harshita's english project work

8/11/2019 Harshita's English Project Work

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Contents1 Goals

2 Timeline

3 Phase 1

3.1 Technologies

3.2 NVVN Solar PV allotment process

for Phase 14 Domestic content controversy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Mission


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Goals

Solar Resource Map of India

The objective of the National Solar Mission is to

establish Indiaas a global leader insolar energy, by creating

the policy conditions for its diffusion across the country as

quickly as possible. The immediate aim of the Mission is to

focus on setting up an enabling environment for solar

technology penetration in the country both at a centralized

and decentralized level. The first phase (up to 2013) willfocus on capturing of the low hanging options in solar

thermal; on promoting off-gridsystems to serve populations

without access to commercial energy and modest capacity

addition in grid-based systems. In the second phase, after

taking into account the experience of the initial years,

capacity will be aggressively ramped up to create conditions

for up scaled and competitive solar energy penetration in thecountry.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-the-gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-the-gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-the-gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-the-gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Resource_Map_of_India.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Resource_Map_of_India.png


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TimelineThe Mission under the aegis of Ministry of

New and Renewable Energy[5]

will adopt a3-phase approach, spanning the remaining

period of the 11th Plan and first year of

the 12th Plan (up to 2012-13) as Phase 1,

the remaining 4 years of the 12th Plan

(201317) as Phase 2 and the 13th Plan

(201722) as Phase 3. At the end of eachplan, and mid-term during the 12th and

13th Plans, there will be an evaluation of

progress, review of capacity and targets

for subsequent phases, based on emerging

cost and technology trends, both domestic

and global. The aim would be to protectGovernment from subsidy exposure in

case expected cost reduction does not

materialize or is more rapid than

expected.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Mission


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Phase 1The first phase of this mission aims to

commission 1000MW of grid-

connected solar powerprojects by 2013.

The implementation of this phase is in

hands of a subsidiary of National Thermal

Power Corporation, the largest power

producer in India. The subsidiary, NTPC

Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd (NVVN),[6]

laidout guidelines for selection of developers

for commissioning grid connected solar

power projects in India. See JNNSM Phase

1 Guidelines. While NVVN is the public

face of this phase, several other

departments and ministries will play asignificant role in formulating guidelines.

NVVN will sign power purchase

agreementswith the developers. Since

NVVN is not a utility, it will sell purchased

power to different state utilities via

separate agreements.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://www.mnre.gov.in/solar%20energy%20conclave%202010/solar-energy-conclave-2010-2.pdfhttp://www.mnre.gov.in/solar%20energy%20conclave%202010/solar-energy-conclave-2010-2.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_purchase_agreementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_purchase_agreementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_purchase_agreementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_purchase_agreementshttp://www.mnre.gov.in/solar%20energy%20conclave%202010/solar-energy-conclave-2010-2.pdfhttp://www.mnre.gov.in/solar%20energy%20conclave%202010/solar-energy-conclave-2010-2.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power


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TechnologiesFor Phase 1 projects, NVVN started with a

proposal for 50:50 allocation towards solarPVand solar thermal. The latter is quite ambitious

given India has no operational solar thermal

projects and less than 10MW of solar PV projects.

While growing at a rapid pace lately, solar thermal

technologies are still evolving globally. The first

batch of projects allotted for Phase 1 included

150MW of Solar PV and 500MW of Solar Thermal.

NVVN issued Request for Selection document

outlining criteria for selection of projects underthe Phase 1. See Solar Thermal RFS, Solar PV RfS

A growing solar PV industry in India is hoping to

take off by supplying equipment to power project

developers. Well known equipment manufacturers

started increasing their presence in India and may

give competition to local Indian manufacturers.

Due to generally high temperatures in

India, crystalline silicon-based products are not

the most ideal ones. Thin filmtechnologieslike amorphous silicon, CIGSand CdTecould be

more suitable for higher temperature situations.

Solar thermal technology providers barely have a

foothold in India. A few technology providers

like Abengoa[7]have some Indian presence in

anticipation of demand from this mission.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20Thermal.pdfhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abengoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abengoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_siliconhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdfhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdfhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20Thermal.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system


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NVVN Solar PV allotmentprocess for Phase 1NVVN issued Request for Selection notice for allotment of

capacity to Independent Power Producers (IPPs). See NVVN

Solar PV RfS. 150MWs of Solar PV and 470MW of Solar Thermalwere up for allotment under the first batch of Phase 1 projects.

Project size per IPP was fixed at 5MW for Solar PV and 100MW

for Solar Thermal projects. To avoid allocating entire capacity

to a select few corporate, guidelines required no two projects

to have the same parent company or common shareholders. In

case of over subscription, a reverse bidding process was to be

used to select the final IPPs based on lowest tariff they offer.

Several hundred IPPs responded to this RfS.

