuring ranges 0-100% LEL and 0-10% LEL.

Testing for toxic atmospheres ; Toxins are, in general, measured in parts per million (PPM). Under no circumstances should the surveyor enter a confined space exceeding the limits specified by national / international regulations. Different testing bodies throughout the world may, however, have different acceptance limits. Value limits are included below for three substances found often by the surveyors in the field:



► Guidelines for use of personal multigas meter (gas detectors); For detection of any local pockets of gas or lack of oxygen the surveyor

should use his portable oxygen or multi-gas meter with audible alarm features.

This is especially important when entering tanks and/or voids of complicated geometry with high possibility of "pockets of atmosphere" with low O2-content, and where rescue operations may be difficult.

Preferably a multi-gas meter should be used, capable of simultaneous monitoring of oxygen, combustible gases and hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide.

Note that CO sensors may also be sensitive to low concentrations of hydrogen (H2) therefore it is important to evaluate the possibility for CO/hydrogen in the space. Anodes will generate hydrogen when in use.

Most measuring equipment is sensitive apparatus with limitations for the range they are capable of measuring. Sensors in all measuring equipment may be destroyed if exposed to extreme measurements (e.g. above 100% LEL), clogged filters or catalyst poison (silicone, lead, sulphur and chlorous).

The personal protective instrument should be turned on before tank entry.



► Access, exit and safe working requirements - access; More than one means of access must be provided to a confined space

unless the structure of the vessel makes it impractical. Note: When there is only one means of access, collapsible ducts may be

used to provide access. When the ventilation ducts must pass through the means of access, ducts

must allow for free passage. See below figure. If ventilation equipment blocks access to the space, airline respirators as

well as a stand-by employee must be used. Frequent checks must be conducted to ensure the safety of employees

working alone in a confined space.



► Access, exit and safe working requirements - exit; Lighting equipment needed to enable employees to see well enough

to work safely and to exit the space quickly in an emergency. Any time a limit is exceeded, no matter what the reason, all

personnel shall immediately exit the space, and no others shall enter until atmospheric conditions are returned to safe levels.

Surveyors shall immediately leave a confined space, by the nearest safe exit, if any of below;

• Alarm sound of Personal gas multi-gas meter.

• Physical impairment or distress is experienced by the Surveyor.

• Order to evacuate is given by attendant or entry supervisor.

• Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation.

• Entrant detects prohibited condition.

• Evacuation alarm activated.



► Access, exit and safe working requirements – safe working requirements;

Surveyors have the right to a safe workplace, the Owner (shipowner or shipyard) should provide the Surveyor with working conditions that are free of known dangers, following listed preparations and general hazards are to be well managed;

• Cleaning

• Lighting equipment (Flashlights and pocket size back-up light)

• Ventilations

• Temperatures

• Engulfment hazards

• Noise

• Falling objects

• Slick/Wet Surfaces



► Safe working requirement - Cleaning; Tanks and spaces to be surveyed must be sufficiently clean and free

from water, scale, dirt and oil residues to reveal excessive corrosion, significant deformation, fractures, damage and other structural deterioration. There is no point in entering a tank if the bottom of the tank is not visible and the intention of the survey is to survey those areas. Tank cleaning can be performed with an existing fixed tank cleaning system.

However, in shadow areas portable washing machines may have to be used in order to achieve sufficient degree of cleanliness.

Generally, tank surveys should be avoided in tanks in which de-sludging operations are taking place since these operations can potentially raise gas levels.

When entering into a HFO, lube oil or diesel fuel tank, extra care should be taken when considering cleanliness and atmosphere. Long term effects of exposure to substances found in these tanks are not well documented.



► Safe working requirement - Lighting;

Whenever possible, natural lighting should be provided in the tank during inspection by opening all tank hatches.

Lighting in confined spaces may not be good and will normally be temporary arrangements cabled into the space or by torchlight.

Surveyor should always carry his PPE include; a hand held light with lanyard and appropriate beam width and a pocket size backup light (spare torch/flashlight) when working in confined spaces in case of loss of light.



► Safe working requirement - Ventilations; Ventilation by a blower, eductor or fan may be necessary to remove harmful

gases and vapours from a confined space. There are several methods for ventilating a confined space. The method and equipment chosen are dependent upon the size of the confined space openings, the gases to be diluted (e.g. are they flammable?), and the source of make-up air.

Under certain conditions where flammable gases or vapours have displaced the oxygen level, but are too rich to burn, forced air ventilation may dilute them until they are within the explosive range. Also, if inert gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, nitrogen) are used in the confined space, the space should be well ventilated and re-tested before a surveyor may enter.

A common method of ventilation requires a large hose, one end attached to a fan and the other lowered into a manhole or opening. For example, a manhole would have the ventilating hose run to the bottom to dilute or displace all harmful gases and vapours.

The air intake should be placed in an area that will draw in fresh air only. Ventilation should be continuous where possible, because in many confined

spaces the hazardous atmosphere will form again when the flow of air is stopped.

All openings are to be opened for ventilation and emergency exit.



► Safe working requirement – Temperature extremely hot or cold can present problem for the Surveyor (1/2);

Cold temperature; At very cold temperatures, the most serious concern is the risk of hypothermia or dangerously low body temperature. Another serious effect of cold exposure is frostbite or freezing of the exposed extremities such as fingers, toes, nose and ear lobes. Hypothermia could be fatal in absence of immediate medical attention.

Warning signs of hypothermia can include complaints of nausea, fatigue, dizziness, irritability or euphoria. Surveyors can also experience pain in their extremities (for example hands, feet, ears) and severe shivering. Surveyors should be moved to a heated shelter and seek medical advice when appropriate.



