harish vatavwala-final to final - pustakalay · 2012-12-13 · : a_yæ$drzl$p : 1. k¨[Óu d°odpep...

L©$`ptk^y k¨[p°

lfui hV$phhpmp

-: ‚L$piL$ :-

A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_`yı[L$ ‚L$piL$ A_° rhæ°$[p

dlphuf dpNÆ, ApZ¨]$.dp°. _¨. 98794 44763

Krupasindhu Santo

By : Hareesh Vatavwala

Published by : M. M. Sahitya Prakashan,

Mahavir Road, Anand.

2010

‚\d Aph©r— : 2010 lfui hV$phhpmpd|Îe :

V$pC` k°V$vN :

: ‚L$piL$ :A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_A°d. A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_

`yı[L$ ‚L$piL$ A_° rhæ°$[pdlphuf dpNÆ, ApZ¨]$.

dp°. _¨. 98794 44763

: dy÷L$ :

A`ÆZ r‚fiV$fuA`ÆZ r‚fiV$fuA`ÆZ r‚fiV$fuA`ÆZ r‚fiV$fuA`ÆZ r‚fiV$fufp^pıhpdu Q°Ábf, cpg°S> fp°X$, ApZ¨]$.

ap°_ : (02692) 255962

(]$rg[-r`qX$[ kdpS>_p DŸpfL$ k¨[p°)

:: A`ÆZ :::: A`ÆZ :::: A`ÆZ :::: A`ÆZ :::: A`ÆZ ::

lfui hV$phhpmp_y¨ g°M_ - kS>Æ_

_hgL$\p : Ap∑Nm[u cu_pi_p¨ d©NS>m (1991)

X|$dp° (2003) Alv Ap¨ky –ep¨ ]$`ÆZ

(2004)

Ape_pdp¨ A°L$g[p (2009)

cu_u cu_u kp¨S> (2010)

`R>u[ (2010)

L$rh[p : k|fS> ENhp_u nZ (2003)

]$`Æ\u ]$`ÆZ (2000)

dp°f`vR> d¨∆fp (2010)

∆h_gnu : Aiºe_° iºe b_php° (2006-

2008-2010)

A¨^L$pfdp¨ [°S>qL$fZ (2007)

bpm-kprl–e : rhæ$d -h°[pm_u qL$ip °f L$\pAp°

(2005-2008-2010)

rhh°Q_ : A¨N[-k¨N[ (2003)

Anf_p° D–kh (2004)

A_pN[ (2009)

k¨ip° _ : NTg : `f¨`fp, `qfh[Æ_ A_° ‚ep°N

(2005)

tQ[_ : Ap–dƒep°r[_p AS>hpmp¨ (2010)

k¨[ Qqf” : `fb∞˚_p QfZdp¨ (2006)

kp^y CfQfZ ıhpduA_°

kp^y –epNhÎgcıhpdu_°

S>° Ry>¨, S>°hp° Ry>¨, [dpfu kpd° Ry>¨,gp°L$_u dpaL$ _lv, Álp°fp kSy>¨.

ñlfui hV$phhpmp

k¨[ k–k¨N : KQu d°X$u k¨[_u (2010)L©$`pr_r^ k¨[p° (2010)–epNd|r[Æ k¨[p° (2010)k¨Nd [u\Æ k¨[p°: (2010)L©$`ptk^y k¨[p° (2010)

Qqf” : Aduf _Nfu_p° aL$uf bp]$ipl : Cfi]y$gpgeproL$* (2010)

k¨`p]$_ : rhL$rh[p (1995)Ap¨M du¨Qy –ep¨ [d° ep]$ ApÏep¨(2005)(L$rh X$p¸pcpC `V° $g_u ‚r[r_r^NTgp°.)›hr_ -‚r[›hr_ (2008)(L$rh X$p¸pcpC `V° $g_u ‚r[r_r^NTgp°_p Apıhp]$)dp°l_ `fdpf : hp[pÆ Apıhp]$ A_°A›ee_ (2008)rinZ k¨hp]$ (2010)(X$pµ. ‚[p` `¨X$Èp_p rinZ rhjeL$g°Mp°)

k°Îa X°$hg`d°fiV$ : L$peÆæ$d_y¨ k¨Qpg_ L°$hu fu[° L$fip° ?*

(2009-2009) (2010-2010)* Ap r_ip_uhpmp yı[L$p° : NyS>fp[ fpƒe rinZ rhcpN°° "hp¨Q° NyS>fp['

ep°S>_p A¨[NÆ[ `k¨]$Nu L$f°g R>°.

k¨[ ‹pf°\u...

k[p° kdpS>_p kıL©$r[ fnL$, dÆfnL$ A_° kdpS>fnL$p°

R>°. kp\° kp\° csº[kprl–e_u `Z tQ[p L$f[p f¸p R>°. Alv

A°hp k¨[p°_p ∆h_Qqf”p°_° Apg°Mhpdp¨ ApÏep¨ R>° L°$ S>°dZ°

`p°[p_y¨ khÆıh ÓulqfQfZ° fiep°R>phf L$fu ]$u^y¨ l[y¨. Ap k¨[p°dp¨

cNhp__p° Apifp° A_° ıhÍ$`r_õ$p, csº[ _° rhfsº[, [` A_°

–epN, k°hp A_° kd ÆZ, ÓŸp A_° dydyny[p, ◊Y$ r_Úe, AV$g

V°$L$, L$\php[pÆ A_° csº[_y¨ Ïek_ S>°_° hm¡ey¨ R>° [°hp r_dpÆ_u

A_° d_, hQ_, L$dÆ\u Cf_u csº[ L$fu Cf kp\° A°L$ [pf

\C_° _p[p° bp¨û Ap S>fid [p° ky^pep£ R>°. `Z A_°L$ S>fidp°_y¨

cp\y¨ [•epf L$fhp_u c|rdL$p `Z [•epf L$fu guû R>°. A°V$gy¨ S>

_rl, ]$rg[-ùqX$[ kdpS>_p DŸpf dpV°$ `p°[° ùX$p cp°Nhu R>°

A_° gp°L$p°_p° DŸpf L$ep£ R>°. gp°L$p°_p ]y$:Mp° ]|$f L$epØ R>°, Ïehlpfp°

kpQÏep R>° A_° ]$rg[p°_u `X$M° Ecp f¸p R>°.

k¨[p°_y¨ ∆h_ l¨d°ip ‚°fZpÍ$` f¸y¨ R>° [°d_p ‹pfp

L°$V$gp¨L$_p ∆h_dp¨ A]$c|[ `qfh[Æ_p° ApÏep¨ R>° A_° ∆h_

Ap]$iÆÍ$` b_u Nep¨ R>°. Ap eyN cp•r[L$eyN R>°. gp°L$p° cp•r[L$

k¨`r— c°Nu L$fu f¸p¨ R>°. gp°L$p°dp¨\u csº[ A_° Ap›eps–dL$[p

rhkfpC NC R>°. cpf[ue k¨ıL$©r[ A_° k¨ıL$pf_p° gp°` \C f¸p°

R>°, –epf° "–epNu_° cp°Nhp°' A°d Ciphpıedπ D`r_j]$dp¨

L$l°hpey¨ R>° A° D—d –epNcph Alv Apg°Mhpdp¨ Aph°g

k¨[p°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, kpdp∆L$, fpS>L$ue A_°

^prdÆL$ kÖjp°Æ h√Q° `Z Ap k¨[p°A° ^dÆ A_° k¨ıL©$r[_y¨ fnZ

L$eyØ R>°. ∆h[f_y¨ |fy¨ d|Îe kd∆_° ‚[unZ ≈N©[ Ahı\pdp¨

S> ∆Ïep R>°.

Ap k¨[p°A° kdpS>_° _hu q]$ip Qu¨^hp, kdpS>_°

k]π$dpN£ hpmhp_p, Ïek_dyº[ L$fhp_p, fpÙ≤$cph_p bmh—f

L$fhp_p A_° k¨ıL©$r[_y¨ fnZ L$fhp_p k[[ ‚e–_ A_° ‚epk

L$epÆ R>°. ≈r[- opr[_p c°]$ c|gphu_° gp°Lp°_° k]π$dpN£ hp˛ep

R>°. d›eL$pmdp¨ ^dpØ[f_u ‚h©r— k[[ Qpgu flu l[u –epf°

`Z ‚≈dp¨ csº[Ap¨]$p°g_p° S>Nphu dÆfnL$ A_° k–e \]$iÆL$

ƒep°r[^Æf k¨[p°A° rh_° Arc_h k¨]$°ip° Apù dpZk_y¨ rl[

C√Rπ>ey¨ R>°. [°dS> cpf[_u Nqfdp_y¨ A_° A°_p Np•fh_y¨ k[[

fnZ L$eyØ R>°.

k¨[p°A° [p° pX$`pXy$Ap°, X$pLy$Ap°, Ofap°X$ Qp°fp°, gyV$pfpAp°

[°dS> L$pW$u ]$fbpfp° A_° Afie gp°Lp°dp¨Ïepù Ne°gp Ïek_p°

S>°hp¨ L°$ : ]$pÍ$, [pX$u, AqaZ, Np¨≈°, [dpLy$ A_° dp¨kplpf, [°dS>

˜u-`yfyjp°_p Ah•¤ k¨b¨^p°, ‚pZu tlkp, _f brg]$p_p° A_°

cyhp-≈Nqfep, aL$ufp°, b_u b°W° $gp kp^y-bphpAp°_u

c∞d≈mdp A_° Qd–L$pfp°dp\u ‚≈_° R>p°X$phu_° kdpS> ∆h__u

kpQu q]$ip_p° dpNÆ b[pÏep° R>°. ‚≈ iyŸ, pf]$iw, A_° qfiyŸ

tS>]$Nu ∆h° [° dpV°$ k¨[Óu d°Odpep, k¨[Óu h°d_, k¨[Óu

Qp°Mpd°mp, Nyfy frh]$pk, L$buf∆, cud kpl°b, cpZ kpl°b,

r”L$d kpl°b, ]$pku ∆hZ, dp°fpf kpl°b, Mud kpl°b hN°°f°

k¨[p°A° kdpS>_u ‚r[õ$pdp¨ h^pfp° L$ep£ R>°. ]$rg[ A_° r`X$u[

hNÆdp¨\u Aph[p Ap k¨[p°A° kdpS> D–\p__p¨ L$pep£ L$epØ R>°.

Aphp A_°L$ k¨[p°A° ld°ip¨ gp°L$ L$ÎepZ_u tQ[p L$fu

gp°L$ dp_k_° OX$hp_y¨, Ïehlpfp° A_° h[ÆZ|¨L$dp¨ ky^pfp° L$fhp_y¨,

kp]$u A_° kfm tS>]$Nu ∆hhp_y¨ A_° gp°L_° kpQu q]$ip

b[phhpdp¨ k]π$L$pep£ L$epØ R>° gp°L$p°_u d|¨ThZp° ]|$f L$fu dpNÆ]$iÆL$

bfiep R>° [p° gp°L$p°_p kpfp- _fkp ‚k¨Np° A_° Ïehlpfp° `Z

kpQÏep R>°. ‚≈dp¨ fl°gp¨ ]|$jZp° ]|$f \pe A_° ‚≈ L$C fu[° A_°

L°$hu fu[° k]π$dpN£ hm° [° dpV°$ k[[ ‚e–_p° L$epÆ R>°. A°V$gy¨ S>

_rl, tQ[_iug `Z f¸p R>°.

op__u A_° k°hp_u `fb gC_° b°W°$gp Ap k¨[p°A°

L°$V$gpë_p ∆h_dp¨ op__u [©jp R>u`phu R>°, op__p° ‚L$pi

`p\ep£ R>° A_°kpQu q]$ip b[phu R>°. [p° ]$rg[-ùqX$[ ‚≈_°

klpfp° Apù ‚≈ h√Q° d|L$u ‚r[õ$u[ L$epÆ R>°. A°hp ≈Zu[p

R>[p¨ Cr[lpk_p Ar[[dp¨ Mp°hpC Ne°gp k¨[p°_p q]$Ïe∆h_

A_° [°d_p¨ q]$ÏeL$pep£_y¨ Anf]°$ldp¨ `y_:ı\p`_ L$fu [°d_p°

AÊepkeyº[ A_° [yg_p–dL$ qfQe L$fphhp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ R>°.

Alv Ap N∞¨\dp¨ _\u [°hp L$°V$gpL$ k¨[p°_p ∆h_Qqf”p°

d¢ dpfp Afie N∞¨\p° : "KQu d°X$u k¨[_u, L©$`pr_q^ k¨[p°,

–epNd|r[Æ k¨[p°, A_° k¨Nd[u\Æ k¨[p°dp¨ kdph°i L$f°g R>°. S>°_y¨

‚L$pi_: "kprl–e k¨Nd' kprl–e ‚L$pi_, k|f[ ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨

ApÏey¨ R>° [°d R>[p¨ L°$V$gpL$ D—d k¨[p° flu S>hp `pÁep lp°e,

[°hy¨ `Z bfiey¨ R>°.

Alv L$p°C A°L$ S> dÆ, k¨‚]$pe, dW$, uW$, qafL$pAp°_p

k¨[p°_p° qfQe _\u Z S>° k¨[p°A° dÆn°”°, Ap›eps–dL$ n°”°,

kpdprS>L$ n°”°, A_°kprl–e n°”° D√Q c|rdL$pA° flu_°

Aq‹[ue L$pep£ L$epØ R>°. A°hp k¨[p°_p° `rfQe L$fpÏep° R>°. [°dp¨

Oœ¨ Oœ¨ kïp°^_ L$fu_° k–e_° [pfhhp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ R>°. A°_p

dpV°$ hjp£ kyû AÊepk_y¨ [` L$eyØ R>°. A° AÊepk_° L$pfZ°

kprl–e∆h__u dpfu _hu S> r]$ip M|gu R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ°

Ap`Zp k¨[p°_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk `Z fS|> \ep° R>°. [°d

R>[p¨ [°d_p OZp¨ D—dL$pep£ A_° [°d_p rhriÙ$ Ïesº[–h_°

‚L$pidp¨ gphhp_y¨ lz¨ L$]$pQ Q|L$u Nep° lp°J [°hÿ `Z bfiey¨ lp°e !

d›eL$pm A_° AhpÆQu_ L$pm_p k¨[p° dpV°$ AÊepk L$f_pf

AÊepky dpV°$ Ap N∞¨\ "L©$`ptk^y k¨[p°' [°dS> D`f S>Zph°g

Afie N∞¨\p° OZp¨ S> AÊepkgnu A_° Dèp°Nu b_u iL°$ [°d

R>°.

dpfp Ap ‚e–_dp¨ OZp rd”p°_p° klL$pf d˛ep° R>°.

`f¨[y d_° k¨[p°_p ∆h_ A_° L$h_ rhi° gM[p° L$fhp dpV°$ rd”

k[ui X$ZpL°$ [°d_p [¨”u `Zp l°W$m ‚L$V$ \[p ∆h_gnu

kpdreL$ "S>gpfpd]$u`'dp¨ "k¨[Qqf” ]$iÆ_' L$p∑gd A¨[NÆ[

gMhp_y¨ _ L$¸y¨ lp°[ [p° Alv r_]£$iu[ A_° Ar_]°$riÆ[ k¨[p°_p¨

Qqf”p° lz¨ Apg°Mu iºep° _ lp°[ ! buSy>¨ L°$ kyf[\u ‚L$V$ \[p

gp°L$r‚e ]•$r_L$ "NyS>fp[ rd”'_u kp°dhpf_u "k–k¨N' `|r[Ædp¨

]$f k‡[pl° "k¨[ k–k¨N' L$p∑gd gMhp dpV°$ ApN∞l L$f_pf

dyfÂbu ıh. _hu_Q¨÷ `¨X$Èp A_° "NyS>fp[ rd”'_p r_hpku

[¨”uÓuA° DÌL°$ep£ _ lp°[ [p° `Z lz¨ k¨[p°_p¨ ∆h_Qqf”p°_y¨

Apg°M_ L$fu iºep° _ lp°[ ! ApS>° lz Ap b^p rd”p°_p ‚e–_p°\u

gp°L$‚–en \ep° Ry¨> A_° dpfu kprl–en°”° A°L$ ApNhu Ap°mM

Ecu L$fu iºep° Ry>¨.

"L©$`ptk y k¨[p°' N∞\_° ‚L$pi Ap`hp_y A_° dpfp L$peÆ_°

gp°L$ ‚–en L$fhp_y¨ L$peÆ "A°d.A°d. kprl–e ‚L$pi_' k¨ı\p-

ApZ¨]$_p k¨hplL$ Óu epLy$bcpC dg°L°$ L$eyØ [° b]$g [°d_p°

Apcpf ÏeL$[ L$fy¨ Ry>¨.

ñlfui hV$phhpmp

[pfuM : 12-06-2010

"Anfp'

A°/60, rhÛœLy¨$S> - 1,

fpS>°i V$phf `pR>m, Np°”u fp°X$,

hX$p°]$fp- 390023.

dp°bpCg _¨bf : 9574118369

V°$._¨. : (0265)2397278 (r_.)

: A_yæ$drZL$p :

1. k¨[Óu d°Odpep 1

2. k¨[Óu h°d_ 11

3. k¨[Óu _pd]°$h 21

4. k¨[Óu Qp°Mpd°mp 31

5. k¨[ L$hre”u gÎg°fu 40

6. k¨[ L$hre”u [p°fg 47

7. cº[ L$rh Nyfy frh]$pk 62

8. L$buf∆_p° flıehp]$ 76

9. eyN◊Ù$p L$buf∆ 92

10. L$buf∆_p¨ `]$p°dp¨ L$pNX$p° 102

11. L$buf∆ A_° Ïek_dysº[ 104

12. ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[ 116

13. cº[ L$hre”u dufp¨bpC 128

14. k¨[ L$hre”u bphfu kprlbp 135

15. Ap–dop_u k¨[Óu gp°eZ 144

16. k¨[ bl°ZpbpC `pW$L$ 157

17. k¨[ [yL$pfpd 162

18. ıhpdu Óu ky¨]$f]$pk∆ 171

19. k¨[Óu cud kpl°b 179

20. k¨[Óu ]$p]$p d°L$fZ 190

21. r”L$d kpl°b 209

22. cº[ L$rh k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS> 223

23. dlp–dp d|m]$pk∆ 235

24. cº[fpS> ]$pku∆hZ 242

25. dp°fpf kpl°b 250

26. cpZ kpl°b 255

27. frh kpl°b 264

28. ‚°dp_¨]$ (‚°dkMu) 270

29. cº[ L$rh dufdyfp]$ 274

30. k¨[ ]°$h Xy$¨Nf`yfu 283

31. Mud kpl°b 291

32. k¨[ L$hre”u N¨Npk[u 300

33. crN_u r_h°q]$[p 309

34. Óu Óu Ap_¨]$u dp 317

35. Óu Óu dp Ap_¨]$deu 321

36. dp lf°fu ]°$hu. 334

7

L©$`ptk^y k¨[p° L©$`ptk^y k¨[p°

1. k¨[Óu d°Odpep

(ArNepfdu k]$u_p° D—fp^Æ)

C.k. 1138_p° kde A° kde° NyS>Æf Np]$u D`f

rkŸfpS> S>etkl_y¨ fpS> l[y¨ A_° Ap_[Æ ‚]$°i_u `pV$Z_Nfu

A° NyS>fp[_y¨ `pV$_Nf l[y¨. A° kde° `pV$Zdp¨ ]$rg[hNÆdp¨

"d°Odpep'_pd_p k¨[ \C Nep. A°d_u S>fid kpg dm[u _\u

`Z Ahkp__p° kde ‚p· \pe R>°. [° k¨h[ 1194_p dlpky]$

buS>_p q]$hk° dpep]°$h kfıh[u [uf° R>°Îgp° rih`pV$ Apfp›ep°.

dlp dpk_p R>Ã$_p q]$hk° rkŸfpS> S>etkl° [°d_y¨ cÏe kpd•ey¨

L$eyØ A_° kp[d_p q]$hk° kl˜ gvN [mphdp¨ lpg ƒep¨ dpep

V°$L$fu _pd_y¨ ı\m Aph°gy¨ R>°, [° S>¡epA° dpep]°$h_y¨ brg]$p_

A`pey. fp≈A° dpep]°$h_p brg]$p__° huf dpep]°$h_p brg]$p_

[fuL°$ ıhuL$peyØ A_° [°d_u kdN∞ ≈r[_° "d°Ohpm' ≈r[ A°hy¨

_pd Ap‡ey¨. A°_p° A° A\Æ A°hp° [pfhu iL$pe L°$ d°O_° hpmu_°

`pV$Zdp¨ ArdhjpÆ L$fphu.

Ap k¨[_p° S>fid \[p `l°gp¨ [°d_u dp[p M°dubpC_°

A°L$_y A°L$ ıh‡_y kp[ q]$hk ky u k[[ Aphhp gp¡ey. gp°L$p°qL$[

A_ykpf hl°gu khpf° M°du bpC duW$u r_÷p dpZu f¸p¨ lp°e

–epf° [°d_° ıh‡_pdp¨ A°L$ EN[p k|eÆ S>°hu ‚L$pri[ ƒep°[

]°$Mp[u l[u. A° ƒep°[ Of_p¨ ‹pfp b¨^ lp°hp R>[p¨ Ofdp¨ ‚h°i°

A_° Ofdp¨ dpV$u_u Ap°V$gu D`f sı\f \pe A_° ApMy¨ Of

Tmlmu EW°$. \p°X$p° kde TmlmpV$ fl° A_° `R>u A°_y¨ kd_

\C S>[y¨ l[y ! Apd k[[ ıh‡_pdp¨ b_hp\u [°dZ° ıh‡_p_u

hp[ [°d_p r[ dfiu_° L$fu. [°d_p r[ d_p°d_ ≈Zu Nep

L°$ rkŸp–dp_p° dpf° Ap¨NZ° Ah[fhp_p R>°. `Z [°d_p d__u

hp[ [°dZ° [°d_u `–_u_° L$fu _rl. A°dZ° [p° A°d L$¸y¨ L°$,

"‚kyr[_p kde° ]$f°L$ ˜u_° Ah_hp¨ ıh‡_p¨ Aph[p¨ S> lp°e R>°.

!' A°d L$lu hp[_° V$pmu ]$u^u. `f¨[y M°dubpCA° Ap ıh‡_p_°

∆h_cf ep]$ fpøe¨y. `yfp dpk° `y”_p° S>fid \ep°. `y”_p S>fid

kde° khÆ” [°S> R>hpC Ney¨. b^y¨ Tmp¨lmp¨ \C Ney¨. `Z Ap

dpephu ıh‡_p¨_° L$pfZ° `y”_y¨ _pd `Z dpep fpøey¨. `Z Ap

hp[ kde S>[p¨ rhkfpC NC.

dpep ]$k hjÆ_p° \ep° –epf° ]$rg[p°_u hı[udp¨

"ifZ`¨\u' kp^yAp° ApÏep A_° [°dZ° M°dubpC_° –ep¨ D[pfp°

L$ep£. Ap k¨‚]$pe_p dyøe ApQpeÆ bkh ]$rnZ cpf[_p Ál•kyf

fpƒedp¨ fl°[p l[p. Ap k¨‚]$pehpmp "bkh`yfpZ'_° dp_° R>°

[°Ap° dp_° R>° L°$, ≈r[c°]$ dy]π$g `pmhp° _rl, rih [\p [°_p

_¨]$u_° cS>hp\u L$ÎepZ \pe R>°. Nmpdp¨ rihtgN fpMhy¨,

dp¨kplpf L$fhp° _rl, L$p°C hı[y Cf-tgN-_° A`ÆZ L$epÆ rh_p

1 2

8


MphuL°$ hp`fhu _rl. d|m° [p° Ap k¨‚]$pe (ifZ ¨\) tgNpe[

`¨\ A\hp [p° rifi•h k¨‚]$pedp¨\u AgN \e°gp° k¨‚]$pe R>°.

`f¨[y bkh°f° rihtgN `y≈ L$pedu fpMu. bkh°f `p°[° S>

fpƒe_p° k—p^pfu l[p°. fpƒe k—p `p°[p_p lp\dp¨ lp°hp\u

ipd, ]$pd, ]¨$X$, A_° c°]$\u `¨\_u h©qŸ L$fhp ‚e–_ L$ep£.

≈r[c°]$ [°d_p fpƒedp¨ _lp°[p°. khÆ_° dpV°$ Ap k¨‚]$pedp¨

]$pMg \hp_p ]$fhp≈ MyÎgp fpøep. [°\u ]$f°L$ ≈r[A° Ap

k¨‚]$pe ıhuL$pep£ A_° ]$rg[ - khZp£ (b∞p˚Z) khÆ A°L$ ¨N[°

b°ku S>d[p `Z Mfp. fpƒe_p° M≈_p° bkh°f_p lp\dp¨

lp°hp\u [° `p°[p_p k¨‚]$pe_p A_yepeuAp°_° d]$]$ `Z L$f[p°

l[p°. S>°_° L$pfZ° Qp°f, ÏercQpfu, ]y$ÏekÆ_u, LyR>¨]$u, gpgQy,

Apmky A_° ]$rg[hNÆ rhi°j ≈°X$pep°. KQ-_uQ L°$ R|>[-AR|>[_p

c°]$ Ap k¨‚]$pedp¨ _\u. S>° Ap k¨‚]$pedp¨ Aph° [°_u ≈r[

Ap`p°Ap` _Ù$ \C S>[ul[u. [°hy Ap ¨\_p gp°L$p° dp_[p¨ l[p¨.

]$i hjÆ_p dpep_° ≈°C_° "ifZ ¨\'_p kp yAp°_° gp¡ey

L°$, Ap [p° L$p°C Agp•qL$L$ Ap–dp R>° A_° M°dubpC `pk°\u

dpep_p S>fid `l°gp¨ Aph°gp ıh‡_p rhi° hp[ kp¨cmu A_°

"ifZ`¨\' _p kp^yAp°A° dpep_p crhÛe_u ApNplu L$fu L°$

Ap L$p°C dlp_ k¨[, A_° kdpS>ky^pfL$ \i° A_° opr[-≈r[_y¨

_pd Dà>hm L$fi°. [°dS> Aı`©Ìe kdpS>_p° DŸpf L$fi°.

dpepA° A_° [°d_p¨ dp[p-r`[pA° `Z "ifZ`¨\'_p° ıhuL$pf

L$ep£. –epf`R>u kp^yAp°A° dpep_° "dpep]°$h' A°hy¨ _pdprc^p_

L$eyØ. dpep]°$h_° "rih pV$' Apfp^_p_p Nyfy ]°$ ı\pù_° Aı ©Ìe

kdpS>dp¨ `pV$ `f¨`fp_° ApNm Qgphhp_p° Ap]°$i Ap‡ep°.

dpep]°$h rhi° ApS>° `Z L°$V$guL$ r_ip_uAp° ‚p· \pe

R>°.S>° "dpeph°g' A_° "`pV$ D–`r—'_u L$\pdp¨ kQhpey¨ R>°.

A°d_p° S>fid kde gNcN rhæ$d_u ArNepfdu k]$u_p

D—fp Æ_u Apk`pk_p kdedp¨ \e°gp° S>Zpe R>°. [°d_p |hÆ≈°

lpg_p ^p°mL$p `pk°_p ^hg`yf Npd_p R>°hpX°$ fl°[p l[p A_°

ƒepf° rkŸfpS>° kl˜tgN [mph b¨^phhp_u iÍ$Ap[ L$fu [°

kde ]$frdep_ ApMpe kdpS> kp\° pV$Z_p rkdpX°$ kfıh[u

_]$u_p `|hÆ qL$_pf° Aphu_° hıep.

Ap kde A°hp° l[p° L°$ Aı`©Ìe kdpS>_u L$p°C `Z

Ïesº[_° khpf° L°$ kp¨S>° Npddp¨ ‚h°i b¨û l[u. [°d_p° [p° L$p°C

ıìÆ _ L$f° Z [° Z L$p°C_p° ıìÆ _ L$fu iL°$ ! Npddp¨ ‚h°i[p¨

dyM°\u AhpS> L$fhp_p° A_° ^|mdp¨ fı[p `f `X$[p¨ `Ngp¨_u

R>p` c|khp dpV$° L$df° Tp¨Mfy bp¨ hy X°$. L$p°C_ue D`f X$R>pep°

_ `X$u ≈e [°_u L$pm∆ fpMhu `X$[u. A°h° kde° d°Odpep_p°

S>fid \ep° l[p°.

3 4

9


d°OdpepA° `Quk hjÆ_u Jdf° Nyfy`] d°mhu kdN∞

Aı`©Ìe ≈r[Ap°_p [°Ap° Nyfy \ep A_° "ifZ`¨\' _p kp^y

\ep. –epfbp]$ [°dZ° `pV$Z il°f_p `|hÆ kudpX$pA° hl°[u

kfıh[u _]$u_° L$p¨W°$ ‚\d rih`pV$_u Apfp^_p L$fu. [°dp¨ [dpd

Aı`©Ìe ≈r[Ap°_° r_d¨”u [°d_° L¨$W$u bp¨û riÛep° b_pÏep.

A° fu[° ≈°CA° [p° huf dpep]°$h Aı`©Ìep°_p khÆ ‚\dNyfy

L$l°hpep.

dpep]°$h Nyfy ]°$ ı\`pep [°\u rlfi]y$ kdpS>dp¨ A_° Mpk

L$fu_° b∞p˚Zp°dp¨ MmcmpV$ dQu Nep°. dpep_u `pR>m "]°$h'

iÂ]$ d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏep° [°\u b∞p˚Zp° M|b S> æ$p°^° cfpep A_°

Aı`©Ìep°dp¨ \[u opr[ kdp_[p_u hp[p°_p° kM[ rhfp°^ L$ep£.

Ap rhfp°^ [° hM[_p NyS>fp[_p dlpfpS> rkŸfpS> S>etkl

ApNm fS|> L$ep£. rkŸfpS>° b∞p˚Zp°_° Appk_ Apù ep°¡e

D`pe L$fi° A°d S>ZpÏey¨. rkŸfpS>° Ny·Qfp° dpfa[° dpep]°$h

rhi°_u kOmu dprl[u A°L$W$u L$fu. [°dZ° rhQpeyØ L°$ ≈° dpep]°$h_°

S>°gdp yfhpdp Aphi° L°°$ [°_u l–ep L$fhpdp Aphi° [p° Aı ©Ìep°

`pV$Z -NyS>fp[ - R>p°X$u_° S>[p fl°i°. S>°\u d°gy¨ D`pX$hy¨, kapC,

Y$p°f M¢Qhp hN°°f° L$pdp° L$p°Z L$fi° ? S>°_° L$pfZ° fpƒedp¨ N¨]$L$u_p°

r_L$pg \i° _rl A_° fp°N Qpmp° apV$u _uL$mi°. [°\u [°dZ°

d¨”uAp°_u [\p fpS>Np°f_u kgpl gC ep°¡e D`pe ‚ep°S>hp

rhQpf L$ep£. ]$frdep_ kl˜gvN [mph_y¨ L$pd `|ZÆ \ey¨. Ap

L$pd [° kdedp¨¨ riÎ` A_° ı\p`–edp¨ ‚rhZ Ap°X$≈r[ ‹pfp

il˜gvN [mph_ÿ bp¨^L$pd L$fpÏey¨. [mph [p° Mp°]$pC Ney¨.

rih∆_° A¬eÆ A ÆZ L$fu [°_u Qpf° [fa kl˜ gvN_u ı\p`_p

L$fu. riÎ` A_°ı\p`–e\u kyip°rc[ Aphy¨ [mph ApS>° `Z

NyS>fp[dp¨ Afie _\u. [mph_y¨ Mp°]$L$pd `|ZÆ \ey¨. `Z

rkŸfpS>_u ◊rÙ$ Í$` Í$`_p A¨bpf kdu S>kdp Ap°X$Z D`f

W$fu. S>kdp Ap°X$Z [p° k[u l[u. A°Z° fp≈_° fp°ºep°. [° frZ[

l[u A°d Z fp≈_° S>ZpÏey¨ [°d R>[p¨ fp≈ dpfiep° _rl. A°V$g°

fp≈A° L$f°gu R>°X$[u [° kl_ L$fu iL$u _rl. [°_° gp¡ey¨ L°$ fp≈A°

kdN∞ Ap°X$ ≈r[_y¨ A`dp_ LeyØ R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° [°_° lpX$p°lpX$

gpNu ApÏey¨ A_° fp≈_° Óp` Ap`[p¨ S>ZpÏey¨ L°$, "S>° [mph

Adpfu ≈r[ ‹pfp Mp°]$pÏey¨ R>°, [° [mphdp¨ `pZu V$L$i° _rl.'

A_° Mf°Mf A°d S> bfiey. A° hj£ M|b S> hfkp]$ X$Èp°. hjpÆF>[y

`|fu \[pdp¨ [p° [mph_y¨ `pZu ip°jpC Ney¨ ! fp≈_° apm `X$u L°$

S>kdp Ap°X$Z_p° Óp` kpQp° `X$Èp° R>°. Óp`_p r_hpfZ dpV°$

fp≈A° fpƒe_p `¨qX$[p° A_° b∞p˚Zp°_u kcp bp°gphu A_°

kgpl Ap`hp S>ZpÏey¨. b∞p˚Zp° "dpep ]°$h' ‚–e° Nyıkpdp¨ [p°

l[p S>. A°V$g° [°dZ° kgpl Ap`[p S>ZpÏey L°$, "L$p°C b”uk gnZp

yfyj_y brg]$p_ A`pe [p° kl˜gvN [mphdp `pZu V$L$u iL°$ !'

5 6

10


A_° A°hp° Ap Ap_¨[Æ‚]°$i pZu_u [¨Nu\u V$mhm[p° ‚]°$i l[p°.

dp_hp°, ìy, `¨Mu dpV°$_u [¨Nu_y¨ r_hpfZ \[y¨ lp°e [p° OZp

gp°L$p° `p°[p_y¨ bqg]$p_ Ap`hp [•epf l[p. `f¨[y b∞p˚Zp°_° [p°

dpep]°$h_y bqg]$p_ ≈°C[y l[y. S>°\u Aı ©Ìep°dp¨ ≈N©r[ a°gp[u

AV$L$u ≈e ! [°dZ° dpep]°$h_° b”uk gnZp° yfyj [fuL°$ ≈l°f

L$fphu ]$u^p A_° dpep]°$h dp_h[p_p Ap L$peÆ dpV°$ `p°[p_y¨

bqg]$p_ Ap`hp [•epf R>°. [°hy¨ ≈l°f L$fphu ]$u^y¨. [° kde°

]$rg[p°_° `p°[p_p° r_ZÆe g°hp_p° Ar^L$pf `Z _lp°[p° !

dpep]°$h b∞p˚Zp°_u QpgpL$u_° kd∆ Nep `Z ≈°

[°Ap° cpNu ≈e [p° [°d_p kd≈_u ]$f°L$ Ïesº[_° kl_ L$fhp_y¨

\pe A_° L$]$pQ Aı`©Ìep°_u fp≈ L$[g `Z L$fphu _p¨M° [p° !

Ap rhQpf Aph[p¨ S> [°Ap° brg]$p_ Ap`hp [•epf \ep A_°

[°_u ≈Z fp≈_° `Z L$fu. `Z [°dZ° L°$V$guL$ if[p° fS|> L$fu,

A° if[p° [° :

(1) ≈r[‚\p_p Í$`_u k¨dr[ dp¨Nu.

(2) rlfi]y$ kdpS>_u ≈r[Ap° ‚dpZ° [°d_u `Z ≈r[Ap°

lp°e A_° [° ≈r[Ap° h√Q° L$p°C Z ≈[_p° c°]$ _ lp°e.

A° fu[° A°dZ° S> h•ÛZhu kp^y, hZL$f, Qdpf, [|fu,

k°_hp ... hN°f° A°d AY$pf° hfZ_u dp¨NZu L$fu.

(3) Npd_p rkdpX°$ _rl, `Z Npd_u _∆L$ hkhpV$.

(4) Nmpdp¨ \|L$hp dpV$° gV$L$phhpdp¨ Aph°g aygX$u_° ]|$f L$fhu.

(5) `Ngp¨ c|khp dpV°$ L$df° bp¨ hpdp¨ Aph[y TpX|$ ]|$f L$fhy.

(6) Npddp¨ ‚h°i[p¨ "`p°j-`p°j' AhpS> _ L$fhp_u R|>V$

Ap`hu.

(7) dp\° `pOX$u L°$ aprmey¨ bp¨^hp_u R|>V$ Ap`hu.

(8) bp¨X$Èp - Ap¨NX$u_u `pR>m ”u∆ bpë gV$L$phpdp¨\u

dysº[.

fp≈A° dpe]°$h_p bqg]$p__p b]$gpdp¨ bû S> if[p°

dpfie fpMu. kp\° Of Ap¨NZ° [ygku ºepfp° fpMhp_u `Z R|>V$

Apù. k¨h[ 1194_p dlp dpk_u buS>_p q]$hk° dpep]°$h°

kfıh[u [uf° R>°Îgp° rih`pV$ Apfp›ep° A_° kp[d_p r]$hk°

kl˜gvN [mph_u d›edp¨ lpg ƒep¨ dpep V°$L$fu R>° [° S>¡epA°

dpep]°$h_y¨ brg]$p_ A`pey¨ A_° fp≈A° [°d_u kOmu ≈r[_°

"d°Ohpm' ≈r[ A°hy¨ _pd Ap‡ey¨.

kp• ‚\dhpf Aı`©Ìe ≈r[Ap° NyS>fp[_p `pV$_Nf

`pV$Z_p qL$Îgp_u A¨]$f_u bpSy>A° AOpfp ]$fhp≈ `pk°

hkphhpdp¨ Aphu. `R>u [p° Ap dpep ]°h_° gp°L$p° huf dpep]°$h,

d°Odpep, dpep]°$h hN°f° _pd\u kdpS> DŸpfL$ k¨[ [fuL°$ ]$rg[

≈r[Ap°Zp¨ ‚Qrg[ \ep.

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11


S>° fu[° Cf_° kp• A°L$ R>° [°d k¨[_° d_ Z ‚pZudp”

A°L$ R>°. –ep¨ dÆc°]$, rhQpf c°]$, Ïesº[c°]$, opr[c°]$, ≈r[c°]$

L°$ ‚pZuc°]$ _\u. k¨[p° [p° kd◊rÙ$ A_° [©ÛZp–epNu R>°, _fhy¨-

Nfhy¨ [u\Æı\p_ R>°. L$`fp dpN£\u kfm dpN£ gC S>_pf fplbf

R>°, gp°L$p°_u Apı\pdp¨ ÓŸp_p° ]$u` ‚L$V$ph_pf R>°, gp°L$p°_°

^dÆS>X$[pdp¨\u dyº[L$fu ^dÆÏehlpf_y¨ rinZ Ap`° R>°.

kdpS>dp¨\u hl°d, A¨ ÓŸp, Aop_, S>X$[p_° lV$phu_° op__u

ƒep°[ ‚L$V$ph° R>°, kdpS>dp¨ Q°[_p_p° k¨Qpf L$f° R>°, kdpS>_y¨

OX$[f A_° QZ[f L$f° R>°. k¨[ L$p°C opr[, L|$m, kdpS>dp¨\u

cg° Aph[p lp°e `Z k¨kpf_p° –epN L$fu k¨[ \ep `R>u

opr[,L|$m, kdpS>_p b¨^_ [°_° _X$[p _\u. A° b¨^_dyº[ \C

≈e R>°. S>° b¨^_dyº[ \pe R>° [° k¨[L$p°qV$A° `lp¢Qu iL°$ R>°.

[°d_u l•epk|”dp¨ ^f[u_u kp°X$d A_° [pL$p[ fl°gp¨ R>°.

kpdp∆L$ k¨hpq]$[p _° kdfk[p ı\p`u ^prdÆL$, Ap›eps–dL$,

kprl–euL$ A_° fpS>L$ue n°”° [°d_y¨ L$peÆ ◊rÙ$, ‚°d A_°

gpNZu_p[¨[y hX°$ kdpS>∆h_ A_° ^dÆÓŸp_° ◊rY$c|[ L$fu_°

≈r[-≈r[ h√Q°_p c°]$ c|gphu ]°$ R>°.

rlfi]y$ - dykgdp_ A° rhı[pfp,

kh£ A°L$ S>_y_u_p ≈ep,

Apep¨ Aphu° kp• lzhp Sy>S>hp,

dpfp kpe_° ]$fbpf A°L$.

A° fu[° "dpep]°$h°' L$p°C A°L$ opr[ dpV°$ brg]$p_ _\u

Ap‡ey. Z kdN∞ ‚pZudp”_p DŸpf dpV°$, kdN∞ ‚pZu dpV°$_p

kyM dpV°$ brg]$p_ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. A_° [°dZ° [°d_y¨ k¨[`œ¨ q]$`pÏey¨

R>°.

!!!!!

__________________________________________

* `|fL$ dprl[u : Óu ]$g`[ Qp•lpZ A_° "cpf[_p°

^prdÆL$ Cr[lpk' (‚\d Aph©r— k_ 1919.)

9 10

12


S>°_p ∆h_dp¨ Aldπ Ap°Nm° R>°. [°_y¨ cNhp_ L$pd L$f°

R>° A_° ∆h L$pd L$f° R>°. A°hy¨ _pV$L$ cS>hpe R>°.A° fu[° h°d_°

Aldπ_° Ap°Npmu _pøep° A_° [°d_p ∆h_dp¨ cNhp_° ‚h°i

L$ep£. bpÎephı\p\u S> A°d_° fpdpeZ A_° dlpcpf[_u L$\p

kp¨cmhu Nd[u.kp\° kp\° L$W$ |[mu A_° fpdgugp_p° M°g Z

[°d_° ≈°hp Nd[p l[p. [°d_p L¨$W$dp¨ dp^yeÆ_p° fk k[[ h¸p

L$f[p° l[p°. S>°_° L$pfZ° [°Ap° kpfy¨ A_° d^yf NpC iL$[p l[p.

_p_u he° S> dp[p_y Ahkp_ \[p¨ r`[pA° afu\u g¡_ L$eyØ. A`f

dp A°d_p hp[° hp[° Mp°X$p° L$pY$[u A_° rh_p L$pfZ gX$Èp L$f[u

l[u. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, hpku Mphp_y¨ Ap`[u A_° Of_y¨ b^y¨ S>

L$pd [°d_° L$fhy¨ `X$[y¨ l[y. [° D`fp¨[ L$`X$p¨ hZhp_u kpm `f

`Z [°d_° b°khy¨ `X$[y¨. Apd [p° [°d_u bû S> ‚L©$r[ L¨$CL$

Aï° L$buf_° dm[u Aph[u l[u. hZpV$_y¨ L$pd L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨

Ap–dp_p [pf kp\° `p°[p_p° _p[p° `pL$p° L$f[p l[p.

A`fdp_p Ak¸ ”pk\u L¨$V$pmu [°Ap° eyhp_ he°

Mfpb rd”p°_p k¨N° Ly$R>¨]°$ QX$u Nep. A°V$gu l]$ kyû L°$ [°Ap°

h°ÌepNd_ `Z L$fhp gp¡ep. S>°_° L$pfZ° _pQNp_ L$f[u A°L$

Í$`p¨N_p_p dp°ldp¨ `X$Èp A_° bfbp]$u_p `¨\° h˛ep. ^__p

2. k¨[Óu h°d_(bpfdu k]$u)

cpf[c|rd k¨[p°, cº[p° A_° dlp`yfyjp°_u rh”c|rd

R>°. A_°L$ dlp_`yfyjp°A° Ap c|rddp¨ Ah[pf gu^p° R>°. S>°dZ°

^prdÆL$, kpdprS>L$ fpS>L$ue qfh[Æ_dp dl“h_y ep°N]$p_ Ap‡ey

R>°. cpf[ ‚pL©$r[L, kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A_° ^prdÆL$ rhrh^[p\u cf`|[

R>°. h•`yÎe A_° h•rh›e kcf hpfkpdp¨\u rhrh^n°”_u dlp_

rhc|r[Ap° rh ‚rkŸ \C R>°. Ap hp[phfZdp¨ S> rcfi_ rcfi_

‚hplp°dp¨ csº[ ^pfp hlu R>°. k¨[p° [p° `f¨`fp ‚dpZ° Aph°

A_° ≈e R>°. `p°[p_u dprdÆL$ hpZu\u ∆h_ k–ep°_°, flıep°_°

A_° ∆h_ L$C fu[° ∆hhy¨ [°_y¨ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ Apù kdpS>_° kpQu

q]$ipA° gC ≈e R>°.

Ap csº[ Ap¨]$p°g_ d›eL$pmdp¨ ]$rnZ cpf[dp¨\u

dlpfpÙ≤$, NyS>fp[, D—f cpf[ A_° cpf[_p Afie‚]°$ip°dp¨

`lp¢√ey¨ l[y¨. ]$rnZ cpf[_p [°g¨NZp ‚]°$idp¨ M°[u_p° A_°

hZpV$_p° Ïehkpe L$f[p A°L$ iy÷ Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ k¨[ h°d__p° S>fid

\ep° lp°hp_y¨ d_pe R>°. [°d_° [°gyNy cpjp_p khÆÓ°õ$ L$rh

dp_hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°d_p° S>fid ºepf° \ep° [° rhi° L$p°C Qp°ºL$k

dprl[u dm[u _\u. L°$V$gp¨L_y¨ L$l°hy¨ R>° L°$ [°Ap° bpfdu k]$u\u

`¨]$fdu k]$u_u h√Q° \C Nep. [p° L$°V$gpL$ k—fdu k]$u_p

D—fp^Ædp¨ \C Nep. A°d dp_° R>°.

11 12

13


Acph_° L$pfZ° `°gu Í$`p¨N_pA° [°d_° [fR>p°X$u ]$u^p. Ap

A`dp_\u [°d_° gpNu ApÏey¨ A_° `X$[u_p `Nr\e° `X$[p¨

`p°[p_u ≈[_° k¨cpmu guû. kpfp dpN£ hm° A°d pfu_° [°d_p

r`[pA° [°d_p¨ g¡_ L$epØ. `Z ]y$cp¡eÆhi A°d_° `–_u

TOX$pMp°f A_° L¨$L$pku dmu. S>°_° L$pfZ° Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ L$g°i \hp

gp¡ep°. A_° kyM-ip¨r[ R>u_hpC Nep¨. Nfubu_° ]|$f L$fhp A°

lgL$u p[ydp¨\u kp°_y b_phhp_p° L$urdep° iuMhp fkpeZ rh¤p

≈Z_pfp g°cpNy W$Np° pk° Nep A_° [°Ap° –ep¨ R>°[fpep¨. Apd

[°d_u k[[ Ahl°g_p \hp gpNu. W$p°L$fp° MpC MpC_° A°d_p

∆h__y¨ OX$[f \hp gp¡ey¨. lgL$u ^p[ydp¨\u kp°_y¨ b_phhp_p°

L$urdep° [p° ‚p· _ \ep° `Z A°L$ k¨[_° L$pfZ° [°d_p° ∆h_fpl

b]$gpC Nep°. [°d_y¨ [° `R>u_y¨ ∆h_ kyhZÆde \C Ney¨. k¨[°

[°d_° L$¸y¨ : " [y¨ Mp°V$u A_° lgL$u hı[y dpV°$ r_f\ÆL$ cV$L$u f¸p°

R>°. kp°_y kp°_y iy L$f° R>° ? lz [_° kp°_p L$f[pë qL≠$d[u hı[y b[phy

!' A_° h°d_° A°d_u hp[ dp_u guû A_° ∆h__° L©$[p\Æ L$fhp_p°

L$urdep° Nyfy pk°\u d˛ep°. [°d_y ∆h_ k¨ |ZÆ fu[° b]$gpC Ney.

O©Zpı`]$ Ïesº[–hdp¨\u b]$gpC_° dlp_ k¨[ b_u Nep !

`qfZpd° kdpS>_° A°L$ D—d L$rh, dlp_ k¨[ A_°

D–L©$Ù$ ep°Nu d˛ep. [°d_p æ$p¨r[L$pfu rhQpfp°A° [–L$pgu_

kp¨‚]$preL$ k¨Ly$rQ[ rkŸp¨[p°_p pep lQdQphu ]$u^p. dÆ A_°

k¨‚]$pep°dp¨ A°d_° S>° _ NÁey [°_p° tld[ |hÆL$ rhfp° L$f[p f¸p.

N©lı\u A_° k¨fiepku_p ApQpf-rhQpf_p c°]$p°_° ı`Ù$ L$epÆ.

Ap]$iÆ r`[p, dp[p, `r[, `–_u, `X$p°iu A_° k[π d_yÛe_p

L$[ÆÏe rhi° gp°L$p°_° kdS>Z Apù [p° h•fpNu_p ∆h__u A_°

[°_p h∞[-r_edp°_u Z kdS>Z Apù. ‚pZlu_ d|r[Æ |≈ A_°

`p°`qV$ep ip˜`W$__p° Z [°dZ° rhfp°^ L$ep£. _p[-≈[, KQ-

_uQ_p c°]$cphp° rdV$phu Aı ©Ìe[p ]|$f L$fhp k[[ ‚e–_p° L$f[p

f¸p.

[°Ap° hpf¨hpf L$l°[p l[p : " ∆c_° duW$p° gpN[p°

A_pS>_p° A°L$A°L$ L$Z hjpÆA° dp_hu_° Ap`°gp° D`lpf R>°,

hfkp]$ `p°[° `Z dp_hu_p° Aplpf R>°. Nu[p∆dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>°[°d S>°

ıìÆ, fk, Í$`, iÂ]$ A_° N¨^_u gugp_p° `pf `pdu ≈e R>°.

A°_p° S> drldp Nhpe R>°. A°_y¨ S> ipk_ Ap S>N[ `f fl°i°.

`pgMudp¨ b°W$p L$f[p¨ A°_° D`pX$hpp_p° drldp kdS>hp° S>Í$fu

R>°. ∆hhp S>°hy¨ S>° ∆h_ ∆h° R>° [°_° gp°L$p° dp__u ◊rÙ$\u Sy>A°

R>°.' Alv d_° k¨[ _pd]°$h_u Ap `¨sº[Ap° ep]$ Aph° R>°.

Ap[dfpd ]°$l ^qf Apep,

[pd° lrf lz¨¨ ]°$Mp•,

L$l[ _pd]°$h brg brg S>•lp•,

lqf crS> Ap•f _ g°Mp•.

13 14

14


A\pÆ[π : Ap[dfpd° Ap ]°$l ^pfZ L$ep£ R>° [p° L°$hm

lqf_° c≈°. d_ A_° ˘]$e\u lqf_° cS>hp\u k¨L$Î`p° L°$ kïep°

]|$f \pe R>°. A°hu b¨ _dyº[ qfsı\r[ k≈Æi° –epf° ApMy S>N[

lqfde b_u S>i°.

Aphp æ$p¨r[L$pfu, opr_ L$rh h°d__p Qpf l≈f S>°V$gp

`]$p° dmu Aph° R>°. A°d_u æ$p¨r[L$pfu, op_kcfhpZu_p° D]ππ$Op°j

ApS>° `Z k¨cmpe R>°. [°Ap° L$l°[p : ""^dp£ OZp R>°, `Z

L$p°CL$ped_p° _\u. h°]$p°dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° [°d : ""Yma`Vr B©oV Y_©ï$&""Yma`Vr B©oV Y_©ï$&""Yma`Vr B©oV Y_©ï$&""Yma`Vr B©oV Y_©ï$&""Yma`Vr B©oV Y_©ï$&

'' L$ped_u dp” A°L$ S> hı[y R>°. Ap`Zp kpfp¨-_fkp¨ L$pdp°.

A° S> [dpfu QX$[u L°$ `X$[u L$fi°. L$p°C`Z ^dÆ_u `pk° k–e_p°

C≈fp° _\u. L°$V$gpL$ kp^y-k¨[p° [p° ^dÆ_° ^¨^p° b_phu b°W$p R>°.

A°d_p\u Q°[≈°, A° gp°L$p° [p° dpR>gu_u fpl ≈°[p bNgp S>°hp

R>°. ]$e_p KX$pZdp¨\u EW°$gu h°]$_p A_° Ïe\p_° A°d_° ApMp

bp°gp b_phu ]$u^p l[p. S>° A°d_p ]$p°dp¨ Z A° rh÷p°l ≈°hp

dm° R>°. h°d__u Ap hpZu [p° QpbMp° `X°$ A_° kp°m EW°$ [°hu

R>°.

