HİBRİD VE ELEKTRİKLİ ARAÇLAR

Abdullah DEMİR, Dr.

ŞARJ ÜNİTELERİ

Ref.: Workplace Charging: A How-to Guide, Platte River, 2017

Why Workplace Charging?

EV energy costs – a consumer perspective

EV “emissions” – a sustainability perspective

Vehicle Emissions by Energy Source Emissions Intensity Emissions per Mile

ICE: National Average for Gasoline 8,887 g CO2/gal** 411 g CO2e/mile**

EV: Non-baseload Generation 790 g CO2/kWh 237 g CO2e/mile

** https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-02/documents/420f14040a.pdf

Vehicle Costs by Energy Source Energy Costs Cost per Mile

ICE: National Average for Gasoline $2.10/gal $0.072/mile

EV: Non-baseload Generation $0.15/kWh* $0.045/mile*

* Assumes workplace charging fee of $1 per hour is applied.

Plug-in Electric Vehicles

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Runs on gasoline and electricity from grid

Up to 40 miles on electricity, 150 to 400 miles total range, depending on model

Battery Electric Vehicle

• Runs entirely on electricity that is stored on an onboard battery

• Range of 60 to about 100 miles, depending on model

Colin Santulli, Senior Manager, CSE Transportation, Overview of Electric Vehicles in San Diego, June 10, 2015

Colin Santulli, Senior Manager, CSE Transportation, Overview of Electric Vehicles in San Diego, June 10, 2015

Rebate: $1,500

Vehicles on the Road Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel: Electric and Gasoline

Rebate: $2,500

Vehicles on the Road

All-battery Fuel: 100% Electric

Colin Santulli, Senior Manager, CSE Transportation, Overview of Electric Vehicles in San Diego, June 10, 2015

How to Charge the Vehicle at Home?

11

Charging inside: 240 V (Level 2) With 240V: 1-3 hours charging

Charging outside: 120 V (Level 1) With 120 V: 8-12 hours charging

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

CHAdeMO (Charge de Move)

Quick charging developed by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) and Subaru, Nissan and Mitsubishi.

240-Volt Home Charge Unit 120-Volt Portable Vehicle Charge Cord

Society of Automotive Engineers J1772™ committee developing charging standards

Charging Equipment: L1 & L2

Uses a standard 110/120-volt alternating current (VAC) three-pronged wall plug

4-6 miles per hour of charge

Uses 208/240 VAC and can be hardwired or connected with a plug

8-24 miles per hour of charge

AC Level 1 AC Level 2

Colin Santulli, Senior Manager, CSE Transportation, Overview of Electric Vehicles in San Diego, June 10, 2015

Ref.: Workplace Charging: A How-to Guide, Platte River, 2017

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE): • Level 1 – Single Phase / 120 V • Level 2 – Single or Split Phase / 208 V or 240 V • DC Fast Charger (DCFC) Two or Three Phase / 240 V or 480 V

Ref.: Workplace Charging: A How-to Guide, Platte River, 2017

“Smart” (Networked) Chargers • Wifi or Cellular connection required • Capable of accepting credit/RFID card payment • Track information on usage, metering, DR, etc.

Connectors • J1772 • CHAdeMO • SAE Combo-connector • Tesla connectors

Ref.: Workplace Charging: A How-to Guide, Platte River, 2017

*Smart chargers with data monitoring and payment system typically cost more. Boring conduit to parking lot sites also adds considerably to total project costs.