► Safe working requirement – Temperature extremely hot or cold can present problem for the Surveyor (2/2);

Heat; A person working in a very hot environment loses water and salt through sweat. This loss should be compensated by water and salt intake. Fluid intake should equal fluid loss. On average, about one litre of water each hour may be required to replace the fluid loss. Plenty of drinking water should be available on the job site and persons should be encouraged to drink water every 15 to 20 minutes even if they do not feel thirsty. Drinks specially designed to replace body fluids and electrolytes may be taken. Alcoholic drinks should NEVER be taken as alcohol dehydrates the body.

An acclimatized surveyor loses relatively little salt in their sweat and therefore the salt in the normal diet is usually sufficient to maintain the electrolyte balance in the body fluids. For un-acclimatized surveyors who may sweat continuously and repeatedly, additional salt in the food may be used. Salt tablets are not recommended because the salt does not enter the body system as fast as water or other fluids. Too much salt can cause higher body temperatures, increased thirst and nausea. Persons on salt-restricted diets should discuss the need for supplementary salt with their doctor.



► Safe working requirement - Engulfment hazards, Noise, Falling objects and Slick/Wet surfaces;

Engulfment hazards; Loose, granular material stored in holds or tanks, such as grain, sand, coal, or similar material, can engulf and suffocate a person. The loose material can crust or bridge over and break loose under the weight of a person.

Noise; Noise within a confined space can be amplified by the design and acoustic properties of the space. Excessive noise cannot only damage hearing, but can also affect communication, such as causing a shouted warning to go unheard.

Falling objects; Workers in confined spaces should be mindful of the possibility of falling objects, particularly in spaces, which have a topside opening for entry, and where work is being done above the worker.

Slick/Wet surfaces; Slips and falls can occur on a wet surface causing injury or death to workers. Also, a wet surface will increase the likelihood for and effect of electric shock in areas where electrical circuits, equipment, and tools are used.



► Confined Space Emergency arrangements;

If a situation arises where there is a hazardous condition and the worker or Surveyor does not leave or is unable to leave the confined space, rescue procedures should be begin immediately.

The detailed procedure for emergency response to an injury or other emergency within the confined space should be described in detail in the Owner’s (shipowner or shipyard) documents.

A key to confined space emergency response is having adequate communication available to quickly summon trained assistance.

Rescue the victims from outside of the confined space, if possible. No other person should enter a confined space to attempt a rescue unless that personnal is fully trained in the rescue procedures and is wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment. More than 60% of deaths in confined spaces are would-be rescuers, who are not fully trained and adequately equipped. It is strongly recommended that Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD) are placed at the entry points of the space to be entered for use in emergency situation / recovery of surveyor from space.



► Over 50% of workers who die in confined spaces are attempting to rescue other workers

Rescuers must be trained in and follow established emergency procedures and use appropriate equipment and techniques (lifelines, respiratory protection, standby persons, etc)

Steps for safe rescue should be included in all confined space entry procedures.

Unplanned rescue, such as when someone instinctively rushes in to help a downed co-worker, can easily result in a double fatality, or even multiple fatalities if there are more than one "rescuer"

Remember, an unplanned rescue will probably be your lastRemember, an unplanned rescue will probably be your last



► Confined Space Emergency arrangements - Attendant Rescue Team; Attendant is a person who is suitably trained and responsible for

maintaining a watch over those entering the confined space, for maintaining communications with those inside the space and for initiating the emergency procedures in the event of an incident occurring.

An attendant should be assigned to remain on the outside of the confined space and be in constant contact (visual or two-way voice communication e.g. walkie-talkie) with the survey team inside. Routines for communication intervals with the survey team should be established. The attendant:

• shall not have any other duties than to serve as standby and know who should be notified in case of emergency;

• shall never leave his post even after help has arrived and is a key communication link to others onboard;

• Shall have suitable means of initiating emergency response.

• shall be able to communicate effectively in a relevant common language.

Communication between watch personnel (Bridge, Cargo Control Room or Engine Control Room) and attendant should be established.



► Confined Space Emergency arrangements - Rescue; Rescuers must be trained in and follow established emergency

procedures and use appropriate equipment and techniques (such as EEBD, lifelines, respiratory protection, ).

Emergency and evacuation procedures shall be agreed and understood by all parties involved in a potential rescue operation. Steps for safe rescue should be included in all confined space entry procedures. Rescue should be well planned and evidence should be made available that indicates drills have been frequently conducted on emergency procedures.



► Owner (ship owner or shipyard) shall appoint the confined space Attendant;

It shall be the duty of the responsible person of a person entering into a confined space to appoint a confined space Attendant before such entry.

It shall be the duty of the confined space attendant to remain outside the confined space in order to;

• Monitor persons entering into the confined space;• Maintain regular contact with the persons in the confined space

and when necessary assist them to evacuate should the need arise; and

• Alert the persons appointed to carry out rescue work in the event of an emergency.



► Emergency arrangements by the Owner (ship owner or shipyard) for rescue;

It shall be the duty of the responsible person of a person entering into a confined space to;

• Establish a written rescue plan for the purpose of rescuing persons in the confined space in the event of an emergency;

• Appoint persons to carry out rescue work and ensure thjat such persons have first received adequate training in rescue operation including first-aid and the proper use of PPE and other equipment necessary for carrying out a rescue opearation in the confined space;

• Ensure the there is a sufficient supply of suitable breathing apparatus, safety hams and ropes, suitable rescue equipment and suitable reviving apparatus which are kept readily available, properly maintained, and thoroughly examined by a competent person at a defined intervals.