"^dÆ_u pk° k–e_p° C≈fp° _\u.'A° k¨]$c£ hp[ L$fuA°

[p° : ""gmYdï gÀ` VrW©ï $&gmYdï gÀ` VrW©ï $&gmYdï gÀ` VrW©ï $&gmYdï gÀ` VrW©ï $&gmYdï gÀ` VrW©ï $&'' kpdpfie fu[° kfm dpZkp° k–e

`L$X$[p lp°e R>°. Ap k–e iy¨ R>° ? [p° k–e A°V$g° ‚pdprZL$ A_°

kpQp° ‚°d. k–e D`f L$fhp_p° [°, l¨d°ip¨ k–epfih°ju fl°hy¨ [°

k–e.

k¨kpfu A_° k¨fiepku b¨_°_° k[[ kÖjÆ L$fhp° `X°$ R>°.

kÖjÆ dpV°$ [°d_° isº[_u S>Í$f X°$ R>°. k¨kpfuAp°_p° kÖjÆ blz p

bp¸ `qfbmp° kpd° lp°e R>°. [°d_° Apr\ÆL$, `pqfhpqfL$,

kpdp∆L$, hN°f° A_°L$ kdıepAp° kpd° TT|dhy X°$ R>°. rfÓd

L$fhp° X°$ R>°. qfÓdu_° S> k¨ r—Í$ù isº[ ‚p· \pe R>°. ƒepf°

k¨fiepkuAp°_p° kÖjÆ dp°V°$ cpN° A¨[dyÆMu kpd° lp°e R>°, [°\u

[°d_° Ap–disº[ L°$mhhu X°$ R>°. Ap–d bp° dpV°$ qfÓd L$fhp°

`X°$ R>°. D`r_j]$dp¨ `Z L$l°hpey¨ R>°. : ""Zm`ß AmÀ_m ]bhrZ Z""Zm`ß AmÀ_m ]bhrZ Z""Zm`ß AmÀ_m ]bhrZ Z""Zm`ß AmÀ_m ]bhrZ Z""Zm`ß AmÀ_m ]bhrZ Z

b‰`m $&'' b‰`m $&'' b‰`m $&'' b‰`m $&'' b‰`m $&'' V|¨$L$dp¨, isº[ rh_p rkŸu dm[u S> _\u. ∆h_dp¨

A¨^pfy¨ ]|$f L$fhy¨ lp°e [p° Ap–dp_p° ]$uhp° ‚ƒS>hrg[ L$fhp° `X°$.

ƒep¨ kyû Ap–dop_ _ \pe –ep¨ kyû Aop_ ]|$f \[y¨ _\u.

L$p°C_y¨ Ap¨^my¨ A_yL$fZ L$fhp\u L$ip° S> gpc \[p° _\u. Ap

k¨]$c£ k¨[ h°d_ L$l° R>° : "L|$[fp_u |¨R>X$u L$X$u_° N¨Np_° pf L$fu

iL$p[u _\u. d√R>f lp\u_° bQphu iL$hp_p° R>° ? iy¨ ]|$^ hX°

^p°hp\u L$p°gkp° ka°]$ \hp_p° R>° ? L$p°C`Z Ïesº[ [dpfp°

dpNÆ]$iÆL$ b_u iL°$ R>°. bpmL$_p lp\dp¨ dipg li° [p° iy¨ [°

Ap°Ry>¨ AS>hpmy Apì° ? ∆h_ ∆hhp\u kpQu L$mp S> dp°V$pdp¨

dp°V$u L$mp R>°. S>°_° A° ≈Z[p° _\u [° kdS>Z A^|fu R>°. Opk

Mp_pfp_° am_p ıhp]$_u iu Mbf `X°$? dpV°$ S> A\Æ ≈Œep,

hNf h°]$p° A_° ip˜p°_y¨ fV$Z L$fhy¨ A° Nmp_u Ïe\Æ L$kf[ R>°.'

15 16

15


k¨[ h°d_° d|r[Æ`|≈_p° kM[ rhfp°^ L$ep£ R>° : ""S>° _\u

kp¨cm[p° L°$ _\u ]°$M[p° A°hp `\fpdp¨ Cf_° Sy>Ap° R>p°. A°_u

csº[ L$fp° R>p°, A°_° ıhpq]$Ù$ AflL|$V$ fp° R>p°, qL≠$d[u h˜p° A_°

L$vd[u Of°Zp¨ l°fphp° R>p°, A°_° T|g° T|gphp° R>p°, gpX$ L$fp° R>p°,

`Z S>° kp¨cm° R>° A_° Sy>A° R>° A°hp ‚pZuAp°dp¨ Cf_° _\u

≈°[p A° L°hy¨ $! `\fp_p bm]$_u `|≈ L$f_pfp ∆h[p bm]$_°

c|M° dpf° R>° ! r_∆Æh d|r[Æ_u kpd° lp\ ≈°X$u_° b°ku fl°R>° A_°

∆h[p¨ cNhp_ - dp[p-r`[p _° r[fıL$pf° R>° ! S>°Z° `p°[p_p

dp-bp`_° ≈Zu gu^p¨ A°Z° cNhp__° ≈Zu gu^p.''

k¨[Óu h°d_ cNhp_ rhi° p°[p_p rhQpfp° Ïeº[ L$f[p¨

L$l° R>° : ""cNhp_ A¨]$f R>° [°d blpf `Z R>° [°d L$luiy¨ [p° [°

A¨]$f `Z _\u A_° blpf `Z _\u.[p° iy¨ cNhp_ _\u ? _p,

A°hy¨ _\u A°_y¨ L$pfZ A° R>° L°$, A°_p hNf d_yÛe ifuf_u b^u

S> qæ$ep : Mphy¨, `Qphhy¨, [°_y¨ gp°lu b_phhy¨, ˘]$e Qgphhy¨,

gp°lu_y¨ c∞dZ L$fphhy¨ hN°f° Lp°C `Z qæ$ep \C iL$[u _\u.

[°\u cNhp_ A¨]$f _\u A°d L$l°hy¨ `Z Mp°Vy¨$ R>° A_° ƒepf°

cNhp_ blpf _\u A°d bp°guA° R>uA° –epf° k©rÙ$dp¨ kp•fi]$eÆ

ºep¨\u lp°e ? Ap k©rÙ$dp¨ S>° gugp°[fu R>°. [° cNhp__p

Ası[–h hNf iºe S> _\u. Ap k©rÙ$_y¨ kp¨•]eÆ S> cNhp__y¨

ıhÍ$` R>°. `R>u d|r[Æ`|≈ L$fhu Ïe\Æ R>°. A¨]$f_p A_° blpf_p

kp•¨]$eÆ_° Mugh_pfp° S> cNhp_ R>°.''

""gÀ`ß kmZ_Z›V_≤gÀ`ß kmZ_Z›V_≤gÀ`ß kmZ_Z›V_≤gÀ`ß kmZ_Z›V_≤gÀ`ß kmZ_Z›V_≤'' A° b∞˚_y¨ ıhÍ$`gnZ R>°.

cNhp_ k[ R>° A_° Ak[ `Z R>°. ""Z gßVZmÍ$Xw¿`V $&'' ""Z gßVZmÍ$Xw¿`V $&'' ""Z gßVZmÍ$Xw¿`V $&'' ""Z gßVZmÍ$Xw¿`V $&'' ""Z gßVZmÍ$Xw¿`V $&'' [°

k[ _\u A_° Ak[ _\u. [p° iy¨ R>° ? A°_p dpV°$ iy¨ bp°gpe ?[°

Mf°Mf ‚Ò S> R>°. cNhp_ L$ep¨ R>° ? L$luA° [p° A¨]$f R>°, A°d

L$luA° [p° blpf R>°. Mfu fu[° A¨]$f `Z _\u A_° blpf `Z

_\u. ApMp ifuf_° QufapX$ L$fhp R>[p¨ `Z cNh]π$[“h dm[y¨

_\u. [° A]$f _\u [°d blp Z _\u. [° L$p°C_p lp\dpe _ Aph°

? Ap k]$c£ d_° Óud]$ cNh]$ Nu[p_p° Ap Ôgp°L$ ep]$ Aph° R>° :

""A¿N>⁄mS>`_ AXm¯m`_≤ ]b⁄mS>emÓ` Ed M $&""A¿N>⁄mS>`_ AXm¯m`_≤ ]b⁄mS>emÓ` Ed M $&""A¿N>⁄mS>`_ AXm¯m`_≤ ]b⁄mS>emÓ` Ed M $&""A¿N>⁄mS>`_ AXm¯m`_≤ ]b⁄mS>emÓ` Ed M $&""A¿N>⁄mS>`_ AXm¯m`_≤ ]b⁄mS>emÓ` Ed M $&

oZÀ`ï gd©JVï ÒWmZwaMbmS>`_≤ gZmVZ ï $&&''oZÀ`ï gd©JVï ÒWmZwaMbmS>`_≤ gZmVZ ï $&&''oZÀ`ï gd©JVï ÒWmZwaMbmS>`_≤ gZmVZ ï $&&''oZÀ`ï gd©JVï ÒWmZwaMbmS>`_≤ gZmVZ ï $&&''oZÀ`ï gd©JVï ÒWmZwaMbmS>`_≤ gZmVZ ï $&&''

(Óud]π$ cpNh]π$Nu[p :A:2:24)

A\pÆ[π : "Ap Ap–dp AÏeefrl[ lp°hp\u R>°]$u iL$p[p°

_\u. bpmu iL$p[p° _\u., ip°ju iL$p[p° _\u. khÆÏep`u sı\f

AQg R>° A_° k_p[_ A°V$g° rQf¨[_ R>°.' A°d cNhp_

ÓuL©$ÛZ∆A° Z L$¸y¨ R>°. [° g°bp°f°Vfu V°$ıV$dp¨ Aph° S> ºep¨\u ?

[° L$]$u b]$gpe _lu¨ [°hy¨ `fb∞˚R>°. A°_° ≈Zhp dpV°$ cNhp__°

Ap°mMu A°_u csº[ L$fhu A°S> dl“h_y¨ R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆A°

`Z Ap k¨]$c£ L$¸y R>° : EVß Ordp›V `Z Ï`haoV [Q>dï `ZEVß Ordp›V `Z Ï`haoV [Q>dï `ZEVß Ordp›V `Z Ï`haoV [Q>dï `ZEVß Ordp›V `Z Ï`haoV [Q>dï `ZEVß Ordp›V `Z Ï`haoV [Q>dï `Z

gm°^mΩ` ^mO_≤ $& gm°^mΩ` ^mO_≤ $& gm°^mΩ` ^mO_≤ $& gm°^mΩ` ^mO_≤ $& gm°^mΩ` ^mO_≤ $& [°_p° rhQpf S> gp°L$p° L$f[p _\u. dpZk bu≈°

b^p° rhQpf L$f° R>°. Z p°[p_y ∆h_ L$p°Z Qgph° R>°. [°_p° S> rhQpf

17 18

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L$f[p° _\u. Ap k¨]$c£ cNhp_ L$l° R>° :""` `Wm _mß ‡[⁄›V""` `Wm _mß ‡[⁄›V""` `Wm _mß ‡[⁄›V""` `Wm _mß ‡[⁄›V""` `Wm _mß ‡[⁄›V

Vma-VW°d OmÂ`h_≤ $&'' Vma-VW°d OmÂ`h_≤ $&'' Vma-VW°d OmÂ`h_≤ $&'' Vma-VW°d OmÂ`h_≤ $&'' Vma-VW°d OmÂ`h_≤ $&'' A\pÆ[π: "S>°hu [pfu c|rdL$p lz ≈°Ci

[°hu kpd°_u c|rdL$p lz¨ gCi.' kp^L°$ [[π [[π c|rdL$p d°mhhp

dpV°$ eyNp_yeyN `qfÓd L$fhp° `X°$ R>°. ƒepf° cNhp__° `p°[p_u

c|rdL$p [f[ S> dmu ≈e R>°. Ap`Z° epQL$ \CA° [p° [° ]$p[p

\pe R>°. cNhp_ pk° dpNhpdp¨ A°L$ ApL$jÆ[p R>°.dp¡ep hNf

dm[y¨ _\u. `R>u gpN° R>° L°$ epQL$ L$f[p¨ k°hL$ b_hy¨ "lz¨

cNhp__y¨ L$pd L$fui A_° [°_u k°hpdp¨ kdp^p_ d°mhui'A°

h©r—_° k[[ ◊Y$ L$f[p fl°hu ≈°CA°.

k¨[ h°d_° kyM rhi° Z L$¸y¨ R>° : ""gwImZïHw$Vm od⁄m""gwImZïHw$Vm od⁄m""gwImZïHw$Vm od⁄m""gwImZïHw$Vm od⁄m""gwImZïHw$Vm od⁄m

Hw$Vm od⁄mWuZï gwI_≤ $&''Hw$Vm od⁄mWuZï gwI_≤ $&''Hw$Vm od⁄mWuZï gwI_≤ $&''Hw$Vm od⁄mWuZï gwI_≤ $&''Hw$Vm od⁄mWuZï gwI_≤ $&''kyMdp¨, A°i Apfpddp¨ L¨$C rh¤p

‚p· \pe $? L¨$CL$ ANhX°$ [p° cp°Nhhu S> ≈°CA°. kyMpku_

dpZkp°_° rh¤p-op_ ºep¨\u ‚p· \pe ? kyMpku_[p\u

L$dÆep°N Y$ugp° \C ≈e R>°. L$dÆ ‚–e° Apmky \C S>hpe R>°.

gˇdu d°mhhp dpV°$ ≈° S>fidp¨[f_p° L$dÆep°N L$ep£ li° [p° `Z

kyMpku_[p\u [° Y$ugp° \C ≈e R>°. [°_u `L$X$ Y$ugu \C ≈e

R>°. Apmk Aphhp\u rhh°L$_p° _pi \pe R>°. Nu[pdp¨ `Z

cNhp_° L$¸y¨ R>° : "‡_mXmb˙` qZ–mo^ï Vofi]‹ZmoV ^maV $&‡_mXmb˙` qZ–mo^ï Vofi]‹ZmoV ^maV $&‡_mXmb˙` qZ–mo^ï Vofi]‹ZmoV ^maV $&‡_mXmb˙` qZ–mo^ï Vofi]‹ZmoV ^maV $&‡_mXmb˙` qZ–mo^ï Vofi]‹ZmoV ^maV $&'

"l° cpf[ ! ‚dp]$, Apmk _° r_÷p dpZk_° bp¨^° R>°.'

d|r[Æ`|≈_p° rhfp°^ L$f[p k¨[ h°d_ cNhp_dp¨ [p° ÓŸp

fpM° R>°. [°d_° ]¨$c kpd°, Mp°V$p fu[-qfhp≈° kpd°, A_° A¨ ÓŸp

kpd° hp¨^p° R>° [°d R>[p¨, [°d_p ∆h_dp¨ b_°gp° Ap ‚k¨N `Z

_p¢^hp S>°hp° R>°.

A°L$hpf A°dZ° QucX$p¨ `L$Ïep¨ A_° `p°[p_p riÛep°_°

A°dp¨\u \p°Xp¨L$ c°V$ Ap‡ep¨. riÛep°A° QucX$p¨ QuepØ [p° A°dp¨\u

kp°_p_p buS> _uL$˛ep¨. riÛep° ApÚeÆQqL$[ \C Nep ! kp°_p_p

gp°c\u L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° bu≈ QucX$p¨ Qp°fu Nep. [p° A°dp¨\u L$uX$p

_uL$˛ep !

Aphp D—d L$rh, dlp_k¨[ A_° D–L©$Ù$ ep°Nu k¨[

h•d__p æ$p¨r[L$pfu rhQpfp°A° gp°L$p°dp¨ Cf ‚–e°_u ÓŸpdp¨

rhpk k¨`p]$_ L$ep£ A_° kpQp Cf_u `fM L$fphu.

!!!!!

19 20

17


3. k¨[Óu _pd]°$h

([°fdu k]$u)

dlpfpÙ≤$dp¨ k¨[ op_]°$h, [yL$pfpd, Qp°Mpd°mp,

S>_pbpC, kMybpC, A°L$_p\ A_° [yL$Xp°∆ dlpfpS> S>°hp dlp_

k¨[p° \ep. dlpfpÙ≤$_p A° k¨[p°dp¨ _pd]°$h_y¨ _pd rhfsº[ A_°

r_rgÆ·[p dpV°$ rhi°j ≈Zu[y¨ R>°. Ap k¨[ h•ÛZh k¨‚]$pe

"hpfL$fu'dp¨ A°L$ h∞[r_õ$ h•ÛZh cº[ [fuL°$ ≈Zu[p R>°. Ap

k¨[L$pd, æ$p°^, gp°c, dp°l A_° dpep [°dS> ]y$S>Æ__u k¨N[\u

]|$f f¸p l[p A_° ip˜p°dp¨ L$¸p dyS>b_y¨ k¨edu ∆h_ ∆hu

r_ÛL$pdcph° `p°[p_p L$[ÆÏedp¨ f[ f¸p l[p. A° fu[° A°dZ°

Ap›eps–dL$ kp^_p L$fu. _p_L°$ Z [°d_p A°L$ ]$dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° :

kp^p° ! d_L$p dp_ –epNp°

L$pd,æ$p°^ k¨N[ ]y$S>Æ_ L$u,

[p[° Alr_k cpNp°.

L$p°C`Z ]°$i_u kpQu k¨ r— k¨[S>_p° R>°. [°Ap° S>° kde°

‚L$V$ \pe R>°, A° kde_p S>_-kdy]$pe dpV°$ A°d_y¨ ∆h_

dpNÆ]$iÆL$ lp°e R>°. A°V$g° S> L$l°hpey¨ li° L°$ : ""AbI [wÍ$f

H$s Amagr gmYw H$m hr Xh $&''

cNhp__p ]$iÆ_\u `Z h^pf° gpc cNhp__p¨ Qqf”

kp¨cmhp\u \pe R>° A_° cNhp__p¨ Qqf” kp¨cmhp L$f[p¨

`Z NyZp[u[ k¨[p°_y ∆h_-Qqf” hp¨Qhp - kp¨cmhp\u Ar^L$

gpc \pe R>°. hpı[hdp¨ rhL$ÎepZ dpV°$ S>° kde° S>° ^dÆ_u

AphÌeL$[p lp°e R>° A°_p° Ap]$iÆ fS|> L$fhp dpV°$ ıhe¨ cNhp_

k¨[p°_p Í$`dp¨ Ah[pf gC_° Aprhc|Æ[ \pe R>°.

Ap–dkpnp–L$pf A\hp `fd [“h_° ≈Zhp dpV°$

_pd]°$h° csº[dpNÆ A`_pÏep°. [°Ap° r_Á_p°º[ ip˜hQ_dp¨

rhpk ^fph[p l[p L°$ ñ

""`X≤ XwÒVaß `X XwÓH$aß `X XwÓ‡mfl`_≤ $&

VÀgd™ V[gm ‡mÊ`ß V[m oh XwaoV H´$__≤ $&&''

A\pÆ[π : "S>°_° kl°gpC\u [fu _ iL$pe, L$fu _ iL$pe

A_° `pdu _ iL$pe, [° b^y¨ [` hX°$ (csº[ ‹pfp) ‚p· L$fu

iL$pe R>°, L$pfZ L°$ [` (csº[)_y¨ Ar[æ$dZ \C iL$[y¨ _\u.'

cº[ _pd]$°h h∞[ - D`pk_p L$f_pf h•ÛZh cº[ l[p.

A_° Apd°e h•ÛZhp° h∞[, D`hpk, A_° D`pk_p ‹pfp cNhp_

Óu rhÛœ_u Apfp^_p L$f[p lp°e R>°. ""d´Vm[mgZmoXZm ]´m˜U

od©ÓUwadm‹`ï'' A° fu[° _pd]°$h `Z "A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[' `|fu r_õ$p

A_° ÓŸp\u L$f[p l[p. h•ÛZhN∞¨\ "[“h kpNf' dp¨ L$l°hpey¨ R>°

L°$ Ap h∞[ A–e¨[ `ph_L$pfu A_° `fd`]$_° Ap`_pfy¨ h∞[ R>° :

EH$mXerg_ß qH$oMX≤ OrdZß Z M od⁄V $&

ÒdJ©_mj‡Xm ¯fm am¡`[wÃ ‡Xmo`Zr $&&

21 22

18


A\pÆ[π

"A°L$p]$iu kdp_ buSy>¨ L$p°C h∞[ `ph_L$pfu _\u. A°

h∞[_p ApQfZ\u ıhNÆ, dp°n, fpS>e [\p `y”_u ‚pr· \pe

R>°.' A_° [° `Z L°$hp° `y” ? "am¡`[wÃ'"am¡`[wÃ'"am¡`[wÃ'"am¡`[wÃ'"am¡`[wÃ'[p° fp≈ S>°hp° `y” ! ‚p·

\pe R>°.

"hpf L$fu'k¨‚]$pe_p _pdL$fZ `Z A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[ S>

R>°. Ap k¨‚]$pe_p° ÓŸphp_ cº[ AjpY$ A_° L$pr[ÆL$ ky]$

A°L$p]$iu_p q]$hk° "`Ÿ$f`yfhpku cNhp_ Óu rhÃ$p°bp' A\hp

"rhÃ$g'_p ]$iÆ_ L$fhp AhÌe ≈e R>°. A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[ L$fu_°

rhÃ$p°bp_p ]$iÆ_ L$fhp \[u ep”p_° "hpfu' L$l° R>°. A_° A° "hpfu'

L$f_pf cº[_° "hpfL$fu' L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. "rhÃ$g' A° `fd

L$Í$Zpde cNhp_Óu rhÛZ_ÿ S> A°L$ ıhÍ$` R>°. ApQpeÆ

L$piu_p\° "rhÃ$g' iÂ]$_° kd≈h[p¨ L$¸y¨ R>° L°$, ""odXm kmZZ

R>mZ≤ e›`mZ≤ bmoV J•hUmoV B©oV od«>bï $&'' A\pÆ[π : op_\u i|fie

A°hp Aop_u S>_p°_° `Z S>° A`_phu g° [°_° "rhÃ$g' L$l°hpe.

k¨[ _pd]°$h "hpf L$fu' k¨‚]$pe_p Q|ı[ A_yepeu A_°

cNhp_ Óu rhÃ$p°bp_p cº[ l[p. [°Ap° Z A°L$]$piu h∞[ |fu

r_õ$p A_° ÓŸp\u L$f[p l[p. Ap h∞[ [°Ap° k¨`|ZÆ r_fplpf

flu_° L$f[p l[p. Ap h∞[_u ‚°fZp [°d_° rihcº[ Nyfy rhkp°bp

`pk°\u dmu l[u.

cL[Np°fp Ly¨$cpf° _pd]°$h_° V$p°Zp° dpfu_° L$¸y¨ l[y¨ L°$,

_pd]°$h [p° "L$p°fy¨ dpV$gy¨' R>°. Ap\u _pd]°$h° ÓurhÛœ_u Apop\u

cNhp_p _pN°f_p d¨q]$fdp¨ k°hp -AQÆ_p L$f[p rhkp°bp `pk°

Nep A_° cNhp_ rhÛœ A_° rih_u A°L$[p A_° khÆÏep`L$[p_p°

(_pd]°$h)_° op_bp°^ Ap`hp dpV°$ rh_¨[u L$fhp _pd]°$h Nep.

A° kde° rhkp°bp rihgvN `f `N d|L$u k|C Nepl[p. Ap

◊Ìe ≈°C _pd]°$h ApÚeÆQqL$[ \C Nep. [°Ap° [p° A¨]$f A_°

blpf\u ÏepLy$m\C DW$Èp. [°d_p\u fl°hpey¨ _rl A_° `|Rπ>ey¨ :

"Ap iy¨ ? cNhp_ rih∆ `f `N d|L$u k|C S>hpe ?'

"cpC, dpfy ifuf Aiº[ R>°.' rhkp°bpA° [p° ip¨[ rQ—°

D—f Ap‡ep°, ""dpf° d_ [p° rih∆ A_° rhÛœ b¨_° kdp_ R>°,

b¨_° khÆisº[dp_ A_° khÆÏep`L$ R>°. R>[p¨ [pfp\u Ap ◊Ìe

≈°C _ iL$p[y¨ lp°e [p° dpfp° `N Mk°X$u _uQ° d|L$u ]°$.''

_pd]°$h° [p° rhkp°bp_p° `N rihgvN `f\u _uQ° d|ºep°

–ep S> buSy> rihgvN ‚L$V$ \ey. –ep\u N D`pX$u ”u∆ S>¡epA°

d|ºep° [p° –ep¨ ”uSy>¨ rihgvN ]°$Mpey¨. Apd, ƒep¨ ƒep¨ `N

D`pX$u_° d|L°$ –ep¨ –ep¨ rihtgN _uL$mhp gp¡ep¨. A°hu sı\r[

r_rdÆ[ \[p¨ _pd]°$h_° rhÛZy csº[_y¨ S>° Arcdp_ \ey¨ l[y¨ [°

Ap°Nmu Ney¨ A_° [°Ap° cº[fpS> rhkp°bp_p QfZp°dp¨ T|L$u

`X$Èp. rhkp°bpA° [°d_° b°W$p L$epÆ A_° L$¸y¨ : ""S>° fu[° rhÛZy_u

khÆÏep`L$[p R>°, [°d cNhp_ rih∆ `Z khÆÏep`L$ R>°.

A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[ Ÿ$fu_p\_° r‚e R>°. [°d_ _pN_p\_° Z hlpgy¨

23 24

19


R>°, dpV°$ lqflf_° A°L$ dp_u S>° h∞[r_õ$p\u ∆h_ rh[ph°, [° S>

kpQp° cº[ b_u iL°$ R>°.''

[° q]$hk\u cº[ _pd]°$h° rhkp°bp_° p°[p_p Nyfy dpfiep

A_° A°L$p]$iu_y h∞[ k¨ |ZÆ fu[° r_fplpf [\p r_õ$p |hÆL$ L$fhp_p°

k¨L$Î` L$ep£.

_pd]°$h A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[ [p° r_fplpf L$f° S>, `Z Afie

q]$hkp°dp¨ `Z kps–hL$ Aplpf, r_edp°_y¨ Q|ı[ `pg_, ^prdÆL$

kprl–e_y hpQ_, prdÆL$ ı\mp°_u ep”p, b∞ QeÆ_y pg_, N¨]$p

hp[phfZ_p° –epN hN°f° ‹pfp kps–hL$ ∆h_ ∆h[p l[p. ‚cy

`fpeZ lp°hp\u [°d_p A¨[:Qny M|gu Nep¨ l[p¨. [°Ap° A°L$

Akp^pfZ dp_hu A_° kpQp k¨[ l[p.

"""""

A°L$ q]$hk k¨[ _pd]°$h ¨Y$f yf rhW$p°bp_p ]$iÆ_° ^pepÆ

–epf° gp°L$p° A°L$ A–e¨S>_° [°d_u `pk° Aph[p AV$L$ph[p l[p.

L°$V$gpL$ r_õ||f A_° Í$qY$Q|ı[ gp°L$p° [p° [°_° Aı`©Ìe NZu_° L$pY$u

d|L$[p l[p. Ap ≈°C_° _pd]°$h Ap ]$rg[ dpZk_u `pk° Nep

A_° gp°L$p°_°L$l°hp gp¡ep. "" Ap Ïesº[A° [dpfy iy bNpX$Èy R>° ?

A°_° iy¨ L$pd L$pY$u d|L$p° R>p° ?'' –epf° A°L$ Ïesº[A° L$¸y¨ : ""Ap

dpZk [p° AR|>[ R>°, A°_° d¨q]$fdp¨ L$C fu[° S>hp ]°$hpe ?'' Ap

kp¨cmu_° _pd]°$h `°gu Ïesº[_p° lp\ `L$X$u_° º¸y¨ : ""Ap fu[°

S>hp ]°$hpe, Qpg cpC lz¨ [_° rhW$p°bp_p ]$iÆ_ L$fphy¨.'' gp°L$p° [p°

_pd]°$h_p Ap h[Æ_\u ApÚeÆQqL$[ \C Nep ! `Z `°gp ]$rg[°

[p° rhW$p°bp d¨q]$f_p NcÆN©ldp¨ Nep hNf S> ]|$f\u ]$iÆ_ L$epÆ.

A°Z° d_\u rhQpeyØ L°$, "rhW$p°bp ≈[° dq]$f_p NcÆN©ldp\u blpf

Aphu d_° ]$iÆ_ ]°$ [p° S> ]$iÆ_ L$fhp¨ A_° [° A–e¨S> –ep¨\u `pR>p°

hmu Nep°. Ap k¨[ [° buSy>¨ L$p°C S> _rl, dlpfpÙ≤$_p dlp_ k¨[

Qp°Mpd°mp ([°fdu k]$u) l[p. A°dZ° _pd]°$h_° [° q]$hk\u S>

d_\u Nyfy dp_u gu^p l[p.'

Qp°Mpd°mpA° Óulqf_° A¨[fdp¨ ÓŸp |hÆL$ ı\p‡ep l[p.

[°Ap° ]$f°L$ L$pddp¨, ie_dp¨, ≈N[p¨ ‚cyıdfZ L$f[p¨ l[p¨.

cp°S>_ cNhp__° A`ÆZ L$epÆ bp]$ S S>d[p, AflN∞lZ L$f[u

hM[° ‚cy_° r_h°]$_ L$f[p l[p L°$, ""Ap dÆY$p¢NuAp°_°, ¨X$pAp°_°

A_° dÆQ|ı[p°_° k]π$byrŸ Ap`p°.'' Ap gp°L$p° Qp°Mpd°mp_p° kø[

rhfp°^ L$f[p. [°d_p ‚–e° gp°L$p°_u ApN cc|L$u EW$u ? Ap b^y¨

≈°C_° cº[_y¨ A¨[f ÷hu Ney¨, `Z cº[ ‚–e° cNhp_ k]$p

Myi fl°[p°.

Qp°Mpd°mp ([°fdu k]$u) [p° rh” Ap–dp l[p. Y$f yfdp

rhW$pbpA° cº[_u A_l]$ ‚°d cph_p ≈°C_° [°Ap° d_yÛe ıhÍ$ °

dq]$f ApNm ApÏep. cL$[ r_–e_u S>°d ]|$f flu_° ‚cy_p ]$iÆ_

cph\u L$f[p ! [° hM[° rhW$p°bpA° cº[_p° lp\ Tpgu_° dq]$fdp

NcÆN©ldp¨ gC Nep A_° cº[_° [°d_u kpd° b°ku_° cS>_p°

25 26

20


Nphp S>ZpÏey¨ ? : ""[pfp ky¨]$f cS>_p° d_° OZp hM[\u

kp¨cmhp d˛ep¨ _\u ! d_° [° kp¨cmhp M|b Nd° R>°.''

d_\u Nyfy dp_u gu^°gp _pd]°$h_y¨ `Z [°Ap° k[[

ıdfZ L$f[p l[p. [°dZ° L$W$p°f [`ÚepÆ Ap]$fu A_° `lpX$ `Z

ùNmu ≈e [°\u [°d_u csº[_° L$pfZ° rhW$p°bpA° kpnp[ ]$iÆ_

Ap‡ep A_° cº[_° dpV°$ NcÆN©l_u blpf MX°$ N° Ecp f¸p !

[°Ap° d_p°d_ kdS>hp gp¡ep L°$, "Nyfy _pd]°$h_° L$pfZ° S> d_°

cNhp__u ‚pr· \C R>° !' A_° Nphp gp¡ep L°$ :

riÛe Ry>¨ Ap`_p°, _p\ ! dpfp [d°,

dplfp¨ L$dÆ_p b¨^ Rp°X$p° !

"lz¨ Nyfy', "[y¨ gOy¨' A°d bp°g° b^p,

`¨\ kpQp° _ L$p°'A° b[pÏep° ;

rh— lf[p b^p, rQ— _h b]$g[p,

Ap` [p° ˘]$e_p¨ ‹pf Mp°gp° !

–epf° Nyfy _pd]°$h `]$ `yfy¨ L$f[p¨ L$¸y¨ L°$ :

"Ap–d-DŸpf Ap–dp \L$u _u`S>°,'

L©$ÛZ Nu[p rhi° A°d bp°Îep !

_pd]°$h_p Ac¨Np° ApS>° `Z dlpfpÙ≤$_p gp°L$dyM°

kQhpep¨ R>°.

A°L$ q]$hk _pd]°$h_u h∞[r_õ$p_y `pfMy L$fhp cNhp_

rhW$p°bpA° h©Ÿ b∞p˚Z_y Í$ gC [°d_p Of ApNZ° "rcnpfl ]$°rl'

L$lu_° Ecp f¸p. _pd]°$h° [p° A°L$p]$iu h∞[ L$eyØ l[y¨. [°dZ° L$iy¨

S> fp¨›ey _ l[y. [°dZ° °gp b∞p˚Z_° _d∞[p\u L$ y : ""dlpfpS>,

ApS> dpf° A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[ R>° A_° A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[ lz¨ r_fplpf\u

L$fy¨ Ry>¨.''

""`f¨[y d_° M|b S> c|M gpNu R>°. OZp° ]|$f\u Qpg[p°

Qpg[p° Alv ApÏep° Ry¨. lh° c|M_° L$pfZ° dpfp¨ Np”p° Y$ugp¨ `X$u

Nep¨ R>°. L$]$pQ lz¨ dfu S>Ci dpV°$ dpfp dpV°$ cp°S>_ b_php°.''

""dlpfpS>, A°L$p]$iu_° r]$hk° L$iy¨ fp¨^hy¨ _rl, A_° L$iy¨

Mphy¨ _rl, A°hy¨ d¢ h∞[ fpøey¨ R°. `f¨[y A°L$ fı[p° R>°, lz¨ [d_°

Qp°Mp Ap`y¨ [° [d° fp¨û_° Mpip° ?''

""_p, dpfp\u Ecp Z flu iL$p[y¨ _\u. M|b S> \pL$u

Nep° Ry>¨. c|M M|b gpNu R>° A_° cp°S>_ L$epÆ rh_p Alv\u lz¨

S>hp_p° _\u ! [dpf° cp°S>_ b_phhy¨ S> `X$i° !''

""dlpfpS>, lW$ _ L$fp°. lz¨ h∞[r_õ$ h•ÛZh cº[ Ry>¨.

[dpfp lW$pN∞l_° hi \C lz¨ dpfp h∞[dp¨\u Qrg[ _lv \pJ.

ip˜p°dp¨ `Z L$¸y¨ R>° L°$, ûf`yyfyj fiepe A_° _ur[_p dpNÆ°\u

L$p°C`Z k¨≈°Np°dp¨ rhQrg[ \[p _\u.''

""[p° kp¨cmp°, lz¨ `Z h∞[r_õ$ b∞p˚Z Ry>¨ d¢ `Z

d_p°d_ r_Úe L$ep£ R>° L°$ ApS>° [dpfp lp\_y¨ cp°S>_ L$fhy¨ R>°.

[d° _lu¨ S>dpX$p°, [p° lz¨ c|øep°-[fıep° Alv S> b°ku flui !''

A°d L$lu_° `°gp rcnyL$ c|]°$h `gp¨W$uhpmu –ep¨ S> b°ku Nep°.

27 28

21


Ar[r\ b∞p˚Z_° ]y$:Mu \[p ≈°C_° cº[ _pd]°$h_° Z

]y$:M \ey¨. `f¨[y [°Ap° `p°[p_p h∞[^dÆ_° hmNu f¸p A_° ‚cy_p

_pd_y¨ ıdfZ L$fhp gp¡ep.

kp¨S> X$u, _pd]°$h k¨›eph¨]$_ L$fhp gp¡ep A_° c|]°$h_°

`Z k¨›eph¨]$_ L$fhp dpV°$ ApN∞l L$ep£,`f¨[y [°Ap° L$iy¨ bp°Îep

rh_p Ap¨Mp° duQv_° `X$u f¸p. \p°X$uhpf `R>u [°Ap° gp¨bp `N

L$fu_° k|C Nep.

fpr”_p kde° cº[ _pd]°$h_° –ep¨ h•ÛZh cº[p° A°L$W$p

\ep. ‹pf f k|[°gp b∞p˚Z ]°$h[p_° ≈°C cº[p° |R>hp gp¡ep.

_pd]°$h_u h∞[r_õ$p kp• ≈Z[p l[p. [°\u [°Ap° Ar[r\ ]°$h_°

kd≈hhp gp¡ep, `f¨[y [°dZ° L$ip° S>hpb Ap‡ep° _rl. A¨[°

L¨$V$pmu kp• cº[S>_p° cS>_ Nphp gp¡ep. A Æfpr” ky u cS>_-

qL[Æ_ QpÎep¨. _pd]°$h cº[p°_° rh]$pe L$fu `\pfudp¨ `X$Èp.

`f¨[y [°d_y¨ rQ— [p° °gp c|øep c|]$°hdp¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° \pfudp¨\u

Ecp \ep A_° c|]°$h `pk° Nep –epf° `fp°Y$ \C l[u. cº[

_pd]°$h _plu, ^p°C ‚p[: `|≈ L$fu W$pL$p°f∆_° cp°N ^ep£ A_°

D[phm° Ng° Ar[r\]°$h pk° S>C cp°S>_ dpV°$ ^pfhp rh_¨[u

L$fhp gp¡ep. L$ip° S> ‚–ey—f _ dm[p¨ [°d_° b°W$p L$fhp ‚e–_

L$fhp gp¡ep. `Z Ap iy¨ ? Ar[r\_p _pX$u_p ^bL$pfp b¨^

`X$u Nep l[p !

""‚cp° ! Ap iy \ey $? h∞[_y fnZ L$fhp S>[p¨ b∞ l–ep_y

`p` gp¡ey¨ !'' [°d_u Ap¨Mdp¨\u Qp°^pf Ap¨ky¨ hl°hp gp¡ep¨.

b∞˚l–ep_y¨ ‚perÚ[ L$fhp [°dZ° `Z Ar[r\]°$h_u

kp\° rQ[pdp¨ bmu dfhp_p° r_Úe L$ep£ A_° kp• k–k¨NuAp°_°

bp°gphu A¨r[dep”p_u [•epfu Lf$u.

ƒepf° Ar¡_]$pl_u qæ$ep_p° Apf¨c \ep°, –epf°

b∞p˚Z_p h°idp¨ r_Ú°[_ `X°$gp cNhp_ rhW$p°bp `p°[p_p d|m

ıhÍ$ ° ‚NV$ \ep A_° _pd]°$h_° L$ y : "" _pd]°$h, [pfu h∞[r_õ$p\u

lz¨ ‚kfl \ep° Ry>¨. Cs√R>[ hf]$p_ dpN.'' –epf° _pd]°$h dp”

A°V$gy¨ S> bp°Îep : ""dpfu csº[ ArhQg fl° !''

!!!!!

29 30

22


4. k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp(13du k]$u_p° `|hpÆ^Æ)

dlpfpÛV≤$ ‚]°$idp¨ Ÿ$f yf_u bpSy>dp¨ kp¨Ngu fS>hpX$p_p

d¨Nmb°X$p _pd° Npddp¨ A°L$ ^dÆ`fpeZ A_° cph_p `fpeZ

dlpf - ]$rg[ - ≈r[dp¨ "cº[ Qp°Mp d°mp'_p° S>fid 13du

k]$u_p `|hpÆ^Ædp¨ \ep°. apNZ dpk_u `|rZÆdpA° ‚L$V$phhpdp¨

Aph[u "lp°mu' dpV°$ khZÆ ≈r[_p gp°L$p° Ar¡_ Ap "dlpf'

≈r[_p Ofdp¨\u gC Aph° R>° A_°lp°mu ‚L$V$ph° R>°. Ap rfhpS>

ApS>° `Z N∞pd ‚]°$ip°dp¨ ‚Qrg[ R>°.

[° kdedp¨ cZ[f [p° _rlh[π S> l[y¨. [°dpë hmu

`R>p[ A_° ]$rg[hNÆ_° L°$mhZu L$p°Z Ap`° ? S>°d_° gp°L$p° ıìÆ

L$fhpdp¨ `Z AcX$pC S>[p lp°e –ep¨ AÊepk L°$ L°$mhZu

Ap`hp_p° khpg S> L$ep¨\u D]π$ch° ? A°h° kde° [p° r_ipmdp¨

`Z ]$rg[p°_° R>°Îg° A_° [°e |mdp¨ cZhp b°kpX$hpdp¨ Aph[p

l[p ! Aphu sı\r[dp¨ k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp Anfop_\u h¨rQ[ f¸p

l[p; f¨[y [°d_p Ap¨[fop__p¨ ‹pfp M|gu Nep¨ l[p¨. [°d_pdp¨

ANdr_Nd_y¨ op_ A]π$c|[ l[y¨. ‚cy`fpeZ lp°hp\u [°d_p

Ap¨[f Qny M|gu Nep¨ l[p¨. [°Ap° ]$rg[ ≈r[dp¨ S>fiÁep, `f¨[y

Akp^pfZ dp_hu b_u Nep. [°Ap° A°L$ kpQp k¨[ A_° cº[

l[p.

A° kdedp¨ ƒepf° dpZk dpZk h√Q° R|>[pR|>[ l[u.

b∞p˚Zhp]$ hL$ep£ l[p°. ]$rg[hNÆ_° AX$hp\u [p° ApcX$R>°V$ gpN°

[°hy¨ kdS>_pfu Ap ‚≈ ]$rg[p°_u `pR>m TpXy¨$ bp¨û A°d_p

`Ngp¨ `Z g|R>u _p¨M°, Af° ! fı[p `f \|¨L$hp_u `Z d_pC !

\|L$hy¨ lp°e [p° Nm° bp¨^°gu Ly$gX$udp¨ \|¨L$hp_y¨ ! Aphy¨ S>¨Ngu`œ¨

[° kde_p b∞p˚Zhp]$\u hL$eyØ l[y¨. ApS>° Ap`Z° Ap ≈ZuA°

R>uA° –epf° d_dp¨ \pe R>° L°$ iy¨ dpZk_° dpZk [fuL°$ ∆hhp_p°

L$p°C Ar^L$pf S> _rl ? A°hp kde° k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp_u iy¨ sı\r[

li° ! [°_u L$Î`_p L$fhu OZu L$W$u_ R>°. k¨[ lp°hp R>[pë d¨q]$f°

]$iÆ_ L$fhp S>C iL$[p _ l[p ! _ftkl dl°[p _pNf l[p A_°

lqfS>_ hpkdp¨ ƒepf° [°Ap° cS>_ L$fhp Nep –epf° [°d_u _pNfu

_p[° A°d_p° r[fıL$pf L$fu opr[ blpf d|ºep l[p ! Ap sı\r[\u

[°Ap° hpS> Aphu Nep A_° [°dZ° Npey¨ : "csº[ L$f[p¨ ≈° c∞Ù$

L$l°ip° [p° L$fiy¨ ]$pdp°]$f_u k°hp f°....'

k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp [p° `p°[° S> ]$rg[hNÆdp¨ S>fiÁep l[p !

A°d_° ≈° d¨q]$dp¨ cNhp__p ]$iÆ_ L$fhp lp°e [p° d¨q]$f_u blpf

`Nr\ep¨ `pk° Ecp flu, A\hp [p° OZ° ]$|f\u ^≈_p ]$iÆ_

L$fhp `X$[p ! [° kde° ]$rg[p°_° [p° d¨q]$f_p `Nr\e° L$p°C QX$hp

]°$[y¨ _ l[y¨. A°L$ r]$hk k¨[ _pd]°$h `Ÿ$f`yf rhW$p°bp_p ]$iÆ_°

31 32

23


`^pepÆ, cº[ Qp°Mpd°mp_° [°_u ≈Z \C A_° [°Ap° `Ÿ$f`yf

`lp¢Qu Nep ! _pd]°$h_° dmhp ‚e–_p° L$epÆ; `fÿ[ Í$rY$Q|ı[p°

[°d_° _pd]°$h `pk° S>hp ]°$[p _ l[p. [°\u [°dZ° ]|$f\u S>

_pd]°$h_p ]$iÆ_ L$epÆ. [°Ap° d_p°d_ rhQpf[p l[p L°$ ‚cy_p

b_ph°gp Ap fdL$X$p¨ - dpZkp° - _pd]°$h_° dmhp ]°$[p¨ _\u.

Ap [p° A°L$ ‚L$pf_p° A–epQpf S> L$l°hpe ! A° q]$hk\u S> k¨[

Qp°Mpd°mpA° _pd]°$_° d_\u S> Nyfy dp_u gu^p. `R>u [°dZ°

L$W$p°f [`ÚepÆ Ap]$fu. A_°L$ LÙ$p° kl_ L$f[p f¸p A_°

rhW$p°bp_u csº[ ‚°dcph\u L$fhp gp¡ep. Alv Ap`Z_°

A°L$gÏe_u ep]$ Aph° R>°.

Qp°Mpd°mp cS>_p° Np[p, [° ‚–e° gp°L$p° _af[ A_° O©Zp

L$fhp gp¡ep. [°d_° [y√RL$pf[p, ]|$f QpÎep S>hp_y L$l°[p, L°$V$gpL$

[p° [°d_° lX$^|[ `Z L$f[p¨. A°_ÿ L$pfZ dp” A°V$gy¨ S> L°$ [°d_p

\L$u ]°$h_y¨ rh”ı\p_ A`rh” b_u S>[y¨ l[y¨ ! f¨[y Qp°Mpd°mp

[p° L$l° R>° :

d¨q]$f R>p°X$u_° ºep¨ ≈hy¨ f°, k¨[p° dpfp

d¨q]$f R>p°X$u_° ºep¨ ≈hy¨ ?

OfOfdp¨ [y¨ ‚pZ \L$u,

A° Of_° d¨q]$f ‚dpœ¨

f° k¨[p° dpfp, d¨q]$f R>p°X$u_° ºep¨ ≈hy¨ ?

Apd, L$lu_° Qp°Mpd°mp ‚cy ‚–e° Ap[yf ◊rÙ$A° ≈°[p¨

S>Zph° R>°L°$ : ""l° W$pL$p°f ! lz¨ [p° [pfp ‹pf_p° L|$[fp° Ry>¨ ! gp°L$p° d_°

lX$^|[ L$epÆ L$f° R>°, R>[p¨ Z lz¨ [p° [pfp ‹pf_p Nr\e° S> X$Èp°

flz¨ Ry>¨. Ap rkhpe dpf° buS>° S>hp_p° Apfp° ºep¨ R>° ? [pfp° ]$u_

k°hL$ A¨–eS> lp°hp R>[pë lz [p° [pfu csº[ L$fui. ]y$r_ep- ©’hu-

`f d°OhjpÆ \pe R>° –epf° S>du_ `f `X°$gy¨ `pZu KQu S>¡epA°

V$L$[y¨ _\u, `Z ƒep¨ r_QpZ lp°e –ep¨ S> `pZu cfpe R>°. [d°

d_° ‚kp]$ dp”\u dpfp ∆h__° ip¨[ L$fp°. dpfpdp¨ fl°gp

A¨^L$pf_p° _pi L$fp°. [dpfu L©$`p kp•_u D`f hfkp° A°hu ‚p\Æ_p

L$fy¨ Ry>¨.''

Qp°Mpd°mpA° lqf_° A¨[fdp¨ ÓŸp`|hÆL$ ı\p‡ep. [°Ap°

nZ° nZ° cNhp__y ıdfZ L$f[p f¸p. cp°S>_ cNhp__° A ÆZ

L$epÆ bp]$ S> `p°[° Apfp°N[p. `pZu `Z cNhp__° A`ÆZ L$epÆ

`R>u S> `p°[° ù[p. Ap b^y¨ [–L$pgu_ `¨qX$[p°, bphpAp°, k¨[p°

A_° ^dÆQ|ı[p°_° _ Ndu. b^p dmu_° k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp_p° kM[

rhfp°^ L$fhp gp¡ep. kp•_p° Apæ$p°i hû Nep°. Ap b^y¨ ≈°C_°

cº[_y A¨[f M|b S> _pfpS> \C S>[y ! Z cº[ ‚–e° cNhp_p

k]$p Myi fl°[p.

k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp [p° A°L$ `rh” Ap–dp l[p. `Ÿ$f`yf_p

rhW$p°bpA° cº[_u A_l]$ ‚°dcph_p ≈°C [°Ap° d_yÛe ıhÍ$`°

33 34

24


d¨q]$f ApNm ApÏep. cº[ [p° r_–e_u S>°d ]|$f flu_° ‚cy_p

]$iÆ_ cph\u L$f[p ! [° hM[° cNhp_ qhW$p°bpA° cº[_p° lp\

Tpgu_° d¨q]$fdp¨ gC Nep ! ‚cyA° cº[_° d¨q]$f kpd° b°ku_°

cS>_p° Nphp S>ZpÏey¨ ! ""[pfp ky¨]$f cS>_p° d_° OZp kde\u

kp¨cmhp d˛ep¨ _\u ! d_° [° kp¨cmhp¨ M|b S> Nd° R>°. bu≈_p

cS>_dp¨ cph_p L°$ ‚°d lp°[p° _\u, S>° [pfp cS>_dp¨ R>°. bu≈_p

cS>_p°dp¨ _fu ıhp\Æh©r— lp°e R>°, S>° [pfp cS>_dp¨ _\u. dpV°$

[y¨ ‚°d\u dpfu kpd° cS>_ Np !''

k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp [p° ‚°d\u cNhp_ rhW$p°bp kpd° cS>_p°

Nphpdp¨ dı[ b_u_° Mp°hpC Nep. [°d_° `p°[p_p ]°$l_y¨ `Z

cp_ _ f¸y¨ ! kh°Æf_° QfZ° Np¨X$pO°gp \C_° _pQhp gp¡ep ! [°

M|b S> cphrhcp°f b_u Nep! csº[dp¨ [fbp°m b_u Nep.

r_ÛL$pd csº[\u ‚cy_° M|b S> Ap_¨]$ \ep°. cNhp_ rhW$p°bp

fp∆ \C_° Nmpdp_p° yÛ`lpf cº[_° l°fphu ]$u^p° ! cNhp__p°

lpf cº[_p Nmpdp¨ ip°cpedp_ b_u f¸p°. ‚cyA° cL$[_°

S>ZpÏey¨ L°$, ""lh° [pf° ]$ffp°S> dpfu d|r[Æ ApNm cS>_p° Nphp¨,

S>°\u dpfp A¨[fdp¨ ny^p Ap°R>u \i°, A_° [©r· \i°.'' k¨[

Qp°Mpd°mp [p° csº[dp¨ A_° cS>_dp¨ [fbp°m \C Nep.

gp°L$p°_p L$p_° hp[ `lp¢Qu L°$ k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp [p° d¨q]$fdp¨ d|r[Æ

kdn S>C_° cS>_p° Npe R>° !

A°L$ fp”° `¨X$pAp°, `¨qX$[p° A_° ^dÆY$p¢NuAp°_° Nphp_p°

AhpS> k¨cmpep° ! –ep¨ k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp cphrhcp°f b_u_°

rhW$p°bp_u d|r[Æ kdn cS>_p° Np[p l[p. ‹°juAp°\u Ap kl_

_ \ey. [°dZ° c°Np \C_° cº[_u D`f gpL$X$uAp°\u lzgdp° L$ep£,

`f¨[y S>°_° kpnp[ cNhp_ klpe A°_y¨ fnZ `Z A° S> L$f° R>°.

cº[_° L¨$C S> _p \ey¨; ApÚeÆ_u OV$_p [p° A° b_u L°$, ıhedπ

d|r[Ædp¨\u gp°lu_u ^pfp hl°[u gp°L$p°A° _S>fp°_S>f ≈°C ! Ap

≈°C_° [°Ap° ı[Â^ b_u Nep ! k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp_° dpf dpfu_°

d¨q]$f blpf a¢L$u ]$u^p ! f¨[y cNhp_° cº[_u klpe L$fu. bu≈

q]$hk° ‚cy rhW$p°bp_u d|r[Æ kdn Aphu_° [°Ap° cS>_ Np[p l[p !

^dÆNyfy_u dÆTT|_u b∞p˚Zp° [°dS> dÆY$p¢NuAp°A°° afu cL$[_p

lpglhpg Mfpb L$fu _pøep. [°d R>[pe¨ [°d_° L$p°C Akf

h[pÆ[u _ l[u ! ‚cyL©$`p\u [°Ap° bQu Nep ! [°dZ° L$¸y¨ : ""l°

‚cy ! Ap ]y$r_epdp¨ L$p°Z ≈r[hp_ A_° L$p°Z Ly$mhp_, A°

kd≈[y¨ _\u ! Aop_ dpZkp° [°_° gu^° ]y$:Mu \pe R>°. [°Ap°

kd∆ iL$[p _\u, S>°\u ]y$:Mu \[p lp°e R>°! l° ‚cy, [dpfp

‚°d_p° A°L$ A¨i ≈° dpfp ∆h_dp¨ dmu fl° [p° Z d_° S>° hNÆdp¨

S>fid Ap‡ep° R>°, –ep¨ lz¨ S>fid S>fidp¨[f flz¨ [p° Z d_° g°i dp”

np°c _\u !''

35 36

25


k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp S>°d S>°d cNhp_ rhW$p°bp_u csº[

L$f[p f¸p [°d [°d gp°L$p° [°d_° h^y_° h^y l°fp_ L$fhp gp¡ep¨.

