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Images and limited content is courtesy of Power Concepts

Welcome & Introductions

About Green Home NYC

About the House Calls Program• Mission & Purpose• Responsibilities• Typical Timeline

House Calls Program Disclaimers• We are volunteers• We are providing very basic info• We are not providing energy audits• We are not building professionals

Volunteers are NOT expected to answer all questions. Technical questions can only be referred to professionals.

Agenda• Overview of the House Calls presentation

approach• Presentation• Building Issues• Calculation of Heating Index

TerminologyEnergy Generation – Converting natural resources into useful energy A supply side approach

Energy Conservation – Changing consumption and behavior patterns A demand side approach

Sustainable Development – Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs -World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987

Energy Efficiency – Opportunity to get the same amount of productive end

use (heat, lighting, water, comfort, etc.) with less input (oil, natural gas, solar, etc.)

Terminology

Cogeneration-

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

The simultaneous production of two or more useful forms of energy.

Most commonly, electricity and useful heat

Terminology

OpportunitiesA Green Building can Improve:

ENERGY EFFICIENCY SAVINGS

COMFORT

HEALTH

Building Issues1. Heating & Hot Water2. Building Envelope3. Mechanical Ventilation 4. Lighting, Appliances5. Water Conservation 6. Indoor Air Quality 7. Collective Community Behavior8. Pro-Active, Long-Term Asset Management

1. Heating- Distribution

Steam• 1-pipe steam• 2-pipe steam

Hot WaterForced Air

Heating

Heating- Piping

1-Pipe Steam

• Radiators should be pitched• Radiator valves should be either fully opened or fully closed• Important to maintain air vents• Potential for water hammer• Cheaper to install

1-Pipe Steam

Heating- Piping

2-Pipe Steam

Heating- Piping

• Steam traps!!!

2-Pipe Steam

Heating- Piping

Hydronic Distribution (Water)• Easiest to control temperature• Can take advantage of the most efficient boiler

(condensing boiler)

Heating- Piping

Boilers• Steam:

– Water boils at 212ºF and becomes steam– Steam travels through the steam

headers

into radiators and returns as condensate

• Hydronic:– Water heated to 120ºF -180ºF– Pump circulates water through system

Heating- Boilers

Scotch Marine Steel Firetube Boiler Triple pass

Heating- Boilers

Steam Boilers vs. and Hot Water Boilers

Temperature / Pressure Indicator

Gauge Glass

Heating- Boilers

Burners• Atmospheric gas• Power Gas• Dual-Fuel Burner

Heating- Boilers

Condensing Gas Boiler

Up to 97% efficient

Ways to Save:

Heating- Ways to Save

DHW Generation

• Tankless coil in a heating boiler• Separate boiler:

– Tank type– With a separate tank– Instantaneous steam or gas fired

Heating- DHW Boilers


DHW System TypesTankless Coil in Scotch Marine Steel Boiler

Boilers

Tankless Coil in Scotch Marine Steel Boiler DHW System Types

A Tankless coil needs a Mixing Valve

Cold water

Hot water from tankless coil

Mixed water to fixtures

DHW System Types



DHW Boiler

Instantaneous Electric Water Heater


DHW System Types

Solar DHW:

Flat Panel

Vacuum Tubes


DHW System Types

Renewable Energy• Solar PV and DHW are still very expensive will • Building save more energy by investing in energy

efficiency • Consider buying green electricity from your

utility

Design Considerations for Solar Thermal System in NYC• Is there enough space on

the roof?A 60-tube setup requires approx. 100 sq. ft. of space

• Typical NYC roof =

7,000 – 12,000 sqft, but mechanical equipment, vents, etc. reduce this.

• Shaded areas• Expensive installation

2. Building Envelope- Heat Transfer Basics

• Hot always goes to cold

• High pressure goes to low pressure

• High humidity goes to low humidity

Building Envelope

Ways of Heat Transfer

• Convection (movement of air carrying

heat)

• Conduction (movement of heat through

materials)

• Radiation (sensation of temperature/heat

emission from objects)Building Envelope

Stack Effect: Difference in air pressure

Building Envelope

Air Infiltration

Building Envelope

Conduction

Building Envelope

Insulation Materials:• batts and blankets • rigid materials• sprayed-on

materials• loose insulation

Building Envelope

Mechanical Ventilation is a large source of heat loss

Building Envelope

Excessive Exhaust = Money Loss

Building Envelope

Ways to Save: Minimize Air Infiltration• Keep windows closed and

weatherstripped• Keep dampers closed• Keep doors closed and

weatherstripped (especially in basement, lobby and roof levels)

• Weatherseal AC sleeves

Building Envelope- Ways to Save

Ways to Save: Insulate Roof &Walls

Building Envelope- Ways to Save

3. Mechanical Ventilation- Code

NYC Building Code of 2008 stipulated reduction in continuous exhaust requirements:

Old Code New CodeKitchens 100 cfm 25 cfmBathrooms 50 cfm 20 cfmHallways 0.5 cfm/sq.ft. 0.05 cfm/sq.ft.