► Equipment for Surveyors Entering a Confined Space;

PPE is traditionally regarded as the last line of protection with the emphasis being placed on avoidance and appropriate managerial control methods. However, the potentially hazardous nature and isolated position of those entering a confined space means that, for the surveyor, PPE may be the first line of protection.

Each confined space will present different hazards and degrees of risk to health and safety, the final provision of PPE should therefore be based on an assessment of risk.

The surveyor must always use the necessary personal safety equipment according to the specific conditions and the survey being carried out.



► Equipment for Surveyors Entering a Confined Space; As a general rule the following guidance is offered. Basic surveyor

PPE shall include:• Body protection (hard wearing overalls with suitable pockets for

notebook, etc);• Foot protection (steel toecaps (200 joules), steel midsoles, good grip,

oil resistant);• Head protection (hard hat with chinstraps if required);• Hand protection (hard wearing gloves);• Eye protection (protective glasses, goggles);• Ear protection (ear defenders or ear plugs – worn subject to

communication system);

• Gas meter - multi-gas meter for measuring of LEL, H2S, CO, O2 is recommended;

• Lighting (hand held with lanyard and appropriate beam width).• Backup lighting (spare torch/flashlight)• Respiratory protection (e.g. dust mask).



► Do not enter a confined space until you have considered every item in below, as well as any other item of concern, and have determined the space to be safe :

Confirmation that you will be accompanied during entry

Verification of testing equipment and qualification of testers

Testing of the atmosphere for oxygen level, toxic or flammable gases

Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere during survey

Ventilation of the confined space

Isolation of the confined space

Use of adequate clothing and safety equipment

Standby and rescue procedures

Entry permit

Remember, the final decision is yours. If you are not confident that the space is safe for entry, do not enter it.

Remember, the final decision is yours. If you are not confident that the space is safe for entry, do not enter it.



► Boilers and inert gas installations; (1/2)

When Boilers and inert gas installations can be considered as spaces poor in oxygen and should only be entered into only if all covers have been removed, the spaces kept ventilated and the atmosphere tested for safe entry.

The death (in 1971) of two Surveyors - one suffocated when going into a cylindrical boiler, and the other when trying to assist his colleague - because lower manhole covers had not yet been removed, thus creating a lethal gas pocket - is indeed very unusual, but it illustrates how crucial it is to be vigilant.

Even if the ship's crew must make all the checkings and take the necessary precautions to ensure the safety of the survey, the following points are emphasized;• The Surveyor shall only enter a boiler after all manholes have been

opened up before his inspection, in order to keep the boiler well ventilated.• If, during the survey, another boiler is working under steam pressure, the

Surveyor shall make sure that; all cut-off valves of the boiler to be examined are indeed closed and that a safety device is fitted to prevent valves from opening accidentally, and combined safety devices on fuel burner feed pipes and gas pipes are working properly.



► Boilers and inert gas installations; (2/2)

When a boiler is being fired in the same stoke hold, the Surveyor has to check that uptakes are independent. If they are not, and if no safety devices are provided, he shall refuse to carry out the survey and inform the owner of the reasons of his refusal.

Before a steam test is carried out, the Surveyor should study the possible escapes towards an adjacent compartment on the same level. Most important, when there is an extensive escape of steam, the Surveyor should never try to get out by going upwards.

For cylindrical boilers, the Surveyors must check that the nuts on the manhole covers - especially the lower ones - were screwed tight when hot.

Chapter 6

Safe Boarding of Vessels and escort by interested parties


Safe Boarding of Vessels

► General principles;

Boarding ships being at sea is a very critical situation. Surveyor should perform his 2 minutes for my safety and if necessary use Stop Work Authority as per BV Cardinal Rules.

In addition to the following paragraphs which must be strictly followed, attention is drawn to the following documents which can be found in the folder ‘’attached documents’’ to the MPG003 –

protectionGuidance on Pilot Transfer Arrangements, produced by the International Maritime Pilots’ Association (IMPA) in collaboration with the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS).

• Training module on safe use of pilot ladders when boarding ships, produced by BV Commodities Division.

• Guidance for the use of Lifejackets or Survival Suits produced by BV Commodities Division



► Check of your conditions before boarding of vessels;

No afraid of heights.

Good sense of balance, not prone to motion sickness.

Physically and medically fit.

Not taking any prescription medicine which could provoke sleepiness and: or unbalance.



► Check whether you have the right personal protective equipments?

Safety helmet with chin strap.

Life jacket / Floatation vest with light.

Gloves with good grip.

Tight-fitting footwear (shoes or boots with non-slip soles and low heels).



► Check how to pack your belongings and equipment.

Do not carry luggage or heavy backpacks during boarding.

Keep you hands free. All loose items (e.g. keys, mobile phones) must be packed in appropriate luggage.

Luggage will be hoisted onto the vessel.



► Guide to Safety boarding of vessels;

When preparing to board:

• Wear a lfe jacket. Hold the handrails and stay alert. Approach ladder from outboard side of launch. Board only when directed by launch master.

When boarding via gangway;

• Ensure gangway is level with the launch. Board using both hands on the rails. Only 4 persons can board each time.

When boarding via rope ladder:

• Ensure ladder is properly secured. Maintain three point of contact when climbing a ladder (two hands and one foot or one hand and two feet). Do not board if lader appears damaged. Climb ladder one person at a time. Keep body close to ladder and stay alert.



► Remember;

Safety always comes first !!

Do not board if you are feeling unwell.

If life jacket is not provided, as for one from the ship/launch crew.

Do not board if conditions are unfavourable for boarding.

Stay alert and follow all instructions.


Escort the Surveyor by interested parties

► Nature of the escort

This escort starts as soon as the surveyor arrives on board the vessel to be driven to the Master chief engineer or chief officer; BV introduces himself and the following points will be discussed before the surveyor can start his inspection fully accompanied by an escort who must be a ship’s officer duly designated by the master, the chief engineer or the chief officer.