A°_u `fhp L$epÆ rh_p Qp°Mpd°mp [p° cNhp_ rhW$p°bp_u d|r[Æ

kdn cS>_p°, Ac¨Np° Nphp gp¡ep. [°\u kp•A° c°Np dmu

bp]$ipl_° afuep]$ L$fu. bp]$ipl° [p° Qp°Mpd°mp_° ]$p°rj[ W°$fhu

d©–ey]¨$X$_u k≈ afdphu, `f¨[y kh£f rhW$p°bpA° k¨[_° DNpfu

gu^p ! A_° Ÿ$f yf_p d¨q]$fdp¨\u QpÎep Nep ! gp°L$p°A° d¨q]$fdp¨

≈°ey¨ [p° cNhp_ rhW$p°bp_u d|r[Æ Npeb \C Ne°gu ≈°C !

gp°L$p°_° Qp°Mpd°mp D`f iL$ Nep° L°$, S>Í$f Ap Qp°Mpd°mpA° S>

‚cy_u d|r[Æ Qp°fu guû li° ! S>°\u gp°L$p° Qp°Mpd°m_° ip°^hp

_uL$mu `X$Èp ! A°L$ S>Z° [p° k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp_° A°L$ MpX$pdp¨

df°gp Y$p°f_u Mpg DMpX$[p° ≈°ep° $! [° Ap ≈°C_° [p° X$OpC S>

Nep°, `Z –ep¨ S>hp_u L$p°C_u tld[ _ l[u, `f¨[y \pe iy¨ ?

–ep¨ Nep hNf [p° R|>V$L$p° _ l[p° ? kp•A° ≈°ey¨ [p° df°gp Y$p°f_°

b]$g° –ep¨ rhW$p°bp_u d|r[Æ X$u l[u ! A°L$ S>ZpA° S>hp_u rl¨d[

L$fu A°V$g° [°_u kp\° bu≈ `Z S>hp [•epf \ep. S>°d S>°d

ApNm h^[p Nep [°d [°d ]y$NØ^_° b]$g° kyN¨^ Aphhp gpNu !

b^p_u kfMu A_yc|r[\u kp• X$OpC Nep ! Ap [° L°$hu L$dpg ?

‚cyy_u A_yc|r[_° c|gu_° b^p k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp_° dpfhp gp¡ep.

A_° L$l°hp gp¡ep L°$, ""rhW$p°bp_u d|r[Æ [°¨ S> Qp°fu guû R>°,

A_° L$ep¨L$ k¨[pX$u ]$uû R>°, L°$d Ad_° b[ph[p° _\u ?' –epf°

k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mpA° L$¸y¨ : ""S>fp ApOp Mkp°, lz¨ [p° Ap df°gp

Y$p°f_u Mpg Qufy¨ Ry>¨, d_° AX$ip° [p° [dp° AcX$pC S>ip° ? ‚cy

[p° d¨¨q]$dp¨ rbfpS>dp_ R>°, _plL$_p [d° ip°^p° R>p° ? [dpfu ÓŸp

R>° [p° d¨q]$fdp¨ S> cNhp_ dmi°, Ap` kh£ –ep¨ S>C_° [`pk

L$fp°, d_° ÓŸp R>° L°$ [° [d_° d¨q]$fdp¨ S>Í$f dmi° ! Ap` kp•

dpfp¨ hQ_p°_° k–e dp_u, ÓŸp fpMu d¨q]$fdp¨ ≈h –ep¨ S>Í$f

dmi° !''

gp°L$p° [p° d¨q]$fdp¨ ]$p°X$u Nep¨. ≈°ey [p° d¨q]$f_p NcÆN©ldp¨

cNhp_ rhW$p°bp_u d|r[Æ rbfpS>dp_ l[u ! Ap ≈°C_° b^p¨

ApÚeÆdp¨ NfL$ph \C Nep¨ ! gp°L$p°_° lL$uL$[_u ≈Z \[p¨

Qp°Mpd°mp_u ndp dpNu ! [°Ap°A° S>ZpÏey¨ L°$ : ""Ad° [d_°

M|b S> Afiepe L$ep£ R>°, dpV°$ Ad_° ndp L$fp° !'' Qp°Mpd°mp

[p° op_u A_° cº[ l[p. [°dZ° _d∞cph° L$¸y¨ : ""cpCAp° !

dpfp f L$p°C S> Op X$Èp _\u. S>° L¨$C ‚lpf \ep R>° [° cNhp_

rhW$p°bp `f \ep R>° ! dpV°$ Ap` rhW$p°bp_u ndp dpNp°. Ap`

kp•A° cNhp__p° A`fp^ L$ep£ R>°. A°d_u dpau dpNu gp°. A°dp¨

S> Ap` kp•_y¨ L$ÎepZ R>° !'' –epfbp]$ kp•A° d¨q]$f° S>C_° ‚cy_u

ndp dp¨Nu guû ! Ap\u kp•_° `p°[p_u c|g kd≈C A_°

bp]$ipl `pk° S>C_° khÆ lL$uL$[\u hpL°$a L$fu ]°$lp¨[]¨$X$_u k≈

37 38

26


dpa L$fphu. Apd, cº[ Qp°Mpd°mp kpQp A_° rh” k¨[ [fuL°$

`qf`ºh \C_° blpf ApÏep. gp°Lp°A° p°[p_p iui _dphu [°d_°

h¨]$_ LepØ, [°d_p° S>eS>eL$pf bp°gpÏep° !

[°Ap° csº[ kp\° kp¨kpqfL$ L$pep£dp¨ `Z A°V$gp S>

cph\u fk g°[p l[p. A°L$ q]$hk [°d_p Npd_u A°L$ KQu ]$uhpg

[|V$u `X$u. [°_p kdpfL$pd dpV°$ gp°L$p° [•epf \ep ! [°Ap°_u kp\°

cº[ Qp°Mpd°mp `Z L$pddp¨ gpNu Nep. Ap L$pd OZy¨ S>

dyÌL°$g l[y¨. R>[p¨e ‚°d\u, lp¢i\u L$f[p l[p. [°Ap° kp•\u

ApNm fl°[p. A\pL$ dl°_[ bp]$ ]$uhpg Ecu \C NC, `f¨[y

[•epf \e°g ]$uhpg AQp_L$ [|V$u X$u. [°dp¨ k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp ]$V$pC

Nep ! A_° r_hpÆZ pÁep. Ap OV$_p C.k. 1338_u kpgdp¨

b_hp pdu. Apd kpQp, r_dp£lu k¨[ Anf^pddp¨ cNhp__p

kprfl›edp¨ `lp¢Qu Nep.

5. k¨[ L$hre”u gÎg°fu(Qp•]$du k]$u)

[_d_ Nek bp° [k Ly$_e

byTk k[e N¨V$p hTp_

[\p ≈eu ]$pf_pre ]$pf_ fV$dπ

ApL$pi [y ‚L$pi L$p°fyd kf|

ñgg°fu

A\pÆ[ :

"ƒepf° [_d_\u lz¨ A°_p ›ep_dp¨ Mp°hpC NC –epf°

d_° k–e_u O¨V$X$u hpN[u k¨cmpC. –epf° d°¨ dpfu ^pfZp

(iqL$[)_° ^pfZ (Ap–dkp[) L$fu gu^u A_° ApL$pi [\p

`p[pm_p flıe_° ≈Zu NC.'

ñgg°fu

Qp•]$du k]$u_u Ap L$pÌdufu k¨[ L$hre”u fpS>ı\p__u

dufp¨bpC_p° |hÆS>fid l[p°. A°d L$p°C L$l° [p° dp_hp_y¨ d_ \pe.

A°V$gu l]°$ Ap b¨_° h√Q° kpÁe R>°. A_°L$ Qd–L$pfp°\u kcf

gâ°fu_p ∆h_dp ]y$:M A_° ep°N_p° drldp R>° : L$h_dp csº[

A_° kd`ÆZ Ny¨\pep¨ R>°.

39 40

27


""gÎg°fu l∆ `pZu cfu_° L$°d _ Aphu ?'' A°hu

dp[p_u c¨c°fZu kp¨cmu `r[ Ap°d `¨qX$[ lp\dp¨ X¨$X$p° gC

OpV$ [fa Nep°. gâ°fu dp\° OX$p° d|L$u Aph[u l[u. Ap°d ¨qX$[°

OX$pdp¨ X¨ $X$p ° dpep£, OX$p_p Vy $L$X$p \C _uQ° `X$Èp, `f¨[y

ApÚeÆS>_L$ OV$_p [p° A° b_u L°$ `pZu l[y¨ A°d_y¨ A°d OX$p_p

ApL$pf° gg°fu_p dp\° f¸y¨. A° pZu A°Z° Of_p prZepfp_p

`p”dp¨ W$pgÏey¨ A_° h›ey¨ [° bpfu blpf a°ºey¨. –ep¨ [mph b_u

Ney¨. ApS>° `Z Óu_Nf\u _h dpCg]|$f ggdpN - gg[mph

- R>°. A°L$ qL≠$h]¨$[u A°hu R>° L°$, "gâ°fuA° bpfu blpf a¢L°$gp

S>mdp¨\u Ap [mph bfiey¨ R>°.'

gâ°fu_p° OV$ [|V$u Nep° : `f¨[y OV$_p ApL$pfdp¨ S>m

e\ph[π f¸y¨ A\pÆ[π gâ°fu_p° Ap–dp S>° ]°$l -OV$-dp¨ hk[p°

l[p° A° _\u, `Z A°dp¨_y¨ S>m [p° A° cphL$_p ˘]$e`p”dp¨

W$pghu NC R>°. A° S>°d_y¨ [°d R>°.

Ïesº[ ƒepf° fdp–dp kp\° A_yk¨ p_ L°$mh° R>°. –epf°

A° k–e_u h^y _∆L$ `lp¢Q° R>°. S>° k–e_° ≈Z° R>° [° op_u R>°.

∆h_ A¨N°_p k|ˇddp¨ k|ˇd rhQpf L$fu iL°$ R>°. gâ°fu A°_p

ApNd_ A_° D]π$ °i rhi° k¨`|ZÆ ≈N∞[ l[u. A°V$g° S> [°

Ap¨[fd_\u k¨`|ZÆ ıhı\ l[u. A°_p hpP$de A_° Ïesº[–h

h√Q° Aph[p¨ ApX¨$bf, S|>W$, Arcdp_ hN°f° AphfZp°_p° –epN

L$fu dp” k–e_° gC ∆h R>°. S>° k–e_° kp\° fpMu ∆h° R>° [°_°

kl_ L$fhy¨ `X°$ R>°. `Z A° Ap¨[fd_\u `|ZÆ ıhı\ lp°e R>° A_°

kyMu lp°eR>°. gâ°fu_p `r[A° æ$p°^ph°idp¨ Aphu S>C OX$pdp¨

gpL$X$u dpfu, OX$p° [|V$u Nep°, `Z S>m OX$p_p ApL$pf° S>°d_ÿ [°°d

gâ°fu_p dp\° f¸y¨. L$pfZ L°$, gâ°fuA° L$pd, æ$p°^, gp°c,

dp°l, dpep A_° d–kf_p° –epN L$ep£ l[p°. A°d L$lp° L°$, Ap

Ar_Ù$ [“hp° A°_° hm¡ep¨ _ l[p¨. gÎg°fuy¨ q]$Ïe ıhÍ$` A_°

Ap–dp rhi°_p op__° `pdu NC l[u. Ap–dp_u Adf[p_° A°

`pdu Q|L$u l[u. `f¨[y S>epf° op_◊rÙ$_y¨ Ap°S>k Ap–dp_° dpN£

L$p`hpdp¨ klpeL$ b_° R>°. –epf° Aop_ A_° Al¨L$pf_p° A¨ L$pf

r_:klpeL$ \C Ahfp° p° Ecp L$f° R>°. d__° ]y$jZfrl[ b_phhy

AphÌeL$ R>°. `Z [° bp°ghpdp¨ S>°V$gy¨ kl°gy¨ R>°. [°\u Aq^L$ [p°

A°_° (d__°) ]|$jZfrl[ L$fhy¨ Oœ¨ AOfy¨ R>°.

k]π$rhQpfp°_u A°L$pN∞[p_° [p°X$hp L$yrhQpfp°_u S>X$ EM°X$u

r_dÆm rhQpfp°_p TfZp_° d__u kqf[pdp¨ hlphu ˘]$eÍ$ù

kpNf kyû `lp¢QpX$hp A_° ˘]$e_p ‚p¨NZdp¨ Ecfpe°gp Ap

rhQpfp°_° d_ ‹pfp L$peÆh¨[ L$fhp [° S> kpQp° `yfyjp\Æ R>°. Ïesº[

ƒepf° [_ A_° d_\u Ap–dp_p flıep° DL°$ghp ‚e–_ L$f° R>°,

–epf° A°_pdp¨ k–e_u O¨V$X$u hpNu EW°$ R>°. A°_p L$peÆdp¨ kp•fc

A_° rhQpfp°_u kyhpk\u A°_u hpZu ˘]$eıìw b_° R>°. Aphu

Ïesº[ Ap–dpdp¨ sı\f A_° ‚L©$r[dp¨ f[ flu ıhı\[p A_ych°

R>°.41 42

28


Ap–dp_p k–e_p¨ kpnp–L$pf gg°fu_° ”Z

`qfdpZp°\u \ep¨ R>° : (1) r_NÆyZ b∞˚ (2) ∆h dp”_p

˘]$edp¨ fl°gp° `fdp–dp A_° (3) `|ZÆ `yfyjp°—d cNhp_.

k¨ |ZÆ k–e_° kdS>hp\u dpZk |ZÆ yfjp°—d_u kdu` Aph°

R>° [p° Aphp° Ap`Z° Ap–dp_p k–e_p kpnp–L$pf_p qfdpZp°_u

Ap°mM L$fu gCA°.

Ap–dp ¨Qdlpc|[p°dp¨ fl° R>°. d_yÛe_y d_ ƒep¨ ]$p°fpe

R>°–ep¨ d_yÛe ]$p°fpe R>°. ""_Z Ed_≤ _ZwÓ`mUm_≤ $&'' A°V°$g S> L$¸y¨

li° : "L$p°C dpZk A°d rhQpf° L°$ lz N©lı\ _\u. [p° [°_° k¨fiepku

dp_hp°. [°hu S> fu[° "]´˜ dX ]´˜°d ^doV' A°V$g° L°$ "b∞˚' _°

≈Z_pfp b∞ b_° R>°. Ap–d kpnp–L$pf A° [dpd kp^_p [\p

dpZk_p Ar_rÚ[ ‚pfÂ^_y¨ gˇe ı\p_ R>°.'

`¨Qdlpc|[p°dp¨ hk[p Ap–dp [dpd L$dp£_p° L$[pÆl[pÆ

R>°. [dpd ‚h©r—Ap°_p° ◊Ù$p A_° op[p R>°. Apd R>[p¨ r_NyÆZ

R>°. A_° b^p NyZ]$p°j\u `f R>°. Ap–dp_° Ap¨M\u, hpZu\u,

L$p_\u A_° bu∆ Cfi÷uAp°\u Ap–dk¨ed\u L°$ bu≈¨ L$pep£\u

kd∆ iL$pe [°d _\u. op__p r_dÆm ƒep°[\u ƒepf° dpZk_p°

Ap–dp iyŸu `pd° –epf° "›ep_' ‹pfp [° r_fpL$pf, r_NyÆZ b∞˚

L$p°Z R>° [° `pdu iL$pe R>°.

Óud]π$ cNh]$π Nu[pdp¨ Z cNhp_ Óu L©$ÛZA° L$¸y¨ R>°

: "Ap–d[“h_° ≈Z_pfp° rh¤p A_° rh_e\u k¨`fl A°hp°

b∞p˚Z, Npe,lp\u, L|$[fp A_° Qp¨X$pmA° [dpd_° A°L$ S> ◊rÙ$A°

_ufM° R>°.' S>° "b∞˚' _° ≈Z° R>° [° b∞p˚Z. _p[, ≈[, L°$

kpdp∆L$ dp°cp_u ◊rÙ$A° KQ L°$ _uQ hN°f°_p c°]$cph hN°f°

`fdp–dp A\hp Ap–dp khÆdp¨ Ïep· R>°.'

ƒepf° Ïesº[ ≈N∞[ \pe R>° –epf° [°_u Cfi÷uAp° S>°hu L°$

: _pL$, L$p_, ApM, QpdX$u hN°f° ‹pfp _pd A_° ıhÍ$ \u A_ych

L$f° R>°. [°_p° A¨[fp–dp ≈N∞[ Ahı\pdp¨ "rhdπ' ıh‡_phı\pdp¨

"[°S>kπ' A_° kyky·phı\pdp¨ "‚op' Ahı\p_u A_yc|r[ L$f° R>°.

”Z° gp°L$dp¨ A_¨[ ‚L$pidp¨ A_° R>°...L b∞˚p\u L$uX$u S>°hp

k|ˇdpr[k|ˇd [dpd ∆hp°dp¨ A¨[epÆdu A°hp° Ap–dp A° S>

`fdp–dp R>°, b∞˚p R>°. A° S> kdN∞ kS>Æ__p° A_¨[ ≈N∞[ kp\u

R>°. A°S> D–`r—, sı\r[ A_° ge_p kS>Æ_lpf R>°.

_pd A_° ıhÍ$`_p dp›ed\u Ecp L$fp[p c°]$, rhQpfp°

kpQ° S> A°L$ c∞d R>°. S>° A°_p ]$edp¨ A°hu ◊Y$ A_yc|r[ L$f° R>° L°$

"lz¨ S> [° b∞˚p - `fdp–dp Ry>¨. [° S> dpfp° Nyfy R>°. Ap`Z° [p°

Ap–dr_funZ\u, Ap–d`funZ\u "ıh' _u ip°^ L$fu_°

Ap–dp_° Ap°mMu `fdp–dp \hp_y¨ R>°.'

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Ap fdp–dp_u ‚pr· \pe [p° kyM Ap`p°Ap` S> dmu

≈e R>°. `R>u kyM_u ip°^dp¨ ]$p°X$hp_u S>Í$f _\u. [°_° Ap`Zu

A¨]$f\u S> ip°^hp_y¨ R>°. Ap`Z° S>°V$gu A`°npAp° \p°X$u fpMuA°

[°V$gy¨ kyM h^y ‚p· \pe R>°. cp•r[L$ kyM [p° nrZL$ R>°, `f¨[y

Ap›eps–dL$ kyM S> Ap`Z_° "b∞˚`]$'_u ‚pr· L$fph° R>°. Ap

Ap›eps–dL$ kyM [p° ‚NV°$ R>° Ap`Zu A¨]$f\u S>°V$gu rS>∆rhjp

Ap°R>u, S>°V$gu A`°npAp° Ap°Ru [°V$gy¨ kyM h^y. Apd [p° kyM

A¨]$f\u D]π$ch[y¨ Ad©[ R>°.

iÍ$Ap[dp¨ d|L°$g gâ°fu_u ¨sº[Ap°_° afu\u ep]$ L$fu

gCA°. Ap k–e_u O¨V$X$u [° LC ? A°_p ›ep_dp¨ A°Vg° L$p°_p

›ep_dp¨ ? iy Ap–dkpnp–L$pf \ep R>u b^p S> flıep°_p° [pN

d°mhu iL$pe ? Ap ‚Òp°dp¨ fl°g rhcph_p_° ı`Ù$ L$fhp dpV°$,

A°_p flıep°_° pdhp dpV°$ A_° A°_p k–e_° pdhp dpV°$ Ap`Zp

h°]$p° A_° D`r_j]$p° `pk° S>hy¨ `X°. A¨r[d [“hÍ$` Ap–dp dpV°$

R>fi]$p°¡edp¨ "k[π' A_° "ıh' A°d b° iÂ]$p° ‚ep°ƒep R>°. [°_p°

A_ych kp• L$p°C_° NpY$ kyjyr·_u Ahı\pdp¨ \pe R>° :

`Ã° VÀ[wÈfï Òdo[oV Zm_ gVm gmÂ`

VXm gÂ[›Zm ^doV, Òd^o[Vm ^doV,

VÒ`m XZ_≤ Òdo[Vr ›`m`jV, Òd_≤ oh

A[rVm ^doV $&

(Rfi]$p°¡e Djr_j]$ : 6:8:1)

A\pÆ[π :

""ƒepf° Ap `yfyj k|C ≈e R>° –epf° kp°Áe A° k[π kp\°

A°L$Í$` \pe R>°. "ıh' dp¨ rhrg_ b_° R>°. [°\u A°_° "ıh`r['

A°d L$l° R>°, L°$dL°$, A° "ıh' dp¨ ge `pd° R>°.'

gg°fu `Z [_d_\u A°_p (Ap–dp_p) ›ep_dp¨¨

Mp°hpC NC –epf° A°_° k–e_u O¨V$X$u hpN[u k¨cmpC A_°

ApL$pi (Ap–dp_y¨ bp¸ıhÍ$`) _° ≈Zu NC. gg°fu "ıh' dp¨

ge `pdu_° Ap–dp_p k–eıhÍ$`_° `pdu NC.

D`r_j]$p° `Z "Ap–dp rh_y¨ L$pfZ lp°hp\u [°_p

op_\u khÆ_y¨ op_ \pe' A°hu ‚r[op L$f° R>°. b^p [“hp°_p

r_funZ,`funZ D`fp¨[ d_, [°_u ‚h©r—Ap°, [°dS> Q°[_

Ap–dp_¨y op_ [LÆ$ k¨N rhQpfZp\u \C iL°$.

!!!!!

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6. k¨[ L$hre”u [p°fg(C.k. 1356_p° kde)

cpf[° kdı[ ]y $r_ep_° kÊe[p, k¨ıL$ ©r[ A_°

[“hop__p° `l°gp° `pW$ iuMÏep° R>°. Sy>]$u ySy>]$u ‚≈Ap° D`f,

[°d_u k¨ıL©$r[ D`f A_° ^prdÆL$ rhQpfZp OX$hpdp¨ tl]°$ `fp°n

fu[° L°$ ‚–en fu[° dp°V$p° cpN cS>Ïep° R>°. cpf[ [°_p ]$f°L$ ‚L$pf_p

rhL$pk_y¨ D]π$Ndı\p_ NZp[y¨ l[y¨. Alu¨ ip°Z A_° N¨Np _]$u_p

[V°$ `pV$gu`y”dp¨ hlpZp° gp¨Nfhpdp¨ Aph[p¨ l[p¨. Alv_p

hlpZp° ]|$f `|hÆ_p ‹u`p° kyû S>[p¨ l[p¨. [° aº[ h°`pf S> M°X$[p

`Z kp\° kp\° Alv_u ‚≈_p k¨ıL$pfp°,[–hop_, csº[ A_°

^dÆ_p rhQpf Z gC S>[p l[p. |hÆ_p ‹u`p° - ≈hp, kydp”p,

bprg, tl]$u Qu_, - rkepd hN°f° D`f ApS>° `Z ı`ÛV$`Z°

tl]$u k¨ıL©$r[_u R>p` R>° A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, ^dÆ A_° csº[ k¨ıL$pf

D`f `Z tl]$_p° ‚cph R>°.

cpf[_u ^prdÆL$ æ$p¨r[_p `|f `Z S>N[ D`f R>hp[p

S>[p l[p. N∞uL$ A_° fp°d_ Cr[lpk A° hp[_u kpnu `|f° R>° L°$,

rkL¨$]$f bp]$ –ep¨_u ‚≈A° ""fp≈_p ]$•hu Ar^L$pf'' A_°

""ku[d'' rhfyŸ dp\y¨ KQL°$gy¨ A_°"^dÆ`y”' [fuL°$ rhgpku

fp≈Ap°_° DMpX$u a¢L$hpdp¨ Aph°gp. Ap bû rhQpf^pfpAp°_p

d|m_y¨ tkQ_ [p° tl]$_p b_php°A° L$f°gy¨.

cpf[_u ^prdÆL$ A_° ^dÆ_u rhQpf ^pfpAp°_° hl°[u

fpMhpdp¨ k¨[p°A° cNuf\ L$peÆ L$eyØ R>°. `p°[p_p k]π$Qpqf‘e_p

bm° A_° –epN A_° op__p bm°. ^dÆ A_° k¨ıL©$r[ b¨_°_u

‚r[õ$p \C.

tlkp A_° Atlkp_u hp[ Aph° R>° –epf° Atlkp_u S>

‚r[õ$p \pe R>°. ip˜p°dp¨ `Z ""Atlkp `fdp°^dÆ''_u Esº[

‚Qrg[ \C R>°. tlkp [p° O©Zp A_° fı`f_u _af[_° h^pf° R>°.

Atlkp fı`f_° kdS>hp_u [L$ Ap`° R>° A_° fı`f_p ‚°ddp¨

h^pfp° L$f° R>°. `|ƒe dlp–dp Np¨ûA° `p°[p_p Ïep`L$ ‚ep°NhX°$

A° kprb[ L$eyØ R>° "Adpfy¨ dp_p° _lv [p° bp°Áb a¢L$u_° M[d L$fu

]$Ciy ¨.' A° [“h Atlkpdp¨ _\u. `f¨[y Atlkpdp¨ [p°

dp_h∆h__y¨ d|Îe A¨L$pe R>°. ip°jZ A_° Sy>Îddp¨\u dysº[_p°

dpNÆ b[phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

cpf[_p° Cr[lpk ‚≈qL$e A•ºe\u cf°gp° R>° Alv

Sy>]$pSy>]$p ^dÆ_p gp°L$p° kp\° fl°R>°. Alv Sy>]$u Sy>]$u ‚≈_p° k¨Nd

\ep° R>°. A_° [°dp¨\u k≈ÆC R>° AgN R>[p¨ `Z AM¨X$

dp_h≈r[....! cpf[_y¨ dp_h[p_y¨ ıh[¨” dp_h_y¨ Nu[. ]$f°L$

‚≈dp¨ Q°[_p S>Nph° R>°. `f¨[y Ap Q°[_p_y¨ hl°Z [p° ^dÆfnL$

k¨[p° [fa\u ApÏey¨ R>°. kde° kde° k¨[p°A° ^dÆ A_° k¨ıL©$r[_y¨

fnZ L$fhpdp¨ A_° ‚≈_° k]$πdpN£ hpmhp_y¨ L$peÆ L$eyØ R>°.

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d›eL$pm op_ A_° csº[ `f¨`fp_p° eyN L$l°hpep° R>°.

kp\° kp\° A¨^ÓŸp_p° eyN Z L$l°hpep° R>°. Ap A¨^ÓŸpdp¨\u

‚≈_° blpf gphu csº[dpN°Æ hpmhpdp¨ k¨[p°A° Oœ¨ L$peÆ L$eyØ

R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[ S>mhpC fluR>°. d›eL$pgu_

kdedp¨ "brmep_p b°cpN' S>°hu `qfsı\r[ l[u.[° kde°

L$√R>, kp•fpÙ≤$ A_° NyS>fp[ _p_p _p_p fS>hpX$pÄp°dp¨ hl¢Qpe°gp

‚]°$ip° l[p.Ap fS>hpX$pAp°_p fp≈Ap°, _hpbp°, lpL°$dp° ‚≈

D`f ku[d Ny≈fhpdp¨ L$iy¨ S> bpL$u fpM[p _ lp°[p [p° blpf

hqVepAp°, Qp°f, g|¨V$pfpAp° ^pX$`pXyAp° hN°f° `Z ‚≈_° l°fp_

L$f[p l[p. A¨^ÓŸp `Z Ïep`L$`Z° rhı[fu l[u. ˜uAp°_°

rdgL$[ NZhpdp¨ Aph[u l[u.

Ap kdedp¨ gp°L$p° A¨^ÓŸpmy A_° ^dpØ^ l[p¨.

[ghpf_u AZuA° ^dÆ`qfh[Æ_ L$fphhpdp¨ Aph[y¨ l[y¨. A°hp

_pSy>L$ kdedp¨ ‚≈dp¨ A°L$[p_u cph_p ≈N∞[ L$fhpdp¨ k¨[p°A°

ApN°hp_u gC_° rlfi]y$, dyıgud, A¨–eS> A_° ]$rg[ - r`X$u[

‚≈ D`f kdcph fpMu khÆ∆hp°_y¨ L$ÎepZ L$fhp dpV°$ A_°

kdpS>dp¨ fl°g ]y$jZp°, A¨ ÓŸp, dpØ [p ]|$f L$fhp dpV°$ ≈r[,

`¨\, ^dÆ, k¨‚]$pe h√Q° L$p°C`Z ≈[_p° c°]$cph fpøep hNf

‚≈_° dÆ A_° A›ep–d dpN£ hpmhpdp¨ k¨[p° k[[ ≈N∞[ f¸p

R>°.

ApS>\u gNcN kp[kp° hjÆ l°gp¨ L$√R> A_° kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨

S>°kg ≈X°$≈_u lpL$ ‚h[Æ[u l[u. S>°kg ]°$]$phïdp¨ ce¨L$f

blpfhqV$ep° \ep°. S>°kg_y¨ d|m h[_ L¨$\fp°V$ Z L$p°C L$pfZkf

ı\mp¨[f L$fu_° [° A¨≈f Aph°g. A¨≈f_u blpf Ap¨bgu_y¨

S>¨Ng Aph°g l[y¨. [° "L$ƒS>guh_' [fuL°$ Ap°mMp[y¨ l[y¨. Ap

h_ S>°kg ≈X°$≈ dpV°$ Ac°]$ qL$Îgp° L°$ ApÓe ı\p_ l[y¨.

L$√R>_p ≈d f[p fpeOZ_p Qpf Ly¨$hfp° : ]°$ ]$p°, Ap°Y$p°,

NS>Z A_° lp°\p. Apdp¨\u dp°V$p y” ]°$]$p_p hïdp¨ S>°kg \ep.

S>°kg_p hï_p ApS>° Z "S>°kf' [fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°. S>°kg_p°

hï Ap ‚dpZ° ApNm h›ep° R>° : S>°kg_p Ly¨$hf lp°\u, lp°\u_p

_pfZ∆, _pfZ∆_p fpD, fpD_p Qp¨]$p∆, Qp¨]$p∆_p S>°kg

(bu≈) [°_° A¨≈f_y¨ L$uX$pœ¨ Npd rNfpkdp¨ dm°gy¨.

S>°kg° g¡_ L$epÆ lp°e [°hp° DÎg°M dm[p° _\u. `Z

]y$g°fpe L$pfpZu_p° d[ dyS>b [p°fg_° gph[p `l°gp¨ g¡_ L$epÆ

lp°e A_° [° u\u hï h›ep° lp°e [° b_hp ≈°N R>°. hmu, [p°fg_°

`Z L$p°C k¨[p_ lp°e [°hp° DÎg°M dm[p° _\u.

S> °kg_p cpC rhimcp_° S> °kg_p ”pk A_°

Adp_yju h[Æ_ dpV°$ gp°L$p°A° aqfep]$ L$fu –epf° rhimcpA°

S>°kg_° L$pY$u d|ºep°. Ap\u [p° [° h^pf° My¨Mpf \ep°. `p`

L$fhpdp¨ A°Z° pR>u p_u L$fu _rl. bl°_-]$uL$fuAp°_p iuem

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g|¨V$Èp, g¡__u ≈_p° g|¨V$u, hffp≈ A_° L$fiepAp°_p k¨lpf L$epÆ,

Npep°_p° k¨lpf L$ep£, [fku Npep°_° `pZu ù[p¨ hpmu, ìy,

`nu, hN°°f°_p° k¨lpf L$ep°Æ. R>°Îg° R>°Îg° `p°[p_p b_°hu huftkl

hpO°gp, cpZ°S> fpdtkl A_° bl°__u `Z l–ep L$fu. Apd

S>°kg° L$√R>dp¨ lplpL$pf h[pÆhu ]$u^p°. S>°kg_p A`L©$–e° dpTp

d|L$u.

`Zñ

Óud]π$ cNh]$ Nu[pdp¨ cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZA° L$¸y¨ R>° :

`Xm `Xm oh Y_©Ò` ΩbmoZ^©doV ^maV $&

A‰`wÀWmZ_≤ Y_©Ò` VXmÀ_mZß g•OmÂ`h_≤ $&&

(A:4:7)

A\pÆ[π :

"l° cpf[ ! ƒepf° ƒepf° dÆ_u lpr_ A_° A^dÆ_u h©qŸ

\pe R>°, –epf° –epf° lz¨ `p°[p_p Í$`_° kSy>Ø Ry>¨. A°V$g° kpL$pf Í$`°

gp°L$p° kdn ‚NV$ \pJ Ry>¨.'

A° fu[° ‚≈_y¨ fnZ L$fhp A_° S>°kg S>°hp M|¨Mpf

blpfhqV$ep kpd° [p°fg ApÏep¨.

S>°kg_p NuAp°A° S>°kg_° Mbf Ap‡ep L°$ kpkr[ep

L$pW$u_u Op°X$u `pZu]$pf R>°. [° r]$hk\u S>°kg_p d_dp¨ A° Op°X$u

hku NC A_° Op°X$u_° d°mhhp_p ‚e–_p° iÍ$ L$epÆ. [° A°L$gp° S>

kp°_NY$ [fa fhp_p \ep°.

S>°kg kp°_NY$ kpkr[ep_p dl°g `pk° ApÏep° –epf°

kp^y, k¨[p°_u d¨X$mu cS>_dp¨ dı[ l[u. A°L$hpf_p° ce¨L$f

g|V$pfp° kpkr[ep° Mp°mpdp fpdkpNf gC_° cS>_ NpC f¸p° l[p°.

S>°kg° ≈°ey¨ [p° tkl Opk MpC f¸p° l[p°. [° rhQpfhp gp¡ep°,

Aphy¨ b_° S> L°$d ? lp\dp¨ b¨]|$L$_° ı\p_° fpdkpNf ! A_°

æ| $fhpZu_° ı\p_° csº[_u `fphpZu ! `Z S>°kg_° [p°

kpkr[ep_u Op°X$u gC S>hu l[u. [° Op°X$u ƒep¨ bp¨û l[u –ep¨

g`p[p¨-R|>`p[p¨ ApÏep°. L$p°C ≈°C _ ≈e [° dpV°$ [° dNf_u Qpg°

°V°$ Okp[p ApNm h›ep°. Op°X$u_u _∆L$ Aph[p S> Op°X$u lZlZu

A_° Mugp° DMpX$u _p¨øep°. [p°fg Op°X$u_u lZlZpV$u\u blpf

ApÏep¨ A_° Mugp° afu\u Mp°X$u ]$u^p°. S>°kg Opkdp¨ k|C Nep°

l[p° A_° lp\dp¨ Mugp° `fp°hpC Nep°, `Z KlL$pfp° kfMp°e _

L$ep£.

cS>_p° `|fp¨ \[p¨ ‚cpr[ Nhpep `R>u [p°fg ‚kp]$

hl¢Qhp Ecp¨ \ep¨. ‚kp]$ [p° hl¢QpC Nep° `Z A°L$ Ïesº[_p°

‚kp]$ h›ep°. kp•_° _hpC gpNu. _Ω$u L$p°C Alv dpZk lp°hy¨

≈°CA°. b^p Op°X$u `pk° ApÏep. kpkq[ep_p `N kp\° L$iy¨L$

Aampey. ]$uhp° gC_° Sy>A° R>° [p° L$pmp h˜dp hvV$mpe°g S>°kg !

S>°kg_p lp\dp¨\u Mugp° L$pY°$ R>° A_° `|Rπ>ey¨ : ""L$p°Z R>p° ?''

""lz¨ S>°kg ≈X°$≈.''

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""L$√R>hpmp ?''

""lp, \X$L$ep _\u _° ?''

""_p...2°, ≈X°$≈ ! d¢ `Z [dpfp S>°hp¨ OZp¨ L|$Ldp£

L$epØ R>°. `Z k[u_p° ıìÆ \[p¨ lz¨ L$\ufdp¨\u L¨$Q_ \C Nep°

Ry>¨. d¢ L$|L$dp£ L$fhp_y¨ R>p°X$u ]$u^y¨ R>°.''

""R>p°X$u S> ]°$ _° ! A°d_p¨ L$dp£\u A°d_p ∆h_dp¨ L$epë

ip¨r[ _lp°[u. `p`_p _fL$ kdy¨ fp•fh _fL$dp¨ _p¨M_pfy¨ [°d_y¨

L$dÆ l[y¨'' [p°fg° hp[ `|fu L$fu.

""Alv ip dpV°$ ApÏep ? A_° [°e hmu Ry>`pC Ry>`pC_°

ApÏep !'' kpkr[epA° S>°kg ≈X°$≈_° L$¸y¨.

""Ap [p°mu Op°X$u A_° [p°mu [ghpf g°hp_u Dd]°$ `|fu

L$fhu l[u.'' S>°kg° kpkr[ep_u kpd° ≈°C_° L$¸y¨.

""[p°, cpC ! dpZk_p ∆h__u Apip |fu \[u _\u,

ƒep¨ kyû l•ey¨ lqfcsº[_p f¨N° f¨NpC ≈e –ep¨ kyû.''

[p°fg° S>°kg_° Ofdp¨ bp°gphu_° ‚cy_p° ‚kp]$ Ap‡ep°.

""≈X°$≈ ! lz¨ AΩ$$fdu l[p°. Qp°fu, g|¨V$, r_]$p£jp°_p°

k¨lpf L$fhp° A° dpfy¨ L$dÆ A_° ]$pÍ$, AauZ, Np¨≈° ùhp° A° dpfy¨

r_–e_y Ïek_ \C Ney l[y. Z ƒepf\u [p°mp ]°$ ApÏep –epf\u

‚cycsº[\u Ap b^y¨ R>p°X$phu ]$u^y¨ A_° lz¨ cqL$[dp¨ [Îgu_ \C

Nep° lh° [p° Cf_p° A_° Ap [p°mp¨ ]°$ _p° S> Apifp° R>°. dpfp°

dpfNMp°V$p° l[p°. A°_u ‚[ur[ Ap [p°mp¨ ]°$ A° d_° L$fphu A_° lz¨

k]π$dpN£ h˛ep°.'' kpkqV$epA° b° lp\ ≈°X$u_° S>°kg kpd° ≈°C_°

L$¸y¨,

_hpC `pdu S>°kg° `|Rπ>ey¨ : ""[p°, kpkqV$ep dpfp°

dpfN ?''

""[dpfp° dpfN L°$]$u kpQp° l[p° ? [dpfp ]y$ÛL©$–ep°_u hp[p°

Ad° W°$W$ Alv kyû kp¨cmhp dm[u l[u.'' [p°fg° [f[ S>hpb

Ap`[p¨ L$¸y¨.

kpkr[$ep° rhQpf[p° l[p° l[p° L°$ : "Ap dpZk° A_°L$

ìy, `nu A_° dp_hp°_u l–ep L$u R>°. _ L$fhp_p¨ `Z OZp¨

]y$ÛL©$–ep° L$epØ R>°. iy¨ L$fhy¨ ? Ap A–epQpf A_° dp_hl–ep

AV$L$phhp L¨$CL$ [p° fı[p° L$pY$hp° `X$i°.'

kpkr[epA° [p°fg_u kpd° ≈°C_° L$¸ÿ : ""[p°fp¨]°$, [d°

d_° l–epfp_° ^dÆdpNÆ hp˛ep°_° ?''

""`Z.... C [p° dpfp° ^dÆ l[p° !''

""A° ^dÆ lSy> R>° L°$ Nep° ?''

""_p, L$pW$ufpS> ! lz¨ b^p¨_° kfMp NZu_° [°d_p

L$ÎepZ_u tQ[p L$fy¨ Ry>¨.''

""[p°, [d°, A_°L$ ìy, `nu A_° dp_h_p cgp dpV°$

S>°kg ≈X°$≈ kp\° ≈Ap°, [°d_p c°mp hku [d° [°d_y A_° L$√R>_y

L$ÎepZ L$fp°.'' kpkr[epA° [p°fg_u kpd° ≈°C_° L$¸y¨.

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""Af°, Ap iy¨ bp°gp° R>p° ? kpkr[ep ? L$p°C `p°[p_u

˜u bu≈_° Ap ° Mfp° ? [d° O°gp \ep R>p° ?'' S>°kg° kpkr[ep_°

hpf[p¨ L$¸y¨.

""lp, cpC ! dÆ dpNÆ A_° Afie_p L$ÎepZ_u cph_p

A° ^dÆO°gp_p° `¨\ R>°, L$pqY$epZu [dpfu kp\° Aphi° [p° S>Í$f

[dpfpdp¨ `qfh[Æ_ Aphi°. A°d \hp\u OZp ∆h DNfi°,

A^dÆ AV$L$i° A_° A°_y yŒe Ad_° dmi°, A°V$g° lz [d_° ”Z°e

"[p°' Ap`y¨ Ry>¨. [p°fp¨ ]°$, [p°mu Op°X$u A_° [p°mu [ghpf.''

kpkrV$epA° Ap ”Z°e d|Îehp_ A_° ‚pZ\u `Z

‡epfu hı[yAp° Apù_° kpkqV$ep° [p° chkpNf [fu Nep°.

kpkqV$epA° cS>_ D`pX$Èy¨ :

[p°fg° ”Z _f [pqfep, kpkr[ep° _° kûf,

S>°kg S>N_p° Qp°fV$p°, `gdp¨ L$u^p° ùf.

S>°kg A_° kpkr[ep S>°hp, æ|$f A_° l–epfp, [p° kûf

i°W$ S>°hp L$pdu_° kfidpN£ hpm_pf k[u [p°fgdp¨ A]πc|[ _pfu

isº[_p ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°.

Apd [p°, [p°fg ºep¨_p ? [°d_p dp[p-r`[p L$p°Z ?

A°_p° L$p°C S> DÎg°M dm[p° _\u. `Z, [p°fg kp°_NY$_p

L$pW$ufpS> kpkr[ep_p¨ ^dÆ`–_u l[p¨ A_° L$pW$ufpZu l[p¨. [°

Cr[lpk ‹pfp ≈Zu iL$pe R>°.

kpkr[ep° Z æ|$f A_° ce¨L$f X$pLy$ l[p°. [°_u pL$ Z

`p¨Qpm_u fp ∞yS>[u l[u. Qp°fu, g|V$apV$, A_° ≈°fSy>Îd L$fhp_p°

[°_p° ^¨^p° l[p°. `Z [p°fg_p `Ngp¨ `X$[p¨ S> [°_pdp¨ AZ^peyØ

`qfh[Æ_ ApÏey A_° i°[p_dp¨\u k¨[ \C Nep°. A_° [°_° Ap¨NZ°

k¨[ kdpNd A_° cS>_-qL$[Æ_ \hp gp¡ep¨.

"A°...∆ S>°kg Nm[uA° dpTd fp[....' cS>__p°

D`pX$ \[p¨ S> S>°kg cphph°idp¨ Aphu Nep° A_°L$l°hp gp¡ep° :

""lh° cS>_ b¨^ L$fp°, dpfp\u k¨cmp[y¨ _\u. lh° S>°kg lqf_°

Ap°fX°$ [p° iy¨ L$p°C_p Ap°fX°$ Mp[f _lv `pX°$, bl°_ ]$uL$fuAp°_p

riem bQphi°, L$p°C_u `Z l–ep _lv L$f°.''

""L$p¨, ≈X°$≈ ! ≈°ep°_° Qd–L$pf, q]$gdp¨ ]$]Æ$ D`pX$Èy¨_° ?

lqf_p° dpfN A° L$ÎepZ_p° dpfN R>°.'' kpkr[e° [p°fg [fa

_S>f L$fu_° º¸y¨ : ""k[u ! [d° [p° L$pg° ≈X°$≈ kp\° S>hp_p¨ R>p°,

R>°Îgu hpf [dpfp L¨$W°$ A°L$ cS>_ kp¨cmhy¨ R>°.''

[p°fg° fpdkpNf lp\dp¨ gu^p° A_° cS>_ D`pX$Èy¨.

A°...∆, S>°kg [d° f° lufp° _° Ad° gpg

≈X°$≈ lp°.... [d° f° lufp° _° Ad° gpg....

A°L$ f° ]$p°fpdp¨ ]$p°_y¨ ‚p°rhep....

`R>u kpkr[e° Op°X$u A_° [ghpf [•epf L$epØ, [°dp¨

[ghpf [p° S>°kg° guû _rl, Z Op°X$u gC [p°mp¨ ]°$ kp\° fhp_p

55 56

35


\ep°. kpkr[ep° A_° kp^y_u d¨X$mu \p°X°$ ky^u hmphp Nep A_°

rh]$pe Ap`[p¨ L$¸y¨ : ""k[u ! `^pf≈°.''

""L$pW$ufpS> ! lh° [p° AgM_p ^pddp¨ dmuiy¨.'' L$lu

[p°fg° kpkr[ep kpd° lp\ ≈°X$Èp A_° R|>V$p¨ `X$Èp¨.

kpkr[ep_p° Ap dlp–epN l[p°, rhfsº[ l[u. Afie_p

L$ÎepZ_u _ d|ghu iL$pe [°hu cph_p l[u. p°[p_u u_y¨ ]$p_

L$fhy¨ [° _p_u k|_u hp[ _ l[u. Alv d_° S>gpfpd bp`pA°

dp[p hufbpC_y¨ ]$p_ L$fu_° ‚cy \C_° `|≈e R>°. A° OV$_p ep]$

Aph° R>°. Z Ap dlp–epNu kpkr[ep dpV°$ Cq[lpk° _p¢ gu^u

_\u.

S>°kg [p°fg_° gC_° ≈°qX$ep b¨]$f° ApÏep, dpR>u_°

Aphhpdp¨ \p°X$uhpf l[u. A°V$g° [p°fg° fpdkpNf lp\dp¨ gu^p°

A_° cS>_ D`pX$Èy¨ :

S>°kg L$fu g° rhQpf, dp\° S>d L°$fp dpf;

ıh‡_p S>°hp° R>° k¨kpf, [p°mu fpZu L$f° R>° `p°L$pf

Aphp° _° S>°kg fpe, Ap`Z ‚°d \L$u dmuA° f°...

kpQp k¨[ lp°e –ep¨ cmuA° f°...

S>°kg_u æ|$f[p [p°fg_p iÂ]°$ iÂ]°$ _u[f[u l[u.

""Mfy¨ R>°, k[u ! c°]y¨$ hNf cfd cp¨N° _rl, A_° cfd

cp¨¡ep hNf ºÎepZ `¨\ L°$d k|T° ?''

dpR>uAp° Aph[p¨ S> A°L$ hlpZdp¨ Op°X$u QX$phu A_°

A°L$dp¨ S>°kg, [p°fg b°ku L$√R_p [yZp b¨]$f [fa fhp_p \ep.

kp\° Afie dykpafp° `Z l[p¨.AQp_L$ kdy÷dp [p°ap_ D`X$Èy, hlpZ [p° lpgL$-X$p°gL$

\hp gp¡ey¨.

""[p°mp¨ ]°$ bQphp°, lz¨ dfu S>Ci.'' ≈X°$≈ cecu[

\C Nep°. `l°guhpf A°_° d©–ey_u cujZ[p_p° øepg ApÏep°.

""[p°mp¨ ]°$ ! lz¨ A^dw _° A^dÆ Ry>¨, d_° bQphp°.''

""≈X°$≈ ! `p`dp¨\u bQhy¨ lp°e [p°, `p`_p° A°L$fpfL$fp°.''

`p` [pfy¨ ‚L$pi ≈X°$≈, ^fd [pfp° k¨cpm f°,

[pfu b°X$gu_° b|X$hp _lv ]$D, ≈X°$≈ f° A°d [p°fg L$l°

R>° ∆...

`R>u ≈X°$≈ S>°kg_° A°_p° S>hpb Ap`[p¨ L$l° R>°...g|¨V$u Ly$¨hpfu ≈_, [p°mu fpZu; g|¨V$u Ly¨$hpfu ≈_ f°...

]$k-hugy¨ dp°X$b¨^p dpqfep

d¢ [p° ]$k-huky¨ dp°X$b¨^p dpqfep

A°d S>°kg L$l° R>° ∆...

A°d S>°kg° A°L$ `R>u A°L$ `p°[p_p¨ `p` ‚NV$ L$fhp

gp¡ep°. L$b|ghp gp¡ep° A_° kdy÷_y¨ [p°ap_ kdu Ney¨. S>°kgA_° [p°fg b¨_° [yZp b¨]f°\u A¨≈f ApÏep¨, `p°[p_p¨ b^p¨

lr\epf cp¨Nu _pøep¨. `R>u [p° S>°kg_° Ap°fX°$ kp^y, k¨[p°_u

`¨N[p° ≈dhp gpNu, fp”° cS>_ - L$u[Æ_ \hp gp¡ep¨. S>°kg [p°

57 58

36


A°W$p¨ hpkZ ^p°hp_y¨, L$`X$p¨ ^p°hp_y¨ hN°f° OfL$pd `Z L$fhp

gp¡ep°. Apd [° r_dpÆ_u \C Nep°.

S>°kg [p°fg_° Nyfycph\u S> ≈°hp gp¡ep°. [p°fg [p°

r_≈f`¨\_p¨ ‚hpku l[p¨. r_≈f`¨\dp¨ ÏercQpf L°$rhL$pf_°

ı\p_ _\u.

A°L$hpf kp^y S>°kg_° –ep¨ S>dhp ApÏep, `Z Ofdp¨

L$p¨C l[y¨ _rl. A°V$g° kûf i°W$_° –ep¨ ku^y¨ - kpdp_ g°hp Nep¨.

kûf i°W$ [p° Ar[ L$pdu `yfyj l[p°. A°V$g° fp[hpkp° L$fhp_u

if[° ku^y¨ -kpdp_ Ap‡ey¨.

hQ_ ‚dpZ° fp”° [p°fg kûf i°W$_° Aphpk° ApÏep¨.

S>°kg [p°fg_° kûf i°W$_p dL$p_ kyû d|L$hp ApÏep°.

hfkp]$ Qpgy l[p° `Z k[u_p L$p°fp¨ h˜p° ≈°C kûf

i°W$_° _hpC gpNu. k[uA° i°W$_° L$¸y¨ : ""i°W$ ! Ap L$pep [p°

lpX$, QpdX$p_u A_° dm, d|”\u cf°gu R>°. [°_p f dp°l fpMhp°

_L$pdp° R>°.'' Apd, OZu fu[° kd≈Ïep°. i°W$_° hp[ kpQu gpNu

A_° [° `Z [p°fg_p° riÛe b_u Nep° A_° csº[_p f¨N° f¨NpC

Nep°, R>u [p° p°[° Z kp y, k¨[p°_° ]$p_ L$fhp gp¡ep°, c|øep_°

cp°S>_ A_° fl°_pf_° Apifp° Ap`hp gp¡ep°.

S>°_u ^pL$\u L$√R>_u ^f[u ^∞y∆ EW$[u A°hp S>°kg_°

A°L$hpf [p°fg° p°[p_p¨ L$`X$p¨ p°hp dpV°$ Apop L$fu. S>°kg° Apop

dp_u A_° dp\° p°V$Ly$ d|L$u_° Npd_u cpNp°m° Aph°g [mph° Nep.

gp°L$p°A° ≈°ey¨ [p° [° kp¨cm° [° fu[° V$uL$p Z L$fhp gp¡ep¨, A°V$gy¨

S> _rl dÌL$fu L$fhp gp¡ep. `Z S>°kg_y¨ ˘]$e `qfh[Æ_ \C

Ney¨ l[y¨. A° S°d S>°d L$`X$p¨ ^p°[p° l[p° [°d [°d [p°fg A°_p¨ `p`

^p°C f¸p¨ l[p¨. S>°kg A¨]$f _° A¨]$f ı[php° L$fu f¸p° l[p°. [°_p¨

`p` [°_° S>¨`hp ]°$[p¨ _ l[p¨. L$`X$p¨ p°[p¨ p°[p¨ [° NpC f¸p° l[p°.

:

fp°C fp°C L$p°_° k¨cmphy¨, [p°mp¨ ]°$...

KX$p ]y$:M L$p°_° k¨cmphy¨, A°d S>°kg L$l° R>° ∆...

A°..... Í$q]$ep° Í$h° _° dp¨¸gp° cu[f[p° S>g°...

–epf° k[u [p°fp¨ ]°$ A°_° kp¨–h_p Apù_° ip¨[ L$f[p¨ l[p¨.

A°L$ kde° dpfhpX$_p dpgp≈m\u k[u Í$`p¨]° $ -

dpg]$°h∆_y¨ hpeL$ ApÏey¨. `Z S>°kg° L$f°gp `p` [°_° l∆ `Z

X¨$M[p¨ l[p¨ : "" [p°fp¨]°$, k¨[kcpdp¨ lz¨ `pù ip°cy¨ _lu. Ap`

≈h...'' [p°fg° OZp° ApN∞l L$ep£ `Z S>°kg dpfhpX$ _ Nep.

[p°fg A_° kûf i°W$ dpfhpX$ Nep¨. [° R>u S>°kg° kdpr^ g°hp_y

_Ω$u L$eyØ A_° [°dZ° kdpr^ guû.

dpfhpX$dp¨ [p°fg_° ≈Z \pe R>° A_° [°Ap° pR>p¨ hm°

R>°. kp\° Í$`p¨]°$ - dpg]°$ `Z Aph° R>°. Sy>A° R>° [p° S>°kg°

kdpr^ gC guû l[u. `Z [p°fg ƒepf° dpfhpX$ Nep –epf°

hQ_ Ap‡ey¨ l[y¨ L°$, ""[dpfp lz¨ L$p°C r_ZÆe gCi _lv.''

