MC CH YU CU L gio trnh c s chuyn ngnh:

H IU HNHGio vin: Tun Anh B mn Khoa hc My tnh Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin HBK H Ni anhdt@it-hut.edu.vn 09890951671

Xt cc vn HH bt k phi gii quyt, Phng thc gii quyt cc vn . H tr cho cc mn khc trong vic xy dng c s cho Tin hc. Nhng v/ xem xt s khng lc hu trong tng lai.

2

MC CH YU CU Minh ho cho cc v/ l thuyt, Khong cch gia v thc t cng ngh Tin hc ni chung v HH ni ring gn nh bng 0.

TI LIU

Mang yu t chuyn :

Nh vy: y l mt gio trnh kh, kh nng n.

3

A.Tanenbaum Design and Implementation operating system. A. Tanenbaum Advanced Concepts to Operating Systems. Microsoft Press Inside to WINDOWS 2000. Nguyn l h iu hnh: H H iu hnh: Tc gi: Nguyn Thanh Tng 4

Chng I. CC KHI NIM C BN

Chng I. CC KHI NIM C BN (tt.) Th h th 2 (1955-1965) S ra i ca thit b bn dn lp trnh FORTRAN v hp ng H thng x l theo l

1- Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton My tnh in t u tin ra i nm 1944-1945, MTT c xy dng v hot ng theo nguyn l Von Neuman: My tnh c iu khin bng chng trnh v trong cu lnh ca chng trnh ngi ta ch nu a ch ni cha gi tr ch khng nu trc tip gi tr.

Th h th 3 (1965-1980) mch tch hp (IC) h iu hnh chia s thi gian

Th h th 4 (1980-nay) my tnh c nhn (PC-Personal Computer) h iu hnh mng v h iu hnh phn tn5

6

Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh tonMTT

H lnh = {M lnh} Command System = {Command Code}7

Ngn ng ring (Ngn ng my)

8

Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton

Ngi lp trnh thng nhm ln nng sut lp trnh thp, p dng nhiu bin php kch thch: K lut hnh chnh, Thng pht kinh t.

Nng sut ch tng cht t v n nh mc 8 cu lnh/ngy cng! Kt qu nghin cu tm l hc: Bn cht con ngi khng quen lm cc cng vic n iu, khng c tnh quy lut, sm hay mun cng s c sai st!9

10

Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton

Nh vy, nng cao nng sut - cn tc ng vo MTT. cc cng vic mi ngi v CT u cn (V/d Trao i vo ra) to sn CT mu (Standard Programs SP) cung cp cng vi my. Hnh thnh LSP = {SP}

User10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

US

ER

P LSMTDT

MTDT10%

10%

10%

11

12

Tc ng phn mm ln phn cng C s ho h lnh: Cc lnh phc tp nh x1/2, ex,|x| . . . dn dn c thay th bng CT con, Tng cng cc lnh x l bit.

16.6667% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667%

US ER

16.6667%

13

Tng tc ca MT, Tng tnh vn nng, Tng tin cy, Gim gi thnh, Cho php phn cc thit b thnh tng nhm c lp, tng mm do ca cu hnh.

14

Tc ng phn mm ln phn cng

Tc ng phn mm ln USER y ngi dng ra xa my, nhng to iu kin khai thc trit v ti u thit b

Cc yu t trn c s tc ng ca tin b cng ngh, nhng phn mm ng vai tr quan trng, nhiu khi c tnh quyt nh: Bn phm, My in.

U S E R

15

16

2 Cc ti nguyn c bn

b) PROCESSOR

a) B nh:Vai tr, Gt chn Asin ca h thng, Quan trng: s dng nh th no? Bo v thng tin?19

iu khin my tnh, Thc hin cc php tnh s hc, l gic v iu khin, C tc rt ln (vi chc triu php tnh / giy), Thng thng c thi gian rnh (thi gian cht) ln hiu sut s dng thp, V/: tng hiu sut s dng (gim thi gian cht).