It must be made clear during this meeting that the ship’s officer designated to escort the surveyor will do so for the whole length of the stay of the surveyor on board.

For new construction survey, the escort must be provided by a staffs (such as QC or yard Inspector) duly designated by the shipyard. The escort is compulsory for carrying out the patrol surveys as well.



► Nature of the escort - Access and paths

The surveyor should use the normal paths together with an escort; he should however ensure by himself that the path is free of risks. If necessary he shall request additional lightning or others.

If he should access to spaces which are not accessible under normal circumstances (carter of a main propulsion engine, boiler…), he should request the escort to avail safe means of access, adequate lightning, walkie talkie permanent communication etc…

Each time it is necessary to operate an equipment or to dismantle it (tests…), such should be done by the escort or a crew member, yard people.

In all such cases, the surveyor should explain very clearly what needs to be done and request the necessary safety measures to be taken.



► Nature of the escort - Access and paths

Certain situations do require the permanent escort of the surveyor to ensure his safety; particularly the following situations:

• Work at height especially necessitating the use of a safety belt.

• Work in a confined space.

• Access in height using a mobile ladder especially to maintain a fix point at the foot of the ladder.

Chapter 7

Driving risk prevention


Driving risk

► It is recalled that all the personel must take the BV e learning module on safe driving available in the BV portal.

► This is a MUST for which there is no derogation whatever


Driving risk

► Respect of the Driving Rules;

General - The prevention of the road accidents necessitate to respect the driving rules and the principles which are list below (non exhaustive list 1/3):

• Alcohol - A driver is in contradiction with the rules if his alcohol content in the blood exceeds some limits, for example in France more than 0,5 g/l or 0,25 mg/l expired air. (This corresponds for a man of 70 kg to: 2 glasses of wine on a empty stomach, or 3 glasses of wine taken during a meal).

• Safety belt - The belt is compulsory in front and at the back of the car. The safety belt allows to avoid that the person be ejected or projected outside the car (during a collision at 50 km/h, a belted person will face a chock equivalent to the fall of a three storey building, a non belted 75 kg person equal projectile of 2,5 tons)

• Drugs - The consumption of drugs is prohibited by law. Drugs alter the vision, the audition and the capacities of coordination. The reaction time gets longer, the capacity to control a path lessens and the response in urgency situation lessens too.


Driving risk



• Medicine - Some medicine (particularly syrups against caught containing codeine or its derivates) may lead to sleepiness. Please check the presence of the pictogram on the packaging.

• Sleepiness - It is useless to attempt to fight against it. As from the first signs you should STOP even though you would have a few kilo meters only to cover. (In any case it is necessary to pause every two hours). - Certain time slots are particularly prone to sleepiness :during the night from 2h to 5h, day time between 13h and 15h. - Several factors aggravate the tiredness: lack or bad quality of sleep, heavy meals (too much sugar or fat), the intake, even though moderate, of drugs or alcohol, excessive heat or cold in the car, the cigarette (which reduces the oxygen in the car) ...


Driving risk



• Portable phone - The use of a portable phone when driving is strictly prohibited ; even though with a hand free kit your reaction time in case of unforeseen event will be multiplied by five.

• Speed/Breaking distance – Respect the speed limitations in force. Between two vehicles, the minimum safety distance equals to the distance made during two seconds. (ABS breaking system does not reduce the breaking distance; It avoids the blockage of the wheels and the loss of the control of the vehicle).

• Eyesight – This is of paramount important, if you have eyesight problems you should consult regularly and adjust your eyesight with glasses as prescribed by the doctor.


Driving risk

► Car maintenance;

In a general manner to take all necessary measures for the good maintenance of the car and for the respect of the safety rules.

Each surveyor is responsible of the condition of the vehicle that he is using; in this respect it belongs to him to:

• To respect thoroughly the instructions manual of the car maker and to bring the car to the repair shop for regular maintenance as prescribed.

• To check and replace the tyres when necessary.

• To regularly wash his vehicle.

• To declare the damages to his insurance company and to have it repaired as necessary.

Chapter 8

Working at height, survey by boats or rafts, pressure tests


Working at height

► Surveyor should always require that necessary arrangements are made to conduct surveys. Surveyor should take all necessary precautions and taking care his own safety, such as some dangers encountered :

Badly fixed, unsteady or unguarded Scaffoldings.

Badly fixed, unsteady Ladders

Wooden or Timber boards of scaffoldings in poor condition or overhauling.

Slippery on inclining steel block plating or wet surface.

Electric shock in wet areas where electrical circuits, equipment, and tools are used.

Openings on deck, floor, platform - left open and unguarded.

Unprotected sides and edges (no guardrails provided)


Working at height

► Marine Surveyors engaged in the block inspection, pre-erection and erection inspection or other inspection at height must be protected from falling.

Surveyor verifies that he is protected from falling by following types of falling protection systems, when survey is located 2 meter or more above lower levels.

• Guardrail systems

• Safety net systems

• Personal fall protection systems

• Engineered Lifelines

• Warning line system

When alternative means of access are used (e.g. Cherry Picker and portable ladder), their conditions and competency of the Operator are to be checked and verified satisfactory prior to usage.