Mechanical Ventilation

Duct Cleaning and Sealing


Constant Airflow Regulators


TV 4.7 17.9 $7.7 14% 83 $46.2

DVD Player 2.0 17.3 $11.0 88% 17 $1.5 Compact Stereo 9.8 17.3 $23.4 83% 22 $4.7

Satellite Dish Box 14.9 18.8 $25.5 77% 16 $7.4

Cable Box, DVR, or TIVO 17.2 20.0 $31.4 82% 19 $6.8

Microwave 3.1 23.8 $6.8 20% 1,500 $27.0

Toaster 0.8 23.9 $1.8 16% 1,000 $9.1

Laptop PC (Plugged In) 2.0 17.4 $3.7 32% 19 $8.0

Desktop PC w/ Speakers 3.0 17.4 $6.4 18% 70 $29.6

PC Monitor 1.0 17.4 $2.5 8% 65 $27.5

Printer (Laser) 4.5 22.3 $20.4 88% 250 $2.7

Copy Machine 10.0 3.4 $3.1 49% 39 $3.2 Fax Machine 30.0 22.8 $62.4 77% 175 $19.2

Lowest Standby Power

(Off) (W)

Hours/day in Standby

Power Mode

$ for Standby/

year

% of Standby kWh of Total

Operating Power (W)

$ for Operation/

year

4. Lighting and Appliances- Turn off Electronics When Not in UseElectricity Consumption of Small Appliances

Lighting and Appliances

Characteristics of Light• Color rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the

ability of a lamp to reproduce the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source.

• Incandescent: CRI of 100. Good fluorescent: CRI of 85.

• Color temperature is an indicator of the hue of a specific type of light source, measured in Kelvin

• Incandescent: 2,500K. Good fluorescent: 2,700K-3,000K • Higher color temperatures (5,000 K) are cool (blue

white)• Lower color temperatures (2,700–3,000 K) are warm

(yellow).


Torchieres

CFL Torchiere Halogen Torchiere


Lighting and Appliances- Ways to Save

Compact Florescent Lights (CFL)

Old AC (10,000 Btuh) with EER=8

uses 625 kWh = $156/year

Energy Star AC with EER = 12

uses 417 kWh = $104/year

Energy Star Air Conditioners


Programmable TimersTurn off air conditioning when you are not at home


Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs)


Typical Fridge uses:900 kWh = $225/year

Energy Star Fridge uses:

450 kWh = $113/year

Energy Star Refrigerators


• Energy Star Front-Loading Washing Machines

• Cost: ~ $1,500/unit; Payback Time: ~8 years

Ways to Save:


5. Water Conservation• Low Flow Showerheads:

• Flow< 2.5 gpm• Cost: ~ $45/showerhead• Payback: ~1 year

Water Conservation- Ways to Save

Reducing Toilet Water Volume

Water Conservation- Ways to Save

6. Indoor Air Quality- Individual Habits

54

Instead of keeping windows open:• Inform management about

excessive heat• Shut the radiator valve off • Get a TRV Coole

r

Warmer

Double-Hung Zone Valve

Indoor Air Quality

Reduce Drafts• Weatherseal:

• AC sleeves• Windows• Outlet gaskets• Dumbwaiter shafts• Kitchen pipe

penetration

Indoor Air Quality

Weathersealing Options

Indoor Air Quality

Draftiness from Air Conditioners• Take the AC out in winter• Cover the unit with a fabric or plastic cover• Caulk around

Indoor Air Quality

Questions for the Audience

• Is it too hot in apartments in winter?

• Are the doors and windows drafty?

• Is there mechanical ventilation?

• I noticed the hallway lighting is…

Calculating the Heating IndexRequired Information:

• Fuel Usage for 1 year• Building Square Footage• Number of Heating Degree Days in the period

Cost-Benefit Analysis

1. Useful Life2. Payback Period3. Return on Investment (ROI)4. Savings to Investment Ratio(SIR)

Follow-Up Materials1. Sample Energy Reduction Plan2. Buildingscience.com3. NYS Energy Conservation Code 20084. Excerpts of new NYC laws

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