20

C) THIT B NGOI VIS lng: Nhiu, Cht lng: a dng, Tc : Cc chm (so vi Processor), V/: Phi m bo: H thng thch nghi vi s lng v tnh adng, Tc thit b ngoi vi khng nh hng ng k n nng sut h thng.21

D) Ti nguyn chng trnh Cn phi c cc chng trnh cn thit, Mt chng trnh c kch hot: phc v cho nhiu ngi dng ( cu trc Reenter), Khai thc On-Line, RPC, Cch t chc chng trnh: cu trc v m bo cho cu trc hot ng,

22

Nhim v ca h thng i vi ti nguyn

3 - NH NGHA H IU HNH C nhiu gc quan st v nh gi, Cc i tng khc nhau c yu cu, i hi khc nhau i vi OS, Xt 4 gc : Ca ngi s dng, Ca nh qun l, Ca nh k thut, Ca ngi lp trnh h thng.23

2 nhim v chung(khng ph thuc vo loi ti nguyn): Phn phi ti nguyn: Cho ai? Khi no? Bao nhiu (vi loi chia s c)? Qun l trng thi ti nguyn: Cn t do hay khng hoc s lng cn t do?

Tn ti nhiu gii thut X l theo l, Phn chia thi gian, Thi gian thc.

Loi h thng:

24

NH NGHA H IU HNH

Ngi dng: Thun tin, Nh qun l: Qun l cht ch, khai thc ti u, Nh k thut:

25

i thoi: h thng gn nh + linh hot, i thoi ngn ng i thoi (bng li hoc c ch). m phng 2 i tng con ngi l h thng tr tu nhn to, l h chuyn gia,

2

Ra i sm nht:

04/1951 x hi mi bit v tin vo kh nng gii quyt cc bi ton phi s ca MT, 1952 - Von Neuman xut t tng xy dng CT t hon thin , 1961 Bell Lab Cc CT tr chi Animal v Core Ware, Khai thc thc t cc h CG: 1971-1972. OS xy dng t 1950, 1965 - H H ni ting OS IBM 360

.29

Hon thin nht: Thng k UNESCO: 73% s cng trnh khng hon thnh do khu t v/, Cc HCG khc: Cn b chuyn ngnh + Cn b lp trnh, OS: Ngi lp trnh gii quyt bi ton ca chnh mnh Hiu r: V/+kh nng cng c+ kh nng bn thn 1974: 3 cng trnh xy dng k thut tiu biu nh cao tr tu loi ngi: H thng T t ng lin lc a, H thng Appolo a ngi ln mt trng, OS IBM 360.

30

4 TNH CHT CHUNG CA OSA) Tin cy v chun xc, B) Bo v, C) K tha v thch nghi, D) Hiu qu, E) Thun tin.

Tin cy v chun xc Mi cng vic trong h thng u phi c kim tra: Kim tra mi trng iu kin thc hin, Kim tra kt qu thc hin,

Nhiu chc nng KT: chuyn giao cho phn cng. V d: Lnh COPY A:F1.TXT B: Sau khi KT c php, bt u thc hin lnh. Ln lt h thng s KT g v c th c thng bo no?31

32

Kt CARD I/O, Tn ti a? Thit b in t a? ng c a? Kh nng truy nhp ca a? Kh nng truy nhp a? Tn ti file F1.TXT? Kh nng truy nhp file? ........

BO V Hn ch truy nhp khng hp thc, Hn ch nh hng sai st v tnh hay c , Bo v: Nhiu mc, Nhiu cng c, Nhiu thi im v giai on khc nhau.

So snh: SCANDISK DEFRAG

Ch : bo v v chng bo v: cng mc khng th m bo an ton tuyt i! SPEEDISK

NDD33

34

K tha v thch nghi

5 - NGUYN L T CHC V HOT NGNguyn l m un, Nguyn l ph chc nng, Nguyn l Macroprocessor, Nguyn l bng tham s iu khin, Nguyn l gi tr chun, Nguyn l 2 loi tham s.

35

36

NGUYN L M UN

NGUYN L PH CHC NNG Mi cng vic trong h thng thng thng c th thc hin bng nhiu cch vi nhiu cng c khc nhau, L do: Mi m un c hiu ng ph chc nng, Ngi dng c quyn khai thc mi hiu ng ph khng ph thuc vo vic cng b, Lp trnh:Phi m bo cc tnh cht ca OS vi mi hiu ng ph, Vai tr: m bo thun tin cho ngi dng, m bo an ton chc nng ca h thng, V d: In mt file.