Working at height

► The IACS Rec. 91, Rev. 1 “Guidelines for Approval / Acceptance of Alternative Means of Access” covers means of access used independently or in combination with the provided permanent means of access to area to be surveyed and measured in accordance with SOLAS Ch. II-1 Reg. 3-6. Alternative means of access are;

Hydraulic arm vehicles (Cherry Picker)

Wire lift platform

Portable platforms

Staging

Rafting

Portable Ladders

Innovative approach


Working at height

► IACS Rec. 91, Rev. 1 “Guidelines for Approval / Acceptance of Alternative Means of Access”, stated that;

It should be demonstrated by the Owner that the equipment provided has been maintained and a person operating the equipment is trained in the safe use of such equipment. These should be demonstrated to the Surveyors by the production of documents, prior to the equipment being used, that the equipment has been maintained and which indicate any limitations of the equipment.

Where Cherry Pickers are used for the examination of the cargo hold structure on bulk carriers not accessible by permanent means, Cherry Pickers may be accepted as movable means, for use up to 17m above the tank top.

Portable ladders should be designed based on a recognised international or national standard. The rugs and steps should be designed to minimise slipping, e.g. corrugated, knurled, dimpled or coated with skid resistance material. The feet of portable ladders should be prevented from slipping during use by securing the stiles at or near their upper and lower ends, by any anti-slip device or by their arrangements of equivalent effectiveness. The ladder should be in general raised at an angle of around 70 degrees.


Working at height

► Personal fall protection systems

Surveyor on any project that will be required to wear a personal fall arrest or restraint system, he will follow these guidelines;

• A full body harness will be used at all time.

• Any deteriorated, bent, damaged, impacted and/or harness showing excessive wear of personal fall protection system, should be removed from service.


Precautions for use of boats or raft in close-up survey

► General Requirement; Refer also to BV Rules, Part A, Ch 2 Sec 2 dealing with surveys by rafts, from which

the indications below are extracted.

Boats or rafts may only be used for close-up surveys of cargo or ballast tanks in conditions effectively controlled to ensure adequate protection of the personnel at any time during the survey.

Surveys of tanks or spaces by means of rafts or boats may only be undertaken with the agreement of the attending surveyor(s), who shall take into account the safety arrangements provided, including weather forecasting and ship response under foreseeable conditions and provided the expected raise of water within the tank does not exceed 0.25m.

At no time is the water level to be allowed to be within 1 m of the deepest under deck web face flat so that the survey team is not isolated from a direct escape route to the tank hatch. Filling to levels above the deck transverses is only to be contemplated if a deck access manhole is fitted and open in the bay being examined, so that an escape route for the survey party is available at all times; other effective means of escape to the deck may be considered.

If the tanks (or spaces) are connected by a common venting system, or inert gas system, the tank in which the boat or raft is to be used shall be isolated to prevent a transfer of gas from other tanks (or spaces).



► General Requirement; The following conditions shall be observed:

Only rough duty, inflatable rafts or boats, having satisfactory residual buoyancy and stability even if one chamber is ruptured, shall be used;

The boat or raft shall be tethered to the access ladder and an additional person shall be stationed down the access ladder with a clear view of the boat or raft;

Appropriate lifejackets shall be available for all participants;

The surface of water in the tank or hold shall be calm (under all foreseeable conditions, the expected rise of water within the tank shall not exceed 0.25 m) and the water level either stationary. On no account is the level of the water to be rising while the boat or raft is in use;

The tank, hold or space must contain clean ballast water only. Even a thin sheen of oil on the water is not acceptable.



► General Requirement; The establishment of proper preparation and the close co-operation between the

attending Surveyor(s) and the Company's representatives onboard prior to and during the survey are an essential part in the safe and efficient conduct of the survey.

Safety meetings shall be held prior to entering the tank or space and regularly during the survey on board. Applicable safety procedures and responsibilities shall be discussed and agreed to ensure that the survey is carried out under controlled conditions.

The attending Surveyor(s) shall always be acccompanied by at least one responsible person assigned by the Company experienced in tank and enclosed spaces inspection. In addition, a back-up team of at least two experienced persons shall be stationed at the hatch opening of the tank or space that is being surveyed. Life-saving and evacuation equipment should be kept ready for use.

A communication system shall be arranged between the survey party in the tank or space being examined, the responsible officer on deck, the navigation bridge and the personnel in charge of handling the ballast pump(s) in the pump control room. These communication arrangements shall be maintained throughout the survey.

Adequate and safe lighting shall be provided for the safe and efficient conduct of the survey and Adequate protective clothing shall be made available and used (e.g. safety helmet, gloves, safety shoes, etc.) during the survey.


Pressure tests

► Within the scope of M&O interventions Surveyors shall attend pressure tests on different type of capacities such as compartments, pressure vessels. As a Rule, only hydraulic tests are requested and allowed to be carried out, with the exception of;

compartment air leak test (mainly at new construction stage), to be done at a pressure not exceeding 0.24bars for approximately one hour time, with a minimum number of personnel around the tank. A U-tube with a height sufficient to hold a head of water corresponding to the required test pressure is to be arranged. The cross sectional area of the U-tube is not to be less than that of the pipe supplying air to the tank. In addition to U-tube, a master gauge or other approved means to verify the pressure is to be approved.

Where practical limitations (strength of building berth, density of liquid, etc.) prevent the performance of a hydrostatic test, a hydro-pneumatic test under same conditions and precautions as for air test may be accepted as an equivalent method.

Chapter 9

Electricity Danger


Electricity Danger

► Preamble

The root causes of the work accidents of electrical origin come mostly from the non respect of the safety prescriptions.

These accidents are on average way more serious than those of other origins as shown in the below diagram :

Decease

Work accidents

Sick leave with permanent disability

Work accidents from electrical origin

Work accidents from other origins


Electricity Danger

► Case of the low voltage

Electrification by indirect contact

• It means electrisation by contact with objects not or poorly earthed, such objects being in contact with an element under voltage further to a electrical isolation defect.