The approach for reverse bidding and methodology to calculate

the discount to be offered was presented by Shri Shakti

Alternative Energy Ltd through a webinar on 19 October 2010

on the eve of the reverse bidding by NVVN Download

presentation on Reverse Bidding by NVVN - What to

Expect.[8]The quantum of discount would depend on project

site location (i.e. solar radiation), technology used, simulated

energy generation, capital cost and interest cost. Multivariate

analysis was carried out using key variables like capital cost,interest and the capacity utilization factor (i.e. CUF which is

actual generation of the plant and depends on the location

(radiation) and technology used)to calculate the levelized tariff

for a target equity IRR based on which the discount to be

offered can be determined.

The final 30 solar PV projects[9]selected had bids between INR

10.95 to INR 12.75. The Solar Thermal projects selected had

bids between INR 10.24 to INR 12.24. PPAs were signed with

IPPs in early January.
http://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdfhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdfhttp://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.ssael.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82http://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdfhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdfhttp://www.nvvn.co.in/RFS%20Document%20-%20Solar%20PV.pdf


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Domestic content controversyGuidelines for the solar mission mandated cells and modules for

solar PV projects based on crystalline silicon to be

manufactured in India. That accounts to over 60% of total

system costs. For solar thermal, guidelines mandated 30%

project to have domestic content. A vigorous controversy

emerged between power project developers and solar PV

equipment manufacturers. The former camp prefers to source

modules by accessing highly competitive global market to attain

flexible pricing, better quality, predictable delivery and use of

latest technologies.[10]The latter camp prefers a

controlled/planned environment to force developers to

purchase modules from a small, albeit growing, group ofmodule manufacturers in India.[11]Manufacturers want to avoid

competition with global players and are lobbying the

government to incentivise growth of local industry.

Market responded to domestic content requirement by choosing

to procure thin film modules from well established international

players. A significant number of announced project completions

are using modules from outside India.[12][13]

US Trade Representativehas filed a complaint at World TradeOrganizationchallenging Indias domestic content requirementsin Phase II of this Mission, citing discrimination against US

exports and that industry in US which has invested hugely will

be at loss. US insists that such restrictions are prohibited by

WTO. India however claims that it is only an attempt to grow

local potential and to ensure self sustenance and reduce

dependence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Trade_Representativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Trade_Representativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Solar_Mission


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Solar energy. The f irst

step to a br ighter future.


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Water Missions International

Water Missions

Founded 2001

Founder George and Molly Greene

Type Non-Government Organization

Focus Community Development Programs

and Disaster Relief

Location Charleston, SC- USA

Area served 49 countries

Method Safe water projects in developing

countries and disaster areas

Revenue USD $5,704,928(2008)[1]

Slogan Our mission is to be a best in class

Christian engineering ministry that

transforms lives through

sustainable safe water solutions.

Website www.watermissions.org
http://www.watermissions.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Missions_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_SC


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HistoryIn 1998, under the direction of George and Molly Greene, General

Engineering Laboratoriesresponded to the devastation in Honduras

caused by Hurricane Mitch. They designed, constructed and

delivered six drinking water treatment units, each capable of

producing safe drinking water at the rate of 10 gallons per minute.

Within three weeks of the hurricane, sixteen volunteers from the

company were in remote locations of Honduras setting up these

water treatment units. This initial effort was called "Project LivingWater" and the water treatment unit became known as the Living

Water Treatment System.(LWTS)

Out of this effort, Water Missions International was founded. George

and Molly went on to sell General Engineering Laboratories[8]and

Water Missions International was officially established as a 501(c)(3)

non-profit in 2001.[9]

WMI now has country programs with full-timestaff located

in Belize, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi,[10]Mexico,

and Uganda. "In 2004, the water mission sent more than 100

purification systems to communities in Indonesia and Sri Lanka after

the deadly tsunami, restoring drinking water to hundreds of

thousands of people.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Missions_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Missions_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Missions_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Missions_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Missions_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Missions_International


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ObjectivesConservation of water,minimizing wastage and

ensuring its more equitable

distribution both

across and within States

through integrated

water resourcesmanagement


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A drop of water is worth more

than a sack of gold to a

thirsty man.


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India is in danger of moving towards water

scarcity conditions as per capita

availability of water is reducing in the

country, a Asian Development Bank official

said on Wednesday.

"The situation in India is also particularly

challenging given the size of the

population, its expected growth and

having only about four per cent of the

world's fresh water resources," RanaHassan, Principal Economist, India

Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank

said.

"In fact, with the projections that we

have before us, per capita average

annual water availability is reducingand we are steadily in danger of

moving towards water scarcity

conditions," he added.


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Water water water and w ater

Give me wa ter in this hot

summer.

And water has atom water has

favor

And water water water and

water

Water as cloud and water

drops

In action in creation and

Water is the symbol of supreme

devotion.

Water water. water and water

And in water there is true love

That is flowing within and

outside.


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harshita's english project work

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