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A° ep]$ Aph[p¨ [p°fg° fpdkpNf lp\dp¨ gu^p° A_° S>°kg_u

kdpr^ `pk° b°ku_° Nphp gp¡ep¨ :

≈X°$≈ lp°... hQ_ k¨cpfu h°gp ≈N≈°,

≈X°$≈ lp°... [pg [¨byfp° k[u_p lp\dp¨

kdpr^ lg° R>°. [p°fg dpV$u Mk°X$ph° R>°, S>°kg blpf

Aph° R>° `R>u [p°fg `Z kdpr^ gC g° R>°.

gp°L$hpeL$p A°hu R>° L°$, S>°kg-[p°fg_u kdpr^ \p°X$u

\p°X$u A°L$bu≈_u _∆L$ Aph[u ≈e R>°. L$l°h[ R>° L°$ : ""S>°kg

lV°$ S>h cf A_° [p°fg lV°$ [g cf'' A°d L$l°hpe R>° L°$, Ap b¨_°

kdpr^ ƒepf° A°L$ \C S>i° –epf° ‚ge \i°.

ApS>° `Z S>°kg-[p°fg_p cS>_p° gp°L$p°_p ˘]$e_°

cvS>h° R>°.

!!!!!

7. cº[ L$rh Nyfy frh]$pk(C.k. 1377 \u 1584)

A•ku rS>r_ L$fu lp° dlpfpS>...

÷u dp¨lu b•W°$ [yd ]°$Mp° rbNf[ l• ep¢ L$pS>.

÷z`]$ ky[p L$u [yd Ly¨$ ]°$M[, M¶Q gC kb gpS>...

ñfrh]$pk

Ap `]$_p kS>ÆL$ [° k¨[ frh]$pk. ıhpdu fpdp_¨]°$

A°L$hpf `p°[p_p A°L$ b∞˚Qpfu riÛe `f æ$p°^ hfkphu [°_°

QdpfLy$mdp¨ S>fid g°hp_p° ip` Ap‡ep° l[p°. Ap b∞˚Qpfu

riÛe_p° `y_:S>fid [° k¨[ frh]$pk, frh]$pk ıhpdu.

ıhpdu fpdp_¨]$∆_p° S>fid [°fdu k]$u_p D—fp^Ædp¨

A°Vg° L°$ rhæ$d k¨h[ 1356 dp¨ ‚epNdp¨ \ep° l[p°. [°d_p

riÛep°dp¨ : A_¨[p_¨]$ ıhpdu, L$buf, kyMp_¨]$, kyf kyfp_¨]$,

cphp_¨]$, Npghp_¨]$, ep°Np_¨]$, _flepÆ_¨]$, `u`p, frh]$pk,

^fi_p, k°_ A_° kyfkyfu l[p.

fpd_pd_p° d¨” ]°$icfdp¨ Ny¨S>[p° L$fhp fpdp_¨]$∆A°

^fi_p, L$buf, frh]$pk A_° k°__° D—f cpf[dp¨, kyfkyfp_¨]$_°

`¨≈bdp¨, cphp_¨]$_° ]$rnZdp¨, _flepÆ_¨]$_° Ap°qfıkp [fa,

Npghp_¨]$∆_° L$pÌdufdp¨ A_° u`p [\p ep°Np_¨]$∆_° NyS>fp[dp¨

flu ^dÆ‚Qpf A_° ‚kpf_y¨ L$peÆ L$fhp_u Apop L$fu.

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fpdp_¨]$∆A° 111 hjÆ_y¨ ]$uOpÆey¨ cp°hhu rhæ$d k¨h[

1467 dp¨ r_hpÆZ `pÁep. [°d_p riÛep°A° fpdp_¨]$∆_u

Apopdp¨ flu_° cpf[_p Qpf ‚]°$idp¨ kpdp∆L$ kdfk[p,

kdpS>k°hp A_° fpd_pd_p° d¨” N|¨S>[p° L$ep£. huS>mu_p

QdL$pfp_u dpaL$ kdN∞ ]°$idp¨ csº[ Ap¨]$p°g_ M|Z° M|Z° a°gpC

Ney¨. fpdp_¨]$_p A°L$ A°L$\u QqY$ep[p riÛep°dp¨ k¨[ frh]$pk

ip¨[, rkŸ A_° Ó°õ$ NZp[p. csº[ Ap¨]$p°g_dp¨ frh]$pk_y _pd

ApS>° `Z M|b Ap]$f`|hÆL$ g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

frh]$pk_p° S>fid dlpky]$ |_d rhæ$d k¨h[ 1433 _p

fp°S> Q¨÷hïu `qfhpfdp¨ L$piu `pk°_p cp¨Xy$f Npddp¨ \ep° l[p°.

Ap Npd_y ‚pQu_ _pd d¨X|$Ap X$ul l[y. A° L$piu\u rÚd bpSy>

Qpf°L$ qL$gp°duV$f_p A¨[f° Aph°gy¨ R>°. k]$uAp°\u Qdpf opr[_p

gp°L$p° Alv fl°[p l[p. Ap ı\m\u \p°X°$ ]|$f "glf[pfp' _pd_y¨

[mph Aph°g R>°. frh]$pk_p NyfycpC k¨[ L$buf_p S>fid kp\°

`Z A° k¨¨L$mpe°g R>°. Ap [mph_u Apk`pk ApS>° `Z

frh]$pkuAp°_u M|b dp°V$u hı[u R°.

frh]$pk_p r`[p_y¨ _pd fOy (crhÛe `yfpZ M¨X$ :

4:A:18 : Ôgp°L$ 57dp¨ frh]$pk_p r`[p_y¨ _pd dp_]$pk

k|Qhpey¨ R>° : Sy>Ap° : _mZXmgÒ` [wÃmß aodXmg B©oV odlwVï $&) A_°

dp[p_y _pd L$fdp]°$hu l[y. S>fid\u bpmL$ frh]$pk M|b [°S>ıhu

A_° A–e¨[ kÿ]$f l[p. A° frhhpf° S>fiÁep lp°hp\u [°d_y¨ _pd

frh]$pk fpMhpdp¨ Aph°gy¨. dp[p L$fdp]°$hu M|b ^prdÆL$ A_°

fpdcº[ l[u. fp°S> N¨Np ı_p_ L$fu fpd∆_u `|≈ L$f[u l[u.

A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, `¨Q N¨NpOpV$ `f ıhpdu fpdp_¨]$_p k–k¨Ndp¨

`Z fp°S> S>[u l[u. ıhpdu∆_u fd L©$`p A_° ApiuhpÆ]$\u S>

frh_p° S>fid \ep° l[p°. A°hy¨ [° dp_[u l[u.

frh]$pk_p S>fid rhi° A°L$ gp°L$p°qL$[ A° `Z R>° L°$,

N¨NpOpV° $ Aph°gp ıhpdu fpdp_¨]$_p "Óud]$ ApÓd'dp¨

L$piu_Nfudp¨ O°f O°f afu_° dp¨N°gu rcnpdp¨\u cp°S>_ Ïehı\p

Qpg[u l[u. L$p°C A°L$ Of°\u Aph°gy cp°S>_ ıhuL$pfhpdp¨ Aph[y

_ l[y. bû S> _p[≈[_p Of°\u rcnpdp¨ cp°S>_ g°hpdp¨ Aph[y

A_° A°dp¨\u ApÓddp¨ fl°[p riÛep°_y¨ cp°S>_ \[y¨ l[y¨. A°L$

ApÓdq_hpku A°L$ riÛe L$piu_Nfudp¨ rcnp dp¨Nhp Nep°.

^p°^dpf hfkp]$ hfk[p° l[p°. ºepë\u Afl dm° A°d _ lp°[y¨.

A°hpdp¨ A°L$ ]¨$`[uA° `°gp ApÓdhpku_° ApÓd dpV°$ `p°[p_p

Of°\u cp°S>_ gC S>hp ‚p\Æ_p L$fu. ApÓdhpku_° `Z gp¡ey¨

L°$, cep_L$ hfkp]$dp¨ cp°S>_ dm° A°d gpN[y¨ _\u.Of° Of°\u

rcnp dpNhp_° b]$g° Nyfy_u Apop_y¨ DÎgÖ_ L$fu A°L$ S> Of°\u

cp°S>_ gC ApÓd° `lp¢Qu Nep°. ApÓd_p r_ed_p° c¨N \[p¨

S> ›ep_d¡_ b°W°$gp ıhpdu fpdp_¨]$_p dp_k`V$$ f A°L$ riiy_p°

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Ql°fp° O|d[p° f¸p°. `fp°qY$e° ıhpdu∆_° op_ \ey¨ L°$ NC L$pg°

A°L$ S> Of°\u Afl ApÏey¨ R>° A_° ‚p•Y$ ]¨$`[uA° `y”°jZp_u

L$pd_p\u ApÓddp¨ cp°S>_ kpdN∞u dp°L$gu R>°. khpf_u ‚p\Æ_p

kcpdp¨ °gp ApÓdhpku b∞ Qpfu_° fpdp_¨]$∆A° ip` Ap‡ep°

: ""[pf° S> `°gp ]¨$`[u_p Of° `y” [fuL°$ S>fid g°hp_p° R>°.'' A°

ApÓdhpku b∞˚pQpfuA° S> frh]$pk [fuL°$ fOy_p Of° S>fid

gu^p°. Ap k¨[_° L°$V$gpL$ fC]$pk, frh]$pk L°$ fp°rl]$pk_p _pd\u

k¨[kprl–edp¨ Ap°mM° R>°.

Nyfy fpdp_¨]$_u Apop\u [°dZ° rlfi]y$ kdpS>dp¨ kd[p,

dd[p A_° kdfk[p_y¨ hp[phfZ [•epf L$eyØ l[y¨ A_° ""<

fpdpe _d:'' d¨”_p° i¨M_p]$ L$ep£ l[p°. [°d_° d_ L$p°C KQ L°$

_uQ, R|>[ - AR|>[, rlfi]y$ - dysıgd, ^dÆ-^dÆ h√Q° L$p°C`Z

‚L$pf° c°]$cph _ lp°[p°. ^dÆ, _ur[ A_° `rh”[p [°d_u hpZu

‹pfp ‚kpfu khÆ” ip¨r[ ı\pù dpZk - dpZk h√Q° c°]$_u

f°Mp_° c|ku _p¨Mu dp_h[p_p d|Îep° h^pfu rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p° ‚hpl

AM¨qX$[ fpøep°.

k¨[ frh]$pk_p° kde A°V$g° fpS>L$ue n°”°, kpdprS>L$

n°”°, A_° ^dÆn°”° A¨^p^|¨û A_° AfpS>L$[p_p° kde. Nd° [°

cp°N° k—p, kp¸bu A_° kudpX$p h^pfhp kp• ‚e–_ L$fu f¸p

l[p. kpd∞pƒe_p° rhı[pf L$fhpdp¨ ‚≈_p° k]π$cph A_° klL$pf

d°mhhp_y¨ Q|L$u Nep. fpS>L$ue Ası\f[p_u Akf kdpS> D`f

`Z X$u l[u. gp°L$p° d_aph° [°hy h[Æ_ L$f[p¨ l[p¨. L$p°C_p° L$p°C_u

D`f ALÿi _ l[p°. Qp°f, g|¨V$pfp, A_° ^pX$`pXy$Ap°_p° ”pk hû

Nep° l[p°. ‚≈_p ≈_-dpg_u kgpd[u flu _ l[u.

kdpS>∆h_ kph [rme° Ney l[y. _•r[L$ d|Îep°_y A^:`[_ \C

Ney¨ l[y¨. kdpS>_° k[[ cedp¨ fpMhpdp¨ Aph[p° l[p°. fı`f

‚°d A_° klL$pf_u cph_p _Ù$ \C NC l[u. `p°[p_p° ıhp\Æ

rkŸ \[p° lp°e [p° kNpcpC_y¨ L°$ bp`_y¨ `Z M|_ L$f[p¨ dpZk

AQL$p[p° _ l[p°. ıhp\Æ rkqŸ A° S> `fd ›e°e b_u Ney l[y¨.

˜uAp°_u kgpd[u _ l[u. bpmg¡_p°, h©Ÿg¡_p°, L$≈°X$p¨,

blz`–_u–h, hN°f° kpdpfie b_u Nep¨ l[p¨. [° kde° ˜u_° A°L$

rdgL$[ kdS>hpdp¨ Aph[u l[u. Of_u blpf N d|L$hp_u A°_°

R|>V$ _ l[u. u dp” D`cp°N_y kp^_ b_u NC l[u. [°_° L$pfZ°

Ly$Vy¨$b L¨$L$pk A_° TOX$p hû Nep l[p. k[u \hp_p° qfhpS>

‚Qrg[ l[p°. rinZ_p° Acph [°\u Aop_u ‚≈dp¨ hl°[u

hiuL$fZ A_° d¨” [¨”_u Akf gp°L$p° D`f ‚h[pÆhhpdp¨ Aphu

l[u. buL$ A_° ce_y¨ kpd∞pƒe Ïepù Ney¨ l[y¨. ‚≈ A_°L$

‚L$pf_p Ïek_p°_p° cp°N b_u NC l[u. `qfZpd° ‚≈dp¨

kps–hL$[p gy· \C NC l[u. A\hp [p° k]π$k¨ıL$pf k]π$rhQpf

A_° gpNZu_p° Acph l[p°. A^d[p dpZk_° cfMu NC l[u.

65 66

40


d›eL$pmdp¨ ^dpØ[f_u ‚h©r— k[[ Qpg[u flu R>°.

dysıgd ipkL$p° A_° ^dÆNyfyAp°A° [°d_u k—p_p d]$dp¨ OZp

rlfi]yAp°_° dykgdp_ b_phu dysıgd dÆ A`_phhp [ghpf_u

AZuA° tl]y$Ap° D`f ]$d_ Ny≈fu_° `p°[p_u ^pL$ S>dphu

l[u.rkL¨$]$f gp°]$u_p° Ap kde l[p°. d¨q]$fp° [p°X$u –ep¨ dı∆]$p°

Ecu L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u l[u. bl°_ - q]$L$fuAp°_p¨ A`lfZ \[p¨

l[p¨. A_° [°d_u ApbÍ$ g|V$p[u l[u. dÆN∞\p°_° kmNphu ]°$hpdp¨

Aph[p l[p. Ap rh]°$iu Apæ$dL$p° ^dÆ, k¨ıL©$r[ A_° kdpS>_°

_Ù$-c∞Ù$ L$fhp° [°_° ^prdÆL$ S>°lp]$ kdS>[p l[p. Apæ$dL$p°_p

Ap[¨L$ A_° A–epQpf\u ‚≈ ”pku NC l[u. cpf[_p fp≈-

dlpfp≈Ap° A¨]$fp°-A¨]$f gX$hpdp¨\u cp¡e° S> kde dm[p° S>°_°

L$pfZ° ‚≈ Op°f A¨^L$pfdp¨ AV$hphp gpNu l[u. A°h° kde°

frh]$pk° gp°L$p°dp¨ rlfi]y$^dÆdp¨ ≈N©r[ gphu gp°L$p°_° ^dpÆrcdyM

L$fu csº[_p dp›ed\u k¨NqW$[ L$epÆ. S>°_p L$pfZ° ip°jL$ rkL¨$]$f

gp°]$u cX$ºep° A_° [° L$piu ApÏep°. A° hM[° frh]$pk_u Jdf

kp° hjÆ_u l[u. kdpS> D`f A°d_p° M|b ‚cph l[p°. gp°]$uA°

frh]$pk_° ]$fbpfdp¨ bp°gpÏep. A°d_° fpd_p° drldp Nphp_y¨

b¨^ L$fhp_p° Ap]°$i Ap‡ep°. frh]$pk° _p `pX$u ]$uû. Ap\u

AL$mpe°gp gp°]$uA° A°d_° dyÌL°$fpV$ bp¨û lp\u_p `N _uQ°

L$QX$hp_p° lzL$d L$ep£. d]$dı[ lp\u frh]$pk_p q]$Ïe [°S>\u

‚cprh[ \C [°°d_u ApNm dp\y¨ _dphu_° Ecp° flu Nep°. ipl

rkL¨$]$f gp°]$uA° p°[p_u c|g ıhuL$pfu dpau dpNu A_° dp_krl[

rh]$pe L$epÆ.

ApS> kdedp¨ frh]$pk A_° Nyfy _p_L$]°$h_u dygpL$p[

hpfpZkudp \C. b_° h√Q° dÆ,kdpS>, A_° kıL©$r[_° bQphhp

iy¨ \C iL°$ [°_u OZu QQpÆ \C. `rfZpd° Nyfy_p_L$ ]°$h° "Nyfy N∞¨\

kpl°b'dp¨ frh]$pk_p 39 `]$ k¨N∞rl[ L$epÆ R>°.

`|hÆS>fid_p `|Œe_° L$pfZ° ‚cycsº[ S>fid]$— l[u.

`qfZpd° L°$mh bpf hjÆ_u he° fqh]$pk_° A_°L$ ^dÆN∞¨\p° L¨$W$ı\

l[p. [°d_° `f¨`fpN[ k¨ıL$pf, k–k¨N A_° Ïesº[N[ A_ych

‹pfp h°]$, Nu[p, D`r_j]$, fpdpeZ, dlpcpf[, cpNh[,

`yfpZ_u M|b kpfu ≈ZL$pfu l[u. frh]$pk S>fid≈[ cº[

lp°hp_p L$pfZ° blpf_p cZ[f_° Ïe\Æ NŒey¨. r]$hk_p°

dp°V$pcpN_p° kde A° kp y-k¨[p°_u k¨N[dp¨ Npm[p l[p. ºepë

`Z fpd^|_ L°$ k–k¨N \[p¨ A° `gp¨W$u hpmu_° b°ku S>[p l[p.

A° dp_[p L°$ dp_h∆h_ gC_° S>°Z° fpd_u k°hp L$fu _\u, A°_p°

d_yÛe Ah[pf A°m° Nep° R>°.

frh]$pk_° ıhpdu fpdp_¨]$ S>°hp A°L$ kpQp Nyfy dmu Nep

l[p. kl_ L$fhp `X$[p¨ kpdp∆L$ A`dp_\u `°]$p \e°gu lu_

cph_p frh]$pk_p d_dp¨\u fpdp_¨]$_p kprfl›e\u ]|$f \C A_°

rQ— r_dÆm b_u Ney¨.‚Mf fpdcº[ b_u Nep.

67 68

41


[°d_p r`[p_p° Ïehkpe QpdX$p¨ f¨Nhp A_° ≈°X$p¨

kuhhp_p° l[p°. frh]$pk Qdpf ≈r[dp¨ S>fiÁep lp°hp_p° k¨L°$[

[°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨\u ‚p· \pe R>° :

A°L$ _S>f kp¶ kcLy¨$ ]°$MC, kqfrÙ$L$p rkfS>_lpfp,

kb OV$ Ïep`L$ AgM q_f¨S>_ L$rl frh]$pk Qdpfp.

dı∆]$ kp¶ L$lz¨ r^_ _lu; d¨q]$ kp• _rl r`Apf,

]$p°D dl¨ Aâl fpd _lv, L$l frh]$pk Qdpf.

k¨[ frh]$pk_p Nyfy [p° fpdp_¨]$ ıhpdu l[p `Z [°d_p¨

`]$p°dp¨ Afbu-apfku iÂ]$p°_p° ‚ep°N \e°gp° ≈°C iL$pe R>°.

A_° [° kdedp¨ apfku_y¨ op_ `Z AphÌeL$ d_p[y¨ l[y¨. A°V$g°

[°dZ° L$p°C dp•ghu L°$ apfku cpjp_y¨ op_ ^fph[u Ïesº[ `pk°

op_ d°mÏey¨ li°. [°d dp_u iL$pe. Sy>Ap° A° k¨]$c£ frh]$pk_y¨

Ap `]$ :

MpguL$ rkL$ı[p d¶ [°fp,

]°$ ]$u]$pf Dd°]$hpf b°L$fpf ≈J d°fp.

Ahrg ApqL≠$f Cg[ Ap]$d, dp•S> aqfı[p b¨^,

rS>kL$u `_l `uf `•L$bf, d¶ Nfub L$ep b¨]$p.

[y¨ lpS>fp lzS>qf ≈°N e°L$, Ahf _lv ]|$≈,

rS>kL°$ CkL$ Aprkfp _lv, L$ep _dpS> L$ep `|≈.

_pgu]$p° S> l[p° S> b°bM[, qL$du S>d[Npf [yÁlpfp,

]$ddp]$p lqf S>hpb _ `ph•, L$f• "frh]$pk' rbQpfp.

k¨[ frh]$pk cS>_ - csº[dp¨ f[ lp°hp\u [°d_p r`[p

ld°ip¨ Nyık° \[p.,r`[p_p Nyıkp_u fqh]$pk `f L$p°C Akf

\[u _lv. A°d_° [p° fpd_pd_u |_ gpNu l[u. r`[p_° gp¡ey¨

L$°, frh]$pk `f csº[_p° f¨N L¨$CL$ h^y O°fp° \hp gp¡ep° R>°.

`y”_° k¨kpf ‚–e° kph D]$pku_ A_° rhfº[ ≈°C A°d_° tQ[p

\hp gpNu. [°dZ° qL$ip°f he_p frh]$pk∆_° S>g]$u\u

kp¨kpqfL$ b¨^_dp¨ bp¨^hp_y¨ rhQpeyØ A_° A°d_p g¡_ gp°_p

_pd_u eyh[u kp\° L$fu ]$u^p¨. `–_u gp°_p `Z fqh]$pk_u

‚h©r—dp¨ d]$]$ L$f[p¨ l[p¨. frh]$pk_p° ıhcph kph kp^y S>°hp°

l[p°. A°V$g° OZuhpf [p° ≈°X$p - Q¨`g_p° N∞plL$ S>°V$gp `•kp

Ap`° [° NŒep hNf NÎgpdp¨ _p¨Mu ]°$[p l[p. k°hp L$fhpdp¨

A_° csº[ L$f[p fl°hpdp¨ [°Ap° Ap_¨]$ dpZ[p l[p. A°L$ kpQp

k¨[_u dpaL$ ‚cy‚°ddp¨ d¡_ fl°hp_u kp\° kp¨kpqfL$ kyM A_°

^_k¨`r—_° kl°S> `Z dl“h Ap`[p _ l[p.

k¨[ frh]$pk Nyfy fpdp_¨]$ `pk°\u Ap›eps–dL$ op_

‚p· L$fu, L°$V$gpL$ ]$iÆ_ ip˜p°_p° AÊepk L$f° R>°. [°d_p¨ ]$p°dp¨

csº[, ^dÆ, KQ-_uQ, op_-h•fp¡e S>°hp rhjep° ≈°hp dm°

R>° :

S>fid≈[ L|¨$R>p¨qX$ lqf, L$f_u ≈_ `f^p_,

]$rlep° h°]$ L$p° ^fd l•, L$f° frh]$pk gMp_.

69 70

42


bpld_ [fu b°k k|]$ frh]$pk S>_d [° _p¨rl,

≈° QplC kybf_ L$D, `phC L$fd_ dp¨rl.

frh]$pk S>fid L°$ L$pf_, lp°[ _ L$p°C _uQ,_fL|¨$ _uQ L$fu X$pqf l•, Ap°R>° L$fd L$p• L$uQ.

frh]$pk bpld_ dr[ `|rS>A°, S>D lp°h° Ny_lu_,`|S>rl Qf_ Q¨X$pg L°$, S>D lp°h° Ny_ `fhu_.

frh]$pk Ap›eps–dL$ ‚hQ__u kp\° kp\° cS>_L$u[Æ_A_° `p°[p_p Nyfy fpdp_¨]$_p rhQpfp°_p° ‚Qpf L$f[p l[p. Apbû ‚h©r—_u h√Q° ∆h_r_hpÆl dpV°$ ≈°X$p kuhhp_y¨ L$pd `ZQpgy S> fl°[y. k¨[ frh]$pk_p° k–k¨N ‚hpl A_° [°d_u hpZu_urkqŸ kp¨cmu_° L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° CÛepÆ L$fhp gp¡ep A_° [°d_p¨^dÆ ‚hQ_p° kp¨cmu kdkdu EW$Èp. iy÷ \C_° h°]$p°_y¨ Np_ L$f°R>° ! fpd _pd_p° drldp Npe R>°, r[gL$ L$f° R>°. Ap ^dÆrhfp°ûL©$–e R>°. A¨[° L$piu_p `¨qX$[p°A° frh]$pk_p ^dp£`]°$i_p L$peÆ_°^dÆ qhfyŸ NZphu L$piu _f°i Óu rhftkl]°$h b^°gp_° aqfep]$L$fu : " [dpfp fpƒedp¨ A°L$ iy÷ W$pLy$f `|≈ L$f° R>°, cNhp__uApf[u D[pf° R>°, ^prdÆL$ ‚hQ_p° L$f° R>°. S° fp≈_p fpƒedpÄ°L$ iy÷ ‹pfp Aphp¨ L$pdp° \[p¨ lp°e A° fp≈ pù R>°. A° _fL$_p°Ar^L$pfu R>°.' fp≈A° `¨qX$[p°_° kp¨cmu_° frh]$pk_° ]$fbpfdp¨bp°gpÏep. L$piu _f°i° frh]$pk_° A_° `¨qX$[p°_° kp¨c˛ep `Zfrh]$pk_p [LÆ$ ApNm ¨qX$[p°_y L$iy S> _ QpÎey A_° ¨qX$[p° lpfu

Nep. frh]$pk° M|b rh_d∞ cph° L$¸y¨ : ""fpS>_π, lz¨ _uQ Ly$mdp¨

S>fiÁep° A° hp[ kpQu, `f¨[y iy÷ A° cNhp__y¨ k¨[p_ _\u ?

A°_p ˘]$edp¨ fpd _\u ? kp• L$p°C_p ifuf `¨Qdlpc|[dp¨\u

b_°gp¨ R>°. k|eÆ kp•_° c°]$cph hNf A°L$ kfMp° ‚L$pi Ap`° R>°,

hpey kp•_p dpV°$ ∆h_]p[p R>°. lz¨ dp_y¨ Ry>¨ L°$, S>° fpd_p° drldp

_\u L$f[p° A° kp•\u _uQ R>°.‚cycsº[ L$p°C KQ L°$ _uQ opr[_p°

C≈fp° _\u. A°_p `f [p° fp≈, f¨L$, rh‹p_-AcZ, _f-_pfu,

kp•_p° kdp_ Aq^L$pf R>°. dpfp NyfyA° [p° d_° º¸y¨ R>° : "lqf L$p°

cS>° kp° lqf L$p lp°e, ≈[ `p[ `|R>° _lv L$p°e.' ‚cy_p° ]$fbpf

[p° kp•_p dpV°$ MyÎgp° fl° R>°. S>fid\u [p° b^p S> iy÷ R>°. L$dÆ\u

S> A° Ap°mMpe R>°.'' k¨[ fqh]$pk_p [LÆ$eyº[ A_° ‚Mf h•q]$L$

rhQpfp° kp¨cmu_° L$piu_f°i M|b S> ‚cprh[ \ep.

frh]$pk° ]¨$cu `¨qX$[p°_° cfu kcpdp¨ `X$L$pf a¢ºep°.

A°dZ° L$¸y¨ : ""[d° gp°L$p° A°d dp_[p lp°e L°$ Cfcsº[,

`|≈`pW$ L°$hm [dpfp° S> Ar^L$pf R>°, [p° Ap bp≈°W$ `f lz¨

W$pL$p°f∆_u d|r[Æ d|Ly¨$ Ry>¨. Ap` kpQp ˘]$e\u cNhp__u csº[

L$fp° R>p° [p° lpL$ dpfp°, d|r[Æ [dpfp Mp°mpdp¨ kpd°\u Aphu S>i°

A_° _ Aph° [p° [dpf° pgMudp¨ b°kpX$u d_° L$piu_Nfdp¨ a°fhhp°

`X$i°. lz¨ `Z cNhp__° bp°gphui A_° d|r[Æ ≈° dpfp Mp°mpdp¨

_p `X°$ [p° lz¨, [d_° `pgMudp¨ b°kpX$u L$piudp¨ a°fhui. iÍ$ L$fp°

`|≈.... bp°gp° d¨”p° !'' ¨qX$[p° [p° frh]$pk_u hp[ kp\° kld[

71 72

43


\C Nep. cº[ A_° cNhp__u L$kp°V$u iÍ$ \C. A°L$ [fa rd’ep

ApX¨$bf l[p° [p° bu∆[fa kpQp ˘]$e_u csº[ l[u !

`¨qX$[p°A° h°]$d¨”p° iÍ$ L$epÆ.A°L$ ‚lf hur[ Nep° `Z

d|r[Æ Mku _lv. R>°hV°$ frh]$pk° cS>_ ggL$peyØ :

A°ku rS>r_ L$fu lp° dlpfpS>....

÷u dp¨rl bCW$•$ [yd ]°$Mp°, rbNf[ l• ep¢ L$pS>.

÷z`]$ ky[p L$u [ydLy¨$ ]°$M[, M¶Q gC kb gpS>...

frh]$pk [p° csº[cphdp¨ dı[ b_u Nep. cº[ A_°

cNhp_ A°L$pL$pf b_u Nep A_° frh]$pk_u Ap¨Mdp¨\u

AÓy‚hpl hl°hp gp¡ep°. L$u[Æ_ yfy \[p¨ S> d|r[Æ L|$]$u_° frh]$pk_p

Mp°mpdp¨ Aphu `X$u. `¨qX$[p° cp¢W$p `X$Èp A_° ‚r[op dyS>b

`¨qX$[p°A° frh]$pk_° `pgMudp¨ b°kpX$u kdN∞ L$piu_Nfdp¨

a°fÏep.

frh]$pk `fdp–dp_° `pdu Q|ºep l[p, R>[p¨ `p°[p_y¨

^dÆL$peÆ R>p°X$Èy¨ _lv : blpf Npd _ Nep lp°e [p° `p°[p_u

T|`X$u_p Ap¨NZdp¨ b°ku_° gp°L$p°_p ≈°X$p kuh[p A_° ‚cyL$u[Æ_

`ZQpgy fpM[p. A°L$ q]$hk Ly$¨X$dp¨ QpdX$p¨ ^p°[p l[p. –epf°

ep”pmyAp°_p kÖ_p L$p°C cº[° frh]$pk_u dÌL$fu L$f[p¨ `|Rπ>ey¨

: ""cN[ ! N¨Np∆_u ep”pA° Aphhy¨ R>° ?'' –epf° frh]$pk° L$¸y¨

: ""cpC, lz¨ [p° Nfub dpZk Ry>¨, dpfy¨ N¨Np∆ Aphhp_y¨ NSy>¨

_\u, Z Ecp flp°, dpfy¨ A°L$ L$pd L$f≈°. Ap Óuam g°[p ≈h

A_° N¨Npd•ep_° L$l°≈°, fp°rl]$pk° dp°L$Îey¨ R>° A_° lp\dp¨ g° [p°

S> Ap`≈°.'' A_° kÖ N¨Np [V°$ Aphu Ecp° f¸p°. A°L$ S>ZpA°

N¨Np[uf° Ecp Ecp L$ y : ""dp[p∆ fp°lu]$pk Qdpf° Ap Óuam

dp°ºÎey R>°, Ap` lp\\u Îep° [p° S> Ap`hp_y L$ y R>°.'' epr”L$p°_p

ApÚeÆ h√Q° N¨Np∆dp¨\u b° lp\ blpf _uL$˛ep A_° a¢L°$gy¨

Óuam [°dp¨ rTgpey, epr”L$p°_p° kÖ [p° ı[Â^ b_u Nep°. A°V$gy

S> _lu k¨[ frh]$pk_° A¢^pZudp¨ Ap`hp dpV°$$ N¨Np∆A° A°L$

kp°_p_y¨ L¨$L$Z N¨Np [V°$ a°ºey¨. cg° Ap b_ph_° ApS>° Ap`Z°

Qd–L$pfdp¨ M`phuA° Z csº[ A_° ÓŸp_u [pL$p[ AhZÆ_ue

lp°e R>°.

d›eL$pgu_ k¨[ L$hre”u dufp A_° rQ[p°X$_u dlpfpZu

TpgubpC `Z k¨[ frh]$pk_u riÛep b_° R>°, S>°_p° DÎg°M

dufp_p `]$dp¨\u dm° R>° :

dufp_° Np°th]$ rdÎep∆, Nyfy rdÎep f• ]$pk,

dufp L°$ ‚cy [yd lu ıhpdu, Óu f•]$pk k[πNyfy∆...

d°fp° d_ gp¡ep° lqfkp°, Ab flz¨Nu _ AV$L$u,

Nyfy rdrgep f• ]$pk∆, L$ufilu op_L$u NyV$L$u.

dufp A_° rQ[p°X$_u dlpfpZu TpgubpC frh]$pk_p¨

riÛep bfiep¨. R>u, frh]$pk_p ∆h_y ≈°Md h›ey. ≈r[c°]$dp¨

dp__p rhfp°û [“hp°A° fp≈_° L$p_ c¨c°fZu L$fhp gp¡ep S>°_°

L$pfZ° frh]$pk_° dL$uAp° dmhp gpNu A_° [°Ap°A° L$piu R>p°X$u

NyS>fp[dp¨ kp°fW$ ‚]°$i_p Nuf_p NpY$ S>¨Ng h√Q° Aph°g kfkpC

Npd° ^|Zu ^Mphu.73 74

44


Nyyyfy_u Mp°S> L$fhp _uL$m°gu dufp Z kfkpC Aph° R>°

A_° frh]$pk_p° c°V$p° \pe R>°. frh]$pk dufp_° Of° `pR>p S>hp

kd≈h° R>° :

A° ∆ [dpf° dufp, k°hp_p R>° f° ipguN∞pd

dufpbpC ! `pR>p¨ Of° ≈Ap° f°,

dufpbpC [d° f° fp≈_u Ly¨$hfu_°

Ad° R>uA° ≈[u_p Qdpf

dufpbpC `pR>p¨ Of° ≈Ap°...

NyS>fp[udp¨ k¨[ frh]$pk_u Qpf-`p¨Q fQ_pAp° dm° R>°.

ƒepf° tl]$udp¨ gNcN 87 S>°V$gp¨ cS>_p° ‚p· \pe R>°. ApQpeÆ

l≈fu‚kp]$ q‹h°]$u p°[p_pN∞\ "rlfi]$u' kprl–edp¨ Dâ°M L$fu_°

L$l° R>° : ""Ap¨X$bf frl[ i•gu A_° k¨ |ZÆ Ap–dk ÆZ_p n°”dp¨

k¨[ frh]$pk kp\° blz Ap°R>p k¨[p°_u kfMpdZu L$fu iL$pe.

≈° lpq]Æ$L$ cphp°_y¨ k¨j°∞nZ L$pÏe_p° D—d NyZ lp°e [p° r_:k¨]°$l

frh]$pk_p¨ `]$p° Ap NyZ\u kd©Ÿ R>°.''

k¨[ frh]$pk_° dufp rQ[p°X$ gC ≈e R>°. A_° rhæ$d

k¨h[ 1584 dp¨ A°V$g° L°$ 151 hjÆ_u Jdf° b∞˚gu_ \ep.

ApS>° Z A° S>¡epA° ""fp°lu]$pk_u R>[fu'' _pd_y [u\Æ dp°Sy>]$

R>°.

!!!!!

8. L$buf∆_p° flıehp]$

L$buf∆

‚pL$V$È : rhæ$d k¨h[ 1456 - C.k. 1400

r_hpÆZ : rhæ$d k¨h[ 1575 - C.k. 1519

ApeyÛeL$pm : 119 hjÆ

b∞˚_u Ap›eps–dL$ A\hp ‚pL©$r[L$ ıhÍ$`_u kp\°

Ap–dp_u cphp–dL$ A°º[p_u A_yc|r[ A° L$buf∆_p°

flıehp]$ R>°.

csº[eyN_p kprl–e_u r_NyÆZhp]$u pfp_u op_dpNw

A_° ‚°ddpNw A° b¨_° ipMpAp°_p d|m Ap^pf_p° S> flıe

kp^_p_p° ıhuL$pf \e°gp° R>°. flıehp]$_° S>° b° Í$`dp¨ dp_hpdp¨

Aph° R>°. [° kp^_p–d flıehp]$ A_° cphp–dL$ flıehp]$.

A°dp¨\u ‚\d ıhÍ$` rhiyŸ Ap›eps–dL$ kp^_p A¨[NÆ[

A‹•[hp]$u qæ$ep-‚qæ$ep ≈°C iL$pe R>°. ƒepf° buSy>¨ ıhÍ$ rhje

A¨[NÆ[ A‹•[-hp]$u R>°. flıehp]$_p° k¨b¨ Qpl° rhiyŸ A^p–d

A\hp A‹•[ kp^_p°\u lp°e A\hp [p° cphp–dL$ kp^p_p\u

lp°e. hı[y[: [p° [° k–e_u S> ip°^ R>°.

hM[p°hM[ rh‹p_p°A° flıehp]$_u `qfcpjp

DL°$ghp/Ap°mMhp A_°L$ ‚e–_p° L$epÆ R>°. `f¨[y r_ZpÆeL$

75 76

45


c||rdL$pA° ApS> ky u L$p°C S> ApÏey _\u. d|m[: [p° flıehp]$_p°

k¨b¨^ Ap›eps–dL$ kp^_p°_u kp\° S> ıhuL$pf \ep° R>°. L$l°hpe

R>° L°$, b∞˚_p Ap›eps–dL$ A\hp `fp ‚pL©$r[L$ ıhÍ$` kp\°

Ap–dp_u cphp–dL$ A°º[p_u A_yc|r[ S> flıehp]$ R>°.

kp^_pde flıehp]$ ƒep¨ Ap–dp `fdp–dp_u A_yc|r[_°

kp^_p op_ L°$ csº[_p° dyøe[: ıhuL$pf L$f° R>°. –ep¨ cphp–dL$

flıehp]$dp¨ cph_pAp°_y¨ S> ‚p^pfie f¸y¨ R>°. [°d R>[p¨ rh‹p_p°

Ap–dp-`fdp–dp_u ‚Ze/qdg__u A_yc|r[_u AhZÆ_ue

nZp°_° op_, csº[_p° rcfl ıhuL$pf L$f° R>°. ƒepf° cp•r[L$

dpfie[pAp° [LÆ$ipı”_p° klpfp° gC Ap–dp-`fdp–dp k¨b¨^u

k–e_y¨ r_Í$`Z r_^pÆfu[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. –epf° rh‹p_p° A_°

op__u sı\r[ L$l° R>°. A°_p\u EgVy¨$ ƒepf° ‚°d L°$ cph_p_p

Ap^pfc|[ [–hp° ‹pfp `fb∞˚ `fd°f_u Apq]$]•$rhL$ ıhÍ$`_u

D`pk_p L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap D`pk_p_° csº[ L$l°hpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. flıehp]$_u Ap b¨_° rhrcfl sı\r[Ap°\u rcfl f°Mp¨qL$[

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap b¨_° sı\r[Ap°_p° k|ˇd k¨b^ S>

flıehp]$_u rhi°j[p ı`Ù$ L$f° R>°. L$l°hpe R>° L°$ ƒepf° L$p°C

`fd[“h_u kp^L$ cphp_yc|r[Ap°_u hpZu ‚]$p_ L$fu

Ap›eps–dL$ A\hp ‚pL©$r[L$ k—p_p flıe_° iÂ]$ ‹pfp D≈Nf

L$f° R>°. kprls–eL$ hp[phfZdp¨ A°_° flıehp]$ L$l°hpe R>°.

kp^_p–dL$ L°$ cphp–dL$ k¨op\u flıehp]$_p¨ b° dyøe ıhÍ$`_p°

ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.L$buf∆_u hpZudp¨ Ap b¨_° Í$`

A–e¨[ ı`Ù$ E[fu Aph° R>°.

ı`Ù$ R>° L°$ L$buf∆ Ap›ep–dhp]$u Q°[_p\u A_y‚°qf[

\C_° `fb∞˚ rhi° S> L¨$C A_ych L$f° R>°. A°_° `p°[p_u hpZu

‹pfp kpdpfie Ïesº[_° `Z kd≈e [° fu[° L$l° R>°. b∞˚ rhQpf

L°$ A_yc|r[_p ı[f D`f A°_y¨ ]$iÆ_ S> flıe kp^_p_° Qpnyj L$f°

R>°. –ep¨ L$buf∆ cph_p_p° `p°[p_p° k¨b¨^ ı\pr`[ L$f° R>°.

L$buf∆ ]$piÆr_L$ A_° L$rh `Z R>° A°V$g° S>° [°d_u kp^_pdp¨

byqŸ A_° cph_p_p° k¨b¨^ \hp° ıhpcprhL$ R>°. Ap`Zp¨

D`r_j]$p° b∞ _° fk Í$ ° ıhuL$pf L$f°R>°. A_° fkp_yc|r[ A° ]$e_y

L$peÆ R>°. ApÓe g°_pf byqŸ_y¨ _\u. b∞˚ S> k–e A_° r_–e R>°.

A_° k–e_u A_yc|r[ dpV°$ pÚp[p` d[ A_ykpf k–e_p° k¨b¨

Ar_hpeÆ R>° `f¨[y cpf[ue ]$iÆ_ ip˜uAp° Ap ‚L$pf_p k–e_°

Ap¨[qfL$ _lv `f¨[y bp¸ k–e_p° S> ıhuL$pf L$f° R>°. ƒepf°

D`r_j]$ Ap b∞˚_u A_yc|r[ bp•qŸL$ [“hp°\u _ dp_u lpq]Æ$L$

[“hp° A\pÆ[π cph_p_p ı[f_p° ıhuL$pf L$f° R>°. L$buf∆A° b∞ _u

A_yc|r[_° [LÆ$kp›e _ dp_u cph_p kp›e_p° ıhuL$pf L$f[p¨

L$l°R>°. :

"L$l[ L$buf [f L$p lzC kp^•

r[_ L$u dr[ l• dp•rl.'

77 78

46


Ap A_yc|r[ dpV°$ L$buf∆A° ep°Nkp^_p° Apkfp° Z

gu^p°. f¨[y dp” d_ hN°f° Cfi÷uep°_u kudp ky u S>. Ap Ap^pf

[°dZ° ‚°d, cph-csº[_° S> Ap‡ep°. A°d_° ‚°d, cph-csº[_p°

kdp_, kNyZ, kpL$pf ıhÍ$` ‚r[ Apksº[ _\u. [° [p° rhiyŸ

‚°d_p klpf° b∞˚_u A_yc|r[_° gpeL$ l[p. A\pÆ[π

‚°dprchrÂp° ıhe¨ flıeÍ$ L°$ flıehp]$ A°V$gp° N∞p¸ L°$ ApjÆL$

_ bfiep° S>°V$gp° cph_p–dL$ flıehp]$.

fpS>_ur[ n°”_p rh‹p_ Óu L° $ih]° $h dpghue

L$buf∆_p Ap cphp–dL$ flıehp]$ rhi° [°d_p rhQpfp° Ïeº[

L$f[p¨ L$l° R>° : cpf[ue kprl–e A_° ^dÆkp^_p_p l≈fp° hjp£

Cr[lpkdp¨ L$buf_p S>°hy¨ [°S>ıhu Ïesº[–h \ey¨ _\u. kde_u

L|$Q S>°d ApNm h^[u ≈e R>°. A°V$gp S> L$buf_° Ap`Z°

_∆L$dp¨ ‚p· L$fuA° R>uA°. A°dp¨ ApÚeÆ \hy¨ _ ≈°CA° L°$

hukdu k]$udp¨ dlp–dp Np¨û_p rhQpfp°_p° d°m `p¨Qkp° hjÆ

`l°gp¨_p L$buf kp\° k¨b¨^ b°k[p° \C ≈e R>° !... A°d_p

kprl–edp¨ kÖjÆ_u Q°[_p ı`Ù$ R>°. [°Ap° T|L$[p _\u. c|gcf°gy

kdp^p_ L$f[p _\u A_° ]$u_[p A°_p ıhcphdp¨ _\u. A°_p

d_dp¨ ı`Ù$ R>° L°$ Ap]$du Ap]$du h√Q° ]$uhpg _\u.

L$buf_u cpjpdp¨ _fdpi _\u. A° kuû S> q]$g\u

_uL$m° R>° A_° q]$g `f Qp°V$ L$f° R>°. kdpS> A_° ^dÆ_u rd’ep

dpfie[pAp° ‚–e° [°dp MyÎgp° rh÷p°l R>°. L$buf_u Mp°S> A° k–e_u

Mp°S> R>°... L$buf_u cpjpdp¨ flıehp]$u ‚[uL$ R>°, D`dp R>°,

`f¨[y A°dp¨ ApNm h^hp_u k¨cph_p `Z R>°. `p°[p_p Cf_°

≈°hp-d°mhhp_p° A°_p° [LÆ$ A°V$gp° ku^p° R>° L°$ [°\u [dpd ApX$bfp°

Mpg_u dpaL$ D[fu ≈e R>°.

...`f¨[y L$buf_p° dpNÆ ‚°d_p° dpNÆ R>°, O©Zp_p° _rl.

L$buf_p° ‚°d |fu dp_h ≈r[ dpV°$ R>°. A°_u tQ[p [dpd dp_h

kdy]$pe_p rl[_u tQ[p L$f° R>°. A°_pdp¨ Ap–drhpk A°V$gp°

Ar^L$ R>° L°$ A° ]¨$cp°_p° èpÆe ]°$Mpe R>°, `f¨[y A°dp¨ ]$¨c _\u.

A° Ap–dp_u k√QpC A_° kpa q]$g\u _uL$m_pfp° ıhpcprhL$

ıhf R>°.

L$buf∆_u flıecph_p rhrh^ Í$`_u R>° [\p A°d_u

ArcÏesº[_p rhrh^ ıhÍ$`, ı[f A_° kp°`p_ R>°.

Alv kyû flıe kp^_p_p d|m [“hp° L°$ D`L$fZp°_p°

‚Ò R>°. Apsı[L$[p_p° ]$f°L$ ı\p_°, dyøe D`L$fZ [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf

\ep° R>°. L$buf∆_u Apsı[L$[p dp_rkL$ khÆ ‚L$pf_p ‚Ò\u

`f R>°. [° khÆ” _psı[L$[p_p° Op°f rhfp°^ L$f[p S>Zpe R>°. –epf°

[p° A_p–d L°$ Ar_fhp]$uAp°_u A°dZ° khÆ” V$uL$p L$fu R>° A_°

bp¸pQpfp°dp¨ f[ fl°[p Apsı[L$p°_° `Z [° R>p°X$[p _\u A°d_u

Apsı[L$[pf[ kp•\u AgN b∞˚_° k–eıhÍ$`_u rh^peu_u

79 80

47


A_yc|r[ L$fph° R>°. ƒep¨ [° i|_u kp^_p_u hp[ L$f° R>°. –ep¨ `Z

A°d_u k¨L° $[ hı[y: _p\`¨\uAp°_u kpd° Age `f¨[y

ƒep°r[ıhÍ$` fb∞ _u k—p‚r[ S> lp°e R>°. r_fuf k—p [fa

ºepf°e _rl. L$buf∆ D`r_j]$p°_p kdp_ b∞˚_p° [“hıhÍ$`

L° Ar_hÆQ_ue_p° ıhuL$pf L$f° R>°. Ar_hÆQ_ue A° [“h lp°hp

R>[p¨ `Z A°_p° b∞˚ `p°[p_pdp¨ `|ZÆ R>°. Ap `|ZÆ\u `qfQe

d°mhhp° A°d_u kp^_p_p° Qfd gˇe R>°.

A°d_u ArcÏesº[ [p° "Ny¨Np_p° Np°m' R>°. S>°_p rhi°

L$buf∆ L$l° R>° : "L$l[ L$buf Ny¨N° NyX$ ıhp]$ rb_ fk L$p L$f°

bY$pC.' Ap [p° dp” A_yc|r[S>fie D`gsÂ^ R>°. [°_p°

QdÆQny\u kpnp–L$pf \hp° k¨ch _\u. Ap A_pq]$ AM¨X$

k—p_p° AprhcpÆh dp” cph_pdp¨ S> k¨ch R>°. Afie L$p°C Í$`°

A\hp cph\u _rl. kyN¨^ k|ˇd lp°hp R>[p¨ `Z [° kyN¨^

A_yc|r[S>fie R>°. L$buf∆ L$l° R>° L$°, "S>° A_yc|r[S>fie R>° A°_°

≈°hp A\hp A°_p rhi° L¨$C `Z L$l°hy¨ iºe _\u.' A° ‚L$pf°

L$buf∆_u b∞˚ rhjeL$ flıede A_yc|r[ S> kdfihep–dL$

R>°.

flıehp]$u dpV°$ ‚°d A_° cph_p AphÌeL$ R>°. L$buf∆

Ap [’e_° ≈Z[p l[p. [° A° `Z ≈Z[p l[p L°$ ‚°d_u kp\°

csº[ `Z A°V$gu S>Í$fu R>°. Ap ‚L$pf° [°dZ° r_NyÆZ csº[_y¨

‚r[`p]$_ L$fu A°_p° ‚Qpf ‚kpf Lep£. cN[ A_° csº[_y dl“h

‚r[`p]$u[ L$f[p¨ [°dZ° L$¸y¨ : "csº[ dpV°$ ˘]$e_u kp\°° kp\°

ApQfZ `Z A°V$gy¨ S> iyŸ lp°hy¨ ≈°CA°. ApQfZ iyŸ lp°e [p°

˘]$e `Z A°V$gy¨ S> iyŸ \C_° csº[_y¨ `p” \C ≈e R>°. S>°

A[fp–dp fdp–dp_u flıep_yc|r[ L$fph° iL°$ R>°. [° Z ºepf° ?

ƒepf° A° AgM r_f¨S>__u L©$`p \C ≈e –epf°. A°_u L©$`p hNf

Ap–dp_p° kpnp–L$pf A\hp Ap–dpdp¨ b∞˚ kpnp–L$pf_p° ‚Ò

S> EW$[p° _\u. A°_u L©$`p A_° ‚r[`|ZÆ ‚°dcph_p D]$e dpV°$

A°_p Agp•qL$L$ kp•]$eÆ_p NyZp°_p° `qfQe \hp° A–e¨[ AphÌeL$

R>°. L$buf∆ dp_[p l[p L°$ Ap `qfQe op_\u A_° `|ZÆ op_

kyû `lp¢Q°gp L$f\u S> ‚p· \pe R>°. A°V$g° Nyfy_u L©$`p S>Í$fu

R>°. Nyfy S> A°_p ıhÍ$`_u `|ZÆ A_yyc|r[ L$fphu Ap–dp -

`fdp–dpdp¨ cphp–dL$ A•L$e_u sı\r[ kyû lp¢QpX°$ R>°. A°V$g°

S> L$buf∆A° `p°[p_u kp^_p `Ÿr[dp¨ Nyfy_yÿ dl“h kd≈hu

L$¸y¨ R>° L°$,"ƒepf° NyfyL©$`p_y¨ _°” M|gu ≈e R>° –epf° `fdr‚e

(cNhp_)_u Tp¨Mu_u A_yc|r[ kp^L$_u kdN∞ Q°[_pdp¨

rhcp°f L$fu ]°$ R>°.' Ap Ahı\p_° flıekp^_pdp¨ op_ ≈N©r[_u

Ahı\p L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

L$buf∆_u A_°L$ kpMuAp°dp¨ Ap Ahı\p_y¨ ∆h¨[

rQ”Z \e°gy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. A°_u rhcp°f[p A\hp [âu_[p_y¨

81 82

48


hZÆ_ L$f[p¨ L$buf∆ L$l° R>° L°$ "`fd flıe kp^_p°dp¨ Ahfp°^L$

dpep_p Ası[–h_p° `Z ıhuL$pf \ep° R>°, A° dpep `p°[p_p

‚cph_u, rhcp°f[p_u A° sı\r[ gp¨bp° kde V$L$[u _\u. –epf°

rhfl flıekp^_p Ap–dp_° ÏepLy$m dp°rl[ L$fhp gpN° R>°. ‚°d

flıekp^_p_y¨ d|m [“h R>°. [p° rhfl ]$f°L$ ‚L$pf° Ap–dp_°

`qfÛL©$[ L$f_pfu ]$f°L$ nZ r‚e A\hp [p° b∞˚_u r_e—p_u

A_yc|r[ L$fphu fpM_pfy¨ A°L$ rhriÙ$ [–h R>°. –epf° S> rhfl L°$

[]π$S>fie ÏepLy$m[p_° fp°L$[p¨ L$buf∆ L$l° R>° L°$, "rhfl kde°

Ap–dp_u Q°[_pdp¨ S>° fpNuZu hpN° R>°. A°_° [° fd [“h AhÌe

kp¨cm° R>°.' A°hp rhfl_° L$buf∆ Mp°V$p° L$C fu[° L$l°? A°_° [p°

Ap–dp_p yfıL$[pÆ L°$ fdp–dp_y¨ kpr_›e L$f_pf R>°. A°_u ]$f°L$

]$ipAp°_p° L°$ flıep_yc|r[_y¨ dprdÆL$ A¨Nc|[ hZÆ_ L$eyØ R>°.