• Such defects are putting in danger any person simply likely to touch this machine or equipment.

• Periodical verifications are bound to detect such defects it is up to the owner managing the installation to rectify these later on.

Prevention of electrification by indirect contact

• This danger cannot be formally identified by a non specialist.

• The first prevention measure may consist in avoiding any contact with the equipments; should this contact be absolutely necessary it is compulsory to request the Shipyard to put these out of voltage by the electrician.


Electricity Danger


Electrification by direct contact

• The risk appears when you stand in the vicinity of naked components under voltage.

• It is the case during interventions inside electrical boards or boxes under voltage, but it is also the case when the isolation or the possible obstacles protecting the user of an equipment under voltage have been deteriorated.

• You should take this risk into account for low voltage circuits (The work on non protected high voltage installations is prohibited), but also for very low voltage (< 50 V) as long as you cannot make sure of the exact origin of the source.

• Caution : The accidents of electrisation /electrocution by direct contact are more frequent than those by indirect contact, such accidents are among the most serious..


Electricity Danger


Risks of burns

• These accidents, by far the more frequent, translate into burns to the hands and to the arms, and may result in injuries to the face particularly to the eyes.

• The burns are provoked by electric arcs which happen as soon as a short circuit is initiated between two active conductors (neutral included) or in certain cases between an active conductor and the earth (electrical mass).

• Depending on the conditions of the initiation of the arc, the current, although very important might be insufficient to provoke a rapid action of the thermo-magnetic circuit breaker ;this phenomenon is similar to what happens during arc welding.

• The electric arc has the following characteristics;

- Luminous radiations,

- Thermic radiations,

- Projections of metal in fusion


Electricity Danger

► Case of high voltage

These installations receiving high voltage may iinclud delivery or transformation units as well as their cables ;they may also include equipments , powered under high voltage of 5 to 6 KV.

Of course these installations should obey to the above rules applicable to low voltage in order to avoid risks of direct or indirect electrification and burns. However due to the powers at stake, and the particular context in which these are operated particular precautions are necessary.

In this respect for Marine surveyors, it is strictly prohibited:

• To penetrate alone in a high voltage area without being accompanied by a qualified person.

• To open an electric box or board.

• A fortiori to carry out any manoeuvre of electric nature.


Electricity Danger

► Personnel Protective Equipments

You should wear as a minimum the following equipments:

It is compulsory to wear these EPIs in case of exposure to risks of contacts of naked parts under voltage and of creation of electric arc.

You need as well to maintain your EPIs in good working condition and in case of need to request their renewal to your managers.

Overalls Protection against the electric arcs : Helmet

with facial visor

Gloves adapted to the voltage

Safety shoes

Chapter 10

Risk of Fire & Explosion, ATEX



► Objective

In most of the cases the performance of our activities does not necessitate the use of gas or flammable liquids so called “combustible”.

However flammable or explosive products are often present on board ships, some of our interventions may contribute to generate a source of and thereof ,under certain conditions, may trigger a fire or an explosion.

The following document’s aim is to describe the nature of the dangers of fire or explosion and to indicate the safety rules to respect in order to avoid these on board ships during BV ‘s interventions.



► Danger of fire or explosion

Three conditions to meet simultaneously to generate a fire : The fire triangle – A fire may take place when the following three conditions are met :

• Combustible : material which may consume (wood, coal ,gasoil, butane…)

• Oxidiser : Gas compound which in the presence of the combustible will allow the combustion (oxygen, air, peroxides, nitrates ammonium, oxides azotes,…)

• Source of energy or ignition : Energy necessary to start the chemical reaction of the combustion (electricity, works with hot points or naked flame, cigarette, spark)

• Lightning point : Minimal temperature (in °C) at which, in specified trial conditions, a liquid substance will emit sufficient flammable vapours capable of inflaming itself (spontaneous combustion) in the presence of a source of energy or of ignition.

• Source of energy

• (ignition)

•Combustible •Oxidiser(ex : air’s Oxygen)

Fire



► Danger of fire or explosion

Six conditions to simultaneously met to generate an explosion: Hexagon of explosion.

• The explosion is a very fast combustion which generates a pressure wave. This combustion is very fast due to ideal and specific conditions of combustion.

• The explosion can take place only after the formation of an explosive atmosphere resulting of a mix of air and flammable substances under gaseous form or combustible dusts in suspension in proportions such as a sufficient source of energy will produce its explosion

•Source of Energy (inflammation)

•Combustible •Oxidiser (ex : Oxygen of the air)

•Explosion

•Combustible in suspension (gas,

vapors aerosol, dusts)

•Confinement

•Explosivity domains (concentration of combustible between LIE et la LSE)



► Six conditions to simultaneously meet to generate an explosion

Definition of Explosive atmosphere and exposable atmosphere;

• explosive atmosphere : When the proportions of gas, of vapours, of mists or of dusts in the air are such that one flame, one sparkle, one excessive temperature will produce one explosion.

• exposable atmosphere : Atmosphere likely to become explosive by change of one of the parameters (concentration of the combustible, of the oxidiser confinement,…)



► Explosive gaseous atmosphere Lower explosivity limit (LEL) : Minimal concentration of the

combustible in the mix (combustible/ oxidiser ) below which the combustible cannot be inflamed (for a gas, vapours or dusts in the air).

Higher explosivity limit (HEL) : Maximal concentration of combustible in the mix (combustible /oxidiser) beyond which the combustible cannot be inflamed (for a gas, vapours or some dusts in the air).

Auto-inflammation temperature : The lowest temperature of a hot surface which in specific conditions may provoke the spontaneous inflammation of an explosive atmosphere.