EVSE Type Power

Requirement Panel Service

Approx. Equipment Costs

Level 1 1.8 kW 15-20 Amp $250 +

Level 2 6.6 kW 30-80 Amp $500-2000* +

DCFC 50+ kW 120+ Amp $6,500+

Fast Charging in 15 Minutes using DC electricity

DC plug

DC connection (Level 3)

240 V (AC) (Level 2)

DC connection (Level 3)

240V (AC) (Level 2)

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

https://greentransportation.info/ev-charging/range-confidence/chap8-tech/ev-dc-fast-charging-standards-chademo-ccs-sae-combo-tesla-supercharger-etc.html

CHAdeMO – (Nissan, Mitsubishi, Kia)

Charging Equipment: DC Fast Charging

Uses commercial-grade 440 /480 VAC – produces direct current (DC) to charge

Commercial/Public – due to costs

Charges vehicle 80% in 30 minutes

Colin Santulli, Senior Manager, CSE Transportation, Overview of Electric Vehicles in San Diego, June 10, 2015

GE WattStation™ … a closer look

Retractable Power Cord

LED Ring Charger Status Interactive Display Panel

Access Panel (on rear)

Base to accept power

and fasten to concrete

Protected Plug Holder

Card Swipe (optional)

GE WattStation provides a modular design to integrate new technology

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

GE WattStation™ Internal Components

Supply Needs: 16A@230V to 32A@400V

Controller • EV Communications

• Charger status/messages via LED Ring, Interactive Display Panel, or external

comms

• Manages Intelligent charging (Flex Charging)

• Allows user configurable overload protection

• Performs CCID20 ground fault protection per UL 2231

• Provides single phase metering

• Communications to Building Management Systems (BMS), EV, smart meters

Contactor • Responsible for energizing and de-energizing of EVSE connector, Operates in

conjunction with controller to meet UL and NEC reqs

Connector • Compliant with SAE J1772 standard

• UL listed for EVSE applications

Fuses • Provides overload and short circuit protection

Options: • Wireless Communications

• Point of Sale (Credit Card)

• RFID, Smart Metering

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

Charging Station Communications

BackEnd (Database, Web

Services)

Commercial

Interests

Driver

Owner

$

Utility

EV

SAE J1772,

Wireless (future)

Building (BMS) /

Home (HEM)

Kiosk / LED Wireless • WiFi, GPRS, Zigbee

Ethernet • TCP/IP

Services • Email • SMS • eWallet • Web

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

Public Charging Stations

24

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

25

Public Charging Stations

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

26

Public Charging Stations

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

Public Charging Stations with Solar Roofs at Google, Mountain View,

27

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER, Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one, Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

Doug Kettles - Florida Solar Energy Center, Electric Vehicle Charging Technology Analysis And Standards , February 2015

Inductive and Resonant Technologies Inductive charging, also known as Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), is an emerging technology that allows PEV recharging without the use of a cabled connection. The most common application uses a charging pad installed on or in the pavement and a receiving pad installed underneath the PEV. Electrical current is passed through the pavement pad, which creates an inductive electrical field that is captured by the PEV’s receiving pad to charge the vehicle’s batteries. Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device (i.e., PEV) that takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the battery. The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer. Greater distances between sender and receiver coils can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses resonant inductive coupling. Recent improvements to this resonant system include using a movable transmission coil, and the use of materials for the receiver coil made of silver plated copper or aluminum. [4]

Qualcomm Halo wireless charging technology explained

www.thechargingpoint.com

Wireless charging – generic power transfer overview

1: PFC + inverter

2: Resonant transmitter

3: Electromagnetic field

4: Resonant receiver

5: Rectifier + communication

6: Battery pack

Stationary

In car

Wireless charging systems are often illustrated using six blocks: • The wall-box with the mains grid connection and the high-frequency generation for the

transmitter. • The transmitter laying on the ground below the vehicle • An air gap filled with electromagnetic field • A receiver • And a rectifier with a communication module which connects to the vehicle battery pack

dr. ir. B.J.D. Vermulst, Electromechanics and Power Electronics group, Challenges in Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles, 24-01-2017

Doug Kettles - Florida Solar Energy Center, Electric Vehicle Charging Technology Analysis And Standards , February 2015

Wireless Standards The Society of Automotive Engineers and the International Electrotechnical Commission are currently in the very early stages of standards development for wireless technology and there is limited commercial availability. The standards reference for SAE is SAE J2954; the IEC reference is IEC 61851-1. The successful development and deployment of wireless technology presents the promise of having the convenience of pulling into your garage or a parking spot and having your car recharge without the need to connect and disconnect a cable. Some researchers are also exploring the possibility of embedding wireless charging in the roadway as a method of continuously recharging the vehicle while in transit; a system that would allow this would dramatically reduce battery size and extend the travel range of PEVs.