‚°d A_° rhfl_u A_yc|r[ cph_p‚^p_ R>°. ]$pÁ`–e

cphdp¨ S> A°_u Qfd kudpA° ≈°hp dm° R>°. A° L$pfZ°

L$buf∆A° `Z `p°[p_u flıekp^_pdp¨ ]$pÁ`–e cph_° S>

dl“h Ap‡ey¨ R>°. L$buf∆_u dpfie[p R>° L°$, flıekp^_pdp¨

]$pÁ`–ecph S> kp^_p_° _•r[L$ fpMu iL°$ R>°. A° L$pfZ A°dZ°

klS> ıhpcprhL$ _•r[L$[p_p° S> DÎg°M L$ep£ R>°. L$buf∆ [p°

–ep¨ ky^u L$l° R>° L°$, "ƒepf° _•r[L$[pAp°_p° r_hpÆl L$qW_ A\hp

]y$gÆc \C ≈e [p° `p°[p_u ≈[_p° khpÆ–dcph\u ‚cy_° Ar`Æ[

L$fu ]°$hu.'

cpf[ue Ap–d]$iÆ_dp¨ A°_° ‚Nr[hp]$ L$l° R>°. A°_u

kp\° kp\° Ap–diyqŸ L°$ b∞ kpnp–L$pf_° dpV°$ L$buf∆A° _pd,

≈`, ›ep_, cS>_, L$u[Æ__p dl“h_p° `Z ıhuL$pf L$ep£ R>°.

_pd b∞˚_u D`pk_p_° dpV°$ k¨Nu[_y¨ `Z dl“h kd≈Ïey¨ R>°

A_° _pdıdfZ A\hp ıdfZ_° A°V$gy¨ S> dl“h Ap‡ey¨ R>° A_°

[°_p dl“h_y¨ ‚r[`p]$_ `Z L$eyØ R>°.

Ap–diyqŸ L$fu cphpr[f°L$_p nZp°dp¨ A° `fd[“h_u

A_yc||r[ `pdhp dpV°$ L$buf∆A° AS>¨`p≈` kp^_pdp¨ K^u

Qpg A\pÆ[π blzdyMu ‚h©r—Ap°_° A¨[dyÆMu b_phhp_u ‚h©r—,

fpk cp°N Apq]$ [“hp°_y dl“h kd≈Ïey R>°. A°_° flıekp^_p_u

A°L$ ‚L$pf_u Ar_hpeÆ ‚qæ$ep b[phu R>°. `f¨[y A¨[fp–dpdp¨

`fdp–dp_u flıep_yc|r[ dpV°$ ∞‚°dcsº[_° khpÆr^L$ dl“h

Ap‡ey¨ R>°. ‚°dpÓe$\u S> L$buf∆ cph_p–dL$ kpnp–L$pf \C_°

A°L$ ArQfi[ Ap_¨]$_u k©rÙ$ fQpe R>°. –epf° cº[ cNhp_dp¨

L$p°C ı\|m ep ◊Ìe A¨[f fpM[p° _\u. Ap A_yc||r[ L$buf∆_p

Ap `]$dp¨\u Ap`Z_° \pe R>°.

L$p•_ f¨Nf°S>hp¨ f¨Ng d°fu Qy_fu, $&&1$&&

^pNp `p¨Q `Qukp° gpN°, lp\ `fu `fdpf\ ]y$gfu.

Qp•L$u Qpf ‚°d L$p b|V$p, rlf[ ep r_ lp° NC r`Dfu.

`rlqf Ap°qY$ ^r_ cC k[ dpfN,

kdyrT kdyrT cC r]$_ r]$_ ]y$bfu $&&4$&&

83 84

49


L$l¨ rl L$buf AS>b f¨Nf°S>hp,

kp^y k¨Nr[ Nrl Qf_ _ Dbfu. $&&5$&&

(L$buf ıhpdu_u Ad©[hpZu)

A\pÆ[π :

L$ep f¨N°f°S>° dpfu Ap Q|¨]$X$u f¨Nu R>° ? f¨Nf°S> [° L$p°Z ?

A° ‚Ò ıhpcprhL$ fu[° Ap`Z_° \pe. Ap f¨Nf°S> [° bu≈° L$p°C

_rl, `Z S>°Z° Ap ifufÍ$ù Q|¨]$X$udp¨ `p¨Q [“h A_° `Quk

‚L©$r[Í$ù ]$p°fp V$p¨ºep R>°, [° R>°. A°_p lp\° ]°$hpe°gp V$p¨L$p\u

Q|¨]$X$u (ifuf) r‚e \C NC R>°. A°dp¨ bÂb° lp\`N Í$ù Qpf

Qp°L$u R>° A_° [°dp¨ ‚°d_p byÀ$p gp¡ep R>°, A°_° `l°f[p¨ S> Ap

∆hÍ$ù ˜u kyip°cu[ \C NC. S>°d L$p°C ˜u ùmu Ap°Y$Zu

`l°fu_° ùmu \C ≈e R>°. [°d ∆hÍ$ù ˜u csº[ Í$ù ùmu

Q|¨]$X$u `l°fu_° ùmu \C NC R>°. ∆hÍ$ù ˜u Ap Q|¨]$X$u_° `l°fu

Ap°Y$u k–e dpN£ NC R>°. A°hp d_yÛe ifuf\u k[π `yfyj

`fdp–dp_u ‚pr·_y¨ kp^_ L$f° R>°. kd∆ kd∆_° q]$_ ‚r[q]$_

]|$bmu \C NC R>°. op__y L$qW$_ kp^_ id]$dpq]$ L$fhp\u ifuf

kyL$pC Ney R>°. L$buf∆ L$l° R>° L°$, Ap ifufÍ$ù Q|]$X$u_° f¨N_pfp°

f¨Nf°S> AS>b R>°. ifufÍ$ù Q|¨]$X$u_° csº[Í$ù f¨N\u f¨N_pf_p

f¨Nhp\u f¨Npe°gy¨ ifuf k–k¨N L$fu_° Nyfy [\p k¨[_p QfZp°_°

`L$X$u_° ENfu Nep° R>°. ∆hÍ$ù u_p° k¨kpfÍ$ù kpNf\u DŸpf

\C Nep°. Nyfy_p D`]°$i\u A¨[:L$fZdp¨ k¨ıL$pf ‚p· \pe R>°.

[°\u kp^_csº[, csº[\u op_ A_° op_\u dysº[ ‚p· \pe

R>°.

""`flf L$e• bpgp _uX$ [p

≈_° qL$ep L$fku ùW,

‹•[u ≈_°f qL$ep L$f[u,

‹•r[ NC dr[r]$_.''

(L$buf∆)

Ap sı\r[dp¨ d__p khÆ ‹•[ q‹^pcph S>[p fl° R>°.

–ep¨ kyû L°$ kp^L$ kp›e_p cph `Z fl°[p _\u. b¨_°dp¨

A°L$bu≈dp¨ kdpC_° ‹•[_u kudp `pf L$fu A‹•[_° ‚p· L$f° R>°

A_° [° nZ ƒepf° flıe_u A_hf[ kp^_pdp¨ gu_ \e°g kp^L$

Ap–dp_p rdg__u nZ_° ‚p· L$f° R>°. R>u rhQpf_y¨ Í$`L$ bp¨û

L$buf∆_u kp^L$ Apı\p `p°[p_u Cfi÷uep°Í$ù `–_uAp°_°

k¨bp°û_° [° L$l°$ A_° `R>u rdg_ nZ_u A_yc||r[_° V$p¨L$u

L$buf∆ L$l° R>°. A°L$ kp•cp¡eh[u_u S>° A_yc|r[ A_°

Ar^f[p_u ]$f°L$ sı\r[ p°[p_p r‚e[d_y A°L$p¨[ ]$iÆ_ L$fu [°dp¨

rhrg_ \C A°L$–h_u rQf¨[f cph_p\u kcf [p]$p–Áe_u

Nl°fpCdp¨ X|$bu ≈e R>°. S>° fu[° ñ

"" gpgu d°f° gpg L$u; rS>[ ]°$My¨ r_[ gpg,

gpgu Mp°S>_ d¢ NC, d¢ cu lp° NC gpg.''

85 86

50


gpgu_° ip°^[p¨ ip°^[p¨ `p°[° `Z gpg \C NC. Ap

flıekp^_p_u Qfdkudp A\hp [p° A‹•[_u A¨r[d Apı\p

R>°, ÓŸp R>°. ƒep¨ `lp¢Qu Ap_¨]$ rkhpe buSy>¨ L¨$C S> ‚p· \[y¨

_\u. Ap_¨]$_u A°_° Ar_hÆQe_ue sı\r[dp¨ flıe kp^_p_u

`fdphı\p A\hp Qfdkudp R>°. A°_° [p]$p–Áe sı\q[ `Z

L$l°hpe R>°. kp›e A_° kp^L$ h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f fl°[y¨ _\u. Ap_¨]$_u

[uh∞[d A_yc|r[ A¨[° [p° kp^L$_y¨ dp•_ A\pÆ[π Ap–dp -

`fdp–dpdp¨ kdpC_° E≈Nf L$f° R>°. `f¨[y kp^L$ Ap ]$iÆ_

rdg__u nZ (]$iÆ_ A\hp [p° kpnp–L$pf) _u A_yc|r[_° p°[°

Akd\Æ dp_° R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_u L$buf∆_u cph_p–dL$ flıe

kp^_p_u dp”p `|ZÆ \pe R>°. kp^L$ S>° S>° Ahı\pdp¨\u `kpf

\pe R>° [°_p° L$buf∆_u hpZudp¨ æ$rdL$ rhL$pk \[p° ≈°C iL$pe

R>°.

flıehp]$_p b° Í$`-kp^_p–dL$ A_° cph_p–dL$_°

Ap`Z° ApNm [`pku Nep. D`f S>° Í$`_y¨ rQ”p¨L$_ L$eyØ R>° [°

dyøe[: cph_p–dL$ flıehp]$ R>°. L$buf∆_u hpZudp¨

kp^_p–dL$ flıehp]$_u Q°[_p_y¨ kdsfih[ ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°.

kp^_p–dL$ flıehp]$ `Z d|m [p° Ap–dp ‹pfp b_[u

A_yc|r[. A°V$g° L°$, A°L$ ‚L$pf_u ep•rNL$ ‚qæ$ep. A° L$pfZ°

L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° Ap bu≈ ‚L$pf_p flıehp]$_u ep•rNL$ flıehp]$

L$fu_° ı\pr`[ L$f° R>°. h•q]$L$ k¨rl[pAp° D`_rj]$p° A_° yfpZp°dp¨

`Z Ap ‚L$pf_u flıe kp^_p_p k¨L°$[ A_° hZÆ_ `epÆ·

dp”pdp¨ D`gÂ^ \pe R>°. dlrjÆ `[¨S>rgA° L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ : Ap

‚L$pf_u flıekp^_p Ïehsı\[ fu[° ‚r[ı\p`_ \C R>°. A°

L$pfZ° L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° A°_° "`p[¨S>rg ‚°qf[ ‚]$iÆ_'_p _pd\u Z

≈Z° R>°. Ap Apsı[L$ ep°N]$iÆ__p° Ïep` dyøe[: _p]$ A\hp

[p° iÂ]$b∞ _u Ïepøep L°$ kpnp–L$pf b[phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A°dp¨

ed, r_ed, Apk_, ‚pZpepd, ›ep_, ^pfZp A_° kdpr^

hN°f° AÙ$ A¨Np°_y¨ rhi°j dl“h ıhuL$pfhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. A¨r[d

A¨N kdpr^_u Ahı\p_° S> b∞˚p_y¨`r[_u Ahı\p L$l°hpdp¨

Aph° R>°. L$l°hpe R>° L°$ Ap ‚L$pf_u ep°Nkp^_p_y gˇe b∞ pq]$dp¨

r`fiX$ A_° r`fiX$dp¨ b∞ p¨X$_u A_yc|r[ \pe R>° S>° hpı[hdp¨ Ar[

Ar^L$ flıede ‚qæ$ep R>°. cpf[ue `f¨`fp A_ykpf Ap

‚qæ$epdp¨ bp¸ h©r—Ap°_° A¨[dyÆMu h©r—Ap°dp¨ a°fhhp_u ‚qæ$ep

R>°. ƒepf° `pÚp–e d[ A_ykpf A¨[◊ÆrÙ$_u A°º[p_u ‚qæ$ep

L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

L$buf∆_u flıekp^_pdp¨ Ap kp^p_p–dL$ flıe

kp^_pdp¨ Z Ar_d°j ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. kp^L$ ƒepf° Ap sı\r[dp¨

lp°e R>° –epf° kp^L°$ rhrQ” iÂ]$p°, Í$`p°, ıhÍ$`p°, A_° ◊Ìep°_u

A_yc|r[dp\u kpf \hy X°$ R>°. L$buf∆_u hpZudp Ap ‚L$pf_u

◊Ìep° L°$ ›hr__p L°$V$gp¨e D]$plfZ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

87 88

51


""_•_p°¨ A¨[f Ape [|, _•_ Tp¨r` [p° rl g°h,

_p d¶ ]°$Mp¶ Ap•f_ L$p°, _p [p° rl ]°$M_ ]°$h.''

(L$buf∆)

A\pÆ[π :

l° `fdp–_ ! [y¨ dpfp _°”p°_u A¨]$f Aphu ≈ A_° lz¨ [_°

Ap¨Mp°_u A¨]$f Y$p¨L$u gJ. L$p°C bu≈_° lz¨ ≈°Ci _rl, A_° [_°

L$p°C_° ≈°hp ]$Ci _rl. ƒepf° [y¨ dpfu A¨]$f Aphu S>i° –epf° lz¨

[_° ≈°C_° Ap_¨]$kpNfdp¨ d¡_ \C S>Ci.

kp^L$ ƒepf° ∆h A_° rihdp¨ d¡_ \C ≈e R>°. –epf°

A°_° d°ONS>Æ_p k¨cmpe R>°, A_l]$ _p]$›hr_ k¨cmpe R>°. S>°_°

L$pfZ° kp^L$ kp^_pdp¨\u rhQrg[ \pe R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_p

flıep–dL$ k¨L°$[p°_y¨ ıhÍ$` kp^L$_° èpÆ· fu[° ≈°hp L°$

A_ychhp dm° R>°. qfZpd[: A°_p° kp^_p–dL$ flıehp]$ Z

rhiyŸ kp^_p A\hp [p° Ap¨rNL$ kp^_p _ fl°[p¨ cphp–dL

\C ≈e R>°.

L$buf∆_u flıe kp^_pdp¨ flıep–dL$ `pqfcprjL$

iÂ]$p°_y¨ rhi°j dl“h ıhuL$pfhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. ƒep¨ pqfcprjL$

iÂ]$p° `f L$buf∆A° Ar^L$ cpf Ap‡ep° R>°, –ep¨ hZÆ_p°dp¨

iyÛL$[p, r_fk[p_p° kdph°i \C ≈e R>°. ƒep¨ [° Í$`L$ Apq]$_p°

‚ep°N L$f° R>°. –ep¨ h^pf° r_fk[p, iyÛL$[p_p° ˙pk \C fkde

\C ≈e R>°.

Ap ‚L$pf° r_ÛL$jÆ_p Í$`dp¨ L$luA° [p° flıe kp^_p_u

S>°V$gu Z sı\r[Ap° Ahı\p L°$ ıhÍ$` dm° R>° [° ]$f°L$ L$buf∆_p¨

`]$p°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. cpf[ue flıe kp^_p‚qæ$ep_u bû S>

dpfie[pAp° A_° rhi°j[pAp°_y¨ ]$iÆ_ L$]$pQ _ \pe, `f¨[y [°_u

L°$V$guL$ dp•rgL$ rhi°j[pAp° `Z qh‹p_p°A° A¨qL$[ L$fu Apù

R>°. kp• ‚\d dp•rgL$[p A°R>° L°$ L$buf∆A° `p°[p_p rhi° rhi°j

k¨b¨^ fpM[u pfZp°Ap°_° L°$fi÷u[ L$fhp_p° kam ‚e–_ L$ep£ R>°.

A°d_u flıekp^_p_y¨ n°” èpÆ·, rhı[©[ L°$ Ïep`L$ \C kpd°

Aph° R>°. Ap rhi°j[p\u L$l°hpe R>° L°$, L$buf∆ dp” flıehp]$u

_ fl°[p¨ A°L$ kp^L$, rhQpfL$, ky^pfL$, D`]°$iL$ A_° N©lı\

`Z l[p. A°dp¨ ‚h©r—_p° kdph°i ıh[: \C S> Nep° R>°.

`qfZpd ıhÍ$` iyÛL$[p, r_fk[p_p° kdph°i Z ıh[: \C S>

Nep° R>°. A°d_p ‹pfp p°[p_p ‚r[L$pq]$ D`L$fZ |ZÆ[p p°[p_u

ApSy>bpSy>\u S> d°mh°gp¨ R>°. [°d R>[p¨ `Z _hu_[dπ dpg|d

`X$Èp¨ R>°. A°dp¨ fkde[p_p° `Z kdph°i \C Nep° R>°.

fkde[p_p° kdph°i L$f_pfu [°d_u flıekp^_p rhi°j

Dâ°M_ue R>°. ‚°d[“h_p ]$pÁ`–ecph_° Ar^L$ N∞lZ L$f[p¨

Ap ‚°d_° A\hp A°_u ‚qæ$epAp°_p° k¨b¨ kdN∞[: N∞p¸ b_phu

]°$ R>°. A°L$ hpı[rhL$ Ap_¨]$_u Z k©rÙ$ Ecu L$fu ]°$ R>°. ‚°dfk_u

dp]$L$[p_° h∆Æ[ L$f_pfy¨ [°d_y¨ A°L$ `]$ Ahgp°L$_ue R>°.

89 90

52


""]$u`L$ ky¨]$f ]°$rM L•$, S>qf S>qf df• `[¨N,bY$u glf ≈° rhje L$u, S>f[ _ `p•X$° A¨N.''

(L$buf∆)A\pÆ[π :S>°d ky¨]$f ]$u`L$_° ≈°C `[¨rNey¨ ApL$rjÆ[ \C_° ≈[_°

kdr`Æ[ L$fu ]°$ R>°. [° fu[° rhje Apkº[ Ïesº[ `Z `p°[p_u≈[_y¨ kd`ÆZ L$fu ]°$ R>°. [° rhjecp°N\u [©· \[p° _\u. S>° fu[°]$u`L$ A° [¨rNep_p° rhje R>°. [° fu[° L$prd_u A° L$pdu yfyj_p°rhje R>°.

A‹•[ cph_p A°L$p–dL$_u A_yc|r[ L$buf∆_uflıekp^_p_u dyøe rhi°j[p L$l°hpC R>°. ‹•[ cph_p_y¨ A°M¨X$_ L$f° R>°. ‹•[ cph\u A°L$p–dcph k¨ch _\u. k–e_y¨ ]$iÆ_`Z ‹•[ cph_u sı\r[dp¨ kp^L$ L$fu iL$[p° _\u. L$buf∆A°L$¸y¨ R>°L°$,"" dp_rkL$ qhL$pk |hÆ S>fid_p L$dp£_° Apr^_ R>°. Apdpfie[p `Z A°_u ArhL$Î` r_∆ rhi°j[p L$l°hpe R>°. L$dÆ_usı\r[ A_° L$dÆ ıhÍ$` S> flıekp^_p `p°[p_u kp^_p\u[p]$p–Áe L$f° R>°. A°hu L$buf∆_u ◊Y$ dpfie[p R>°.''

Ap ‚L$pf° D`fp°º[ kdN∞ rhh°Q_ - rhÔg°jZ_pr_ÛL$jÆ ıhÍ$` Ap`Z° L$buf∆_° A°L$ ‚dyM cpf[ue flıekp^_p_p kp^L$ L$lu iL$uA°. A°d_u Q°[_ A°V$g° L°$ cph,kp^_pN[ ‚qæ$ep hN°f° ‚–e°L ı[f° D—d flu R>°. A°dp¨ `|ZÆdp yeÆ_p° kdph°i \C Nep° R>°. [° A°L$ iyÛL$, r_fk kp^_ _\u.

`f¨[y kyN¨^ A_° kp¶]$eÆ_u kp^_p R>°.

!!!!!

9. eyN÷Ù$p L$buf∆

L$buf L$l° L$dpg L$p°, ]$p° bp[p¨ rkM g°;

L$f kpl°b L$u b¨]$Nu, c|M° L$p° L|$R> ]°$.

ñL$buf∆

_d∞ cph° L$buf∆ S>Zph° R>° L°$, "c|øep_° cp°S>_

Ap`hp_p° dp_h ^dÆ b≈hhp_p° R>°.' kph kp]$p iÂ]$p°dp¨

Ap`°gp° Ap D`]°$i R>°L$ _p_pdp¨ _p_p NZp[p gp°L$kdy]$pe_p

˘]$edp¨ ‚h°i L$fu Nep° R>°. [°\u S> [p° L$buf∆ gp°L$kdy]$pe_p

b_u f¸p R>°. [°d_u hpZu_u kfhpZu k[[ gp°L$∆c° h¸p L$f°

R>°. L$buf∆ gp°L$˘]$edp¨ Ïesº[ _rl, `Z ‚r[L$_p Í$`dp¨

‚r[rõ$[ \ep R>°. A°d_u R>]$ ep°S>_p, Dsº[ h•rQ‘e A_° AgL$pf

rh^p_ `|ZÆÍ$`° ıhpcprhL$ A_° klS>kp›e R>°.

L$buf∆_u hpZudp¨ A`|hÆ Qd–L$pf R>°. A°dZ° ºepf°L$

kph ku^p kp]$p iÂ]$p°dp¨ N¨cuf Qp°V$ ‹pfp dp_h˘]$e_° T¨L©$[

L$eyØ R>°. [p° ºepf°L$ Ap–drhQpf, ep°N_u ANÁe c|rdL$p A_°

L$hrQ[π NyY$pr[N|Y$ hpZu_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R>°. A°d_p A°L$ A°L$

iÂ]$dp¨ ∆h__u k–e kp^_p_° rkŸ L$fhp_u "lz' ]$_y rhkS>Æ_

L$fu r_fprcdp_u b_hp_p° D`]$°i R>°. A°d_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ ‚°d,

Ap–due[p, ip¨r[_p° k¨]°$i R>°, [p° ]¨$c, L$pd, æ$p°^, gp°c, dp°l,

91 92

53


[©ÛZp, dpep, Al¨L$pf_° r_d|ÆÆm L$fu r_[epÆ r_dÆm S>m S>°hy¨

∆h_ b_phhp_p° Ap]°$i R>°. –epN, _pd-ıdfZ, rhQpf, ep°N,

op_ A_° csº[ ‹pfp ∆h_ qfiyŸ b_phhp_y tQ[_ R>°. [°d_p

A°L$ A°L$ iÂ]$dp¨ tQ[__y¨ KX$pZ R>°.

L$buf∆ Ap›eps–dL$ tQ[L$ l[p. rh‹p_p°A° Sy>]$u Sy>]$u

fu[° A°d_u hpZu_y¨ A›ee_ A_° tQ[_ L$eyØ R>°. L$buf∆ rhi°

kdpS>ky pfL$_p Í$`dp¨, khÆ dÆ kdfihe_p Í$`dp¨ A_° h°]$pfi[_p

Ïepøep[p - ]$piÆr_L$_p Í$`dp¨ A_°L$ QQpÆAp° \C R>°.

L$buf∆ k¨[, tQ[L$, kp^L$, rhQpfL$, cº[, L$rh,

eyNˆÙ$p A_° eyN÷Ù$p l[p. [°d_p tQ[_dp¨\u k–k¨N

_pdp°`pk_p, Nyfycsº[, r_ÛL$pd L$dÆ hN°°f° kp^_p_u ‚p\rdL$

c|rdL$pA° khÆ kpdpfie S>_[p_° D—d k]π$bp°^ `|fp° `pX°$ R>°. [°

‹pfp ≈r[, Ly$mprcdp_, R|>[pR|>[ A_° ^prdÆL$ rh‹•j Apq]$_p

`qf–epN dpV°$ [°dZ° Lf°gy¨ r_fy`Z Ac|[`|hÆ A_° A]π$c|[ R>°.

D`]°$i Ap`hp_u [°d_u `Ÿr[ kph r_fpmu l[u. iyŸ

dp_h‚°du lp°hp_p L$pfZ\u [°dZ° r_cÆe \C_° ^prdÆL$ A_°

kpdp∆L$ rhjd[pAp° D`f L$W$p°f ‚lpfp° L$epÆ. byfpCAp°_u L$Vy$

Apgp°Q_p L$fu_° k]π$NyZp°_p° D`]°$i L$ep£.

L$buf∆_u csº[ kp^_p_y¨ L°$fi÷tb]y$ ""‚°d'' R>°.

[fhpf_u AZuA° dÆ`qf[hÆ_ L$fph[u ‚≈ h√Q° A°d_p° DR>°f

\ep°. L$buf kpl°b° rlfi]y$ A_° dykgdp_, KQ-_uQ, op_u -

Aop_u, –epNu - N©lı\u, tlkL$ - AtlkL$, L$dÆ, op_ A_°

D`pk_pq]$ Ap–dp°`gnu kp^_p°, kNyZ A_° r_NyÆZ A°d

`fı`f rhfp°^pcpk_p eyNdp¨ ‚L$V$ \C_° [°_p NyZ]$p°j_y¨

r_funZ L$fu [° kde_p ]$p°jp°_° r_d|Æm L$fhpdp¨ kam[p ‚p·

L$fu.

L$buf kpl°°b° `p°[p_u ‚cphipmu q]$ÏehpZu\u

Í$qY$hp]$_p° r_j° L$ep£. A¨ pÓŸpdp¨ kbX$[u ‚≈_p° DŸpf L$ep£,

A°V$gy¨ S> _rl `p°[p_u A_ychrkŸ hpZu\u ^dpÆfi^[p_p T_|_

kpd° ‚bm Apæ$p°i W$pgÏep°. iy rlfi]y$ L°$ dykgdp_, ‚–e°L$ dÆ_p

d|mdp¨ f°X$pe°gp¨ h°f-T°f_° Ad©[de L$fu_° kdN∞ ‚≈dp¨ D–kpl,

•eÆ, kplk A_° kl_iug[p_p¨ buS> fp°‡ep¨ A_° ‚≈_° k]π$dpN£

hpmhp_p° [_[p°X$ ‚epk L$ep£ R>°. [°dZ° op_, h•fp¡e, [` A_°

–epN_p° ku^u kp]$u cpjpdp¨ D`]°$i Ap‡ep° R>°.

""≈[`p¨[ `|R>° _rl L$p°C,

lqf L$p° cS>° kp° lqfL$p lp°C.''

A°d_p iÂ]$dp¨ ∆h__u k√QpC, kdp_[p, klL$pf,

k]$pQpf A_° k]$pQfZ_p¨ ‚–en ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. ApS>° Z A°d_p°

iÂ]$ Arh_piu A_° Ap yr_L$ R>°. [°d_u hpZu r_]Ø$c, k]πbp° L$

A_° `fb∞˚_u D]π$bp°^L$ R>°.

93 94

54


L$buf∆_p ∆h_]$iÆ_dp¨ ‚–e°L$ dp_h ‚–e° ‚°d A_°

k]π$cph AıMrg[ fu[° h¸p L$f° R>°. [°d_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ op_,[`,

kp^_p _° ep°N bm_° rhi° rhi°j dp^yeÆ R>°. L$buf∆A°

dp_hu_p Clgp•qL$L$ A_° `fgp•qL$L$ ∆h__° ky^pfhp_p° S>°

‚epk L$ep£ R>°, [° cpf[_p k¨[ Cr[lpkdp¨ kyhZÆ Anf° gMpep°

R>°.

L$buf∆_p° iÂ]$ dp_rkL$ _rl, `f¨[y ˘]$edp¨\u

D]π$ch[p° iÂ]$ R>°. [°Ap° ıh[¨” rhQpfL l[p. ]¨$c, ApX¨$bf,

Í$qY$Qyı[[p, d[pd[p¨[fp°_p c°]$ A_° L$dÆL$p¨X$_p L$À$f rhfp°û

l[p. cpf[ue rlfi]y$-dykgdp_ A°L$[p_p khÆ‚\d ‚QpfL$ A_°

kd\ÆL$ l[p. iÍ$ iÍ$dp¨ [°d_p Ap rhQpfp°\u dysıgd dp•ghuAp°

A_° rlfi]y$ `¨qX$[p° M|b _pfpS> \ep. [°d_° ]$f°L$ ‚L$pf° L$Ù$

Ap`hp_y¨ iÍ$ L$eyØ. A_°L$ ‚L$pf_u ep[_pAp° kl_ L$fhu `X$u.

[°Ap°_° d]$p°fid— lp\u_p `N [m° QN]$u ]°$hp dpV°$ lp\u_u kpd°

gphhpdp¨ ApÏep. A°d_p lp\ N bp¨ u_° pZudp¨ X|$bpX$u ]°$hp

dpV°$ Q°Ù$p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu. `f¨[y `p°[p_p r_^pÆfu[ dpN£\u [°Ap°

X$¡ep _rl. ƒepf° [°d_p iÂ]$_p° ›hr_ rlfi]y$ A_° dykgdp_ b¨_°

≈r[_p l≈fp° gp°L$p°_p L$p_dp¨ N¨ yS>[p° \ep° –epf° [°Ap°

L$buf∆_p AprÓ[ A_° A_yepeu \ep.

L$buf∆ tl]y$Ap°_p hZpÆÓd, ^dÆ A\hp ≈r[c°]$_p

L$À$f rhfp°û l[p. h°]$-ip˜p° L°$ Ly$fp_dp¨\u L$p°C_° c∞psfi[lu_ L°$

]$f°L$ hp[dp¨ ‚dpZ dp_[p _ l[p. [°dZ° rlfi]y$d[ A_° Cıgpd

A° b¨_°dp¨\u kpdpfie k–e_° A°L$ kdp_ N∞lZ L$eyØ. k¨ıL©$[ A_°

apfku, D]yÆ$ A_° rlfi]$u A° Qpf°e cpjpAp°_p iÂ]$p°_p° [°dZ°

`p°[p_p L$pÏep°dp¨ A°L$ kdp_ Dèp°N L$ep£ R>°. L$buf∆ ‚\d

cpf[ue R>°, S>°dZ° rlfi]y$ A_° dykgdp_p° dpV°$ A_° kdı[ dp_h

≈r[ dpV°$ A°L$ kdp_ ^dÆ_p° D`]°$i r_cÆe[p\u Ap‡ep°.

L$buf∆_p kdedp¨ [°d_p rhQpfp°_u dp•rgL$[p A°V$gu

bû ‚cphL$ l[u L°$ D—f \u ]$rnZ cpf[ A_° `|hÆ\u `rÚd

cpf[ kyû [°d_p rhQpfp°_p° ‚cph f¸p° R>°. Ap ApÚeÆQqL$[

L$fu ]°$_pfu OV$_p [p° A° R>° L°$ p¨Qkp° hjÆ |hÆ A\pÆ[π 15du k]$udp¨

gMpe°gu L$buf∆_u L$rh[pdp¨ A°L$ kpdreL$ Ny¨S> R>° A_° KX$u

]$piÆr_L$[p R>°.

L$buf∆ eyN÷Ù$p, r_cÆe, k–ehp]$u, ^dÆr_f`°n A_°

‚°dep°Nu l[p. p°[p_p kde_u k¨ |ZÆ Nr[rhrÂp° f A°d_u

_S>f fl°[u l[u. [–L$pgu_ kde_p gp°L$p°_p [° eyN˜Ù$p

‚r[r_û A_° dpNÆ]$iÆL$ l[p. `p°[p_p kde_u rcfi_ rcfi_

`qfsı\r[ rhL$V$ b_u Ne°gu lp°hp R>[pë [°dZ° p°[p_p rhQpfp°

blz ı`Ù$ iÂ]$p°dp¨ A_° r_cÆe[p\u Ïeº[ L$epÆ. S>°_p L$pfZ°

A°L$ dlp_ cprh Ap¨]$p°g__° ‚Nr[ dmu. ApS>_p kÖjp£dp¨

L$buf∆_u L$rh[p Ap`Zp [°S> A˜p° R>°. L$buf∆_u r_cÆe[p,

95 96

55


Afiepe rhfyŸ A°d_u [uh∞ rh÷p°l cph_p, A°d_p ıhf_u klS>

k√QpC A° b^p¨ [“hp° Ap`Zp¨ Ad|Îe D—fpr^L$pfu R>°. [°\u

S> [p° eyN÷Ù$pAp° ip[L$pm\u rhjd[pAp°_y¨ M¨X$_ L$fu_°

dp_h[p_p° ‚Qpf L$f[p ApÏep R>°. rlfi]y$ - dysıgd A•ºe_u S>°

qhQpf^pfp ApS>° ApV$gu ‚bm \C R>°, [°_p d|m ‚h[ÆL$ [p°

L$buf∆ S> l[p. L$buf∆A° [p° dp_hkdpS> Ïehı\p_u

Cdpf[_° ÓŸp - csº[_u c|rdL$p ‹pfp rhpkp°_u ]$uhpgp°\u

kyfrn[ A_° Ac°]$ Í$qY$Ap°_° [p°X$u rS>opkp A_° [° ‹pfp dp_h

rhQpfp°_° Nr[_u ‚°fZp Apù_° Ap–dr_cÆf[p\u rhL$rk[

\hp_p° D–kpl Ap‡ep° R>°. ≈° Ap`Zp kdpS> `f L$buf∆_p°

‚cph Ar^L$ KX$p° `X$Èp° lp°[ [p° Ap`Zp ]°$i_p kdpS>dp¨

rS>opkp\u [LÆ$ ‹pfp Ap–dr_cÆf rQ¨[__u ‚h©r— kbm \C

lp°[ A_° ApS>_p L$f[p¨ dp_rkL$ ı[f° Ar^L$ rhL$rk[ b_u

iL$[.

L$buf∆_° L$p°C A°L$ Mpk hNÆ ‚r[ gNph _lp°[p°, f¨[y

kdpS> A_° Ïesº[dp¨ fl°g MpduAp° ‚–e° A¨Nygur_]°$Æi L$f[p

r_Û`n cph\u rhQpf L$fhp_p° ‚bm ApN∞l L$ep£ L$p°C ‚\p L°$

rhi°j f¨ fp_u kp\° Ap¨Mp° dvQu_° hmNu fl°_pfpAp°_° [°dZ°

L$X$L$ iÂ]$p°dp¨ aV$L$pepÆ. [°Ap° dlp_ æ$p¨r[L$pfu rhQpfL$ l[p.

[°Ap° ≈r[hp]$, A¨^rhpkp° A_° kpdfi[hp]$_p L$À$f rhfp°û

l[p. Ap`Z° A°d_p L$pÏep°dp¨ ^prdÆL$, flıehp]$u [“h `Z

≈°C iL$uA° R>uA°. `f¨[y A° [“hp°A° L$buf∆_° d_yÛe_u ùX$p

kdS>hpdp¨ d]$]$ Apù A° [“hp° [°d_° d_yÛe_u _∆L$ gpÏep¨.

^prdÆL$ rhQpfp°_u Ap c|rdL$p L$buf∆_p ∆h_dp¨ Akp^pfZ

l[u. kpdpfie fu[° dÆ ‹pfp S> d_yÛe-d_yÛe h√Q° KQu ]$uhpgp°

Ecu L$fpC R>°. L$buf∆ kpÁ‚]$preL$ kudpAp°\u D`f EW$u_°

dp_h[php]$u rhQpfp°_° dl“h Apù iL$ep A° rhQpfp° ‹pfp

`p°[p_u kp^_p_p bm° k–e_p° kpnp–L$pf L$ep£.

Ap^ps–dL$ A_° _•r[L$ ∆h__u KX$u A_° N|¨Qhpe°gu

N|¨Qp° D`f L$buf∆A° S>° ‚L$pi `pX$Èp° R>°, [°hy¨ cpf[ue

kprl–edp¨ Afiedp¨\u Ap`Z_° dm[y _\u.Ap›eps–dL$_u kp\°

kp\° L$buf∆A° S>° ◊rÙ$ d°mhu l[u, [° Ap`Zp Ası[–h_p

q]$g_° Quf[u Qpgu ≈e R>°. kL$pfp–dL$ d|Îep°_u kp\° kp\°

L$buf∆_u hpZu A°L$ S> kde° Ïe¨N A_° Qd–L$pf, ‚°d A_°

[V$ı\ Apgp°Q_p\u A°hu fu[° cf`|f R>° L°$ ApS kyû_p p¨Qkp°

hjÆ_p kdeNpmpdp¨ L$p°C`Z kS>ÆL°$ Ap ‚L$pf_y kS>Æ_ L$eyØ _\u.

L$buf∆ rlfi]$u cpjp kprl–e_p ‚\d Ap^yr_L$ L$rh

R>°. [°d_p kS>Æ__u b° dyøe rhi°j[pAp° l[u. e\p\Æ`n A_°

flıe`n S>° b¨_° Apd [p° A¨[rhÆfp°û S>Zpe R>°, `f¨[y ≈°

Ap`Z° A°_° KX$pZ\u [`pkuA° [p° A° A°V$gp A¨[rhÆfp° u _\u.

97 98

56


A°d_p° iÂ]$ e\p\Æ [\p Ap¨[f A_yc|r[\u k¨g¡_ l[p°. A°V$gp

dpV°$ S> Ap`Z_° L$buf∆_u hpZu ‚cprh[ L$f° R>° kp\° kp\°

A°d `Z L$lu iL$pe L°$ A°d_u hpZudp¨ A_°L$ A°hp¨ [“hp° R>°,

S>° ANp°Qf A_° flıehp]$u R>°.

S>° A•r[lprkL$ qfsı\r[Ap°dp¨ A°d_p° S>fid \ep°. A°

`qfsı\r[Ap° L$buf∆ S>°hp Ïesº[–h_° `°]$p L$fhpdp¨ klpeL$

\C. A° eyN cpf[_p° k¨æ$psfi[eyN l[p°. A° k¨æ$psfi[ L$pmdp¨ A°L$

A°hp isº[ipmu Ïesº[–h_p° S>fid \ep°. S>°_° L$pfZ° [dpd

ApX¨bfp°, `pM¨X$p°, Ïehı\pAp°, d[pN∞lp° A_° rd’epQpfp°_p°

›h¨k L$fu_° A°_u A¨]$f\u r_Mpgk dpZk_° ip°^hp_p° ‚e–_

L$ep£.

L$buf∆_u hpZudp¨ A°hp° A]π$c|[ ≈]y$ l[p° L°$ [°Ap°

Ar‚e k–e_° `Z k–e L$lu_° kd\Æ_ ‚p· L$fu Q|ºep l[p.

S>°_pdp¨ A`pf Qpqfr”L$, Ap›eps–dL$ A_° S>_[p¨r”L$ isº[

lp°e R>° [° rhfp° L$f° R>°. A°L$ rh÷p°l kpd° Ecp° fl° R>°. A° isº[_y

op_ L$buf∆dp¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° Ap–dp_ych_y¨ L$W$p°f r_ZpÆeL$ op_

^fph[p l[p. L$buf∆_u cpjp rh÷p°l_u cpjp R>°. S>°dp¨ L$p°dm

A_° d¨]$ ıhfp°_u dy÷pAp° Z ◊Ìedp_ R>°. f¨[y A° ıhÎ` A_°

‚[uL$p–dL$ R>°.

L$buf∆ æ$pfi[÷Ù$p L$rh l[p. [°d_p° iÂ]$ ∆hfi[ cpjp

R>°. kpdpfie S>_kdy]$pe_p ku^p k¨`LÆ$_u cpjp R>°. S>°dp¨

L$buf∆_y¨ kdL$pgu_ ∆h_ ^bL°$ R>°. L$buf∆_u cpjpisº[

Akud R>° A° dyøe–h° rh÷p°l_u cpjp R>°. k–e_p d|m kyû

`lp¢Qhp_u [°d_u ApNhu ◊rÙ$dp¨ c∞d_p¨ A_°L$ b¨^_p° A_°

hp]$rhhp]p°_u A_°L$rh^ Ap¨û_° hvû k√QpC_° `L$X$u [°dp¨\u

L$pÏe[“h r_Û`fi_ L$fhp_u nd[p A]π$c|[ l[u.

L$rh[p A° A°d_u S>Í$qfep[ _lp°[u `Z [° kde_p

dp_hp°_u SÍ$qfep[ l[u. Lbuf∆A° [° ‹pfp dp_hp°–\p__y L$peÆ

L$eyØ. cpjp_p `|hÆN∞l_° R>p°X$u_° [°dZ° A°L$ A°hu cpjp_° S>fid

Ap`hp_ÿ Qp¸y¨ L°$ S>°_° ]$f°L$ hNÆ kd∆ iL°$. k¨ıL©$[, apfku,

Afbu, rlfi]$u, `¨≈bu,b¨Npmu A_° fpS>ı\p_u cpjp_p

‚Qrg[ iÂ]$p° A°d_u L$rh[pdp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. L$buf∆

gp°L$˘]$e_p, gp°L$ S>Í$fuep[_p L$rh l[p. [°d_u L$rh–hisº[

‹pfp tQ[_ A_° kS>Æ__° _hu q]$ip dmu. A°d_p¨ L$pÏep°_°

∆h_^pfp\u Sy>]$p `pX$u_° kd∆ _ iL$pe.

cNhp_ dlphuf A_° byŸ° h•q]$L$ qæ$epL$p¨X$p°, pM¨X$p°_p°

rhfp° L$fu_° cpf[ue [“hop__° A°L$ _hu q]$ip ‚]$p_ L$fu l[u.

A° S> ‚L$pf° k¨[ L$buf∆A° [–L$pgu_ bp¸pQpf, `pM¨X$,

A¨^ÓŸp_y¨ M¨X$_ L$f[p¨ kfm A_° bp°^NÁe cpjpdp¨ `p°[p_p

L$ÎepZ‚]$ D`]°$ip°_° khÆ kp^pfZ S>_dp_k kyû `lp¢QpX$u_°

kpdp∆L$ æ$psfi[_° S>fid Ap‡ep°.

99 100

57


kpdprS>L$ rhjd[p_° L$pfZ° ]y$:Mu ‚≈_p¨ ]y$:M\u[°Ap° ]y$:Mu l[p. rlfi]y$ - dykgdp__p rhfp°^_p d|mc|[kpdp∆L$ A¨^rhpk_° _Ù$ L$fu_° dp_h[php]$_p° D`]°$i]° $_pfpAp°dp¨ [°Ap° AN∞NŒe l[p. ^dÆ_° _pd° Qpg[pA¨^rhpk A_° bp¸pX¨$bfp° `f Ly$W$pfpOp[ L$fhp dpV°$ [°Ap°∆h_cf TT|d[p f¸p. S>°\u A°d_p A]$Áe kplk_p° Ap`Z_°`qfQe dm° R>°.

L$buf∆_u cpjp S>°V$gu rM≈h° R>°, [°V$gu qfTph[u_\u. fı[° Qpg[p¨ Qpg[p¨ A° V$p¨L$u ]°$ R>°. dp” L$rh[p dpV°$ L$rh[pL$fhu A° L$buf∆_p° Dÿ°i Z _ l[p°. kprls–eL$ f¨`fpAp°_urhfyŸ A°dZ° ku^p° rh÷p°l L$ep£ l[p°. S>° A°d_u EgV$hpZu ‹pfpA° rh÷p°l gˇedp¨ Aph° R>°.

L$buf∆_p rhQpfp°dp¨ ApS>° Z Ap yr_L$[p ≈°hp dm°R>°. ApS>_p Ap yr_L$ L$rhAp°dp¨ dp_h[p_p rQfi[__p° L$buf∆S>°hp° KX$pZcep£ ‚e–_ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u. L$huhf fhufi÷_p\V$pNp°f° [p° [°d_u L$rh[p\u ‚cprh[ \C A°L$kp° L$pÏep°_p°A¨N∞°∆dp¨ A_yhp]$ L$ep£. L$buf∆A° dp_h ∆h__° S>°V$gy Dÿp[ıhÍ$` Ap`hp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£. [° ApS>° `Z ]$uhp]$p¨X$u_u S>°d‚°fZp_p p°[ R>°. L$buf∆ ≈N∞[, tQ[L$ A_° r_Û`n Apgp°QL$l[p. A° NyZp° A°d_u r_cÆe[p L$f[p¨ h^pf° d|Îehp_ _\u.A°d_u hpZudp¨ S>° L$LÆ$i[p, g|Mp`œ¨ A_° W$`L$p_p° cph ]°$MpeR>°, A°_y¨ L$pfZ A°d_p° dp_h‚°d, ]$ep A_° Cdp_]$pfu R>°.bp¸pX¨$bfp° ‚–e° A°d_u hpZudp¨ fl°gu ‚r[qæ$epdp¨ S> æ$psfi[R>°. A°Vg° S> [p° k¨[ L$buf, L$rh L$buf ApjÆ÷Ù$p A_° eyN÷Ù$p

l[p. [°d_u hpZu ApS>° `Z A°V$gu S> Ap^yr_L$ flu R>°.

!!!!!

10. L$buf∆_p `]$p°dp¨ ‚[uL$ : L$pNmp°

d›eL$pgu_eyNdp¨ csº[ ‚Qpfdp¨ L$buf∆_y ¨

dl“h`|ZÆ ep°N]$p_ f¸y¨ R>°. L$buf∆ dp” k¨[ L°$ cº[ _lp°[p

`f[y blzdyMu ‚r[cp fph[p tQ[L$, rhQpfL$, kp^L$, ky pfL$,

]$piÆr_L$, D`]°$iL$, N©lı\ A_° d›eL$pgu_ eyN_p ∞yh[pfL$ kdp

eyN÷Ù$p A_° Ap^yr_L$ L$rh l[p. [°d_p° iÂ]$ ApS>° `Z

Ap^yr_L$ f¸p° R>°.

Ap kdeNpmpdp¨ gp°L$p°dp¨ ^dpØ^[p A°V$gu b^u

Ïep`L$ ‚dpZdp¨ l[u L°$ [ghpf_u AZuA° ^dÆ`qfh[Æ_

L$fphhpdp¨ Aph[y¨ l[y¨. A°hp _pSy>L$ kdedp¨ rlfi]y$ A_° dysıgd

AkrlÛœ ‚≈dp¨ A°º[p_u cph_p S>NpX$_pf khÆ ‚\d ‚QpfL$

A_° kd\ÆL$ k|au k¨[ L$buf∆ d˛ep. [°dZ° L$p°C `Z ≈r[-

opr[_p c°]$cph hNf rlfi]y$, dysıgd, A¨–eS> kp•_u D`f

kdcph fpMu khÆ∆hp°_y L$ÎepZ L$fhp dpV°$ A_° kdpS>dp¨ fl°g

]|jZp°, A¨ ÓŸp, dpØ [p ]|$f L$hp dpV°$ ≈r[, ¨\, dÆ, k¨‚]$pe

h√Q° L$p°C `Z ≈[_p° c°]$cph fpøep hNf A›ep–ddpN£

hpmhpdp¨ k[[ ≈N∞[ f¸p. iÍ$ iÍ$dp¨ [°d_p Ap rhQpfp°\u

dysıgd dÆNyfyAp° - dp•ghuAp° - A_° rlfi]y$ ¨rX$[p° M|b _pfpS>

\ep. [°d_° ]$f°L$ ‚L$pf° L$Ù$ Ap`hp_y iÍ$ L$eyØ. ]°•hep°N° [°Ap° bQu

Nep. A_°L$ ep[_pAp° kl_ L$fhu `X$u. [°d R>[p¨ [°Ap° [°d_p

r_^pÆfu[ dpN£\u X$¡ep _rl.101 102

58


L$buf kpl°b° `p°[p_u ‚cphipmu hpZu\u Í$qY$hp]$_p°

rhfp°^ L$ep£. A¨^rhpkdp¨ kbX$[u ‚≈_p° DŸpf L$ep£. A°V$gy¨

S> _rl `p°[p_u A_ychrkŸhpZu\u ^dpØ^[p_p T_|_ kpd°

‚bm Apæ$p°i W$pgÏep°. ‚–e°L$ dÆ_p d|mdp¨ f°X$pe°gp¨ h°f-T°f_°

Ad©[de L$fu_° kdN∞ ‚≈dp¨ D–kpl, ^•eÆ, kplk A_°

kl_iug[p_p¨ buS> fp°‡ep¨. ƒepf° [°d_p iÂ]$_p° ›hr_ gp°L$p°_p

L$p_dp¨ N¨|S>[p° \ep° –epf° gp°L$p° L$buf∆_p AprÓ[ A_°

A_yepeu \ep.

L$buf kpl°b ºepf°L$ ku^u-kp]$u cpjpdp¨ [p° ºepf°L$

h°]$- yfpZp°_p¨ N|Y$ flıep°_° DL°g[u cpjpdp¨ Ap–dop__p° ‚Qpf

‚kpf L$ep£. A°d_p iÂ]dp¨ ∆h__u k√QpC, kdp_[p,

klL$pf, k]$pQpf, A_° k]π$cph_p ‚–en ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. ApS>°

`Z [°d_p° iÂ]$ Arh_piu R>° A_° Ap^yr_L$ R>°. [°dZu hpZu

r_]$Øc, k]$πbp°^L$ A_° pfb∞˚_u D]π$bp°^L$ R>°. [°d_p iÂ]$dp¨

op_, [`, kp^__° ep°Nbm_° rhi° rhi°j dp yeÆ R>°. L$buf∆A°

dp_hu_p Clgp•qL$L$ A_° `pfgp•qL$L$ ∆h__° ky^pfhp_p° S>°

‚epk L$ep£ R>°, [° cpf[_p k¨[ Cr[lpkdp¨ kyhZÆ Anf° gMpep°

R>°.

L$buf∆_p° iÂ]$ dp_rkL$ _rl, `f¨[y ˘]$edp¨\u

D]π$ch[p° iÂ]$ R>°.[°Ap° ıh[¨” rhQpfL$ l[p. ]¨$c, ApX¨$bf,

Í$qY$Q|ı[[p, d[d[p¨[fp°_p c°]$ A_° L$dÆL$p¨X$_p L$À$f rhfp° u l[p.

Aphp eyN˜Ù$p A_° eyN÷Ù$p L$rh L$buf∆_p¨ `]$p°_p°

AÊepk L$f[p¨ A°d_u R>¨]$ ep°S>_p. Dsº[h•rQ‘e, ‚[uL$ A_°

Ag¨L$pf rh^p_ `|ZÆÍ$`° ıhpcprhL$ A_° klS>kp›e R>°.

[°d_p¨ `]$p°dp¨ ‚[uL$ ep°S>_p ›ep_plÆ b_u R>°. [°dp¨

dyøe[: L$pNX$p°, QL$p°f, æ$p¶Q, l¨k, Q|¨]$X$u, Qp]$f, k|[f, ]$p°fp°,

bm]$, hpO, dpR>gu, _]$u, S>m, dp°[u, Q¨÷, k|fS, [ghpf,

kp°e, kp°_y¨, ^dZ, kpby, [ZMgy¨, gpL$Xy¨$, h©n, Ap¨M, ∆c

S>°hp A_°L$ ‚r[L$p° ‹pfp klS>kp›e bp°^ Ap‡ep° R>°.

L$buf∆ [–L$pgu_ kp¨ıL©$r[L$ ]$pre–hp°\u qfrQ[ l[p.

A°V$g° S> [°Ap° [°d_p° ‚r[L$p° iÂ]$ gC_° ıep R>°.A_° ApS>°

`Z [°d_p° iÂ]$ Ap^yr_L$ f¸p° R>°. Ap^yr_L$ L$rh r_∆ dy÷p hX°$

Qugp° Qp[f° R>°. [°d_° `p°[p_¨y dp›ed lp°e R>°. `yfp°Npdu

L$rhAp°\u L¨$CL$ Sy>]y¨$ L$fhp_u k[[ tQ[p A_° d\pdZ L$f[p° fl°

R>° A_° A_yNpdu L$rhAp° dpV°$ L¨$CL$ rhriÙ$, L¨$CL$ _hy¨ kS>Æ_

L$fu_° Qugp° Qp[f° R>°.

L$buf∆ [–L$pgu_ kde_p kpdprS>L$ ∆h_dp¨

AfpS>L$[p, rhk¨N[[p, rh÷ [p A° dp_hd|Îep°_p° pk \hp\u

[°Ap° ”pku Nep A_° [°d_p° Ap[Æıhf _Ïe L$rh[p Í$ ° ‚L$V$ \ep°.

Ap L$rh_p° iÂ]$ ApSy>bpSy> ∆hp[p ∆h_dp¨\u kS>Æ_ `pd°gp°

iÂ]$ R>°. [°d_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Mf Ap]$iÆhp]$\u dp¨X$u_° [uh∞

103 104

59


e\p\Æhp]$_u b° ]|fNpdu kudpAp° h√Q° fl°gu ∆h_◊rÙ$_p°

rhı[pf ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°dp¨ ı\|m hpı[rhL$[p A_° A•¨q÷e[p\u

dp¨X$u_° Iq÷ep[u[ kp•¶]$eÆbp°^ [°dS> cph_p‚^p_ flıeh©r—

`Z ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°hu S> fu[° [°dp¨ fdZue A_° f¨Nu_ hpeÏe

L$Î`_p\u dp¨X$u_° _Ω$f ∆h_bp°^ kyŸp¨_° kdp_Í$`dp¨ dl“h

dm°gy¨ ]°$Mpe R>°.