Mi cng vic m un CT c lp, Cc m un lin kt vi nhau thng qua Input/Output:

Cc m un c nhm theo chc nng thnh phn h thng.37

38

NGUYN L MACROPROCESSOR

NGUYN L BNG THAM S IU KHIN

Trong OS khng c sn CT gii quyt v/, Khi cn thit: H thng to ra CT v thc hin CT to ra:

Nguyn l ny p dng vi c bn thn ton b OS: Trn a ch c cc thnh phn. Khi cn cc thnh phn c lp rp thnh H IU HNH (Np h thng). Lu : Cc nguyn l Ph chc nng v Macroprocessor tri vi l thuyt lp trnh c cu trc.39

Mi i tng trong OS Bng tham s (Con Table, Control Block), H thng khng bao gi tham chiu ti i t vt l m ch tham chiu ti bng tham s iu khin tng ng. Vi cc a t, CD bng tham s ghi phn u Vng h thng (System Area), Vi cc files Header.

40

Cu trc file nh kiu

Mt s loi bng tham s :Cho WINDOWS: Win.ini, Cho MS DOS: Config.sys, Cho WINWORD: Winword.ini, Bng tham s cu hnh h thng: phc v cho mi h iu hnh: lu tr trong CMOS,

41

42

NGUYN L GI TR CHUN

Nguyn l gi tr chun Tc ng ln gi tr tham s hoc bng gi tr chun: Startup, Autoexec.bat, Control Panel

Cch gi khc: Nguyn tc ngm nh (Default), H thng chun b bng gi tr cho cc tham s bng gi tr chun, Khi hot ng: nu tham s thiu gi tr OS ly t bng gi tr chun. Vai tr ca nguyn l: Thun tin: khng phi nhc li nhng gi tr thng dng, Ngi dng khng cn bit y d hoc su v h thng.43

V d: c:\csdl>dir Tham s thiu gi tr: a? Th mc? Xem g? Quy cch a ra? Ni ra?

44

NGUYN L 2 LOI THAM S

6 THNH PHN Nhiu cc phn chia theo chc nng, mc chi tit, H thng Supervisor, H thng qun l thit b ngoi vi, H thng qun l files, H thng cc chng trnh iu khin: iu phi nhim v, Monitor, Bin bn h thng,

2 loi tham s: Tham s v tr (Position Parameters), Tham s kho (Keyword Param.).

Tham s kho theo trnh t tu .45

Cc chng trnh phc v h thng.

46

Thnh phnLu : ngn ng khng phi l thnh phn h thng, nhng trong thnh phn h thng c mt s CT dch. Phn bit: Chng trnh phc v h thng v chng trnh ng dng

47

Chng trnh dch trong Windows: WIN.COM COMMAND.COM Nguyn tc dch: Interpreter

48

II QUN L FILES V THIT B NGOI VI S lng nhiu, Cht lng a dng, Thun tin cho ngi dng. To files cc loi b nh ngoi, Tm kim, truy nhp files, m bo c lp gia CT v thit b49

1 Nguyn tc phn cp trong qun l thit b ngoi vi My tnh th h I v II: Processor lm vic trc tip vi thit b ngoi vi, Hn ch: Tc - S lng - Chng loi, T th h III tr ln: Processor TB iu khin TB ngoi vi (Control Devices) (Controllers)

Qun l thit b ngoi vi: Cn m bo h thng thch nghi vi:

Qun l files: Cho php ngi dng:

50

n

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

51

52

Nguyn tc phn cp trong qun l thit b ngoi vi

Knh Multiplex

Php trao i vo ra: thc hin theo nguyn l Macroprocessor, Vi my vi tnh: Thit b iu khin vo ra I/O Card, My Card on Board, Lp trnh trn Card vo/ra: Vit TOOLS khi to chng trnh knh, Khi nim knh b (Multiplex), Card Multimedia.53

54

2 - K THUT PHNG MBUFFER

K THUT PHNG M C ch phc v phng m, Vn ng file output, FLUSH(F), Vai tr phng m: Song song gia trao i vo ra v x l, m bo c lp: Thng tin v phng tin mang, Bn ghi l gc v vt l, Lu tr v x l,

Khi nim phng m (Buffer) ca OS.SYSTEM

AM

DISK a

Gim s ln truy nhp vt l:Gi thit mi ln truy nhp vt l: 0.01, truy nhp kiu BYTE.