Inverters The power requirements for PHEVs – particularly blended PHEVs - and BEVs will require different drive motor inverters due to the differences in electric power capability of the drivetrains. Designs may be able to be scaled up in power, but the inverters will likely not be the same component. On-Board Chargers PHEVs and BEVs have different battery pack energy capacities and very often do not use OBCs with the same power level. Similar to inverters, the device may be able to be scaled up in power, but it will not be the same part. Potentially, smaller OBCs could be operated in parallel to provide more power, as Tesla has done in the past. This could allow an identical lower power level PHEV OBC component to be used in a BEV to provide the power level needed but necessarily results in a less optimized solution.

California's Advanced Clean Cars Midterm Review - Appendix C: Zero Emission Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology Assessment, January 18, 2017

Güç Çevirici (İnvertör): İnvertör, doğru akımı (DC) alternatif akıma (AC) çeviren elektriksel bir güç çeviricisidir. İnvertör çıkışında üretilen AC güç, kullanılan transformatörlere, anahtarlama ve kontrol devrelerine bağlı olarak herhangi bir gerilimde ve frekansta olabilir.

Charging Pyramid

Majority of charging occurring at home,

next workplace, lastly public

charging.

Colin Santulli, Senior Manager, CSE Transportation, Overview of Electric Vehicles in San Diego, June 10, 2015

Rapid Charging

Batteries

Altairnano

A123

Balance of system

Rapid Charge Stations – Don’t need many

Refueling a car is ~10 MW going through your hand

Range Anxiety

Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging

Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/

ŞARJ İSTASYONLARININ KONUMLANDIRILMASI

ŞARJ ALTYAPISI: BAŞARININ BELİRLEYİCİ KISTASI

ELEKTRİKLİ ARAÇLAR VE YATAY DÜŞEY İŞARETLEMELER

Elektrikli hibrid ve elektrikli araçlara yönelik yatay ve düşey işaretlemelerin dünya örnekleri [19].

Elektrikli araçların geleceğini etkileyen en önemli konulardan biri ücretli ya da ücretsiz otoparkların yeterliliklerinin bu araçların ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak düzeye çıkartılması. Bunun için;

Tahsisli yer ayrılması, Uygun bölgenin seçilmesi (Montaj için minimum yaya trafiğinin olduğu bölgenin seçilmesi), Şarj ünitesinin seçimi (yavaş, orta, hızlı şarj), Engelli sürücülerin bu cihazları kullanabilmesi için gerekli düzenlemelerin yapılması, Yatay ve düşey işaretlemeler ve standardizasyon çalışmaları, Şarjı ve otoparkın ücretlendirme Şarj ünitelerinin yağmur, sel ve doğal afetlerden korunma tedbirlerinin alınması Vale hizmetinin sunulması Bölgenin aydınlatılması Gerektiğinde havalandırma gereksinmeleri Ünitenin korunması için banket uygulaması En kısa çalışma mesafesi Ergonomik ve kullanım kolaylığı Açık otoparklarda soğuktan etkilenme/donmaya karşı tedbir alınmalı Vandalizm tehlikesine karşı önlem alınması Şarj üniteleri trafik yoğunluk haritasına ve GIS ortamına taşınmalı. Şarj ünitelerinin etkin kullanım oranlarının hesaplanması Şarj ünitesi ve ekipmanlarının bakım maliyetlerinin hesaplanması Arıza, aksaklık ve hatalara karşı sigortacılık çalışmaları için bilgi toplanması

OTOPARKLAR-ŞARJ ÜNİTELERİ-KULLANICILAR