L$buf∆_u L$rh[pdp¨ L$Î`_ Ap°Ry>¨ R>° Z ‚[uL$p° ‹pfp

‚ep°N L$ep£ R>°. dp_hd__p Ap L$rh R>uR>fu cphyº[p_p _lv

bgL°$ [fg cph_pAp°_p L$rh R>°. A°V$gp dpV°$ S>°d_p L$pÏe_p

[¨[yAp° bpfuL$ A_° L$p°dm lp°hp R>[pë dS>b|[ A_° ıhı\ R>°.

[°d_p¨ L$rh[pdp¨ cph_p_p° d¨”p°√Qpf R>°, [p° kp\° kp\°

hpı[rhº[p_p° ıhuL$pf Z R>°. [°d S> Cf kp\°_y kpeyƒe≈°hp

dm° R>°. [°d_u `]$p°_u Ap¨[fbp¸ kd©qŸ ›ep_pL$jÆL$ b_u R>°.

[°d_u k|ˇd k¨h°]$_isº[ A_° iÂ]$isº[ AL$Î‡e R>°.

Alv [°d_p¨ `]$p°dp¨ ≈°hp dm[p¨ A_°L$ ‚[uL$p° h√Q°

"L$pNX$p'_y¨ ‚[uL$ ›ep_pLjÆL$ A°V$gp dpV°$ bfiey¨ R>° L°$ "L$pNX$p°'

A° iyc A_° Aiyc b¨_° fu[° ıhuL©$[ \e°gy ‚[uL$ R>°. iyc A°V$gp

dpV°$ L°$ r‚e[d_p ApNd__p° k¨]°$ip° kp•‚\d [° Ap`° R>° A_°

Aiyc A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ r‚eS>__p d©–ey_p° k¨]°$ip° Z [° Ap`° R>°.

Apd b¨_° fu[° "L$pNX$p°' ›ep_plÆ bfiep° R>°.

L$buf∆A° "L$pNX$p' _p ‚[uL$ ‹pfp Ap–dd¨\_ L$fpÏey¨

R>°. ‚cy_° dmhp_u [uh∞ C√R>p ‚L$V$ L$fu R>°. ]y$NyÆZ byqŸ ]|$f L$fu

d_yÛe∆h__° DƒS>hm L$fhp_p° bp°^ Ap‡ep° R>°. d__° t_]$p

[yÎe L$pNX$p kp\° kfMpÏeÿ R>°. ∆h__° DƒS>hm b_phhp dpV°$

L$pNX$p_u Qpg R>p°X$u_° l¨k_u Qpg\u Qpghp dpV°$ A°V$gp dpV°$

L$buf∆ L$l° R>° L°$ L$pNX$p_u S>°d ]y$fpQfZ R>p°X$u_° l¨k_u S>°d

k]$pQfZ L$fhp\u `fd`]$_u ‚pr· \pe R>°. Apd, A_°L$ fu[°

L$pNX$p_p ‚[uL$ ‹pfp Ap–dp_° Ap°mMhp dpV°$, Cf‚pr· dpV°$

bp°^]$peL$ `]$p° fQu [–L$pgu_ kde_p Aby^, A¨^rhpky,

‚≈_° `pM¨X$u `¨qX$[p°, dyÎgp, dp•ghuAp°, c|hp, ≈Nqfep

h√Q°\u ENpfu R>°.

L$pNX$p° t_]$p [yÎe `nu lp°hp R>[p¨ bp°^ Ap`hp dpV°$

Ap ‚[uL$_p° Dèp°N L$buf∆A° hpf¨hpf L$ep£ R>°.

D.[.

dp¨k Nep t`S>f f¸p, [pL$_ gpN° L$pN $&

kprlb AS>lz¨ _ ApCep, d¨]$ ldpf° cpN $&&

A\pÆ[π :

Cf‚pr·_u [pgph°gudp¨ p°[p_p ifuf_y Z cp_ f y

_rl, dp” lpX$t`S>f flu S>hp `pÁey¨ R>° A_° dp¨k_° Mphp dpV°$

L$pNX$pAp° [pL$u f¸p R>°. [°d R>[p¨ "kprlb AS>ly _ ApCep.'

105 106

60


kprlb A°V$g° Cf. A°V$g° _ºL$u R>° L°$ Adpfy¨ cp¡e d¨]$ R>°,

aV°$gy¨ R>°.

L$pNp L$p L$Ry> g°[ l•, L$p°eg L$p L$Ry ]°$[ $&

duW°$ hQ_ ky_pe L°$, S>N A`_u L$qf g°[ $&&

A\pÆ[π :

L$pNX$p° L$p°C_y¨ L$iy¨ g°[p° _\u A_° L$p°eg L$p°C_° L$iy¨

Ap`[u _\u, [°d R>[p¨ kp• L$p°C L$pNX$p_u t_]$p L$f° R>° A_°

L$p°eg_u ı[yr[ L$f° R>°. A°_y¨ L$pfZ aº[ A° S> R>° L°$, L$pNX$p° L$LÆ$i

- L$X$hu - hpZu k¨cmphu k¨kpf_° Nydph° R>° A_° L$p°eg

d^yfhpZu k¨cmphu k¨kpf_° `p°[p_p° b_ph° R>°. Ap ‹pfp

L$buf∆ bp°^ Ap`° R>° L°$, L$Vy$ hQ_ bp°ghp\u L$p°C_° L$ip° gpc

_\u A_° d^yfhQ_ bp°ghp\u L$p°C_° L$iy¨ _yL$ip_ _\u. [°d

R>[p¨ gp°L$p° L$Vy$ hQ_ L°$d bp°g[p¨ li° ?$ `p°[° bmu_° bu≈_°

bpm° R>°.

[_ bp°rl[ d_ L$pN l•, gM ≈°S>_ EqX$ ≈e $&

L$blv ]$qfep ANd btl, L$blv NN_ kdpe $&&

A\pÆ[π :

ifuf hlpZ A_° d_ L$pNX$pÍ$` R°. [° EX$u EX$u_° gpMp°

dpCg ky^u QpÎey¨ ≈e R>°, L$]$u A\pN kdy÷dp¨ hlu ≈e R>°

A_° L$]$u ApL$pidp¨ kdpC ≈e R>°. A°L$ mdp¨ ApMp k¨kpfdp¨

afu_° `pRy>¨ Aph° R>°. Ap fu[° L$buf∆A° d__u Nr[_p° øepg

Ap‡ep° R>°. dp_hd__u Nr[ b° ‚L$pf_u R>°. A°L$ Q•[qkL$ -

Consious- A_° bu∆ AQ•[rkL$ Unconsious-

Ak¨‚op[. Q•[rkL$ A_° AQ•[rkL$ d__u qæ$ep A°L$ S> kde°

kp\p° kp\ Qpg° R>°. ƒepf° Ap`Z° L$p°C hpl_ - ıL|$V$f,

kpCL$g,dp°V$f hN°f° QgphuA° R>uA°. –epf° Q•[rkL$ -

Consious d_ fı[p° ≈°hp_y¨, ApSy>bpSy>_p Ly$]$f[u ◊Ìep°

≈°hp_y¨ L$pd L$f° R>°. `Z hpl__u ApX°$ L$p°C Aph° A_° b∞°L$

dpfuA° R>uA° [° AQ•[rkL$ - Unconsious d__u qæep R>°.

Qpghp_u qæ$ep Q•[rkL$d_ ‹pfp \[u lp°e R>°. `f¨[y Qpg[p¨

Qpg[p¨ A¨Npfp D`f `N `X°$ A_° [f[ S> `N KQp° gC gCA°

R>uA° [° AQ•[rkL$d__u qæ$ep R>°. kpCL$g Qgph[p fı[p° ≈°hp_y

L$pd Q•[rkL$d__y R>°, ƒepf° °X$g dpfhp_y L$pd AQ•[rkL$d__y

R>°.

Ap fu[° d__p AM¨X$ ‚hpk\u d__y sı\f tb]y$ ºepf°e

‚p· \[y¨ _\u. AQ•[rkL$d__° _hu_ nZ_u Ap°mM \pe _

\pe –ep¨ [p° A° nZ ıd©r[i°j \C ≈e R>° A_° _hu_ h•QpqfL$

i©¨Mgp k[[ OX$p[u fl° R>°.

L$buf∆A° Ap sı\r[_° dp” b° S> `¨qL$[ ‹pfp kfm

bp_udp¨ kd≈Ïey¨ R>°.

L$buf∆_p¨ `]$p°dp¨ Aph[p° "L$pNX$p°' cg° t_]$p_° `p”

lp°e, [°d R>[p¨ [° ‹pfp ∆h_≈N©r[, ∆h_ k]π$Nr[, ∆h_

107 108

61


dp¨NÎe_p° k¨]°$ip° Ap`hpdp¨ Ap ‚[uL$ Oœ¨ S> L$pfN[ _uhX$Èy¨

R>°. [°_u ‚NpY$ cphNy¨S>_p° A_ych L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨ dp_rkL$

kpnp–L$pf \pe R>°. [°\u S> L$buf∆_p° iÂ]$ ApS>° Z Ap yr_L$

f¸p° R>°. gp°L$p]$f pÁep° R>°. gp°L$˘]$edp¨ ‚h°i L$fu Nep° R>°. Ap

L$pfZp°_° gC_° L$buf∆ gp°L$kdy]$pe_p b_u f¸p R>°. [°d_u

hpZu_u kfhpZu k[[ gp°L$∆c° h¸p L$f° R>°. L$buf∆

gp°L$˘]$edp¨ Ïesº[ _rl, `Z ‚[uL$_p Í$`dp¨ ‚r[rõ$$ \ep R>°.

L$buf∆_u hpZudp¨ A |hÆ Qd–L$pf R>°, A°dZ° ºepf°L$

kph ku^p kp]$p iÂ]$p°dp¨ N¨cuf Qp°V$ ‹pfp dp_h˘]$e_° T¨L©$[

L$eyÆ R>°, T¨Tp°X$Èy¨ R>°. [p° ºepf°L$ Ap–drhQpf, ep°N_u ANÁe

c|rdL$p A_° L$hrQ[π N|Y$pr[N|Y$ hpZu_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R>°. A°d_p

A°L$ A°L$ iÂ]$dp¨ ∆h__u k–ekp^_p_° rkŸ L$fhp_u "lz' ]$_y

rhkSÆ_ L$fu r_frcdp_u b_hp_p° D`]°$i R>°. A°d_p iÂ]$p°dp¨

‚°d, Ap–due[p, ip¨r[_p° k¨]°$i R>°. [p° ]¨$c, L$pd, æ$p°^, gp°c,

dp°l, [©ÛZp, dpep, Al¨L$pf_° r_d|Æm L$fu r_[epÆ r_dÆm _uf

S>°h¨ ∆h_ b_phhp_p° Ap]°$i R>°. –epN, _pd-ıdfZ, rhQpf,

ep°N, op_ A_° csº[ ‹pfp ∆h_ `qfiyŸ b_phhp_y¨ tQ[_

R>°. [°d_p A°L$ A°L$ iÂ]$dp¨ tQ[__y¨ KX$pZ R>°. [°dZ° ‚[uL$p°

‹pfp S>° ∆h_k¨]°$i Ap‡ep° R>° [° ApS>° Z A°V$gp° S> Ap–dkp[

L$fhp S>°hp° R>°. A°V$gp° S> bp•^L$ f¸p° R>°.

!!!!!

11. L$buf∆ A_° Ïek_dysº[

Ïek_ A°L$ A°hy¨ ]|$jZ R>°, S>° A°L$ hM[ iÍ$ \ep `R>u

[° d©–ey èØ[ Ïesº[ kp\° Aprh_pcphu k¨b¨^° ≈°X$pe°gy¨ fl° R>°.

dpZk_p AL$pm° d©–ey_y¨ L$pfZ Z Ap Ïek_ S> lp°e R>°. S>°d

S>°d dpZk Ïek_ ‚r[ Y$kX$p[p° ≈e R>° [°d [°d [° kdpS>\u,

`p°[p_p k¨b¨ûAp°\u rhdyM \[p° ≈e R>°.

Ap`Z° L$pd_pAp°_° S> °V $gu h^pfuA° R>uA°.

`qfsı\r[Ap°_y¨ ]$bpZ A°V$gy¨ S> Ar^L$ h^° R>°. cp°Nhpk_p\u

‚°qf[ \C_° gp°L$p° Akëd A_° ÏercQpf [fa hm° R>°. AMp¤

`]$p\p£_p ıhp]$r‚e[p\u ‚cprh[ \C_° dpZk Ap°R>ph—p_y¨,

kpfpkpf_y¨ ›ep_ fpøep hNf S> Mfpb hı[yAp°_° D]$fı\ L$f[p°

fl° R>°.

Ïek__y¨ d|m dpZk_u C√R>pAp° R>°. Mf°Mf [p°

L$pd_pAp° `f r_e¨”Z fpMhÿ A–e¨[ S>Í$fu R>°. A°hy¨ _ L$fhp\u

∆h_gˇe_u kp^_pdp¨ rir\g[p Aphu ≈e R>°. Ïek_\u

Crfi÷ep°_° iÍ$ iÍ$dp¨ kyML$f gpN°,`f¨[y ApMf° [p° [° ]y$:M]$peu

S> R>°. h^y `X$[y¨ Ïek_ ipfuqfL$, dp_rkL$ A_° Aps–dL$ ”Z°e

‚L$pf_u isº[Ap°_p° _pi L$f° R>°. Ïek__p ApLjÆZ\u Ïesº[

c∞dhi \C Ap_¨]$ A_° kyM_u L$Î`_p L$f° R>°. Mf°Mf Ap c∞d

ûdy¨ T°f R>°. Ap fp°N Ïesº[_° eyhphı\pdp¨ h^y ApL$rjÆ[ L$f°

109 110

62


R>°. eyhphı\pdp¨ ‚h°i L$f_pf lf°L$ ÏeqL$[dp¨ ipfuqfL$ isº[_y¨

≈°f h^pf° lp°e R>°.kp\° S> L$p°C_° L$p°C ∆h_k–h_y¨ _hr_dpÆZ

\[y¨ fl° R>°. [°\u A°_p° Ly$‚cph S>Î]$u\u ◊rÙ$Np°Qf \[p° _\u,

`f¨[y Ahı\p_p° rhL$pk AV$L$[p¨ S> A°_p¨ Ly$`qfZpdp° kpd°

Aphhp gpN° R> °. isº[ lZpC ≈e R>°. OZp ‚L$pf_u

_bmpCAp° A_° fp°Np°_p° riL$pf b_u ≈e R>°. Crfi÷ep° rir\g

\C ≈e R>°. A_° ∆h_ cpfÍ$` b_u ≈e R>°. Ïek_dyº[

dpZk bmhp_, isº[ipmu, [uh∞ ep]$ isº[hpmp° lp°e R>°.

A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, [° d©–ey_° `Z ∆[u iL°$ R>°.

S>° Ïesº[ Ïek_u R>°, [°_u kpfp-kpf A_° rh_e

rhh°L$_u byqŸisº[ _pi pd°gu lp°e R>°. [°_pdp¨ [pdku[“hp°

rhi°j ‚dpZdp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. kpdp∆L$ dp°cp° S>mhp[p° _\u.

kdpS>\u [° rhdyM \[p° ≈e R>°. Ïek__u `|r[Æ L$fhp dpV°$ [°

Nd° [°hy¨ `Ngy¨ cf[p¨ MQL$p[p° _\u. Ïek_\u Apfp°¡e D`f

Oœ¨ dp°Vy¨$ _yL$ip_ \pe R>°. r]$hk° q]$hk° ifuf nuZ \[y¨ ≈e R>°

A_° d©–ey [fa [°_u Nr[ TX$`\u hû ≈e R>°.

]$pÍ$, Np¨≈°, Qfk, AauZ, [pX$u, cp¨N,L$p°L$u_ l°fp°C_

A_° d°fiX≤°$ºk ù_pf/Mp_pf Ïesº[ ifuf_y¨ kd[p°g_ Nydphu

]°$ R>°. op_°rfi÷ep° rir\g b_u ≈e R>°. Np”p° Y$ugp¨ `X$[p¨ ≈e

R>°. Apr\ÆL$ fu[° [° Myhpf \[p° ≈e R>°. •kp dpV°$ –_u_° AL©$–e

[fa ^L°$gu ]°$ R>°. `–_u A_° bpmL$p°_° dpf dpf° R>°. bpmL$p°_p

i•nrZL$ rhL$pk [fa ]y$gÆn k°h° R>°. S>°_u Akf bpmL$p° D`f

rh`fu[ X°$ R>° A_° Ap bpmL$p° kdS>Zp¨ \[p¨ Ly$dpN£ hmu ≈e

R>°. Ar_e¨r”[ b_u ≈e R>°. L$p°C`Z ]y$ÛL$©–e L$f[p¨ MQL$p[p¨

_\u. S>°\u Qp°fu, g|¨V$, M|_, Sy>Npf A_° ÏercQpf L$fhp kyû

‚°fpe R>°. `qfZpd° [° kdpS> dpV°$ cpfÍ$` b_u ≈e R>°.

[dpLy¨ $ Mp_pf, ù_pf, k¨|O_pf Ïesº[ ûdy¨ T°f

Apfp°N[p lp°e R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° L°$fikf S>°hu Akp›e budpfu\u

ùX$pe R>°. A_° Apr\ÆL$ fu[° Myhpf \C ≈e R>° A_° eyhp_he°

`p°[p_u ≈[_° d©–ey [fa L°$gu ]°$ R>°.A–epf° [p° [dpLy$eyº[ NyV$Mp

dm° R>° S>° Qphhp\u S>X$by¨ ]$bpC ≈e R>°. `|fu fu[° M|g[y¨ `Z

_\u A_° A¨[° L°$fikf S>°hp Akp›e fp°Np°_p° cp°N b_° R>°.

Ap ]y$Û`qfZpdp°\u ]|$f fl°hp dpV°$ Ap`Zp kp^y-k¨[p°

A_° k°hpcphu, k¨ı\pAp° hjp°Æ\u Ïek_dysº[_u T|¨b°i Qgph°

R>°,`Z kdpS> D`f [°_u fie|_[d Akf`X$u R>°. gp°L$p° Ïek__°

R>p°X$[p _\u A_° Ïek_ gp°L$p°_° R>p°X$[y¨ _\u. S>°_° L$pfZ° rh_p

Ly$g ne fp°N_p ]$]$wAp° •L$u Qpguk V$L$p cpf[dp¨ R>°. ]$f rdr_V°$

V$u.bu.\u A°L$ Ïesº[_y¨ d©–ey \pe R>°. S>° fp°N_p° L$p°C CgpS> S>

_\u [° A°CXπ$k_p Ap gMpe R>° –ep¨ kyû R>°Îgp dm°gp Ap¨L$X$p

A_ykpf 4685-S>°V$gp ]$]$wAp° [p° NyS>fp[dp¨ R>°. L°$fikf_p `Z

111 112

63


7950 S>°V$gp ]$]$wAp° Z Ap ]$]Æ$\u uX$pe R>° A_° Ap ]$]$wAp°_°

∆hhp dpV°$ dp” kde S> R>°. [°Ap° `Z A°L$p]$ hjÆdp¨ d©–ey_p

dyMdp¨ ^L°$gpC S>i°. fp°S> fp°S> dpZk Ap Ïek_p°_° L$pfZ°

d©–ey_p dyMdp¨ ^L°$gp[p° ≈e R>°. Ap dpV°$ ep°¡e dpNÆ]$iÆ__u

S>Í$f R>°. Ïek_dysº[ dpV°$ gp°L$≈N©r[, gp°L$rinZ_p hLÆ$ip° _y

Apep°S_ \pe, S>°dp¨ Ïek_\u \[p fp°N_u N¨cuf[p kd≈hu

Ïek_\u rhdyM \hp_u gp°L$≈N©r— L°$mhu iL$pe.

ApS>\u R>kp° hjÆ `l°gp¨ L$buf∆ (C.k. 1400 \u

1519)A° [–L$pgu_ kde_p gp°L$p°dp¨ Ïep`°g Ïek__p¨

]y$Û``qfZpdp°\u op[ \C_° Ïek_dysº[_y¨ Arcep_ iÍ$ L$eÆy¨

l[y¨. S>° [°d_u kpMuAp°dp¨ A_° `]$p°dp¨ ≈°C iL$pe R>°.

L$rgeyN L$pg `Y$pCep¨, cp¨N [dpMy aud $&

op_ ›ep_ L$u kyr^ _lv, hk• Cfilu L$u kud $&&

A\pÆ[π :

L$rmeyNdp¨ L$pm° cp¨N, [dpLy¨$ A_° AauZ hN°f° dp]$L$

÷Ïep° dp°L$gu ]$u^p¨R>°. S>°_y¨ k°h_ L$fhp\u op_, ›ep__u k|^-

b|^ fl°[u _\u. L$pfZ L°$, [°Ap° A°_u kp\° Ap _ip_p ›ep_

A¨]$f r_hpk L$f° R>°; [p° op_, ›ep_ \pe L°$hu fu[° ? _ipdp¨ Q|f

\hp\u op_, ›ep_ \C iL$[y¨ _\u.

cp¨N, [dpMy¨, R>p°[fp, ApLy$ Ap•f kfpb $&

L$p•_ L$f°Np b¨]$Nu, e° [p° ce° Mfpb $&&

A\pÆ[π :

cp¨N, [dpLy$, Np¨≈°, AauZ A_° ifpb_p _ipdp¨ b^p

cp_ c|gu Nep R>°. [p° Cf_u b¨]$Nu L$p°Z L$fi° ?$ _ipdp¨ akpC

S>hp\u dp°n_u kp^_p-csº[, op_ hN°°f L$p°Z L$fi° ? A_°

kp^_p L$epÆ rh_p L$ÎepZ L$C fu[° \pe ? S>° Ïek_dp¨ d¡_

lp°e [° kp^_p `Z L$fu iL$[p° _\u.

cp¨N, [dpMy R>p°[fp, kyfp`p_k° l°[ $&

[° _f _f L¶$ ≈e¨°N°, dp[p, r`[p kd°[ $&&

A\pÆ[π :

cp¨N, [dpLy$, Np¨≈° A_° ]$pÍ$ kp\° S>°_° ‚°d R>°. [° dp[p,

r`[p, krl[ _fL$dp¨ ≈e R>°. L$pfZ L°$, k¨[p_ kyL©$–e L$f° [p°

dp[p-r`[p_° ıhNÆ dm° R>°. A_° ]y$ÛL©$–e L$f° [p° _fL$ dm° R>°.

A°hu dpfie[p ‚Qrg[ R>°.

Adg Alpfu Ap[dp, L$blz¨ _ `ph° `pf $&

r_Úe lp°h° ]$qf÷, `f Qp•fpku bpf $&&

A\pÆ[π:

Adg _ip_p° Aplpf L$fhphpmp° ∆h L$]$u k¨kpfkpNf

`pf L$fu iL$[p° _\u. [° D`fp¨[ [° ]$qf÷ Z b_° R>° A_° Qp•epÆku

gpM ep°r_ep°dp¨ `y_:`y_: S>fid g°hp° `X°$ R>°.

cp¨N [dpMy R|>[fp, S>_ L$buf S>° Mptl $&

≈°N S>o S>` [` qL$e°, kb• AL$pf\ ≈tl $&&

A\pÆ[π :

L$buf kpl°b L$l° R>° L°$ : S>° dpZkp°, cp¨N, [dpLy¨$,

113 114

64


Np¨≈° S>°hp A–e¨[ A–e[ [pdk `]$p\Æ Mpe R>°. A°_p ep°N,eo, S>` A_° [` L$f°gy¨ Ïe\Æ ≈e R>°. `p°[p_p L$ÎepZ dpV°$_ip_p° –epN L$fhp° ≈°CA°.

fpM° h∞[ A°L$p]$iu, L$f¶ Afi_L$p° –epN $&cp¨N [dpMy _p [S>•, L$l¶ L$buf AcpN $&&A\pÆ[π :gp°L$p° A°L$p]$iu - ArNepfk_y¨ h∞[ L$fu, D`hpk L$f°

R>°. Afi__p° –epN L$f° R>°. L°$V$gpL$ [p° r_S>Æmp A°L$p]$iu Z L$f[plp°e R>° Z ≈° Ap D`hpk L$fu cp¨N, [dpLy$ hN°f° dp]$L$ ]$p\Æ_p°–epN L$f[p _\u A_° [°_y¨ k°h_ L$f° R>° A°hp gp°L$p° cp¡erl_ R>°.[°d_ÿ A°L$p]$iu h∞[_y¨ am dm[y¨ _\u.

L$buf∆A° Ïek_\u \[u rh`fu[ Akfp°_y¨ Apg°M_kph kuû-kp]$u cpjpdp¨ L$eyØ R>°. S>°_p\u cphL$_° Ap Ïek_p°\uS>° ]y$Û`qfZpdp° cp°Nhhp¨ `X°$ R>°. [°_y¨ op_ \pe R>°. L$buf∆A°dp” Ïek_ dpV°$ S> op_bp° L$fpÏep° R>° [°hy _\u, f¨[y dp¨kplpf- rl¨kp, Qpqf‘e, ˜u hN°f° kpd° `Z Ap¨Nmu Qvû R>°.

R>kp° hjÆ `l°gp¨ S>° Ïek_p°_p ]y$Û`qfZpdp°\u L$buf∆op_ l[p. A° ÷Ïep°_p° ApS>° `Z Ïep`L$ ‚dpZdp¨ Dèp°N\[p° f¸p° R>°. ApS>_p k¨]$c£ Ïek_p°_u Ïep`L$[p `Z hû R>°.V$°rgrhT_ A° Of°Ofd¨ O|ku Ne°gy¨ dp°V$pdp¨ dp°Vy¨$ ]|$jZ R>°. [°_pape]$p AÎ` R>° `Z N°fape]$p h^y R>°. Apd dpZk h^y _° h^yÏek_p° [fa h˛ep° R>°. A° dpV°$ ApNm L$¸y¨ [°d gp°L$≈N©r[

A_° gp°L$rinZ_u Mpk S>Í$f R>°.

!!!!!

12. ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[ A_° ]°$hg]°$ (`¨]$du k]$u)

L$√R> -kp•fpÙ≤$_u f[u \fpm A_° f°[pm. Z gp°L$p°_p¨

˘]$e duZ S>°hp¨. A°d_u dl°dp_Nr[ dpZhp S>°hu R>° A_° S>°Z°

dpZu R>°. [° tS>]$Nucf ep]$ L$f° R>°. ApN∞l A_° rh_d∞[p [p°

A°d_p ge -gl°L$pdp¨, dpZk c|øep¨ Ap gp°L$p°_p ˘]$edp¨

hlpg_u Ïlpg`, ErdÆ_p° DR>pm,gpNZu_p° DdmL$p° A_°

˘]$e_u rhipm[p., Aphu |Œe f[u_p ApLjÆ\u My]$ cNhp_

L©$ÛZ, fpdp_]$ ıhpdu, kl≈_]$ıhpdu, dufpbpCA° Alv Aphu

hkhpV$ L$ep£. A°hu `|Œe Ôgp°L$ `rh” ^f[udp¨ k¨[p°, cº[p°,

kp yAp° A_° dl¨[p°_p b°kZp¨ \hp gp¡ep¨. A_° op__u hpZu_u

kfhpZu k[[ hl°[u fluR>°. [p° cº[ L$rhAp° `Z Ap S>

^f[udp¨ `°]$p \ep R>°.

L$l°hpe R>° L°$, ""L$√R>- kp•fpÙ≤$_p° ‚]°$i A°V$g° \fp A_°

`pZu_p° ‚]°$i.'' `\fp A°V$g° Xy$¨Nf S>°hX$p A_° `pZu A°V$g°

Mpfy¨. A°L$ bpSy> Xy$¨Nfp°_u lpfdpmp A_° bu∆ [fa ]$qfep° h√Q°

gpNZu_p hl°[p TfZp¨ S>°hy¨ dpepmy gp°L$. fZdp¨ duW$u hufX$u

S>°hp Ap gp°L$dp¨ Cf S>°hy¨ Lp°C [“h ^bL$u f¸y¨ R>°.

k[[ AR>[_p kdedp¨ `Z gp°L$p° Ap ^f[u_° hlpg

L$f° R>°. A° hlpg_p `qfZpd° S>° Ap ^f[u_u Np°]$dp¨\u k¨[p°,

115 116

65


dl¨[p°, cº[p°,kp^yAp° A_° L$rhAp° ‚L$V$ \ep R>°. A°hp k¨[p° [°

: S>°kg - [p°fg (L$√R>), _ftkl dl°[p, gpMp-gp°eZ,

]°$hpe[- ]°$hg]°$, ]$p ]$p d°L$fZ (L$√R>), ‚pZ_p\ ıhpdu, ]$pku

∆hZ, gpMp-gp°eZ (L$√R>), N¨Npk[u - `p_bpC, NuNp

cN[, d|m]$pk∆, Mud kpl°b (L$√R>), r”L$d kpl°b

(L$√R>), _pfpeZ ]$pk∆, `p°`V$gpg∆ dlpfpS>, ]$ep_¨]$

kfıh[u, S>gpfpdbp`p A_° ıhprd_pfpeZ k¨‚]$pe_p k¨[p°

: dyº[p_¨]$ ıhpdu, r_ÛL$ymp_¨]$ıhpdu, NyZp[u[p_¨]$ ıhpdu,

]°$hp_¨]$ ıhpdu, cN[∆ dlpfpS>,ep°Nu∆ dlpfpS> hN°°f° k¨[p°

`Z dÆ A_° ‚≈_p DŸpf dpV°$ Ap f[udp¨\u S> ApÏep l[p.

Ap kh£ k¨[p°_p° ^dÆ A_° kdpS> ky^pfZp_p° apmp° A‚r[d

A_° Aq‹[ue R>°.

`Zñ

Alv dpf° hp[ L$fhu R>° k¨[Óu ]°$hpe[ ¨qX$[_u ]°$hpe[

`¨qX$[ rhi° OZu gp°L$p°sº[Ap° R>°. S>° A•r[lprkL$ kde kp\°

kfMphhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [° dp_u iL$pe [°hu _\u. L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p°

[p°fg_p y” [fuL°$ Ap°mMph° R>°, Z [p°fg [°fdu k]$udp¨ \ep¨

ƒepf° ]°$hpe[ `¨]$fdu k]$udp¨ \ep. Ap kdeNpmp° OZp° dp°V$p°

R>°. S>°\u A° dpfie[p Mp°V$u `X°$ R>°. buSy>¨ L°$ [p°fg S>°kg kp\°

Nep¨ l[p¨ –epf° [°d_° L$p°C k¨[p_ _lp°[y¨ A_° S>°kg_p k¨Ndp¨

ApÏep `R>u `Z L$p°C k¨[p_ _lp°[y¨. hmu, S>°kg [p° [p°mp¨]°$_°

`p°[p_p Nyfy dp_[p l[p. buSy>¨ L°$ [p°mp¨]°$ r_≈f`¨\_p l[p¨.

r_≈f `¨\dp¨ ÏercQpf_p° r_j°^ l[p° A_° Ap `¨\dp¨ k[u–h

≈mhhp_u ‚ZprgL$p R>°. S>°kg_p° h¨i b[pÏep° R>°. `Z A°

h¨i [°_u Afie `–_u ‹pfp h›ep° lp°e [° ıhuL$pfu iL$pe [°d R>°.

OZp ]°$hpe[_° \p_NY$_p ≈°iu Z L$l° R>°. [p° L°$V$gpL$

[°d_° °f¨c b°V$_p h[_u dp_° R>° A_° ≈[° Aprlf l[p. ep°Nu_p

hQ_\u ]°hpe[_p g¡_ ]°$hg kp\° \ep¨ l[p¨. ]°$hg_° hepÆ `R>u

[° lp\S>dp¨ sı\f \ep l[p. R>°Îg° ]°$hpe[ A_° ]°$hg_y¨ rdg_

`Z `°f¨c b°V$dp¨ \ep_y¨ dp_° R>°.

]°$hpe[ b∞p˚Z Ly$m_p _rl, `Z Aprlf Ly$m_p lp°e

[°d [°d_p _pd `f\u ≈Zu iL$pe R>°. ]°$hpe[ _pd Aprlfdp¨

lp°e R>°. hmu, [°d_p riÛe kdy]$pedp¨ dp°V°$ cpN° Aprlfp° l[p

A_° [° L$p°mp¨cp Xy¨$Nf A_° cph_Nf ApSy>bpSy>_p l[p. iºe R>°

L°$ [° `°f¨cb°V$ bpSy>_p Aprlf Lymdp¨\u ApÏep lp°e.

L°$ihgpg kpegpL$f_p d[ dyS>b S|>_pNY$ `pk°_p

h¨\gu Npd_p Aprlf_p Np°f D]$p L°$ D]$ei¨L$f A_° `–_u

kp°_bpC kp\° fl°[p l[p. [°_° L$p°C k¨[p_ _ l[y¨. k¨[p_ ‚pr·

dpV°$ [°Z° ch_p\ ]$p]$p_u bp^p fpMu l[u A_° [° L$ped

ch_p\]$p]$p_° ]|$^ QX$phhp S>[p¨. A°L$ q]$hk hfkp]$ M|b `X$[p¨

Ap°T[ _]$udp¨ |f ApÏey.S>°_° L$pfZ° _]$u pf L$fu ch_p\]$p]$p_°

117 118

66


]|$^ QX$phu iL$[p¨ _ l[p¨. ApW$ - ApW$ q]$hk `kpf \C Nep.

D`hpk° b¨_° `r[-`–_u_p° ∆h d|¨Tphp gp¡ep°.`R>u r_Úe

L$fu_° b¨_° S>Z° _]$udp¨ ^|bpL$p° dpfu_° `Z ch_p\]$p]$p_° ]|$^

QX$phhp_y¨ _ºL$u L$eyØ. [° hM[° Nyfy ip°cp∆ –ep¨ ApÏep A_°

b¨_°_° _]$u `pf L$fphu. ”Z°e S>Zp¨ ch_p\ ApÏep A_°

ip°cp∆A° `r[-`–_u_° d¨q]$fdp¨ S> fp°L$pC S>hp rh_¨[u L$fu.

A_° `p°[° `Z rNf_pfdp¨ S> fl° R>°. [°d S>ZpÏey¨. D]$pNp°f A_°

kp°_bpC d¨q]$fdp¨ fp°L$pC Nep¨. khpf° d¨q]$f `pR>m L$p°C

bpmL$_p° fX$hp_p° AhpS> ApÏep°. D]$pNp°f [° bpmL$_° h¨\gu

gpÏep A_° ]°$hp° _pd fpøey¨.

]°$hp_u ]$k hjÆ_u D¨df° r`[p_p° ıhNÆhpk \ep°. [°\u

]°$hpA° cZhp_y R>p°X$u ]$u y A_° Npd_u Npep° Qfphhp_y iÍ$ L$eyØ.

[°Ap° ƒep¨ Npep° Qfphhp S>[p l[p. –ep¨ TpX$ _uQ° dpV$u_p° A°L$

V°$L$fp° l[p°. A°L$ q]$hk b^p Np°hprmepA° V°$L$fp° Mp°]$u _p¨øep°.

–ep¨\u cNhp_ rih∆_y¨ tgN _uL$˛ey¨. Ap ≈°C_° b^p

Np°hprmep ApÚeÆQqL$[ \C Nep. `f¨[y ]$°hpe[ [p° tgN_u

rhr^kf |≈ L$fhp gp¡ep. –ep¨ d¨q]$f_u ı\p`_p L$fu. –ep¨ Z

[°d_° Nyfy ip°cp∆_p° c°V$p° \C Nep° A_° ]°$hpe[_° d¨” q]np

Apù.

\p°X$p kde `R>u ip°cp∆ afu\u ]$°hpe[ `pk° ApÏep.

A_° [mphdp¨ ı_p_ L$f[u L$fiepAp°dp¨\u A°L$ ıhÍ$`hp_ L$fiep

kp\° ]$°hpe[_p g¡_ L$fpÏep¨. Ap L$fiep [° ]$°hg. Nyfy ip°cp∆_u

]$ep\u ]°$hpe[dp¨ rh¤p_u h©qŸ \C A_° [°d_° Ap–dop_ \ey¨.

gp°L$p° [°d_p hpZu ‚hpl\u OZp S> ApL$jpÆep A_° `¨qX$[

]°$hpe[\u [°d_° bp°gphhp gp¡ep. ]°$hpe[ A_° ]°$hg° kp^y -

k¨[p°, AÊepN[p°, ]$rg[ - ùX$u[p°_u k°hp iÍ$ L$fu. A_° r_≈f

^dÆ A¨NuL$pf L$ep£. \p°X$pL$ S> kdedp¨ ]$°hpe[_u øepr[ h^hp

gpNu. [°d_° kp¨cmhp A_° ApiuhpÆ]$ g°hp dpV°$ gp°L$p°_u cuX$

≈dhp gpNu. kp\° kp\° [°d_p ı\p_L°$ kp^y k¨[p° `Z [°d_u

A]$πc|[ A_° ApL$jÆL$ hpZu kp¨cmhp dpV°$ Aphhp gp¡ep.

]°$hpe[_u r_≈f dÆ_u ≈ Qlzq]$i° afafhp gpNu.[°d_p OZp

riÛep° \ep [°dp¨ dyøe[: [p° lpgp°, lzgp°, Y$p¨Np°, h_huf, kp[p°,

bp°]$p° A_° kp¨Np° dyøe l[p. [°d_p gNcN 360 S>°V$gp riÛep°

l[p. Y$p¨Np° cN[ Ly¨$cpf l[p. A_° h_huf L$pW$u l[p. bpL$u_p

dl]π$Aï° Aprlfp° l[p.

]° $hpe[° r_≈f`¨\_u kdS> [°d_p riÛep° A_°

lqfcL$[p°_° Ap`[p¨ S>ZpÏey¨ L° $ : "r_≈f`¨\dp¨ ≈fL$dÆ

(ÏercQpf) _p° r_j°^ R>°. `f˜u_° dp[p kdp_ A_° `f `yfyj

r`[p L°$ cpC kdp_ R>°. Apq]$ ^dÆdp¨ dlp`¨\, r_∆ep`¨\,

N[ ¨\, k[`¨\, r_hpÆZ`¨\ Aphp _pdp°\u r_≈f`¨\dp¨ csº[

\pe R>°.'119 120

67


Ap `¨\_u L°$V$guL$ ipMpAp° S>°hu L°$, L$p`X$u `¨\,

L$p¨Qmu `¨\, L$p¨L$Z`¨\,r_bØ^`¨\, ie_`¨\, ]°$lp`ÆZ `¨\,

A¨S>rg `¨\, Q|X$u `¨\, Qp¨Îgp `¨\, `hm`¨\, `pV$`¨\,

_L$g¨N`¨\, hN°f° r_≈f `¨\_p Ap_yk¨rNL$ `¨\p° `Z R>°. A°dp¨

Ac°¤ ¨\ A_° r_≈f dÆ A°L$ S> dÆ d_phu_° A°dp¨ fpQ_pfp

L°$V$gpL$ A_yepeuAp°A° ipº[ ¨\_p Ap°W$p l°W$m d¤, dp¨k,dyÿp,

d•\y__° p` _ NZhp¨. A° fu[° ÏercQpf A_° ÏercQpf Ïep`L$

bfiep¨. S>°_° L$pfZ° S>° Ap ‚L$pfdp¨ dp_[p l[p¨ [°Ap° Ap `¨\dp¨

c˛ep¨ A_° r_≈f dÆ_° lgL$p° pX$hp gp¡ep¨. pV$ |≈dp¨ rih-

isº[_u `|≈_p Ap°W$p l°W$m Ny¸p¨Np°_u `|≈ \hp gpNu. ]$•rlL$

- rdg_ A° `p` _\u [°hy¨ gp°L$p° dp_hp gp¡ep¨.

]°$hpe[_° Ap dpNw gp°L$p° ‚–e° OZu S> _af[ A_° O©Zp

\hp gpNu. [°dZ° Aphp ipº[ ¨\dp¨ gp°L$p°_° _ S>hp dpV°$ ApN∞l

L$ep£. gp°L$p°_° kpQp dpN£ gphhp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ A_° r_≈f`¨\_y¨

[°dZ° y_:ı\p`_ L$eyØ. ApS>° Z r_≈f`¨\uAp° f˜u Nd_,

ÏercQpf A_° Ïek_\u ]|$f fl° R>°. ]°$hpe[ A_° ip°cp∆A°

`p°[p_p riÛep°_° kd≈Ïey¨ L°$, r_≈f dÆdp¨ S>° pV$`|≈ \pe R>°

[° pV$ kp• ‚\d rih∆A° L$ep£ l[p°. A_° phÆ[u∆_° dlp^dÆ_y¨

dl–h kd≈Ïey¨ l[y¨.

r_≈f`¨\dp¨ [p° k–e, krlÛœ[p, k]$pQpf, kdcph,

kcp_[p, k°hp, k–e hQ_, kp^_p, kd[p, k¨ed, k¨[

kdpNd, k–L$pf, k–k¨N, ıdfZ, køe A_° k]π$rhQpf dyøe

R>°.

[p° r_≈f `¨\dp¨ _h "_'L$pf_y¨, Qpf "Q' L$pf_y¨ `Z

dl“h R>°. r_≈f`œ¨ _d∞[p, r_dÆm[p, r_Mpgk[p, t_]$p,

–epN, r_fp^pf, r_rhÆL$pf, r_ed A_° r_hpÆZ›ep__y¨ rhi°j

dl“h R>° [p° Qpf "Q' L$pfdp¨ Qp°fu, QpX$u, Qpqf‘erl_[p A_°

QX$kp-QX$ku_p° rhfp°^ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

r_≈f`¨\dp¨ pV$`|≈_y¨ dl“h R>°. S>° AjpY$ ky]$u buS>

A_° dlpky]$ buS>_p `rh” q]$hk° `pV$`|≈ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°

`pV$`|≈ dlpeo kdp_ `rh” NZpe R>°.

]°$hg ƒepf° ]°$hpe[_° hepØ l[p¨ –epf° [°dZ° A°L$ if[

L$fu l[u L°$ ºepf°e [°_u A°b ≈°hu _lv. A°L$ q]$hk ]°$hpe[

¨qX$[ Npddp¨ cS>_ L$fhp Nep l[p. fp”u_p° kde l[p°. ]°$hg_°

A°L$pL$u`œ¨ MV$L$[y l[y. A°V$g° [°dZ° Nyfy ip°cp∆_y ıdfZ L$eyØ.

gp°L$p°qL$[ R>° L°$, ip°cp∆A° ]°$hg_° hQ_ Ap‡ey¨ l[y¨ L°$, "[d°

ƒepf° `Z ep]$ L$fip° –epf° lz¨ lpS>f \Ci.' A_° ip°cp∆ [p°

fpS>hu_p h°i° Op°X°$ıhpf \C_° Aphu Nep A_° ]$°hg]°$_° Ap°fX°$

Nep. ]°$hg]°$A° Nyfy_° AphL$pfp° Ap`u bpfZp¨ b¨^ L$epØ. Ap

◊Ìe ≈°C_° ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[_p k°hL$p°A° ]°$hpe[ ƒepf° cS>_dp¨\u

121 122

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`pR>p Of° ApÏep –epf° hp[ L$fu. ]°$hpe[ ¨qX$[ i¨L$p_p O°fphpdp¨

akpC Nep. [°d_° ]°$hg]°$_p Qpqf‘e D`f i¨L$p NC. hmu,

k°hL$p°A° A° `Z L$¸y¨ L°$, A° fpS>hu ApS> fp”° `Z ]°$hg]°$_p

Ap°fX°$ ^pfhp_p R>° ! buS>° q]$hk° ]°$hpe[ cS>__y blp_y L$pY$u_°

blpf Nep A_° dp°X$u fp”° `pR>p Aphu ApÓddp¨ k¨[pC Nep.

fp”° fpS>hu_p h°idp¨ Nyfy ip°cp∆ ApÏep A_° ]°$hg]°$A° duW$p°

AphL$pfp° Ap`u Nyfy_° Ap°fX°$ bp°gpÏep A_° bpfZp¨ b¨^ L$epØ.

]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[° Ap ◊Ìe ≈°ey¨ A_° k°hL$p°_u hp[ [°d_u kpQu

gpNu A_° [°dZ° ]°$hg]°$_p Ap°fX$p_y¨ bpfœ¨ MMX$pÏey¨. `Z

ApÚeÆ_u OV$_p [p° A° b_u L°$, Ap°fX$pdp¨ _ [p° Nyfy ip°cp∆

l[p L°$ [p° _ ]°$hg]°$ l[p ! ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[° k°hL$p°_° bp°gphu_°

]°$hg]°$_p Ap°fX$p_y¨ bpfœ¨ Mp°gpÏey¨. –ep¨ S> ]°$hg]°$ k[uıhÍ$`°

‚L$V$ \ep¨ A_° L$¸y¨ : ""L$p¨ `¨qX$[ ! A°b ≈°C_° ? dlpdpNÆ_p

dykpaf_° iy¨ dp” ]¨$c S> L$fhp_p° R>° ? [d_° dpfp Qpqf‘e D`f

i¨L$p Aphu ? Ap [p° `¨qX$[ r_≈f`¨\ R>°. Ap `¨\dp¨ ÏercQpf

L°$ rhL$pf L$fhp_p° lp°e _rl, Îep° lh° fpdfpd Ap`Zu if[ |fu

\C.'' A_° ]°hg]°$A° afu\u Nyfy_y¨ ıdfZ LeyØ : ^f[u apV$u A_°

]°$hg]°$ f[udp¨ kdphhp gp¡ep¨ A_° L$ y : ""lh° lz Nyfy_p ifZ°

≈J Ry>¨, dmhy¨ lp°e [p° _fp°lfNY$ Aph≈°. Ap ]°$hg° [d_° S>

`r[ dpfiep R>°. `Z [d° dpfu D`f i¨L$p L$fu A°V$g° lz¨ ≈J

Ry....!''

]°$hep[ ¨qX$[_° OZp° S> ı[php° \ep° [°d_u ¨qX$[pC_p°

Aldπ Ap°Nmu Nep°. `Z [°dZ° ]°$hg]°$_° NydpÏep¨ A°_y¨ ]y$:M

A°d_° `pfhpf l[y¨. ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[° NpXy¨$ [•epf L$fpÏey¨ A_° [°dp¨

b°ku _fp°lfNY$_u ip° L$fhp _uL$mu X$Èp. kp\° [°d_p L°$V$gpL$

riÛep° `Z ≈°X$pep. Afie L°$V$gpL$ riÛep°A° Afie ı\mp°A°

[`pk Ap]$fu. ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[ af[p af[p dpfhpX$_p d°hpkp

Npddp¨ DNdiu_p riÛe k¨[ fplp°gdpgp A_° Í$`p¨]°$_p ı\p_L°$

ApÏep. –ep¨\u [°d_° r_fpip dmu. L$√R>dp¨ S>°kg-[p°fg_p

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aepÆ `Z _fp°lfNY$_p° `—p° _ gp¡ep°. kp• r_fpi \C_° `pR>p

hm[p l[p. –ep¨ h√Q° dS>°hX$u Npd Aph[p¨ NpX$p_p `•X$p_u ^fu

[|V$u NC. Ap Npddp¨ ]°$h[ZMu _pd° dp°V$p k¨[ l[p A_° [°Ap°

≈r[A° gylpf l[p. [°_u ≈Z ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[_° \[p¨ [°Ap° –ep¨

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q]$hk° L$p°C L$pfuNf ^¨^p_y¨ L$pd L$f[p _\u. [°d R>[p¨ ]°$h[ZMu

^fu kp¨ hp [•epf \ep. fu [`phu A°fZ f fpMu. ¨qX$[∆A°

Op dpep£ `Z A°fZ [p° S>du_dp¨ E[fu NC. ]°$h[ZMu [p°

A¨[fop_u l[p. [° ≈Zu Nep L°$ ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[_p° NhÆ Ap°Nmu

f¸p° R>° A_° ^fu_° ]°$h[ZMuA° `p°[p_p Np°W$Z D`f fpMu A_°

123 124

69


Op L$fhp_y¨ ]°$hpe[_° L$¸y¨. ]°$hpe[ \p°X$p AQL$pep A_° [° fp°L$pC

Nep. ""Af°, fp°L$pC L°$d Nep ? hpfy, Îep° Ap dpfu `y”u

gug≈_u O|¨Vu `f ^fu d|L$u, lh° Op L$fp°.'' [°d R[p¨ ]°$hpe[

`¨qX$[ Op L$fu iºep _lv. [°d_° X$f l[p° L°$, Op L$fhp S>[p¨

gug≈_u O|¨V$u [|V$u ≈e [p° ! ""Af°, X$fp° R>p° iy¨ L$pd ? gphp°

OZ, d_° Ap`p°.'' A°d L$lu_° ]°$h[ZMuA° OZ_° lp\dp¨

gu^p° A_° gug≈_u O|¨V$u D`f d|L°$g fu D`f Op L$ep£. A°L$ S>

Op\u fu k¨ pC NC ! fu [p° k¨ pC NC Z kp\° kp\° ]°$hpe[

¨qX$[_p [pf Z Cf kp\° k¨ pC Nep A_° A°L$[pf \C Nep.

A_° ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[_p° Aldπ Ap°Nmu Nep°. [°Ap° A_° [°d_p

riÛep°, k¨[ ]$°h[ZMu_p QfZp°dp¨ Y$mu `X$Èp.

]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[° "X|$b[p° [ZMgy¨ `Z Tpg°' A° Esº[

A_ykpf [°dZ° gugdbpC_° `|Rπ>ey¨ : ""[d° _fp°lf NY$_y¨ _pd

kp¨c˛ey¨ R>° ? L°$ [° ı\m rhi° [d_° L$p°C ≈ZL$pfu R>°?''

""lp, lz¨ L$ped _fp°lfNY$dp¨ ≈J Ry>¨. [d° ]°$hg]°$_°

dmhp Qplp° R>p° ?'' gugdbpCA° ]°$hpe[_p d__u hp[ ≈Zu

guû l[u.

""lp, dpfu bl°_ ! [y¨ Ad_° _fp°lfNY$ b[ph !''

""`qX$[∆, _fp°lfNY$ S>hp dpV°$ dpNÆ OZp° S> L$W$u_ R>° !

_fp°lfNY$dp¨ ‚h°i[p `l°gp¨ A¨Npfp `p\f°g dpNÆ Aph° R>°.

A° Ap°m¨Npe [p° S> _fp°lfNY$dp¨ ‚h°i dmu iL°$...! [°dp¨

Aldπhp]$u, Dÿpdhp]$u, Qp°f, X$pL|$, g|¨V$pfp hl°du, A_° g¨`V$

Ïesº[ ‚h°iu iL$[p° _\u. `Z [d_° [p° [dpfu `¨qX$[pC_y¨

Arcdp_ R° ! A° Ap°N˛ep hNf [d° _fp°lfNY$dp¨ ‚h°iu _lv

iL$p°.''

""bl°_, dpfp° Aldπ [p° ºepf°e_p°e Ap°Nmu Nep° R>°.

[dpfp N_u O|¨V$u D`f OZ_p° Op \ep° R>[pë L$iy¨ _p \ey¨. [d_°

kl°°S>°e Ap¨Q _ Aphu ! A° ≈°C_° S> dpfp° [p° Aldπ Ap°Nmu

Nep° l[p°. dpfp° NhÆ Nmu Nep° R>°. [d° [p° k¨[ [ZMu_p¨ ]°$h[g

A_° ANd-r_Nd_p¨ ≈ZL$pf R>p°. L$p°C k¨[ L$f[p¨ ºepë D[f[p¨

_\u. [dpfpdp¨ ]°$h–h A_° k¨[–h b¨_° ‚L$V$ \C f¸y¨ R>°.''

""Ad° [p° Cf_° hap]$pf fl°gp¨ dpZk R>uA°.

_fp°lfNY$ S>hy¨ lp°e [p°, Aph[uL$pg° fp”° [dpfp riÛe kp^L$

lp°e A_° [° A¨Npfp D`f k|C ≈e A_° [d° [° riÛep°_u ùW$

D`f\u `kpf \C ≈h [p° S> _fp°lfNY$dp¨ ‚h°i L$fu iL$ip°.''

gugdbpCA° L$¸y¨.

gugdbpC *]°$hpe[ ¨qX$[_u L$kp°V$u [p° L$f[p¨ l[p¨ kp\°

kp\° [°d_p riÛep°_u `Z L$kp°V$u L$f[p¨ l[p¨ ! Ap kp¨cmu_° S>°

X$f`p°L$ riÛep° l[p [° [p° S>[p f¸p. `Z lpgp°, lzgp°, Y$p¨Np°,

A_° h_huf ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[_p `X$M° f¸p.

* Ap gugdbpC [° k[u gp°eZ_° _pd° `Z ≈Zu[p¨ R>°.

125 126

70


d›efp”uA° kp•A° _fp°lfNY$ [fa ‚epZ L$ey Ø.

rNf_pfdp¨ ApÏep, A°L$ Nyap `pk° Aphu gugdbpCA° L$¸y¨ :

""S>e Nyfy]°$h ip°cp∆.'' Nyap_y¨ Y$p¨L$œ¨ MyÎey¨ A_° A¨Npfp

`p\f°gp° dpNÆ ]°$Mpep°. Qpf°e riÛep° A¨Npfp `f k|C Nep.