AM

RAM

55

56

K THUT PHNG MKhng c Buffer 1B 512B 5KB 50KB 0.01 ~5 ~50 ~8 Buffer 512B 0.01 0.01 0.1 1

Cc loi phng m

Phng m chung hoc gn vi file, Cc H QTCSDL cn h thng phng m ring nng linh hot v tc x l, Cc loi b nh Cache v phng m. Ba kiu t chc chnh: Phng m truy nhp theo gi tr, Phng m truy nhp theo a ch, Phng m vng trn.

57

58

Cc loi phng m

Cc loi phng m B) Phng m truy nhp theo a ch:

A) Phng m truy nhp theo gi tr:

59

60

Cc loi phng mC) Phng m vng trn: thng p dng cho cc h QT CSDL.

3 - SPOOL SPOOL Simultaneuos Peripheral Opearations On-Line, Khng can thip vo CT ngi dng, Hai giai on: Thc hin: thay th thit v ngoi vi bng thit b trung gian (a cng), X l kt thc: Sau khi kt thc vic thc hin CT, a thng tin ra thit b yu cu.

Ch : c trng ca thit b trung gian.61

62

SPOOL

SPOOL Gii phng h thng khi s rng buc v s lng thit b, Khai thc thit b ngoi vi ti u, K thut lp trnh hiu qu. H thng cung cp cc phng tin ngi dng to SPOOL, Ai to SPOOL ngi x l kt thc.

m bo song song gia x l mt CT vi trao i vo ra ca CT khc.

Thc hin chng trnh

X l kt thc(min ph)63

64

Giai on thc hin: vi mi php trao i vo ra h thng to 2 CT knh: CT knh I theo thit b yu cu, CT knh II phc v ghi CT knh I ra thit b trung gian,

4 H THNG QUN L FILES CSDL qun l files, H thng qun l files - H QT CSDL.

X l kt thc: c CT knh lu v chuyn giao cho knh. Nh vy, mi thit b s dng file CT knh.

65

66

?

67

68

QUN L FILE TRONG WINDOWS Minh ho nguyn l bng tham s iu khin, Tnh k tha v thch nghi, C ch bo v, Cch th hin mt s ch qun l b nh (chng tip theo).

T CHC THNG TIN TRN A Tck Tra1 1 1

Mc ch:

Sector

2 2 2

69

CC KHI NIM C BN nh s t 1, S Sector/track Constant, H s an xen (Interleave) nguyn t cng nhau vi s sector/track, Kch thc 1 sector: 128B 256B

CC KHI NIM C BN Cylinder: 0,1,2, . . . u t (Header): 0, 1, 2, . . . Cluster: Nhm sectors lin tip lgic, n v phn phi cho ngi dng, nh s: 2, 3, 4, . . . Kch thc: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (S),

Sector:

512B 1KB71

a ch vt l:(H, S, Cyl), a ch tuyt i: 0, 1, 2, . . .

3 3 3

70

72

CU TRC THNG TIN TRN A T

BOOT SECTOR

73

74

BOOT SECTOROffs 0 3 B D E 10H 11 13L (Byte)

BOOT SECTOR9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1775

t

Ngha Lnh JMP (EB xx 90) Tn h thng Format a Kch thc Sector Sec/Clustera ch tuyt i FAT1 trong a l gc

15 16 18 1A 1C 20 24 28 2A 2C

1 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4

Kiu a t (F8 HD, F0 1.44MB) FAT16: Sec/FAT FAT32: 00 00 Sec/ Track S u t a ch tuyt BS trong a vt l Sec / Disk (32MB) hoc 0 Sec / FAT

3 8 2 1 2 1 2 2

S lng bng FAT FAT16: S phn t ROOT FAT32: 00 00 sect/Disk ( A:, 128 -> C:} dh := 0; {u t} cl := 1; {Sector} ch := 0; {Cylinder} al := 1; {So Sectors can doc} ah := 2; {2 -> Read; 3 -> Write;. . .} es := seg(b); bx := ofs(b) end;

98

intr($13,reg); inc(i) Until i = 2; for i := 0 to 511 do begin j := b[i] shr 4 + 1; k := b[i] and $0F + 1; write(s16[j]:2, s16[k]); if (i+1) mod 16 = 0 then begin write( :5); for j := i-15 to i do if (b[j]