Lightning point : Minimal temperature (in°C) to which, in specified test conditions, a liquid emits sufficient gas inflammable gazes capable de spontaneously inflame in the presence of an inflammation source.

Domain of explosivity : Concentrations of combustible comprised between the LEL and the HEL



► Explosive gaseous atmosphere

The values of the lightning point, LEL ,HEL of a chemical product are available in the technical description of this product or in the literature ( ex document INRS ED 911)

•CONCENTRATION

•LEL •HEL

•EXPLOSION

•Not enough

•combustible•Too rich

• in combustible



► Atmosphere of explosive dusts

Most of the flammable dusts (for example : sugar, flour, coal dusts,…) are likely to explode by enflaming if these dusts are in suspension in the air up to a certain concentration specific to each of them.

• Minimal explosivity concentration (LEC) : Minimal Concentration of dusts in a given volume of air above which the concerned mix may explose (approx 50 g/m3)

• Maximal explosivity concentration (HEC) : Maximal concentration of dusts in a given volume of air above which the mix cannot explode any more (severalKg/m3).



► Atmosphere of explosive dusts The size matters (the finer the dust is the bigger the danger), the humidity

content and the quantity of energy of inflammation (in KJ) have also a significant influence of the explosivity of the flammable dusts.

The dusts frequently form deposits (in the cargo holds…) which can be put in suspension by the natural wind or by ventilation or by a primary explosion. Such move could create an explosive atmosphere.

•CONCENTRATION

•LEC •HEC

•EXPLOSION

•Not enought•combustible

•Too much •combustible



► Technical measures - Analysis of the risks and the zonage The zones with risks of explosion are defined in the following table

according to the likehood of the formation of an explosive atmosphere (ATEX) :



► Technical measures – The signalisation The rules in force in some countries may impose to signal the accesses to

zones, where explosive atmospheres can occur in quantities likely to harm the health of the personnel and to present a risk for their safety.

However this signal is not accurate enough and might be supplemented by a zonage plan.



► Technical measures – Adequacy of the equipments used in risky zones.

The level of protection of the equipments used should be adequate to the denomination of the zone(s) in which these will be used.

For information, the following table recalls the categories of equipments to use depending on the nature of the zone.

•Mark CE compulsory in EC.

•Number of the agreement of the Notified Body :

•0081 : LCIE

•0080 : INERIS

•Equipment usable in explosive atmosphere directive 76/117/CE.

•Grouping :

•I :.Mines II : Surfaces.

•G for gaz ou

•D for Dusts

•Category of equipment :

•1 for zone 0 et 20,

•2 for zone 1 et 21

•3 for zone 2.et 22

•0081 •II 2 G



► Organisational measures

Interventions in ATEX zones imply :

• That the surveyors are trained to this risk.

• That the surveyors are authorised by the customer and possibly the authorities to attend in such zones,

• Not to generate sources of ignition in these zones,

Installations likely to present risks of fire or explosion;

• Ship types : Oil tankers, Chemical carriers, LPG tankers,

• Other Ships carrying dangerous goods, Pyrotechnic cargoes

• Compartments : Tanks, Confined spaces such as pipes,sludge tanks, Industrial gases stations (oxy acetylene), Paint lockers, Maintenance workshops, Boilers, Cargo holds (dusts of sugar, flour, coal…),



► Measures to be taken by the management Every surveyor must be made aware of the contents of this document

before any intervention on board.

This initial training may be completed by practical trainings.

On a general manner, our portable electric equipments do not allow to intervene in ATEX Zones; this is also true for the portable lamps.

In order to ensure that all the necessary conditions are met the surveyor should:

• Inform the ship’s master about his obligations.

• Request formally his authorisation to intervene in these risky zones using the document « Authorisation to attend in zones ATEX »,as a check list.



► Personnel protective equipments

When interventions occur in zones 1, 21, 2 or 22 with residual products at the origin of the zone specific personnel protective equipments might be necessary, this is to be discussed with the ship master.

These can be

• Overalls and parkas complying with EN 1149/3.

• Safety shoes antistatic and conductor (with resistance between 105 et 108 Ohms less, shoes complying with DIN EN 61340 are complying).

• Not wear under those synthetic or conducting clothes

• Even thought helmets and visors might not comply (dissipation of static electricity), it is still necessary to carry these.



► Inspection practices You should systematically request the master’s authorisation to attend in

zones using the check list.

• Reminder : The interventions in zones 0 and 20 are prohibited.

• The interventions in 1 et 21 must be made installations stopped and as much as possible, concerned zones emptied of the products at the origin of the risks.

Do not generate ignition sources and during interventions in zones (duly agreed by the Master) you must :

• Not alter the level of protection of the equipments « Ex » of the ship, such as not smoke, not carry or use lighters or marches, not carry or use non adequate electric equipments (Ex), example : portable telephone, cameras, computers, electronic watch, dosimeters.

• The only equipments that you are authorised to introduce in risk 1 or 2 zones are: One portable Ex lamp and one Ex explosimeter.

Chapter 11

Exposure to Noise


Exposure to Noise

► Definitions - The sounds

Are localised variations of the air pressing, hence air vibrations which propagate in acoustic waves. They are characterised by their frequencies which express in Hertz.

A noise is a collection of sounds. It is characterised by its spectrum of frequencies and its level of intensity.

auditive field of the ear :


Exposure to Noise

► Definitions - The ear

The ear is composed of three different parts, It is possible to repair the organs of transmission such as the thympan. On the contrary, when the ciliated cells are destroyed there is no possible repair. Noises of high level may destroy these cells

• The external ear, pavilion of conduit auditive collector, guides the sound to the ear-drum (tympanum) which separates the external ear from the internal ear and pulses under the effect of the noise.