]°$hpe[ Qpf°e riÛep°_u ùW$ `f \C_° Nyapdp¨ ‚h°Ìep. riÛep°

[p° b|fu fu[° ]$pTu Nep l[p. `Z kl°S>°e Dl¨L$pfp° kfMp°e

\ep° _lv. ]°$hpe[, Nyfy ip°cp∆ A_° ]°$hg]°$_° d˛ep. ]°$hg]°$A°

]°$hpe[_° AphL$pfp° Ap‡ep°. ]°$hpe[_p° NhÆ Nmu Nep° l[p°.

ip°cp∆A° riÛep°_p A¨Np° ]$pTu Nep¨ l[p¨, [°_u D`f

`pZu R>p¨V$u_° b°W$p L$epÆ A_° Qpf°e_° _hÿ ∆h_ Ap‡ey¨ A_° Nyfy

A◊Ìe \C Nep. \p°X$uhpf° A°L$ Op°X°$ıhpf ApÏep°, [° Nyfy ip°cp∆

l[p ! ]°$hpe[_° L$dm`p” Ap‡ey¨. [°_° `pV$`|≈dp¨ fpMhp_y¨

L$¸y¨. –ep¨\u _uL$mu ]π°hpe[ ¨qX$[° L$p°mp¨cp Xy$¨Nfdp¨ k¨[ kd•ep°

L$ep£. kd•ep_u |ZpÆlr[ L$fu hmu [°Ap° rNf_pfdp¨ ApÏep A_°

]$°hpe[ ¨qX$[ A_° k[u ]°$hg]°$A° –ep¨ S> ∆h_èØ[ r_hpk L$ep£.

ApS>° `Z ]°$hpe[ `¨qX$[_p cS>_p° gp°L$L¨$W°$ AL$b¨^ kQhpe°gp°

R>°.

!!!!!

13. cº[ L$hre”u dufp¨bpC(1498-1546)

d°f° [p° rNqf^f Np°`pg ]$|kfp _ L$p°C,

≈ L°$ rkf dp°fdyLy$V$, d°fp `r[ kp°C.

A_fie csº[cphdp¨ _p_u Jdf\u S> gegu_ fl°_pf

L$hre”u dufpbpC_p° S>fid fpS>Ly$Vy¨$b ≈°^`yf_p ı\p`L$ fph

≈°^p_u ‚`p•”u A_° fph ]y$]$p∆_p Qp°\p`y” fph f–_tkl_° –ep¨

C.k. 1498 dp¨ \ep° l[p°. C.k. 1503 dp¨ [°d_u dp[p_y¨

Ahkp_ \ey¨ S>°_° L$pfZ° A°d_y¨ i•ih ]$p]$p ]$y]$p∆ `pk° hu–ey¨.

fph ]$y]$p∆_p ∆h_L$pmdp¨ f[_tkl `p°[p_p r`[p kp\°

d°X$[pdp¨ f¸p l[p. rèfdp¨ h•ÛZh^dÆ `mp[p° l[p°. [°\u

h•ÛZh^dÆ_p k¨ıL$pf dufpbpC `f _p_`Z\u S> `X$Èp l[p.

_p_`Zdp¨ Akp^pfZ A_fie L$lu iL$pe [°hp° `fd°f rhi°

A_ych [°d_° \ep° l[p°, A°d L$l°hpe R>°. Ap\u _p_u Jdf\u

S> [°d_° ‚cy_u gpNu NC l[u.

17 hjÆ_u Jdf° (C.k.1516) dufpbpC_p g¡_

rkkp°]$uep hï_p fpS>hu k¨N∞pdtkl - fpZp kp¨Np - _p

`pV$hu`y” cp°S>fpS> kp\° \ep l[p¨. Ap`Z° ≈°ey¨ L$° dufpbpC

fpS>Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ _Áep¨ l[p¨ A_° fpS>Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ `fŒep¨ l[p¨. rèf

d°X$[pdp¨ h•ÛZh ^dÆ l[p° A_° kpkfudp¨ i•h^dÆ l[p°. `Z

127 128

71


dufp_° d_ L©$ÛZ A°_p° khÆıh l[p°. k¨kpfu `r[ L$f[p¨ `fd°f

‚r[ KX$u ÓŸp l[u. A°V$g° S> dufp¨ dp_[u l[u L°$ "dpC lz¨

k`_pd¢ `fZu Np°`pg.' A°L$ bu≈ `]$dp¨ Ap hp[_° kd\Æ_

Ap`[p¨ [° L$l° R>° : "dpC Álp_° ky`_pdp¨ `fŒep ]$u_p_p\.'

k¨h[ 1573 _u AMp”uS>_p q]$hk° [°Z° Np°`pg_u d|r[Æ kp\°

rhhpl L$ep£ l[p°. Ap S> d|r[Æ [° kpkfu rQ[p°X$dp¨ gC Aphu

l[u. ıh‡_dp¨ S>° rNf^f_u R>bu b_phu, [° S> Ap¨Mp°dp¨ hku

NC : "bkp° d°f° _°__d¨° _¨]$gpg.' Ap\u ıhpcprhL$ R>° L°$ A°_p

g¡_∆h_dp¨ kÖjÆ A_° L$g°i Ïepù Nep°. kpkfudp¨ [° kp•_u

Ar‚e \C; `f¨[y lpX°$ [p° fpS>`|[pZu A° `p°[p_p r_ZÆedp¨

dºL$d flu. L$p°C rhfp° L°$ Ap`—uAp° Aphu X°$ [p° [°_p° kpd_p°

L$fhp gpNu.

`f¨[y ”°huk hjÆ_u Jdf° dufpbpC_p ∆h_dp¨

ApOp[S>_L$ b_ph bfiep°. A°_p `r[ cp°S>fpS>_y¨ AL$pm°

Ahkp_ \ey¨. A° hjÆ l[y¨ C.k. 1521 _y¨ dufpbpC rh^hp

b_u. `Z dufpbpC A° tld[hp_ ˜u l[u. k[u‚\p_p A°

eyNdp¨ `Z A° qfhpS>_p° A°Z° tld[\u kpd_p° L$ep£. `r[_u

`pR>m A_° kr[ _ \C A_° L°$hm L©$ÛZ_u - rNf^f _pNf_u

Apfp^_p dpV°$ A° ∆rh[ flu. r_:k¨[p_ A_° rh^hp ˜u

fpS>Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ `pmhp ≈°C[p ApQpf _ `pm[p¨ h•fp¡ede A_°

[`p°de Ap›eps–dL$ ∆h_ ∆hhp [fa hmu, [°\u fpS>L$yVy¨$b_p

kÊep° ifd A_ych[p l[p. `Z dufpbpC [p° ≈Z[u l[u L°$,

"bX$p¨ Ofp¨d° S>_d rgep° l•, _pQp° ]°$ ]°$ [pgu.'A°hp Apn°`p°

`Z \hp gp¡ep.Af°! L$g¨qL$_u Ly$g_pku - [fuL°$_p° fp°j `Z

[°_° h°W$hp° X$Èp°. Ly$Vy$buAp° [°_° k[[ r[fıL$pfhp gp¡ep. Apd°e

kp^y k¨[p°_u k¨N[ [p° dufpÄ° fpMu S> l[u. A°Z° [p° k¨`|ZÆ

h•fpNu ∆h_ ıhuL$pfu gu^y¨. d›eL$pmdp¨ ^dÆde hp[phfZdp¨

A°d \hy¨ ıhpcprhL$ l[y¨. Ap\u fpS>Ly$Vy¨$b rhi°j np°c A_°

¡gpr_ A_ychhp gp¡ey¨, A_° dufpbpC_° dp_rkL$ ”pk

Ap`hp gp¡ep, b_° [p° dpfu _pMhp_u ep°S>_p Ahpf_hpf L$fhp

gp¡ep.

dufpbpC_p q]$ef rhæ$dtkl° [p° azgp°_u R>pbdp¨

iprgN∞pd L$lu_° T°fu _pN dufpbpC `pk° dp°L$Îep° l[p°.

bu∆hpf QfZpd©[ L$lu_° rhj_p° ‡epgp° `Z dp°L$Îep° l[p°.

b¨_° hM[ Qd–L$pqfL$ fu[° dufpbpC bQu Nep¨ l[p¨. S>°_° L$pfZ°

rhæ$dtkl Nyık° \ep° A_° MyÎgu [ghpf gC_° dufpbpC_p°

rif√R>°]$ L$fhp ^ku Nep° –epf° `Z A°_° [p° A°L$ L$f[p¨ h^y

dufpbpC ]°$Mphp gp¡ep¨. A° dufp_° dpfu _ iºep°.

≈° L°$ Ap bû gp°L$hpeL$p R>° A°_° A•r[lprkL$ Ap^pf

kp¨`X$Èp° _\u.

129 130

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dufpbpC fpS>fpZu l[p¨. [°d R>[p ¨ [°dZ°

fpS>fpZu`]$_p° –epN L$ep£ l[p°. A_° `|ZÆ kde dpV°$ kp^y

k¨[p°_u kp\° Cfcsº[dp¨ kde rh[phhp gpNu. k¨fieprk_u_p

h˜p° [°dZ° pfZ L$epØ. cS>_ qL$[Æ_ L$fhp, csº[ ]$p°_u fQ_p

L$fhu, A_° gp°L$p° kdn fS|> L$fhp¨ A° dpN£ hmu Nep¨. h•ÛZh

lh°gudp¨ A° csº[ `]$p° Nphp dpV°$ S>[p¨ l[p¨. S>°_° L$pfZ° gp°L$p°

A°d_p ‚cyde ∆h_\u rhi°j ‚cprh[ \ep¨ l[p¨. gp°L$l•ep

`f dufpbpC R>hpC Nep¨. fpS>`qfhpf_p k[[ A–epQpfp°\u

[¨N Aphu S>C_° dufp rQ[p°X$ R>p°X$u_° C.k. 1532dp¨ h©¨]$ph_

Qpgu _uL$˛ep¨. kpkfuep_p° –epN L$fu_° [°Ap° [°d_p rèf

d°X$[pdp¨ Aphu hıep¨ R>u [p° [°dZ° "X$pbp° d°Îep° d°hpX$, dufp¨

NC rÚddpë'. aº[ A°L$ S> hjÆdp¨ [p° d°X$[p_° Z R>p°X$u ]$u^y¨

A_° L©$ÛZcsº[_p L°$fi÷ kdp h©¨]$ph__u ep”pA° D—f cpf[

[fa [°dZ° ‚epZ L$eyØ. L©$ÛZ_u S>fidc|rd - h∞S>c|rddp¨ ]$iÆ__u

[°d S> h©¨]$ph__u Ly¨$S> NguAp°dp¨ Np°th]$gugp Nphp_u [°_u

Arcgpjp `|ZÆ \C. h¨©]$ph_dp¨ Q•[fie_p A°L$ riÛe ∆hp

Np°kp¨C –epf° –ep¨ l[p. Nyfy `pk°\u csº[ rhi° h^y op_ dm° [°

dpV°$ dufpbpC ∆hp Np°kp¨C_° dmhp Nep¨. ∆hp Nykp¨C

Í$qY$Q|ı[ dp_k fph[p° l[p°. [°Z° dufp_° A°d L$lu_° dmhp_u

_p L$fu L°$ : dufpbpC ˜u R>° A_° `p°[° `yfyj R>°. S>°\u h•ÛZh

^dÆ_u depÆ]$p_p° `p°[° gp°` L$fhp dp¨N[p° _\u. dufpbpC_°

Aphp S>hpb\u ApOp[ gp¡ep°, `Z X$¡ep¨ _rl A_° ∆hp

Np°kp¨C_° kZkZ[p° S>hpb Ap‡ep° :

""ApS> gNu [p° lz¨ A°d dp_[u

S>° h∞S>dp¨ L©$ÛZ `yfyj R>° A°L$,

h∞S>dp¨ hku lSy> `yfyj f¸p R>p° !

[°dp¨ ^fie [dpfp° rhh°L$.''

Ap ]$ kp¨cmu_° ∆hp Np°kp¨C_p° Aldπ Ap°Nmu Nep°.

A_° dufp_° dmhp dpV°$ k¨]°$ip° dp°L$Îep°. gNcN buS>° S> hj£

C.k. 1537_p kde° [°Ap° NyS>fp[dp¨ ‹pqfL$p ApÏep¨. 1546

kyû [°Ap° ‹pqfL$pdp¨ f¸p¨ A_° A¨[L$pm° dufp¨bpC ‹pqfL$p_p

ÓuL©$ÛZ d¨q]$fdp¨ cNhp__u d|r[Ædp¨ kdpC Nep¨.

dufpbpC rNqf^fhf_° - cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZ_° - d_p°d_

hfu Q|L$u l[u. [°_° k¨kpf Akpf \C Nep°. cp°S>fpS> kp\°

kp¨kpqfL$ fu[° g¡_rhr^\u ≈°X$pC l[u. `Z [°Z° cp°S>fpS>_°

ºepf°e r[ [fuL°$ ıhuL$pep£ _\u. _ftkl_u S>°d [°_y rQ— kp y-

k¨[p°_u kp°b[dp¨ A_° csº[dp¨ S >`fp°hpe°gy¨ l[y¨. _ftkl_p° S>°

D`lpk \[p° l[p° [°hu S> fu[° dufpbpC `Z A`dp__p° k[[

A_ych L$f[u l[u. d°hpX$ R>p°X$Èy¨ –epf° _p¢^pfu Ahı\pdp¨ `Z

A°Z° Cf ‚–e°_u ÓŸp, Apı\p_u ‚ur[ ◊Y$ L$fu. `p°[° L$p°C

k¨‚]$pedp¨ i•h L°$ L©$ÛZ - dp_[u _ lp°[u `Z d_p°d_ [° L©$ÛZ

- rNf^fgpg_° hfu Q|L$u l[u. S>° [°_° kp[ kyM A_° AM¨X$

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kp•cp¡e A`Æ_pf l[p. ı\|m k¨kpfu h•^Ïe [°_° ıìÆ[y¨ _ lp°[y¨.

Ap c|rdL$p A° [°_u Ap›eps–dL$ c|qdL$p S> l[u. [° dp°l-

dpep\u `f \C NC l[u. A°Z° [p° h•fp¡e_p° L$pmp° L$pdmp°

Ap°Y$u gu^p° l[p°. S>°_° L$pfZ° Np°kp¨C∆_° kpQu csº[_p° fpl

[° b[phu iL$u.

dufpbpC_p¨ csº[Nu[p°dp¨ kfm[p, d^yf[p A_°

A_pepk`œ¨ ≈°hp dm° R>° [° S> [p° dufp_u Ap›eps–dL$

c|rdL$p_u Qfdrkdp b_u flu R>°.

dufpbpC_u ‚pQu_—d lı[‚[ C.k. 1856_u dmu

Aphu R>°, S>° L$p°C grlepA° gMu lp°e [° k¨ch R>°. S>° ApS>°

`Z X$pL$p°fdp¨ kQhpe°gu R>°.

dufpbpC_p L$pÏe kS>Æ__° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qu iL$pe.

(A) ]$uOÆ L$\p–dL$ fQ_pAp° A_° (b) `]$ L$rh[p.

]$uOÆ L$\p–dL$ fQ_p : " _ftkl fp° dpl°fp°' A° 544

L$pÏe ¨sº[dp¨ gMpe°g L$\pL$pÏedp¨ _ftkl_p |hÆch_u hp[

rhı[pf\u Apù R>°. S>°dp¨ dpfhpX$u qdrÓ[ NyS>fp[u cpjp ≈°hp

dm° R>°. L©$r[_p° b¨^ "]$p°lp Qp°`pC'_p° R>°. "kp¨hqfep ‚ur[

r_cpÏep° ∆...' Nu[ Ap "dpl°fp°'_y¨ R>°. [°d_y¨ buSy> ]$uOÆ

L$\p–dL$ L$pÏe "k–e cpdp∆_p° Í$kZp°' A\hp "k[cpdp_y¨

Í$kœ¨' _pd° A¢iu `¨sº[Ap°dp¨ Nfbu b¨^dp¨ gMpe°g R>°.

"≈Œey ≈Œey¨ l°[ [dpfy¨ ≈]$hp f° gp°g' A° `]$ A¨[dp¨ ≈°hp

dm° R>°. S>° kprls–eL$ L©$r[ [fuL°$ kpfu R>p` d|L$u ≈e R>°.

`]$ L$rh[p_u k¨øep gNcN AY$ukp° S>°V$gu \hp ≈e

R>°. S>° ErdÆNu[p°\u k]$pe° ip°c° R>°.

dufpbpCA° S>° ]$p°_u fQ_p L$fu R>° [° ErdÆ_u D–L$V$[p

R>°. [°dp¨ Apepk- ‚epk ≈°hp dm[p° _\u. `Z [°dp¨ Ap–dL$

\_p–dL$[p -L©$ÛZgugp, ‚cyrdg__u T¨M_p, rhflcph, ‚cy

rdg__p° Ap_¨]$, ^fie[p_p° cph hN°°f° k-fk fu[° r_Í$`pep¨ R>°.

csº[ bp°^ L°$ [“hop__u L$rh[p `Z ›ep_plÆ b_° R>°.

dufp¨bpC_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚cy‚ur[_u r_[p¨[ dı[u R>°. L$ep¨L$

Cf_y¨ gugpNp_ R>°. [p° ºep¨L$ csº[S>fie bp°^ Z R>°. "≈°Nu

d[ ≈ d[ ≈....' dp¨ fl°gp° Ap[Æ_p]$ L$p°C Z k˘]$e_° cvS>hu

]°$ [°hu A° fQ_p R>°. A°d_u L$rh[pdp¨ i©¨Npf `Z Ap fu[° ‚L$V°$

R>° : "NN_ d¨X$gd°¨ k°S> rèpL$u qL$k rb^ rdg_p lp°e.' A_°

"AM¨X$ hf _° hfu'dp¨ fl°gp° ÓŸp kcf Ap_¨]$ dprdÆL$ fu[° ‚L$V$

\ep° R>°.

_ftkl - dufp_u L$rh[p NyS>fp[_p ‚≈∆h__p° Adf

hpfkp° R>°. _ftkl A_° dufp_u L$rh[p L°$hm d›eL$pgu_

NyS>fp[u kprl–e_° S>° kp°lph[u _\u, A¤pr`èØ[ NyS>fp[u

L$rh[p_u dp¢Ou d|X$u b_u flu R>°, L$pfZ L°$ [°dp¨ khÆL$pg V$L$u fl°

[°hy¨ Aqh_piu [“h cm°gy¨ R>°. dufp_u L$rh[pdp¨ L$gp`n L$f[p¨

cph`n h^y ‚cy–h ^fph° R>°, S>°_° L$pfZ° [° gp°L$p°_p lp°W°$ fd[u

A_° L¨$W$° Nhp[u b_u R>°.

!!!!!

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fpMu S>° khÆ ‚–e° kdp_ ◊rÙ$ fpM° R>°, [° dlp–dp_u `pR>m

`pR>m lz¨ (`|ZÆ `yfyjp°—d) A°d rhQpfu_° r_f¨[f af[p° flz¨ Ry>¨ L°$

[°_p¨ QfZp°_u |m EX$u_° dpfp D`f X°$ A_° lz rh” \C ≈J.'

My]$ cNhp_ [°d_p ÓudyM° k¨[_p¨ gnZp°_u fM L$fph°

R>°. S>°_° cNhp__y¨ bm R>°, [°hp k¨[_u Ap°mM \C ≈e [p°

Nl_ Nyapdp¨ S>C [`ÚepÆ L$fhp_u L$p°C S> S>Í$f _\u. k¨fiepku

[p° A° R>°, S>° Afiedp¨ b|fpC ≈°[p° _\u. `f¨[y Afie_p kpfp -

D—d NyZp°_° N∞lZ L$fu ≈[_° ky^pf° R>°. k¨fiepku [p° A° R>°,

S>°_° ]$f°L$ Ïesº[dp¨ kp^y_p, k¨[_p ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. k¨fiepku [p°

A° R>°, ƒep¨ A°_u ◊rÙ$ X°$ –ep¨ [°_° kp^y[pdp¨ ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. S>°_u

◊rÙ$ r_dÆm R>°, S>°_y d_ r_dp£lu R>°, S>° A_pkº[ R>°, S>° NyZp[u[

R>°, S>° ûf R>° [° k¨fiepku R>°. S>° Ap–d r_funZ L$fu Ap–d

`funZ L$f° R>° [° k¨fiepku R>°, k¨[ R>°.

N∞lı\ A_° k¨fiepk_p° Z A_°L$ ◊rÙ$L$p°Z R>°. k¨kpfdp¨

flu_° `Z k¨fieı[ ∆h_ ∆hu iL$pe R>°. k¨kpfdp¨ flu_° `Z

k¨fiepku \C iL$pe R>° A_° k¨fiepku \hp R>[p¨ `Z S>°_y¨ ∆h_

N©lı\ S>°hy¨ R>° [°_° k¨kpf_u dpep, dd[p, dp°l_y¨ b¨^_ R|>V$[y¨

_\u. dp” cNhp¨ `l°fhp\u k¨fiepku \hp[y¨ _\u. cNhp¨ h˜,

r[gL$, dpmp, ]¨$X$L$, Ane`p” A° [p° ‚[uL$ R>°. d__° kp^y

∆h_dp¨ ◊Y$ L$fhp_p¨ dp” kp^_ R>°. ifuf° fpM Okhp\u L°$ S>V$p

14.k¨[ L$hre”u bphfu kprlbp

L$p°C`Z ]°$i_u kpQu k¨ r— k¨[S>_p° R>°. [°Ap° S>° kde°

‚L$V$ \pe R>°. A° kde_p S>_-kdy]$pe dpV°$ A°d_y¨ ∆h_

dpNÆ]$iÆL$ lp°e R>°. cNhp__p ]$iÆ_\u `Z h^pf° gpc

cNhp__p¨ Qqf” kp¨cmhp\u dm° R>° A_° cNhp__p¨ Qqf”

kp¨cmhp L$f[p¨ `Z NyZp[u[ k¨[p°_y¨ ∆h_-Qqf” hp¨Qhp -

kp¨cmhp\u Ar^L$ gpc \pe R>°. hpı[hdp¨ rhL$ÎepZ dpV°$

S>° kde° S>° ^dÆ_u AphÌeL$[p lp°e R>°. A°_p° Ap]$iÆ fS|> L$fhp

dpV°$ ıhe¨ cNhp_ k¨[p°_p Í$`dp¨ Ah[pf gC Aprhc|Æ[ \pe

R>°.

k¨[ A°V$g° L$p°Z ? k¨fiepk A°V$g° iy¨ ? Ap ‚Ò hpf¨hpf

D]π$ch° R>°. k¨[ A°V$g° :

oZa[jß _wqZ em›V_≤ oZd°aß g_Xe©Z_≤ $&

AZwdÓmÂ`hß oZÀ`ß [y``À`L>oYáUwo^ï $&&

("cpNh[' : 11:14:16)

A\pÆ[π :

"S>°_° L$p°C hı[y_u A`°np _\u, S>° S>N[_p tQ[_\u

khÆ\p D]$pku_ \C dpfp S> tQ[_ - d__dp¨ [Îgu_ fl° R>°.

S>°_pdp¨ h°fcph_p° Acph \e°g R>°. L$p°C`Z kp\° fpN ‹°j _

135 136

75


h^pfhp\u, ]$pY$u h^pfhp\u kp^y–h ‚p· \[y¨ _\u. Ap b^p¨ [p°

bp¸ D`L$fZp° R>°. cu[f\u S>°_y¨ d_ A_° ◊e iyŸ R>°. [° kp^y

R>°. k¨kpfdp¨ fl°hp R>[p¨ S>°_° kp^y–h_p° Mf°Mfp° f¨N gp¡ep° R>°.

A°hp¨ rhriÙ$ NyZp° fph[p d›eL$pgu_ h•ÛZh k¨‚]$pe_p cº[

L$hre”u bphfu kprlbp A_° [°dZ° ı\p`°gp° "bphfu `¨\'

A–e¨[ dl“h_y A_° ArN∞d ı\p_ fph° R>°. bphfu kprlbp_p

Ïesº[–h A_° L©$r[–h_u kp•\u DÎg°M_ue rhi°j[p A° R>° L°$

[°d_p¨ ]$p°dp¨ dufp_u d^yf[p A_° [°d_u kpMuAp°dp¨ L$buf_u

L$W$p°f[p ◊rÙ$N[ \pe R>°. dufp A_° L$buf_u S>°d [°dZ° `Z

`p°[p_p Ly$m, Ly$Vy¨$b, S>fid, k]π$Nyfy hN°f° rhi° rhı[pf\u qfQe

L$fpÏep° R>°. `p°[p_p S>fid, dp[p-r`[p, ıhcph, kp¨kpqfL$

A_ych hN°f°_p° DÎg°M L$f[p¨ gøey¨ R>° :

""S>fid rgep° lqfhï L°$ hï d¢,

dp[y ]y$gpfu blz ]y$gfpe_,

`pW$ `Y$u CL$gp•[u lu rhd¢

c|g NC ıhcph iycpe _...''

Ap `]$ `f\u ≈Zu iL$pe R>° L°$ cº[ L$hre”u bphfu

kprlbp_p° S>fid lqfhï _pd_p b∞p˚Z_p Ofdp¨ \ep° l[p°.

[°d_u dp[p_y _pd ]y$gpfu l[y. p°[p_p¨ dp[p-r`[p_p¨ [°Ap° A°L$

S> k¨[p_ l[p¨. [°\u b¨_°_° Mpk L$fu_° dp[p ]y$gpfu_° M|b S>

Ïlpgp¨ l[p¨. dp[pA° ‚°d\u ]$uL$fu_° k¨kpf_p kyM-]y$:M_p `pW$

cZpÏep l[p. dp[p - r`[p_p° ‚°d ≈°C [°Ap° p°[p_p° hu[fpNu

ıhcph c|gu Nep¨ A_° kp¨kpqfL$ b¨^_dp¨ b¨^pC Nep¨ l[p¨.

`f¨[y [°d_° k¨kpf_p° f¨N gp¡ep° _ lp°[p°. [°Ap° [p° S>mL$dmh[π

S> l[p¨.

bphfu kprlbp_y¨ d|m _pd "f–_p' l[y¨. "bphfu' _pd

[p° [°d_p g¡_ \ep `R>u_y¨ kpkfu`n_y¨ l[y¨. [°d_p¨ g¡_ iyL$g

b∞p˚Z Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ \ep¨ l[p¨. `f¨[y [°d_° `r[ A_° kpky kkfp

[fa\u ‚°d d˛ep° _ l[p°. kyf `n_p D√QLy$gu_ lp°hp R>[p¨

dp¨k - dq]$fp_y¨ k°h_ L$f[p¨ l[p¨. `r[_p ‚°d\u h¨rQ[ A_°

kpky_p ”pk\u L¨$V$pmu ƒepf° bphfu kprlbp k]π$Nyfy_p ifZ°

Nep¨, –epf° [°d_° Agp•qL$L$op_ A_° A`|hÆip¨r[_u ‚pr· \C.

k]π$Nyfy_° rh_¨[u L$f[p¨ [°dZ° L$¸y¨ l[y¨ L°$ :

""ı_°l rdÎep° _ L$kp° f–_p `r[

kp¨hf° kp° flu _°lz gNpe_,

"bphfu' ApSy> cC ifZpN[,

]°$hSy>¨ Nyfy∆, op_ fkpe_.''

Ap iÂ]$p° f\u ı`Ù$ \pe R>° L°$ "f–_p' A°V$g° L°$ bphfu

kprlbp `r[ ‚°d\u h¨rQ[ \[p¨ Ìepdky¨]$f_p ‚°ddp¨ r_d¡_

fl°[p¨ A_° kpky_p LW$p°f hQ_p°\u L¨$V$pmu k]π$Nyfy_p ifZ° Nep¨

137 138

76


l[p¨. k]π$Nyfy_p ifZ° Nep R>u [°d_u ◊rÙ$dp¨ kps–hL[p,, dp°l,

dpep, dd[p\u –epNu A_° r_dp£lu`œ¨ ◊Y$ \hp gp¡ey¨. [°\u

[°Ap° N©lı\ lp°hp R>[p¨ `Z –epNu f¸p¨ l[p¨.

kpky_p d°Zp¨ - V$p°Zp¨ kp¨cmu f–_p - bphfu - _y L$p°dm

˘]$e L¨¨$`u EW$[y¨, [°_y¨ dp\y¨ cdhp gpN[y¨ [°Ap° kp_cp_ c|gu_°

csº[d[u dufpbpC_u S>°d Ìepdky¨]$f_p ›ep_dp¨ X|$bu S>[p¨

A_° kp^y- k¨[p°_u kp\° Dfid[ b_u_° _pQhp dp¨X$[p ! Ap\u

Of_p¨ A_° blpf_p¨ gp°L$p° [°d_° "bphfu' L$lu_° bp°gph[p¨ l[p¨.

A°L$ q]$hk kpky_p Ak¸ ”pk\u L¨$V$pmu S>C_° f–_p

fpr”_p kde° Q|`Qp` Ofdp¨\u Qpgu _uL$˛ep¨. `f¨[y `p°[p_p

r`[p_° O°f A_° h[_ Np∆`yf_u hpV$ _ `L$X$[p¨ [°dZ° d\yfp -

h©¨]$ph__p° dpNÆ `k¨]$ L$ep£ A_° kp^y k¨[p°_u d¨X$mu kp\° L$u[Æ_

L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨ [°Ap° d\yfp Nep¨. –ep¨_p ‚rkŸ L©$ÛZcº[ k¨[

Np° pgıhpdu pk°\u ]$unpd¨” d°mhu [\p rhrh^ ip˜p°_y op_

k¨`pq]$[ L$fu [°Ap° h©¨]$ph_dp¨ S>C_° \p°X$p q]$hk f¸p¨ A_° –ep¨\u

L$piu_u ep”pA° Qpgu _uL$˛ep¨. Nyfy]$unp, AS>`p d¨” ≈`,

Nyfy drldp L©$ÛZcsº[ hN°f°_y¨ k¨y]$f hZÆ_ bphfu kprlbpA°

Ap fu[° L$eyØ R>° :

""AS>`p ≈` kL$g OV$ bf[°, ≈° ≈_° kp°C ]°$Mp,

Nyfy Nd ƒep°r[ ANd Of bıep, ≈° `ph° kp°C ]°$Mp;

d¶ bp¨]$u lp¶ Ìepd ky¨]$f L$u, S>N ≈_[ L$p° cp°fu

L$l[ "bphfu' Qgu h©fi]$ph_, kyf[ L$dg `f X$p°fu.''

‚ı[y[ ]$ bphfu kprlbp_u D–L©$Ù$ csº[ cph_p [\p

D—d ∆h_ kp^_p_y¨ S>hg¨[ ‚dpZ R>°.

L$piudp¨ N¨NpqL$_pf° k¨[ cº[p° kp\° dp°S>dı[u\u

k¨L$u[Æ_ L$f[p¨ bphfu kprlbp_° ≈°C iyL$gLy$m_p° A°L$ `¨qX$[

bp°gu EW$Èp° : ""b∞p˚Zp°dp¨ khp£√Q A°hp iyL$g Ly$Vy¨$b_u Ap

L|$mh y_° pM¨X$u kp ybphpAp°_u S>dp[ kp\° _pQ[u ≈°C_° dpfy

dı[L$ ifd\u _uQy¨ _du ≈e R>° !''

rd’eprcdp_u ¨qX$[_p Ap iÂ]$p° L$p_° X$[p¨ S> bphfu

kprlbp k¨[ L$buf kpl°b_u S>°d Ïe¨¡ep–dL$ kpMu_p° ‚lpf

L$f[p¨ L$¸y¨ :

""kyLy$g kyLy$g kb L$l•, kyLy$g _ ≈_° L$p°e;

kLy$g ce• QdX$u Q|k•, ]°$M "bphfu' fp°e.''

139 140

77


iyL$g Ly$mdp¨ S>fid g°hp R>[p¨ dp¨k dq]$fp\u `p°[p_u

hpk_p k¨[p°j[p b∞p˚Z `¨rX$[p°_u `p°g M|gu \[p¨ `°gp° `¨qX$[

Q|` \C Nep°.

\p°X$p q]$hkp° R>u bphfu kprlbpA° L$piu_p ¨qX$[p°_u

kcp bp°gphu `p°[p_u kp\° ip˜p\Æ L$fhp_p° `X$L$pf L$ep£ :

""X$fp¶ T|W$ k° "bphfu', L$fp•¨ Ap_ kb [LÆ$;

d¶ Q°gu lp° ≈JNu, L$p`X$ ≈e°Np aLÆ$ ?''

bphfu kprlbp_u Aphu r_cuÆL$ hpZu kp¨cmu_°

L$piu_p `¨qX$[p° XOpC Nep A_° A°L$bu≈_p dp°Y$p kpd° ≈°hp

gp¡ep. L$p°C [°d_u kp\° ip˜p\Æ L$fhp_u tld[ L$fu iºey _rl,

ºep¨\u tld[ L$fu iL°$ ? bphfu kprlbp_° [p° cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZ

klpe l[p. bphfu kprlbp kpQp A\Ædp¨ ep°Nu l[p¨. Óud]π$

cNh]π$ Nu[pdp¨ cNhp_° L$¸y¨ R>° : "dpfp° S>° cº[ r_–e ep°Nu R>°

[° d_° A–e¨[ r‚e R>°.'

"" AZ›`MVmï gVVß `m _mß Ò_aoV oZÀ`eï $&

VÒ`mhß gwb^ï [mW©ï oZÀ``w∫$Ò` `moJZï$&&''

(Óud]π$ cNh]π$ Nu[p : A: 8:14)

A\pÆ[π :

""l° ASy>Æ_ ! S>° r_f¨[f bu≈dp¨ rQ— _\u fpM[p°,

r_–e dpfy¨ ıdfZ L$f° R>°, [° r_–eeyº[ ep°Nu_° lz¨ kygc

Ry>¨.''

Aphy¨ hQ_ Ap`_pf cNhp_ rkhpe buSy>¨ L$p°Z lp°C

iL°$ ? S>° "ep°Nn°d'_p cpf_y¨ hl_ L$fhp_y¨ hQ_ Ap`° R>° [°

cNhp_ rkhpe buSy>¨ L$p°Z lp°C iL°$ ? A°hp cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZ

S>°_u `X$M° lp°e `R>u A°_° kp¨kpqfL$ hpk_p fl° S> ºep¨\u ?

cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZA° [p° A°d `Z L$¸y¨ R>° :

""AZ`mo¸›V`›Vm _mß ` OZmï [`w©[mgV $&

V°fmß oZÀ`mo^`w∫$mZmß `mJj_ß dhmÂ`h_≤ $&&''

(Óud]π$ cNh]π$ Nu[p : A: 9 : 22)

A\pÆ[π :

""S>°Ap° A_fie cph° dpfy¨ tQ[_ L$f[p¨ d_° r_ÛL$pd

cph\u D`pk° R>°, [° r_–e (dpfpdp¨) ≈°X$pe°gpAp°_p ep°N

(A‚pr·_u ‚pr·) [\p n°d (‚pr·_u fnp)_p° cpf lz¨ DW$phy¨

Ry>¨.''

bphfu kprlbp [p° cNhp__p Ap "ep°Nn°d'_y¨ r_cÆe

hQ__° `pdu Nep¨ l[p¨. A°V$g° S> [p° [°dZ° k¨kpf_p° –epN L$fu

cº[ d¨X$mudp¨ ≈°X$pC Óulqf L$u[Æ_ L$f[p¨ f¸p¨. A°dZ° [p°

kp¨kpqfL$ `]$p\p£, kp¨kpqfL$ d|Îep°, A°jZp, [©jZp_p° –epN

141 142

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L$fu L©$ÛZ drldp_° Np[p¨ f¸p¨. A°Vg° S> bphfu kprlbp

k¨kpfdp¨ fl°hp R>[p¨ C√R>pfrl[ \ep¨ A_° F>rj`]$_° `pÁep¨.

dufpbpCA° L$ y l[y L°$ : "d°f° [p° rNqf^f Np° pg, ]y$kfp°

_ L$p°C.' A°d bphfu kprlbp_° d_ cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZ_u dp°l_u

gpNu l[u.

L$piu_u ep”p `yfu L$fu bphfu kprlbp fpd_u S>fid

c|rd Aep°›ep Nep¨. –ep¨\u r”h°Zu k¨Nddp¨ ı_p_ L$fu p°[p_u

S>fid c|rd Np∆`yfdp¨ pR>p¨ aepØ A_° "bphfu ¨\'_u ı\p`_p

L$fu. gp°L$p°_° kpl∆L$∆h_ Npmhp_p° D`]°$i ]°$hp gp¡ep¨.

Np∆`yf_p "cyfLy¨$X$p' Npddp¨ ApS>° `Z "bphfu kprlbp'_p°

dW$ rh¤dp_ R>° A_° ıdfZ L$fphu kfidpNÆ [fa S>hp_u ‚°fZp

Ap`° R>°. "bphfu kprlbp_u hpZu' ApS>° `Z D—f cpf[_p

A_°L$ Npdp°dp¨ N|¨∆ flu R>° :

""`p_u dp¨lu Tp¨qL$ L°$, L$lp¶ Ap•f L$u hp[,

bphpqf L$p° bphpqf L$lp•, My]$ bphf° _ gMp[.''

Aphp r_dÆm A_° r_dp£lu k¨[p°_u `]$fS>\u DƒS>hm

cpf[c|rd `rh” \C R>°. A°V$g° S> Ap`Zu k¨ıL©$r[_y¨ d|Îe

S>mhpC f¸y¨ R>°.

!!!!!

15. Ap–dop_ k¨[ gp°eZ....

dS>°hX$u Npd_u cpNp°m° Db°Z _]$u L$gL$g r__p]$ L$f[u

hlu flu R>°. ApSy>bpSy>_y¨ hp[phfZ `Z gugdR>pC ‚L©r[\u

frmepdœ ]°$MpC f y R>°. ApM W$fu ≈e A°hy Ap ky]$f hp[phfZ

]|$f... ]|$f\u cS>__p° kyd^yf AhpS> k¨cmpC f¸p° R>°. kyd^yf

A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ [° AhpS> _pfu_p L¨$W$dp¨\u Nmp CQmpC_° `rh”

\C_° gp°L$dp¨ hl°[p° l[p°. ApMy¨ hp[phfZ cS>__p ›hr_\u

`rh” \C Ney¨ l[y¨. S>°d S>°d Ap cS>_ Nhp[y¨ l[y¨. [°d [°d

Ap–dp_p¨ flıep° DL°$gp[p¨ l[p¨. S>epf° Ap–dp_p¨ flıep° DL°$gpe

R>°, –epf° A¨]$f k–e_u O¨V$X$u b∆ DW°$ R> °. Np_pf A_°

kp¨cm_pf_p L$peÆdp¨ kp•fc A_° rhQpfp°_u kyhpk Qlzq]$i° a°gpC

≈e R>° A_° ƒepf° Ap–dp_p¨ flıep° DL°$gpe R>u [p° hpZu Z

˘]$e ı`iw b_u ≈e R>°. S>°_u hpZu ˘]$e_° ı`i£ A° hº[p

Ap–dpdp¨ sı\f A_° ‚L©$r[dp¨ f[ flu ıhı\[p A_ych° R>°.

dS>°hX$u Npd_p k¨[ Ap–dp ]°$h[ZMu gylpf_° –ep¨

Í$`Í$`_p A¨bpfkdu kp•¨]$eÆh[u gp°eZ_p° S>fid \ep° l[p°.

bpm`Z\u S> r`[p_p csº[kcf k¨ıL$pf\u gp°eZ `Z A°

csº[fkdp¨ A_° csº[dp¨ [fbp°m \C NC. A°_° CfıdfZ

rkhpe L$p°C Afie D—d dpNÆ _\u. A°hy¨ [° bpm`Z\u S>

143 144

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kdS>hp gpNu l[u. S>°_° L$pfZ° [°_pdp¨ A›ep–dcph_ ‚L$V$Èp°

S>°_° L$pfZ° [° p°[p_p ‚Òp°_y¨ kdp^p_ Z p°[° S> d°mhu g°[u

l[u. op_ A_° csº[_p DƒS>hm ‚L$pi_p qL$fZp° A°_p ˘]$e

A_° d__° ıìÆhp gp¡ep¨. [° rhQpfhp gpNu L°$ : "≈° r`[p∆_y¨

csº[ A_° Ap›epr–dL$ op_ [°_° gp›ey¨ _ lp°[ [p° [°_y¨ ∆h_

r_f\ÆL$ Ïe[u[ \C Ney ¨ lp °[.' gp°eZ bpm`Z\u S>

Ap›eps–dL$ kp^_p A_° isº[ -csº[\u kcf l[u.

S>° Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ ›ep_, csº[,`|≈-`pW$ A_° CfıdfZ

k[[ \[y¨ lp°e A_° Of_y¨ hp[phfZ ^prdÆL$ A_° Ap›eps–dL$

lp°e, dp[p - r`[p [fa\u S>°_° Ap›eps–dL$ hpfkp° d˛ep° lp°e

A° k¨[p_p°dp¨ op_ A_° csº[cph_p° ‚cph [°d_p L$p°dm d_

`f `|ZÆÍ$`° ‚–en \[p° lp°e R>°. A° Ap›eps–dL$ A_° csº[

hpfkp° ‚p· \ep `R>u csº[ A_° Ap›eps–dL$[p A° Ap]$iÆ

b_u ≈e R>°. A° Ap›eps–dL$ Ap]$iÆ\u d_dp¨ D–kpl h^° R>°

Ap_¨]$ h ° R>°. Ap_¨]$ A° fb∞ _y A¨[f¨N ıhÍ$` R>°. Ap_¨]$dp¨\u

S> ArMg rh_u D–`r— \C R>°. D`r_j]$_p F>rjAp°A° Ap

[’e_° Ap fu[° ‚L$V$ L$eyÆ R>° : "AmZ›Xm ]´õV Ï`ßOZmV $& AmZ›X°ï

B©_mZr ^yVmoZ Om`›V AmZ›X°ï OmVmoZ Ordp›V $&&'hN°f° F>QpAp°

‹pfp ‚L$V$ L$eyØ R>°.

gp°eZ_° A¨[fb∞˚_u ‚[ur[ \C l[u. S>° fu[°

k|f]$pk∆A° cNhp_ `pk° A°V$gy¨ S> dp¡ey¨ l[y¨ L°$ : ""]|$kfp° _p

Í$` ]°$Mp¢ ]°$rM fp^p -Ìepd.'' A° fu[° gp°eZ° `Z ‚cycsº[_p

Apkº[ l[p¨. [°Ap° [°d_p Ap¨[: Qny ‹pfp ‚cy_p ]$iÆ_ L$f[p¨

l[p¨. [°Ap° ≈Z[p¨ l[p¨ L°$ `p°[p_p ∆h_u cp•r[L$ Ahı\p

cNhp__p k¨`|ZÆ A¨Ly$i l°W$m R>°. [°\u [°Ap° L$p°C`Z ‚L$pf_p

L$dÆb¨^_\u nyÂ^ \[p¨ _ l[p¨.

cº[ L$hre”u k¨[ gp°eZ_p° kdL$pgu_ kde

A¨ p ¨| u A_° AfpS>L$[p_p° l[p°. Qp°f, g|V$pfp A_° pX$ pXy$Ap°_p°

”pk hû Nep° l[p°. ‚≈_p ≈_-dpg_u kgpd[u flu _ l[u.

kdpS>∆h_ kph [rme° Ney l[y. _•r[L$ d|Îep°_y A^:`[_ \C

Ney l[y. kdpS>_° k[[ cedp fpMhpdp Aph[p° l[p°. uAp°_u

kgpd[u _ l[u. [° kde° ˜u_° rdgL$[ kdS>hpdp¨ Aph[u

l[u. ˜u dp” D`cp°N_y¨ kp^_ b_u NC l[u. [°_° L$pfZ°

Ly$Vy¨$b L¨$L$pk A_° TOX$p hû Nep l[p. k[u \hp_p° fuhpS>

‚Qrg[ l[p°. rinZ_p° Acph [°\u Aop_u ‚≈dp¨ hiuL$fZ

A_° d¨”[¨”_u Akf gp°L$p° D`f ‚h[pÆhhpdp¨ Aph[u l[u. buL$

A_° ce_y¨ kpd∞pƒe Ïepù Ney¨ l[y¨. ‚≈dp¨ k]π$k¨ıL$pf,

k]π$rhQpf A_° gpNZu_p° Acph l[p°. A^d[p dpZk_°

cfMu NC l[u.

A°hp kde° k¨[ gp°eZ_y¨ apV$apV$ ep•h_ rlÎgp°mp g°[y¨

l[y¨. `p°[° ıhÍ$`hp_ A_° OpqV$gp¨ l[p S>°_° L$pfZ° L$p°C_u `Z

145 146

80


◊rÙ$ A°d_p ep•h_ `f W$f° A° r_rhÆhp]$ l[y¨. kp¨S>_p° kde l[p°.

`nuAp° dpmpdp¨ Aphu f¸p¨ l[p¨. ‚L©$r[ Z ip¨[ l[u. M°X|$[p°

`Z Of° Aphu Nep l[p. Aphp ip¨[ A_° d_p°fÁe A_°

d_p°NÁe hp[phfZdp¨ k¨[ gp°eZ Npd_u cpNp°m° Aph°gp L|$h°

`pZu tkQhp ApÏep¨. b°Xy¨$ cfpC Ney¨ –ep¨ S> ApV$L$p°V$ Npd_p°

dp\pcpf° rNfpk]$pf gpMp° Aphu QX$Èp°. S>° ^_, k—p A_°

eyhp_u_p r”rh^ _ipdp¨ QL$Q|f l[p°. L$l°hpe R>° L°$, Ap

”Zdp¨\u L$p°C_° A°L$ _ip° QX$u ≈e [p° `Z A_°L$ A_\Æ L$fph°

R>°. –epf° gpMp_° [p° Ap ”Z°e _ip QX$Èp l[p.

gpMp° Op°X$u `f\u _uQ° D[ep£ A_° `_OV$ `f `pZu

cf[u ˜uAp°_° A°L$ _S>f° ≈°hp gp¡ep°. A_° [° L$pdp¨^ gpMp°

ıhÍ$`h[u L$fiep `pk° Aphu_° L$¸y¨ : ""[dpfp Npddp¨ [fıep

dykpaf_° `pZu `php_p° qfhpS> R>° ?''

–epf° `°gu ıhÍ$`hp_ eyh[uA° L$¸y¨ : ""lp, Adpfp

Npddp¨ aV$qL$ep dp°[u_° `Z `pZu]$pf b_phhpdp¨ Aph° R>° !''

gpMp A° ıhÍ$`hp_ eyh[u_p lp\_y¨ `pZu ù[p° l[p°.

–epf° ≈Z° L°$ A° Í$`h[u eyh[u_p kp¶]$eÆ_° ≈Z° OV$L$ OV$L$ ù

f¸p° lp°e A°hy¨ gpN[y¨ l[y¨. L$pfZ L°$, eyh[u lp\dp¨ OX$p° A_°

`p°[° eyhL$ gpMp [fa Y$mu_° `pZu ùhfphu flu l[u. hmu,

hpZu_u QpÍ$[p Z gpMp_° ıìw NC. [° dy¡^ \C Nep°. Z

gp°eZ [p° dp\° b°Xy$ dyL$u Qpgu NC. gpMpA° A°L$ pZuApfu_°

`|Rπ>ey¨ : ""L$p°_u ]$uL$fu l[u ?$'' `pZuApfuA° S>hpb Ap`[p¨

L$¸y¨ : ""gylpf_u ]$uL$fu R>°.''hmu [°Z° L$¸y¨ : ""bp` A_° q]$L$fu

b°e kp^yX$p_u k¨N° d¨X$mudp¨ b°ku cS>r_ep¨ Npep L$f° R>°. ]$uL$fu

AphX$u dp°V$u lpX°$ \C R>°. `Z [°_p° lp\ ùmp° L$fhp_u bp`_°

tQ[p _\u...''

""W$uL$ R>°, lz¨ ≈°C gCi.'' gpMpA° L$¸y¨.

A° gpMp° ApV$L$p°V$ `pR>p° aep°Æ. A_° A°L$ M°rèp_°

dS>°hX$u dp°L$gu k¨[ ]°$h[ZMu `pk° gp°eZ_y¨ dpNy¨ _p¨øey¨. `”

hp¨Qu k¨[ ]°$h[ZMuA° `p°[p_u op_u `y”u gp°eZ_p lp\dp¨

Ap‡ep°. gp°eZ_° kdS>[p¨ hpf _ gpNu. L°$ Ap gpMp° A° S> [°

q]$hk°_p° [fıep° dykpaf ! [°Z° r`[p∆_° L$¸y¨ : ""r`[p∆! A°

]°$Mph_y¨ dp°[u R>°, `Z `pZu]$pf _\u. `Z Ap` Apop L$fp° [p°

A° aV$qL$ep dp°[u_° `pZu]$pf L$fu ]$J. A°_p L$`pm `f\u d¢ [p°

hp¨Qu gu^y¨ l[y¨ L°$ gpMp_p ]y$NyÆZp° ≈° k]π$NyZp°dp¨ `gV$pC ≈e

[p° A°_p\u A_°L$p°_p° DŸpf \pe [°d R>°.''

""Ap`œ¨ [p° A° S> L$pd R>° b°V$p !'' ]°$h[ZMuA° p°[p_u

]$uL$fu_p L$`pm kpd° ≈°C_° L$¸y¨.

gp°eZ° gpMp_° A°L$ `” gøep° : ""`p°[p_u ky¨]$f

`–_uAp°_° –e∆ S>° bu≈_u q]$L$fuAp°_p dpNp¨ _pMhp ]$p°V$ d|L°$

147 148

81


R>° [°_° A° L$fiepf–_ dm[y¨ _\u.'' gpMpA° gp°eZ_p° Ap `”

hp¨√ep°. [° Ap_¨]$_u kp\° kp\° cphrhcp°f \C Nep°. A° `”_y¨

A\ÆOV$_ Mp°Vy$ kdƒep°. Apd°e L$pdp[yf dpZk p°[p_° d_aph°

[°hp¨ A\ÆOV$_ L$f[p° lp°e R>°. gpMpA° A°d dp_u gu y L°$, gp°eZ

^_ c¨X$pf A_° fpS>dl°g_u QphuAp° dpN° R>° A°V$g° [°Z° _c¨X$pf

A_° dl°g_u QphuAp° gp°eZ_° dp°L$gu Apù. gp°eZ ıhp\w,

gp°g|` A_° g¨`V$ gpMp_° Ap°mMu NC l[u. [°Z° hm[p

S>hpbdp¨ Ap `]$ gMu_° gpMp_° dp°L$Îey¨ :

∆ f° gpMp ! Abmp gp°eZ A°d cZ° ∆...f°

Ly¨$Quey¨ R>° dpgd Nyfy∆_° lp\...gpMp !

Nyfy∆ dm° [p° [pmp¨ EOX°$ f°...∆ !

`” dm[p¨ S> gpMp° [p° D–kpldp¨ Aphu Nep°. `Z

A°_° Ap cS>__p° A\Æ _ kd≈ep°. `Z gp°eZ_° L$p°C `Z

cp°N° ‚p· L$fhp d_dp¨ d_kybp OX$hp gp¡ep°. [°Z° gp°eZ_°

d°mhhp dpV°$ ‚e–_p° iÍ$ L$fu ]$u^p. Z ]$f°L$ ‚e–_° [°_° r_fpip

A_° r_Ûam[p dmhp gpNu. _hp _hp _ykMp [° ip°^hp gp¡ep°

A_° dS>°hX$u_p QΩ$f iÍ$ \C Nep. ]y$S>Æ_ dpZk ƒepf° L$peÆdp¨

r_Ûam ≈e R>° –epf° [° DÌL°$fpC ≈e R>°. gpMpA° Z gp°eZ_°

d°mhhp dpV°$ R>°hV$_p° ‚e–_ L$fhp_p° r_ZÆe L$ep£.

dS>°hX$u_p `p]$fdp¨ hl°[u Db°Z _]$udp¨ L°$X$kdp¨

`pZudp¨ gp°eZ A_° [°_u kMuAp° ı_p_ L$fu flu l[u. A°L$p¨[

hp[phfZ l[y¨. gp°L$p°_u AhfS>hf `Z _luh[ l[u. gp°eZ

A_° kMuAp° A°L$bu≈_u D`f pZu DfpX$[u dı[u L$fu Ap_¨]$

g|¨V$u flu l[u. A°V$gpdp¨ S> AQp_L$ Op°X$p_p X$pbgp_p° AhpS>

k¨cmpep°. bû kMuAp° [p° pZudp¨\u _uL$mu_° L$`X$p¨ l°fu_°

]$p°X$u_° `p°[`p°[p_° O°f S>[u flu. A°L$ dp” gp°eZ r_cÆe fu[°

ı_p_ L$f[u flu. A°V$gpdp¨ gpMp° Aphu `lp¢√ep° A_° r_gÆS>

\C_° A° `pZudp¨ D[ep°Æ. gp°eZ_p° ıìÆ L$fhp [°Z° gp°eZ

[fa `p°[p_p° lp\ g¨bpÏep°. `Z gp°eZ [p° Ap–dop_u A_°

csº[‚Qyf l[u. Nyfy i°gpfku [fa\u [°_° Ap–dop_ d˛ey¨ l[y¨.

gp°eZdp¨ kps–hL$ h©r—, Qpqf‘e kbg[p A_° csº[_p

‚[p`\u [° hQ_rkŸ l[u. gp°eZ° [° tklZ_u S>°d gpMp kpd°

”pX$ `pX$u :

""]|$f fl°S>° g¨`V$ ! [y¨ ce¨L$f `pù R>°, [_° L$pdÍ$ù fp°N

[p°, ºepf_p°e gpNu Nep° R>°, `Z [y¨ dpfp° ıìÆ L$fui [p° [_°

fº[r`—uAp° L$p°Y$ `Z aV$u _uL$mi°.''