• The middle ear is a bony cavity filled with air, also called tympanic drum, communicating with the larynx by the eustachian. It contains three ossicles (the hammer, the incus and the stirrup) which transmit the move of the tympan to another smaller membrane , the oval window, separating the middle ear and the internal ear. This smaller window being smaller than the tympan the vibration is amplified.

• The internal ear is a bony cavity filled with lymph which comprises three different functional entities : the foyer, which is the organ of the balance, and the cochlea dedicated to the audition. The vibration is transmitted by the oval window to the liquid of the cochlea. In the cochlea area the sensorial cells of the audition which are ciliated . The cilia move with the vibrations, and their moves generate an electric signal in the cell, itself transmitted to the brain by the auditive nerve. The cerebral cortex interprets the nervous message that it receives, and generates the auditive sensation, mental image of the audio message captured by the ciliated cells.


Exposure to Noise

► Definitions - The level of noise

The human ear may perceive sounds of 20 micro-pascals, lower limit of audition, up to 20 pascals, threshold of the pain. However this unit is not very practical as long as there is a factor of 1.000.000 between the weakest sounds and the highest perceived by the ears. For the sake of ease, one use a logarithmic scale beetween 0 and 120 (threshold of the pain).

One measures physically the level of noise in decibels (dB).

Attention, an increase of 3 dB means a doubling of the acoustic power !

To take into account the level of noise actually perceived by the ears, one uses a filter simulating the ear, and the measures are noted in decibel A, whose abbreviation is dB(A).

• 0 dB(A) = weakest noise which can be detected by a human ear.

• 120 dB(A) = noise which is provoking a painful sensation.


Exposure to Noise

► Definitions - The level of noise

In the very high levels, the human ear does not filter sounds on the same manner. This matter is taken into account by the use of decibel C, noted dB(C). We measure the peak level

The measures of the sound levels are principally made by means of sonometers and moreover of exposimeters carried by the workers close to their ears.

However what matters is the « noise dosage over 8 hours », either the quantity of energy received by the ear over 8 hours or other one week.

The exposure, even for a limited time to a high noise level can produce the same effects as an exposure to a lower level but on a 8 hours duration.

Equivalent exposure duration:


Exposure to Noise

► Consequences of the exposure to noise

Further exposure to a loud noise, one can feel temporarily a decrease of hearing acuity that will disappear in few hours.

A loud noise can generate a sudden deafness more or less reversible, by destruction of the cilia cells.

As soon as buzz or whizz appear in the ears, decrease of hearing acuity and feeling of cotton in the ears, one must cease immediately the exposure to the noise.

Should these symptoms persist, one should consult the hospital emergencies immediately.

An immediate treatment may help prevent irreversible disorders.

An acute acoustic trauma must be declared as a work accident.


Exposure to Noise

► Consequences of the exposure to noise - Deafness

The prolonged exposure to high noise levels destroys step by steps the cilia cells of the internal ears thus leading progressively to deafness which is irreversible and requires apparels of limited efficiency.

A sudden loud noise, for example created by an explosion, can lead to sudden deafness , total or partial, reversible or not. The blast effect can tear off the tympana, but also damage to the bones. Such a level of noise can destroy the cells of the cochlea.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz

dB

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz

dB

The noise increases the risk of work accidents for several reasons :

- The noise ask as a blind other warning signal;

- The noise disturbs verbal communication.

- The noise diverts the attention

- The noise makes tired, it has some effect on the sleep,


Exposure to Noise

► Arrangements to be made by the surveyors - Choise of adequate EPIs In practice, two categories of protections are to be distinguished

• The protections with “shells”" (helmets, ear muffs, neckband) which build an obstacle at the level of the ear pavilion,

• The ear plugs (disposable or moulded) which obstruct the ear collector.

The criteria for the choice of these equipments depend on the frequency, the duration, the nature of the exposure of the surveyor.

For spot exposures, the carriage of disposable protective equipment, selected depending on their efficiency for the concerned type of exposure , is compulsory.

Should you have not be given specific EPIs (helmet, moulded plugs…), disposable hearing protections are at your disposal in the office premises, it belongs to you to take such equipments for future use and do always keep these with you.

If one site, you don’t have hearing protections and you have to intervene in a zone where the carriage of such is compulsory you should refrain of attending in such zones.

For the protection of these EPIs to be efficient, it is compulsory that they are properly positioned and permanently carried.


Exposure to Noise

In the absence of such signalisation and in presence of noise it is recommended to wear PPE as soon as the ambient noise obliges you to raise your voice to make yourself heard (it is a sign that the ambient noise level is at least 80 dB (A)).


Exposure to Noise

► Arrangements to be made by the Manager - Supply of PPEs to the surveyors

One should carry PPEs adequate to the working environment.

Taken into account the diversity of our fields of activities and therefore the high likehood of spot exposure to loud noises it is compulsory that the surveyors use “a minima” disposable hearing protections.

The Marine manager will identify the surveyors frequently exposed (long stay in the engine room, environment or nature of the survey); he will give to these specific adequate hearing protections (for example :hearing protection helmet, moulded individual plugs,…).

The following surveyors are particularly concerned :

• Those working close to noisy machines or equipments (example : compressors or boilers, trials of diesel engines, sprinkler, diesel generators, tests of fire alarms.

• Surveyors carrying out noise measurement.

Chapter 12

First Aid for Heat Illness



► Heat illness may happen during surveys in hot conditions, such as machinery spaces or tanks in hot weather conditions. See below a short notice indicating the possible symptoms and signs linked to such heat illness and corresponding action to be taken as first aid. (1/2)



► See below a short notice indicating the possible symptoms and signs linked to such heat illness and corresponding action to be taken as first aid. (2/2)

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