""gp°eZ ! [pfp ip`_u d_° fhp _\u. lz¨ [pfp¨ h°Zdp¨

dp_[p° _\u. i¨MZu_p Óp` ºepf°e gpN[p _\u. ApS>° [p° lz¨

[_° Nd° [° cp°N° `Z dpfu b_phui.[_° AcX$phui –epf° S>

dpfp° L$pdpr¡_ ip¨[ \i°.''

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""A°d R>° ? A°dp [y ApV$gp° b^p° D[phmp° L°$d \pe R>° ?

gpMp, lz¨ [p° S>°d k©rÙ$_p kh£ ‚pZuAp°, d_yÛep° dpfp¨ R>°, [°d

lz¨ [_° `Z dpfp° S> kdSy>¨ Ry>¨!'' gp°eZ° Ap–dop_ ‚L$V$ L$eyØ

`Z gpMp° kd∆ iºep° _lv.

""lz¨ A°hp Ap–dcph_° W$p°L$f dpfy¨ Ry>¨.'' A°d L$lu_°

gpMp° rìpQ_u S>°d gp°eZ kpd° ApNm h›ep°. Z gp°eZ_p°

Óp` a˛ep° A_° gpMp_p ApMp ifuf° fº[r`—uAp° L$p°Y$ Ïepù

Nep°. A°_p° Ql°fp° rhL©$[ b_u Nep°, dp¢ L$pmy A_° L$]$Í$`y¨ \C

Ney¨. ApMp ifufdp¨ QpW$p¨ `X$u Nep¨ A_° [°dp¨\u gp°lu - `fy

hl°hp gp¡ey. Ap ‚–en Qd–L$pf ≈°C_° gpMp_p° Aldπ Ap°Nmu

Nep°. A°_u L$pdh©r— A_° rQ—h©r—_p° Dfidp]$ ip¨[ \C Nep°.

[° [p° gp°eZ_p QfZp°dp¨ Y$mu X$Èp° A_° dpau dpNhp gp¡ep° :

""lz Ap`_p° A`fpû Ry>¨, lz Ap`_p k[_° A_° hpZu_p

‚L$p° _° Ap°mMu _p iºep°. ]°$hu, dpfp° Ap A`fp^ dpa L$fp°.''

""lz¨ [_° ndp L$f_pfu L$p°Z ? gpMp, d_° [p° A°L$ S>

k¨[p` R>° L°$ [pfp S>°hp° Ly$mhp_ nr”e pfL$u dp-q]$L$fuAp° D`f

Ly$◊rÙ$ L$f° [p° [pfu ‚≈dp¨ D√Q k¨ıL$pf ºep¨\u Aph° $? S>° ‚≈_p

k—pûip° A_° fp≈Ap° L$pdu, æ$p° u, gp°cu A_° g¨ V$ lp°e [°_u

‚≈dp¨ `Z A°hp¨ S> ]y$NyÆZp° Aph° R>°, L$pfZ L°$ "e\p fp≈ [\p

‚≈.' d¢ [p° [_° NyZhp_, cº[, `rh” A_° ‚≈fnL$ dpfiep°

l[p°. `Z [y¨ [p°...''

kp°_u ≈Zu d¢ [p° k°rhep°,

L$fd° r_hX$Èy¨ L$\uf... gpMp.

""gpMp ! dp_h]°$l Ar[ ]y$gÆc R>°. l≈fp° S>fid_p

`yŒe-‚cph hNf dp_hS>fid dmhp° dyÌL°$g R>°, A° ]y$gÆc

dp_h∆h__° `Z ≈° L$pNX$p - L|$[fp¨ S>°hy¨ b_phu ]°$hpdp¨ Aph°

[p°, Ap–dp_p° DŸpf L$epf° \i° ?''

""]°$hu ! d_° dpa L$f, d_° Aphu Mbf _ l[u. lh° lz¨

[_° S> dpfu Nyfy dp_y¨ Ry>¨. dpfp° Ap fp°N ip¨[ L$fu_° d_° chkpNf

`pf D[fhpdp¨ d]$]$ L$f.''

""[pfu A° hp[ kpQu ! Z, gpMp! lz Nyfy b_hp ep°¡e

_\u. L$pfZ L°$, csº[_p [“hp° Ar[Nl_ R>° A_° `fdp–dp_°

Ap°mMhp dpV°$ [p° b∞˚op_u k]π$Nyfy_u S>Í$f R>°.''

∆ f° gpMp ! Ap f° Ace`]$ Ap°mMhp dpV°$ ∆

[d° ^pfp° k]πNyfy `|fp...lp°...lp¨...

∆ f° gpMp ! [°\u lfM ip°L$_p

_ph° k`_p∆...lp¨...∆

A_° _°Zpdp¨ hfk° _|f...lp¨...lp¨...

""[p° `R>u d_° A°hp kpQp k]π$Nyfy_p° c°V$p° L$fphu ]$°,

gp°eZ ! Ap L$p°Y$\u [p° dpfy¨ ApMy¨ ifuf kmNu ≈e R>°. dpf°

fyhpX°$ fyhpX°$ l≈fp° hvR>u_u h°]$_p \pe R>°. lz [y L$l° R>° [°hp k]π$Nyfy_°

ifZ° S>C_° dpfp Ap–dp_p° DŸpf L$fy¨.''

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""kp¨cm gpMp! [pfp° Ap `Úp[p` `pZu hlu Nep

`R>u `pm bp¨^hp S>°hp° R>°. `p` L$f[p¨ [¢ `pRy>¨ hpmu_° ≈°ey¨

_\u. L$pd, æ$p°^, d]$, gp°c A_° dp°ldp¨ [y¨ QL$Q|f b_u Nep° R>°

A_° A_°L$_° [°¨ ]y$cÏep¨ R>°. A°V$g° [_° A° `p`_p ‚perÚ[ Í$`°

dm°gp Ap fp°N_° [pf° cp°NÏe° S> R|>V$L$p° R>°. lh° [y¨ i°gpfku

_pd_p k¨[_y ›ep_ f[p° fl°S>° A_° L$f°gp p`_y Úp[p` L$f[p¨

L$f[p¨ lh° `R>u_p ∆h_dp¨ `p`L$dÆ _ \pe [°V$gp° kph^ fl°S>°.

k]π$Nyfy fd L$©`pmy R>°. [pfp [_-d__p p`_p° _pi S>Í$f L$fi°,

d_° ÓŸp R>°. `Z A°V$gy¨ S>Í$f ›ep_dp¨ fpMS>° L°$ r_dÆm A_°

`rh” A¨[:L$fZhpmp_p° AhpS> k]π$Nyfy kp¨cm° R>°.g¨ V$, drg_

rhQpfhpmp° [°dS> Ly$X$L$`V$hpmp_p AhpS>_u Ap dpNÆdp¨ L$p°C

S> qL≠$d[ _\u.''

_uQ° dp¢Y°$ gpMp° –ep¨\u `pR>p° aep£ A_° fy¨hpX°$ fy¨hpX°$

Ar¡__u S>g_ l[u. A° ApV$L$p°V$ ApÏep° A_° `\pfuhi `X$Èp

`X$Èp `p°[p_p L$f°gp `p`p°_p° `Úp[p` L$f[p° f¸p°.

bpfbpf hjÆ_p [` `R>u, Ap fp°N_° kl_ L$epÆ `R>u

gpMp_p° Ap–dp [p° iyŸ \C Nep° l[p°. _u[epÆ r_dÆm_uf S>°hp°.

A°L$q]$hk k¨[ i°gpfku gpMp_° –ep¨ `^pepÆ. Apd AQp_L$

k]π$Nyfy_u `^fpdZu \e°gu ≈°C gpMp° A°d_p QfZdp¨ Y$mu

Nep° A_° iyŸ ‚°dpÓyÍ$ù A¨rS>g\u Nyfy_p N Mp˝ep¨. ""EW$,

b°V$p ! lh° [y¨ c°V$hp ep°¡e \ep° R>°. ApS> q]$hk kyû [pfp° ıìÆ

`Z `p`Í$` l[p°. ApS>\u [y¨ `rh” Ap–dp bfiep° R>°.'' Apd

L$lu Nyfy i°gpfkuA° gpMp_p ApMp ifuf° lp\ a°fÏep° A_° [f[

S> gpMp_y¨ ifuf L¨$Q_hZw b_u Ney¨. [° r_dÆm A_° r_fp°Nu

\C Nep°.

k¨[ i°gpfkuA° gpMp_° dlpdpNÆ_p° D`]°$i Ap‡ep° A_°

A°L$ q]$hk_p° A° g¨`V$ gpMp° gpM°Zp dp°[uÍ$`° QdL$u f¸p°.

""lh° d_° Ap`_p QfZdp¨ ]$pk [fuL°$ ıhuL$pfp°.''

gpMpA° Nyfy_° ‚p\Æ_p L$fu.

""b°V$p! l∆ [_° dlpdpNÆ_p° kpQp° dykpaf b_phhp

dpV°$ k–k¨N_u S>Í$f R>° A_° A° S> gp°eZ S>°hu b∞ op_u Ly$dpqfL$p

ApV$gpdp¨ bu∆ L$p °C _\u. A°_u k°hpdp¨ flu [y ¨ [pfp

Ap–dop__° ◊Y$ b_ph.'' Apd L$lu_° NyfyA° rh]$pe guû.

gpMp° [p° _u[epÆ r_fdm _uf S>°hp° \C_° gp°eZ_p

ifZdp¨ ApÏep°. gp°eZ° [°_p° k–L$pf L$ep£ A_° gpMp_°

Ap–dop__p° D`]°$i Ap`hp gp¡ep¨. Ll°hpe R>° L°$ gpMp_°

h•fp¡ecph Aphu ≈e [p° p°[p_y iy \pe ? A°d kd∆ gpMp_u

fpZu k|f≈ fp°S> gpMp `pR>m `pR>m S>[u A_° gp°eZ A_°

gpMp h√Q° \[u Ap–dop__u hpZu kp¨cm[u l[u. gpMp_°

Ap–dop_ \pe [° l°gp¨ [p° fpZu k|f≈_° Ap–dop_ \C Ney¨ !

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gpMp° gp°eZ_p ifZ° Nep bp]$ gp°eZ° [°_° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p

cS>_p° ‹pfp op_ Ap‡ey¨. Ap 84 q]$hk_p Ap–dop__u

hpZudp¨ Qp°epÆku S>°V$gp¨ `]$p° ‹pfp gp°eZ° gpMp_° k¨cmpÏep¨

A_° Ap cS>_p°_p ‚cph\u gpMp_p A¨[f_p¨ [pmp¨ Mygu Nep¨.

A¨[° iug A_° kp^y–h_p° rhS>e \ep°. gp°eZ_p ‚[p`° gpMp°

Ap–dop_u cº[ b_u Nep°.

gp°eZ_p A_°L$ cS>_p°dp¨ [“hop_ ep°N, dpep,

L$pfZ, k|ˇd A_° dlpL$pfL$_p `©’\Ω$fZ_p° r_]£$i Ap`° R>°.

Ap\u A° kde_u csº[ dpNÆ_° `¨\° hm°gu _pfu f–_p°dp¨ D√Q

A›eps–dL$ op__p `fQp ‚p· \pe R>°.

∆ f° gpMp ! hpkZ R>p°V$p_° hı[y R>° blz dp°V$u∆

A° [p° Ar^L$pfu_p Dfdp¨ W°$fpe...lp¨...lp¨....∆...

Aphp cS>_dp¨ Aq^L$pfu kp^L$ dpV°$ N∞lZ L$fhp ep°¡e

k]π$bp°^ kp]$u kuû cpjpdp¨ A`pe°g R>°. gp°eZ Ap k¨]$c£

L$l° R>° L°$ : ""l° gpMp! ?Aphu D√QL$np_p op__u hp[p° blz¨

dp°V$u R>°. dpV°$ A° _p_p `p”dp¨ V$L$u iL$i° _rl. dpV°$ ep°¡e

Ar^L$pfu_° S> Aphu hp[p° L$l°hu A_° M|b ûfS> fpMu_°

r_ed`|hÆL$ Ap–d[“h_° `Qphhy¨. _lv[f L$¸y¨ L$pfÏey¨ kh£ ap°L$

R>°. l° gpMp ! Ap–dL$ÎepZ_u C√R>phpmp kp^L°$ A°L$p¨[dp¨ S>

cS>_ L$fhy¨ A_° A° cS>__p Ap_¨]$_° A_° flıe_° L$p°C ApNm

Mp°ghp _lv. L$pfZ L°$, L$lu b[ph°gy¨ ]$p_ A_° op_ A° b¨_°

r_Ûam ≈e R>° A_° gpMp ! Óu lqf_° dmhy¨ lp°e [p° ]¨$c A_°

ApX¨$bf_p° –epN L$fhp° ≈°CA°. b_° –ep¨ kyû k¨kpfdp¨ f√ep

`√ep lp°e [°hp gp°L$p° kpd° S>Í$f `|f[u S> hp[p° L$fhu. b_° –ep¨

kyû dp•_ fl°hy¨ A_° gpMp, lz¨ [_° Q°[hy¨ Ry>¨ L°$ ]y$NyÆZu d_yÛe_p°

[p° –epN S> L$fhp° A_° k]$πNyZ N∞lZ L$fu_° S> fl°hy¨ [°_p\u

d_yÛe_y¨ S>Î]$u L$ÎepZ \pe R>°.''

gp°eZ_p Ap ‚cph\u gpMp° A°L$ D—d cº[ b_u

Nep°. S>° fu[° [p°fg_p k¨N° S>°kg, A_° N¨Npk[u_p k¨N°

`p_bpC. gp°eZ_p¨ `]$p° ApS>° `Z cS>r_L$p°dp¨ r‚e R>°. S>°

fu[° dufpbpC_p ]$p°dp¨ L©ÛZcsº[_p ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. [°d gp°eZ,

[p°fg A_° N¨Npk[u_p `]$p°dp¨ Ap–dop__p ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°.

!!!!!

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16. k¨[ bl°ZpbpC `pW$L (C.k. 1628-1700)

dlpfpÙ≤$_p ky‚rkŸ k¨[ [yL$pfpd dlpfpS>_p¨ A°L$ dp”

b∞p˚Z riÛep k¨[ bl°ZpbpC pW$L$_p° S>fid C.k. 1628dp¨

Ap•f¨Npbp]$ rS>Îgp_p ]°$hNp¨hdp¨ Npd° \ep° l[p°. bl°ZpbpC_p°

rhhpl ”Z hjÆ_u Jdf° _∆L$_p S> Npd riDf_p N¨Np^f `¨[

`pW$L$ kp\° \ep°. ”uk hjÆ_u Jdf_p N¨Np^f `¨[_y¨ Ap q‹[ue

g¡_ l[y. [°Ap° h°]$`pW$u l[p. bl°Zp¨ bpm`Z\u S> Cfcº[

l[u. kNpAp° kp\°_p L$gl_° L$pfZ° Jdf_p ApW$dp hj°Æ ]°$hNp¨h

R>p°X$u_° bl°ZpbpC `p°[p_p dp[p, r`[p, `r[ A_° cpC kp\°

[u\Æep”pA° _uL$mu Nep¨. `R>u 12 \u 18 hjÆ_u Jdf ky^u

L$p°Îlp yfdp¨ r_hpk L$ep£. –ep¨ A°d_° Npe-hpR>fXy$ ]$p_dp¨ d˛ey.

Ap hpR>fXy¨$ A_° bl°ZpbpC_p° A°L$bu≈ D`f AY$mL$ ‚°d.

A° hpR>fXy¨$ L$\p kp¨cmhp `Z bl°ZpbpC kp\° ≈e A_° L$\p

kp¨cm°.L$\pdp¨ k¨[ [yL$pfpd dlpfpS>_p Ac¨Np° L$\pL$pf

S>efpd ıhpduA° Npep¨. A° [yL$p°bp-[yL$pfpd-Ac¨NhpZu

kp¨cmu bl°ZpbpCA° d_dp¨ r_rÚe L$ep£ L°$ "[yL$pfpd S> dpfp

Nyfy, A°d_u L©$`p dpfp `Z ºepf° \i°? A°_u ÏepLy$m[p A°d_p

A¨[:L$fZdp¨ ≈Nu. `f Ap hp[ A°d_p `r[_° `k¨]$ _ l[u.

A°dZ° bl°ZpbpC_° M|b dpepØ. A° ≈°C hpR>fX$pA° Afi_–epN

L$ep£. R>°hV°$ hpR>fXy¨$ d©–ey pÁey¨. Z d©–ey l°gp¨ d_yÛehpZu\u

A°Z° Ôgp°L$ ‹pfp L$¸y¨ :"`ÀH•$[m V_hß d›X [a_mZßXß≤ _mYd_≤ $&'

hpR>fX$p_p d©–ey_p ]y$:M\u bl°ZpbpC b°cp_ \epØ. `Z k¨[

[yL$pfpd° ıh‡_dp¨ Aphu_° A°d_° kph^ L$epØ. ıh‡_dp¨ S>

bl°ZpbpC_° [yL$pfpd dlpfpS>° Nyfyd¨” `Z Ap‡ep°. `Z Ap

b^y¨ A_° bl°ZpbpC_u gp°L$p°dp¨ h^[u ‚r[õ$p A°d_p `r[_°

`k¨]$ _ Aphu. R>°hV°$ A°dZ° r_ZÆe L$ep£ L°$ `–_u_p° –epN L$fu_°

_uL$mu S>hy¨. bl°ZpbpCA° Nyfy_° d_dp¨ ‚p\Æ_p L$fu L°$ : "‚`¨Q

A_° `fdp\Æ b¨_° kp\° \pe A°d lz¨ C√Ry>¨ Ry>¨. A°d S> \hp ]$p°.'

A_° Qd–L$pf \ep° ! N¨Np^f `¨[_p ifufdp¨ AQp_L$ M|b S>

bm[fp \hp gpNu. S>°\u A° \pfuhi \ep. OZp D`Qpf L$fhp

R>[p¨ L¨$C a°f `X$Èp° _lv. –epf° N¨Np^f `¨[° [yL$pfpd dlpfpS>_°

‚p\Æ_p L$fu. A°d_u L©$`p\u [°Ap° fp°Ndyº[ \ep. [°d_pdp¨

`qfh[Æ_ ApÏey. N¨Np^f ¨[ bl°Zp¨bpC kp• k¨[ [yL$pfpd pk°

]°$l| Nep¨. –ep¨ bl°Zp¨bpC_° [yL$pfpd dlpfpS>_p ‚–en ]$iÆ_

\ep A_° [°d_u L©$`p ‚p· \C. A°dZ° ”Z q]$hk A_° fp[

kdpr^ Ahı\p ‚p· L$fu. kdpr^dp¨\u k¨[ [yL$pfpd dlpfpS>°

A°d_° ≈N∞[ L$fu L$rh–h_y¨ hf]$p_ Ap‡ey¨. ]°$lzdp¨ b°-”Z hjÆ

f¸p `R>u b^p¨ `p°[p_p Npd riDfdp¨ `f[ ApÏep¨. bpL$u_y¨

∆h_ bl°ZpbpCA° riDfdp¨ S> `kpf L$eyØ.

157 158

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L$u[Æ_ ‹pfp A°dZ° kdpS> ‚bp° _ L$eyØ. Ac¨N, Ôgp°L$,

`]$p°, cpÍ$W$, Ap°hu Apd b^p ‚L$pf_u L$pÏefQ_p A°dZ° L$fu.

S>°_u k¨øep gNcN 729 S>°V$gu \pe R>°. k¨øep A_° NyZh—p

b¨_° fu[° kpfıh[-dlpfpÙ≤$_° A°d_y¨ Ap dp°Vy¨$ ep°N]$p_ R>°.

`p°[p_p Ahkp__u A°d_° 18 r]$hk l°gp¨ Mbf X$u

l[u. A°dZ° `p°[p_p `y” rhÃ$g `¨[_° `p°[p_p 12 `|hÆS>fidp°_y¨

L$\_ L$eyØ l[y¨. ≈r[ıdf–h_u Ap A`|hÆ rkqŸ [°d_° ‚p· \C

l[u. `p°[° ep°NdpNÆ\u L°$hu fu[° ifuf_p° –epN L$fi° A° `Z

`p°[p_p y” rhÃ$g ¨[_° L$fu l[u. [°d_y¨ r_hpÆZ k_° 1700dp¨

ep°N ‹pfp 72 hjÆ_u he° \ey¨.

dlpfpÙ≤$_u Afie ˜u k¨[p° kp\° [yg_p L$fuA° [p° ‚`¨Q

kp\° `fdp\Æ L$f_pfp¨ Ap A°L$ dp” ˜u k¨[ l[p¨. ‚`¨Q dpV°$

`r[h∞[p^dÆ_y¨ `pg_ L$eyØ. `Z `fdp\Æ dpV°$ k]π$Nyfy_p° Apifp°

L$ep£. `r[h∞[p ^dÆ A_° k]π$Nyfy L©`p ‹pfp A–e¨[ æ$p°^u A_°

rhfp°^u `r[dp¨ `qfh[Æ_ ApÏey¨, S>°\u A° `Z [yL$pfpd_p S>

riÛe \ep.

A°L$ b∞p˚Z ˜uA° [° kdedp¨ k¨[ [yL$pfpd S>°hp iy÷

≈r[_p Nyfy L$epÆ. A°dp¨ A°d_p æ$p¨r[L$pfu rhQpfp° S> l[p. A°

dpV°$ A°dZ° r[_p° A_° kdpS>_p° rhfp° kl_ L$ep£ A_° A°dZ°

S>X$b°kgpM S>hpb `Z Ap‡ep°. A°dZ° OZp Ac¨Np° gMu_°

"kpQp b∞p˚Z' _p gnZp° kd≈Ïep¨.

"h∞S, k|rQ, D`r_j]$' D`f A°dZ° cpÛe f√ey¨. "b∞˚

≈Z° A°S> b∞p˚Z' A_° [°_° L$pfZ° [yL$pfpd iy÷ lp°hp R>[p¨

A°d_pdp¨ kpQp b∞p˚Z_p¨ gnZp° l[p¨. A°hy k¨[ bl°Zp¨bpCA°

A°d_p N∞¨\dp¨ `|fhpf L$eyØ R>°.

cpf[uep°_p° y_S>Æfid_p° Mepg, rkŸp¨[ bl°Zp¨bpC_p

`|hÆS>fidL$\_\u rkŸ \pe R>°. k¨[ bl°Zp¨bpCA° [p° bpf

`|hÆS>fidp°_y¨ rhı[pf\u hZÆ_ L$f°g R>°. A_° [°fdp, S>fid_y¨ `Z

gM°g Ap–dQqf” A° A°d_p L$pÏe_u rhi°j[p R>°. ApV$gy¨

rhN[hpf hZÆ_ Afie” ≈°hp dm[y¨ _\u. Mpk Dâ°M_ue

bpb[ [p° A° R>° L°$ Ap [°f° [°f S>fidp° ˜u_p S> l[p¨. ˜u S>fiddp¨

dysº[ _lv dm° A°hu hp[ L$f_pfpAp°A° Ap [fa Mpk ›ep_

Ap`hy¨ ≈°CA°.

bl°Zp¨bpC_p° L$pÏefk Ag¨L$pfp°\u `qf`|ZÆ [p° R>° S>.

`Z Ap–dp_y¨c|r[ Ïeº[ L$f_pf Ac¨Np° [°dS> D`]°$i, L$fyZp,

op_, L$dÆep°N, d_, csº[, k¨[ A°hp rhrh^ rhjep° f A°d_u

L$pÏe fQ_pAp° R>°. A°dp¨ Mpk Dâ°M_ue R>° A°d_p [“hop__y¨

rhh°Q_ L$f[p¨ Ac¨Np°, ≈Zu[p ‚opQny k¨[ Nygpbfph

dlpfpS> L$l° R>° : ""bl°Zp¨bpC_y h°]$pfi[ op_ ≈°C d_° dpfy op_

A^yfy¨ gp¡ey¨.'' k¨[ bl°Zp¨bpCA° [“hop__y¨ S>°V$gy¨ ky¨]$f fu[°

_p_p _p_p Ac¨Np°_y rhh°Q_ L$eyØ R>° A°hy A°d_p Nyfy k¨[ [yL$pfpd°

`Z L$eØy _\u.

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k¨[ bl°Zp¨bpC kdpS>dp¨ a°gpe°gp Ar_Ù$ [“hp°_° ]|$f

L$fhp L$df L$ku l[u. [p° Ap›epr–dL $n°”° Z A°d_y L$peÆ Dd]$p

l[y¨. A°d_p L$pÏep°dp¨\u ‚NV$[p Ap–dp_yc|r[_p D]π$Npfp°,

L$pÏep°dp¨\u ‚L$V$[p rhrh^ Ag¨L$pfp° A_° fkp°, A°d_p `p°[p_p

bpf |hÆS>fidp°_y L$\_, p°[p_p r_hpÆZ_y p°[° S> L$f°g L$\_ hN°f°

bl°Zp¨bpC_° A°L$ Ap›eps–dL$ k¨[ [fuL°$ ı\p`° R>°. k¨[

bl°Zp¨bpC_p° k¨ |ZÆ AÊepk kyÓu iprg_u bl°_ A. ≈hX°$L$f°

A°d_p k¨`pq]$[ N∞¨\ "bl°Zp¨bp¨CQp Np\p'dp¨ Lf°g R>°.

!!!!!

17. k¨[ [yL$pfpd(C.k.1650-1707)

dlpfpÙ≤$_p k¨[p°dp¨ k¨[ [yL$pfpd_y _pd ‚p[: ıdfZue

f y R>°. _ftkl dl°[p_p¨ ]$p°_u S>°d [°d_p¨ Ac¨Np° Of°Of_y Of°Zy

b_u Nep¨ R>°. [°Ap° dp” L$rh _lp°[p Z r_:kud cNh]$π cº[

`Z l[p.

k¨[ [yL$pfpd_p° S>fid `y_p\u _∆L$ Aph°g ]°$lz Npd_p

L$ZbuLy$mdp¨ iprghpl_ iL$ k¨h[ 1571 C.k. 1650dp¨

\ep° l[p°. r`[p hp°Îlpbp hl°`pfu l[p. dp°V$u Jdf A_°

Aisº[_° L$pfZ° hl°`pf ƒe°õ$ `y” kph∆_° L$fhp dpV°$

kd≈Ïep `Z kph∆ [p° csº[ `fpeZ ∆h_ `kpf L$f[p

l[p. h°`pfdp¨ [°d_y¨ rQ— _ Qp¢V$Èy. A°V$g° [yL$pfpd° [°d_u 13

hjÆ_u Jdf° r`[p_p° hl°`pf lı[N[ L$ep£. hl°`pf kpfp° Qpg[p¨

[°d_° k¨[p°j \ep° A_° [°d_y¨ g¡_ A°L$ budpf - ]$d_u fp°Nu -

L$fiep kp\° \ey lp°hp R>[p¨ y_p_p A°L$ hl° pfu - A‡`p∆ Ny Ïep

A° `p°[p_u `y”u ∆≈bpC_y¨ g¡_ [yL$pfpd kp\° L$eyØ.

Qpf hjÆ bp]$ [yL$pfpd_p dp[p-r`[p_y¨ Ahkp_ \ey¨.

17 hjÆ_p [yL$pfpd_° dp\° [p° ≈Z° Apc [|V$u `X$Èy¨. dp°V$pcpC

kph∆ [p° csº[dp¨ [fide \C Nep l[p. hmu, kph∆_u

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`–_u_y¨ `Z Ahkp_ \[p¨ kph∆A° N©l–epN L$fu ep”pA°

_uL$mu `X$Èp. [yL$pfpd_u [p° b^u S> ]$uipAp°_p¨ bpfZp¨ b¨^

\C Nep¨. S>°\u hl° pfdp¨ Z Mp°V$ Aphhp gpNu. ‚\d –_u_y

]$d_p fp°N_p L$pfZ° Ahkp_ \ey¨. bu∆ `–_u [p° hl°`pfu_u

`y”u l[u A°V$g° d]$dp¨ R>L°$gu A_° L¨$L$pku l[u. [°Ap° ∆h_\u

lpfu Nep. [°d_° k¨[p_p°dp¨ b° `y” A_° ”Z `y”uAp°- L$piu,

cpNf\u A_° N¨Np l[u. y”_y Ahkp_ \ey A_° ”Z° y”uAp°_°

`p°[p_u opr[dp¨ S> `fZphu.

q]$hk° q]$hk° [yL$pfpd_u Apr\ÆL$ sı\r[ bNX$hp gpNu.

A¨]$f\u h•fp¡e D–`fl \ep° A_° A¨[:L$fZ\u rhfsº[_° L$pfZ°

Cf ıdfZ iÍ$ L$eyØ. f¨[y dp” Cf ıdfZ\u °V$ cfp[y _\u.

[°d_u –_u [°d_° M|b S> ”pk Ap`[u l[u. k[[ L$X$hp¨ hQ_

k¨cmph[u. Of° L$p°C k¨[ - kp^y Aph° [p° [° ^y–L$pf[u. Ap\u

[yL$pfpd ∆h_\u L¨$V$pmu Nep A_° S>¨Ngdp¨ QpÎep Nep. f¨[y

S>°_p\u ∆h_ ≈°X$pey¨ R>° A° L¨$L$pku `–_uA° [°d_° ip°^u L$pY$Èp

A_° [yL$pfpd_° Of° Aphhp kd≈Ïep. `–_uA° `Z L$¨L$pk _

L$fhp_y¨ hQ_ Ap‡ey¨ !

iÍ$Ap[dp¨ [yL$pfpd L$\p L$fu_° p°[p_p° r_hpÆl Qgph[p

l[p.L$\p L$fu_° k¨kpf r_hpÆl |f[y [°d_° dmu fl°[y.[°dZ° L$\p_°

h^y fk‚]$ b_phhp dpV°$ k¨[ _pd]°$h_p Ac¨Np° A_° L$buf∆_u

kpMuAp° `]$p° A_° L$rh[pAp°_° dp°Y°$ L$fu. S>°\u L$\p ]$frdep_

‚k¨N_° A_yÍ$` fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° L$\pfk A_° gp°L$fk

S>mhpC fl°. A° ≈Z[p l[p L°$ dp” `p•fprZL$ L$\p_L$p°_° fS|>

L$fhp\u L$\pfk A_° gp°L$fk S>mhpC _ fl°. [° dpV°$ `p•fprZL$

L$\p_L$p°_u kp\° kp\° op_°fu, A°L$_p\u cpNh[, fyL$dZu

ıhe¨hf, cphp\Æ fpdpeZ, ep°NhprjÙ$, Ad©[p_ych hN°f°

Ap›eps–dL$ N∞\p°_p° AÊepk L$ep£. A° D`fp¨[ Óud]π$ cpNh[,

cNh]$π Nu[p A_° bu≈¨ `yfpZp° A_° ıa|V$ L$\pAp° `Z Afie

L$\pL$pfp°_° L¨$W°$ kp¨cmu [°\u [°d_° h^y ep]$ fl°hp gp¡ey¨. Ap

N∞\p°_p AÊepk° [°d_u Ap›eps–dL$ Q°[_p h y bmh—f b_u.

[°d_u L$\p h^y fk‚]$ b_hp gpNu A_° gp°L$p° [°d_° fku

kp¨cmhp gp¡ep. dlpfpÙ≤$_p Npd° Npd A_° ı\m° ı\m° [°d_u

øepr[ h^hp gpNu. [°Ap° ArNepfk_y¨ h∞[ r_erd[ L$f[p

¨l[p.

$&& d´Vm[mgZmoXZm ]´m˜U°od©ÓUwa dmam‹`ï$&&

A° rkŸp¨[ A_ykpf h•ÛZh cº[p° h∞[ A_° D`hpk

‹pfp cNhp_ Óu rhÛœ_u Apfp^_p L$f° R>°. kdı[ h∞[p°dp¨

h•ÛZhp° dpV°$ "A°L$p]$iu_y¨ h∞[' A–e¨[ ph_L$pfu A_° fd`]$_°

Ap`_pfy¨ h∞[ R>°. kyrhøep[ h•ÛZhN∞¨\ "[“hkpNf'dp¨ gøey¨

R>°.

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""EH$mXerg_ß qH$oMV≤ [mdZ_≤ Z M od⁄V $&

ÒdJ©_mj‡Xm ¯fm amO[wÃ ‡Xmo`Zr $&&''

A\pÆ[π :

""A°L$p]$iu kdp_ buSy>¨ L$p°C h∞[ `ph_L$pfu _\u. A°

h∞[_p ApQfZ\u ıhNÆ,dp°n, fpS>e, [\p `y”_u ‚pr· \pe

R>°.''

[yL$pfpd Z h•ÛZhcº[ l[p A_° Ÿ$fu_p\_u csº[

L$f[p f¸p. h°]$p°, `|fpZp°_p k[[ AÊepk_° L$pfZ° A_° Cf

‚–e°_u A[|V$ ÓŸp_° L$pfZ° [°d_u dp•rgL$ ‚r[cp Mugu EW$u

A_° [°Ap° Ac¨Np° gMhp gp¡ep. A°d_p Ac¨Np° kfmbp_u,

Ap›eps–dL$ [“h A_° csº[[fk_° L$pfZ° kdN∞ dlpfpÙ≤$dp¨

gp°L$r‚e \ep A_° gp°L$L¨$W°$ fd[p¨ \ep¨.

k¨[p°_u kp\° kp\° Qd–L$pfp° `Z Arh_pcphu k¨b¨^°

≈°X$pe°gp S> lp°e R>°. k¨[ [yL$pfpd_p ∆h_dp¨ A_° k¨[ [yL$pfpd

‹pfp \e°gp Qd–L$pfp°_y¨ `Z rhrh^ `yı[L$p°dp¨ A_° gp°L$p°qL$[

‹pfp ‚L$V$ \e°g R>° :

[yL$pfpd_p° dp°V$p° y” ƒepf° _p_p° l[p°. –epf° [° rbdpf

\ep°. L$p°C L$pfZkf [°_p° `°ipb b¨^ \ep°. ∆≈bpCA°

`Ÿ$fu_p\_° ‚p\Æ_p L$fu A_° d¨q]$fdp¨ gC NC. Apd°e Ap bpC

[p° L¨$L$pku l[u S>. A°V$g° [°_° y” D`f A_° [yL$pfpd D`f Nyıkp°

ApÏep° A_° L$¸y¨ : ""g° L$prmep, Ap [pfp° R>p°L$fp° [¢ Ap‡ep° R>°,

[p° [y gC g° ?'' A°d L$lu_° bpmL$_° cNhp__u d|r[Ædp¨ R>pX$hp

NC –ep¨ S> A°L$ ›hr_ k¨cmpep° : ""[pfp `y”_u rbdpfu Qpgu

NC R>°. [°_° [y¨ Of° gC ≈...!'' Sy>A° R>° [p° bpmL$_° °ipb \hp

gp¡ep°. [f[ S> [°_° d¨q]$f blpf gC NC. `°V lmhy¨ \eÿ. O°f

Nep `R>u bpmL°$ Mphp_y¨ dp¡ey¨. S>Áep `R>u [f[ S> [°_° KO

Aphu NC. [° fp°Ndyº[ \C Nep°. "Ap [p° `Ÿ$fu_p\_u L©$`p

l[u.' [°d [yL$pfpd° ∆≈bpC_° L$¸y ¨. Ap ‚k¨N `R>u

k¨[[yL$pfpd_u øepr[ h^hp gpNu.

A°L$ hM[ tQQhX$ Npddp¨ A°L$ ‚Mf NZ`r[ cº[

tQ[pdZu ]°$h fl°[p l[p. [°dZ° [yL$pfpd_° p°[p_° O°f S>dhp_y¨

r_d¨”Z Ap‡ey¨. [yL$pfpd [p° [°d_° –ep¨ S>dhp Nep. `¨N[ `X$u

–epf° [yL$pfpd_u bpSy>dp¨ S> tQ[pdZu ]°$h° b° `p”p° h^pfp_p

d|ºep¨ ! [yL$pfpd° Ap h^pfp_p¨ `p”p° rhi° tQ[pdZu ]°$h_° L$¸y¨.

–epf° rQ[pdZu ]°$h° L$ y : ""Ap b° p”p° NZ`r[ A_° rhW$p°bp_p

R>°. [°d_° S>dpX$Èp rh_p lz¨ S>d[p° _\u.''

""A° hp[ kpQu, `Z Ap b° `p”p° dpfu bpSy>dp¨ iy¨

L$pd d|L$ep¨ ? Ap`_u bpSy>dp¨ d|L$p° [p° Ap`_u kp\° NZ`r[

A_° rhW$p°bp S>di° !'' [yL$pfpd° L$¸y¨ :

""A° [p° fp°S> dpfu kp\° S>d° R>°, `Z ApS>° A° [dpfu

kp\° S>dhp b°k°i° !''

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tQ[pdZu ]°$h° NZ`r[ A_° rhW$p°bp_° ‚p\Æ_p L$fu

S>dhp dpV°$ Aplπhp_ Ap‡ey. Z L$°m_p p”dp¨ r`fk°gu fkp°C

Ap°R>u _ \C. tQ[pdZu ]°$h_° [p° ApÚeÆ \ey¨. "fp°S> S>dhp

Aph[p NZ`r[ A_° rhW$p°bp ApS> S>dhp L°$d _ ApÏep !'

[°_p° Aldπ Ap°Nmu Nep° A_° [yL$pfpd_° Aplπhp_ Ap`hp dpV°$

rh_¨[u L$fu. [yL$pfd° `|fu ÓŸp\u A_° csº[\u NZ`r[ A_°

rhW$p°bp_° ‚p\Æ_p L$fu A_° S>dhp dpV°$ Aplπhp_ Ap‡ey¨. ≈°[

≈°[pdp¨ [p° L°$m_p `p__p `p”p°dp¨\u cp°S>_ Apfp°NpC Ney¨.

Ap ‚dpZ° S>dhp dpV°$ Aph°g cNhp__p ]$iÆ_ [yL$pfpd [\p

tQ[pdZu ]°$h_° \ep¨, Z D`sı\[ Afie L$p°C_° \ep¨ _rl.lp,

b^pA° A°V$gy [p° ≈°ey L°$ `p_ D`f r`fk°g Afl Ap°Ry> \C Ney !

`p”p° Mpgu \C Nep¨ l[p¨ ! Ap Qd–L$pf ≈°C tQ[pdZu ]°$h

‚kfi_ \ep A_° [yL$pfpd_y Oœ¨ Np•fh L$eyØ. cp°S>_ R>u [yL$pfpd

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–epf° [°d_y¨ cÏe kpd•ey¨ L$fu kfidp_ L$eyØ.

A°L$ hM[ rihp∆ dlpfpS> [yL$pfpd_u L$\pdp¨ b°W$p

l[p. [° kde° [°d_p° ]|$[ A°L$ k¨]°$ip° Apù Nep° L°$, [°d_° L$X$hp

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rihp∆ ]°$Mphp gpNep ! [°\u Akgu rihp∆ L$p°Z ? [°hu c∞p¨r[

\[p¨ S> rihp∆_° `L$X$Èp hNf S> `pR>p h˝ep.

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cº[S>_p°_° A°d \ey¨ L°$ L$]$pQ kp¨S> ky^udp¨ pR>p Aphi°. [°\u

[°Ap° –ep¨ S> Cfi÷peZu _]$u_p qL$_pf° b°ku f¸p. ApMf°

cº[S>_p° r_fpi \C_° `p°[`p°[p_° O°f S>[p f¸p.

hpeyh°N° hp[ ]°$lzdp¨ A_° ApSy>bpSy>_p Npdp°dp¨ ‚kfu

NC. gp°L$p°_° Ap hp[ kpQu gpNu _rl. Z OZp_° Ap OV$_pdp¨

k–e R>° A°d \hp gp¡ey¨. Mpk L$fu_° [°d_p Qp•]$ cº[p°

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fpd°f, [yL$pfpd_p° cpC L$_•ep°, N¨Np∆, dhpm, L$Xy$kL$f,

L$p°¨X$p°bp rh‚, k¨[p∆ [°gu A_° bu≈ _h S>Zp –ep¨ b°W$p A_°

r_Úe L$ep£ L°$ A°L$ hM[ ≈°> [yL$pfpd_p ]$iÆ_ \pe [p° S> ∆h[p

fl°hy¨. Ap kde° L$_•epA° ip°L$p°rdÆ$ OZp¨ Ac¨Np° `Z gøep¨,

`Z Ap ‚dpZ° ”Z q]$hkp° hu–ep bp]$ Qp°\° q]$hk° [yL$pfpd_u

L$f[pg A_° [°d_p ifuf D`f fl°[u Np°]$X$u D`f\u _uQ° `X$u

A_° kp\° L°V$gpL$ Ac¨Np° `Z gMpC ApÏep. Ap ≈°C b^p

cº[p°dp¨ ljÆ_u gpNZu ‚kfu NC. Npd°Npd_p cº[S>_p°

≈°hp ApÏep A_° L$l°hp gp¡ep L°$ Ap ‚r[L$p°dp¨ S> [yL$pfpd_p¨

]$iÆ_ \ep R>°.

lh° ‚Ò A°hp° \ep° L°$ [yL$pfpd_u |Œer[\u L$C dp_hu ?

fpd°f cÀ$_° `|R>hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ –epf° [°dZ° SZpÏey¨ L°$ "[yL$pfpd

qæ$epL$dÆ rhfrl[ l[p A_° [°d_p ]°$l_y¨ Alv `[_ \ey¨ _ l[y¨

R>[p¨ `Z Np°]$X$u, L$f[pg A_° [°d_p gM°gp¨ Ac¨Np° `p¨Qd_°

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dp_hu A_° [° q]$h°k S> kp^y k¨[p° cº[S>_p°A° lqfqL$[Æ_ L$fhy¨.

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R>°.'

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‚pQu_ _Nfu S>e`yf_u ‚pQu_ fpS>^p_u Op°kp _Nfudp¨ bykf

Np°”_p M¨X°$ghpg hrZL$ ≈r[dp¨ k¨h[ 1653 (C.k.1597)

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dp[p Ap¨b°f_p kp¢qL$ep Np°”_p M¨X°$ghpg hrZL$_p¨ y”u l[p¨.

dp^h]$pk L©$[ "k¨[ kpNf' A_° ]$p]y$ k¨‚]$pe_u ‚Qrg[

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c|g\u Ap¨b°fdp¨ k[u bprgL$p_° "`y”h[u ch' [°hp ApiuhpÆ]$

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k[u L$fiep_p NcÆdp¨ ‚h°i L$fu `y_:S>fid g°hp° `X$Èp°.

S>¡ep∆_p° `y_S>Æfid [° kyfi]$f]$pk∆.

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\ep° l[p°.

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f¸p R>°.

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[°Z° am `Z ‚p· \ey¨ l[y¨.

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N∞¨\ "`¨Q°rfi÷e' \u "`|hwcpjp bfh•' kyû_p gOyN∞¨\p°

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[°d_p° kS>Æ_L$pm rh.k¨. 1660 \u 1742 kyû_p°NZu iL$pe R>°. ky¨]$f ]$pk∆_y¨ dlp–dp`œ¨, kp^y Ó°õ$[p A_°L$rhep°N [°d_p ∆h_L$pm ]$frdep_ S> ‚rkqŸ pdu l[u A_°gp°L$r‚e k¨[ [fuL°$ fpS>ı\p_, rblpf, NyS>fp[, ¨≈b ‚]°$idp¨rhi°j L$fu_° ‚rkqŸ `pÁep l[p. [°d_p ]°$lp¨[ rhi° A°L$ ]$p°lfp`f\u ≈Zu iL$pe R>°.

kp[ hfk kp° d° OV°$, C[_° q]$_ L°$ ]°$l,ky¨]$f fiepfp° Ap–dp, ]°$l M°l L$u L°$l.A°V$g° L°$ [°d_p° ApeyÛeL$pm ”pœ¨ hjÆ_p° \ep° A_° [°d_y

]°$lphkp_ rh.k¨. 1690dp¨ \ep°. `f¨[y kp¨Np_°f_p ıdip_dp¨S>° g°M R>° [°dp¨ "k¨h[ k[fkp° Rπ>epgp, L$pr[ÆL$ ky]$u AÙ$duD∆epfp' A°hp° r_]£$i \e°gp° R>°. Alv [°d_u ıd©r[dp Qby[fp°,R>”u A_° QfZ`p]y$L$p_p r_ip_ Z l[p¨. f¨[y L$p°C ]y$Ù$ kp^y_°CjpÆ Aph[p¨ [° ıd©r[ ı\p__° DM°X$u _p¨øey¨ l[y¨. `f¨[y [° `l°gp¨[°_y¨ rQ” g°hpC Ney¨ l[y¨. [°\u [°_u _L$g kyfnu[ flu NC. V$p°X$p`pk° dp°f Npddp¨ `Z ı\p_, QfZ, `p]y$L$p A_° `’\fdp¨L$p°[fpe°gp° g°M R>°. [°dp¨ [pfuM : 11-11-1686 gM°g R>°.A°V$g° L°$ k¨h[ 1742 NZpe. `f¨[y D`f_p ]y$lp ‚dpZ° [°d_pAhkp__p° kde NZuA° [p° C.k. 1690 (k¨h[ : 1746)A° kpQp kde NZu iL$pe.

dpZk_u [©ÛZp ºepf°e Ap°R>u \[u _\u. S>°d S>°d A°‚p· L$f° R>°. A°d A°_u [©ÛZp h^[u S> ≈e R>° A_° R>°Îg° L$l° R>°: "[°fu [p° c|M L$]$u _ cN°Nu.'

≈° ]$i huk Qpk ce° i[, lp°C l≈f [y gpM dN°Nu,L$p°V$u AfÂb, MfÂb Akøe, fp r[ lp°_° L$u Qpl S>N°Nu.ıhNÆ `p[gLy$ fpS> L$fp°, [©ÛZp Ar^L$ ApN gN°Nu,

"ky]$f' A°L° k[p°j rh_p iW$, [°fu [p° c|M L$]$u _ cN°Nu.

!!!!!

177 178

96


19.frhcpZ k¨‚]$pe_p k¨[ cud kpl°b(C.k. 1718-1825)

k¨[p°_° h©n kp\° kfMpÏep R>°. k¨[p° A_° h©np° L$¸p

hNf L°$ ]°$MpX$p° L$epÆ hNf gp°L$ k°hp_y¨ L$pd L$f° R>°. k¨[p° dp”

^yZu ûMphu_° b°ku fl°[p _\u. A°d_u A°L$ _S>f csº[dp¨

A_° A°L$ _S>f kdpS>dp¨, kdpS>_p¨ ]y$:Mp°, ùX$p, Nfubu

hN°f°\u ùX$p[u ‚≈_° kp¨–h_ Ap`hp_y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl,

[°d_° `Ncf L$fhp_y¨ R>°. h©np° `Z `ysÛ`[ \C am Ap`hp_y¨,

I^Z Ap`hp_y¨ A_° a_p \hp_y¨ L$peÆ L$f° R>°. A°V$g° S> h©np°_°

F>rj kp\° kfMpÏep R>°.

Qp[L$ S>°d hjpÆ_u T¨M_p L$f° R>°. [°d Cf ‚pr· dpV°$

L°$ Cfp_yc|r[ dpV°$ ApMu tS>]$Nu k¨[p° [` L$f° R>° A_° [°_y¨ am

[°Ap° `p°[p_u `pk° fpM[p _\u. A° am [°Ap° kdpS>_° Ap`°

R>°. k¨[p°_y L$pd [p° A¨ pfy p°[p_u pk° fpMu AS>hpmy hl¢Qhp_y

R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° kdpS>dp¨ [°d_y¨ d|Îe A_° dl“h S>mhpey¨ R>°.

k¨[p°_y¨ ∆h_ ‚°fZp]$peu lp°e R>°. [°d_u hpZu_p°

D]π$Op°j gp°L$ ]$edp¨ S>C_° W$f° R>°. A°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

[p° Ad©[ ‚p· \pe R>°. [°_u hpZudp¨ k√QpC A_° fiepe ‚L$V$[p¨

≈°C iL$pe R>°. [°d_u [pV$ı’e[p ‚°fZp]$peL$ b_° R>°.

k¨[p° gp°L$p°_° kpQp° ^dÆ kd≈hu, Ïek_dyº[ Lfu

kdpS>_p° khp∂Nu rhL$pk \pe [° ‚qæ$epdp¨ k[[ ≈°X$pe°gp fl°

R>°. [°d_p ]$p° ‹pfp kuû fu[° L$° ApX$L$[fu fu[° cphp–dL$ D`]°$i

Ap`hp_y A_° [° ‹pfp kdpS>_p L$gyrj[ hp[phfZ_° iyŸ L$fhp_y

L$pd Z k¨[p° L$f° R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° ©’hu V$L$u flu R>°. A°d L$l°hpey¨

R>° L°$ : "gßVm ^yo__≤ V[gm YmaòV $&' "k¨[p°_p [`p°bm\u Ap

^f[u_y¨ `|Œe V$L$u f¸y¨ R>°.' b∞˚p_¨]$ıhpduA° L$¸y¨ R>° :

k¨[ `fd rl[L$pfu, S>N[dp¨lu k¨[ `fd rl[L$pfu,

‚cy`]$ ‚NV$ L$fph[ ‚ur[, cfd rdV$ph[ cpfu.

k¨[p° Nfub, [h¨Nf, KQ-_vQ_p hpX$p\u `f f¸p R>°.

‚cyA° b_ph°gp b^p¨ S> `p”p° kfMp¨ R>°. A°L$ S> R>pep _uQ°,

A°L$ S> _cp°d¨X$m _uQ° dp°V$p¨ \pe R>°. ≈° Cf M|]$ kp•_° dp°V$p

L$f[p° lp°e [p° Ap`Z° L$p°C_° _uQp¨ L°$d dp_hp ! `f¨[y kdpS>dp¨

Apkyfuh©r— A_° Ap¨[L$hp]$ a°gpe –epf° A_° dp_hd|Îep° _pi

`pd° –epf° A_° kpdp∆L$ AÏehı\p k≈Æe –epf° kdpS>dp¨

afu\u dp_hd|Îep° ı\pr`[ L$fu [°_y¨ S>[_ L$fu_° kdpS>_° A°L$

_|[_ q]$ip b[phhp_y¨ L$pd k¨[p° L$f[p lp°e R>°.

cº[ L$rh ]$pkldufp° `Z [°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ L$l° R>°.

rlfi]y$ dykgdp_ A°L$ rhı[pfp, khÆ A°L$ S>_y_u_p ≈ep,

Apep Aphu_° kp•lzhp Sy>S>hp, dpfp kpeb_p° ]$fbpf A°L$.

-]$pklduf

179 180

97


cNhp__p ]$fbpfdp¨ L$p°C rlfi]y$ _\u, L$p°C dykgdp_

_\u. L$p°C b∞p˚Z _\u L°$ _\u ]$rg[. kp•_p° S>fid dp[p_p

NcÆdp¨\u S> \pe R>°. ≈r[ - opr[_p hpX$p [p° dpZk° Ecp

L$epÆ R>°. gp°lu_p° f¨N gpg R>°. gugp f¨N_y¨ gp°lu L$p°Cdp¨ hl° R>°

Mfy¨ ? k¨[ L$rh r_dÆg]$pk° L$¸y¨ R>° :

_lv L$p°C `¨qX$[ _lv L$p°C L$p∆, `p¨Q [“h Ny_ [u_,

L$p°C kyfi_[ L$p°C L$p_ rR>]$ph[ ]y $¡^p Ap`° L$u_.

L$p °C NpX° $ L$p °C L| ¨ $L $u Aph° ] ° $Mp° S>N[ L$u fu[,

L$p °C c|[ L$p °C ‚°[ b_° l• L$p °C ∆¨]$ Ap°f ùf.

L$p°C k¨›ep L$p°C _dpS> `Y[° L$p°C ›ep_ d¢ gu_,

fpd-frld A°L$ L$f ≈_°, kp°C k¨[ ‚hu_.

dpZk `¨Q[“h_y¨ `|[my¨ R>° A° ”Z NyZ\u Apc|rj[

R>°. _pd-Í$` S|>S>hp¨ R>°. fpd-frld h√Q° L$p°C S> c°]$ _\u.

k|f]$pk∆A° A°d_p A°L$ ]$dp¨ N¨Np_u rh”[p_p° drldp Np[p¨

L$¸y¨ R>° :

A°L$ _q]$ep, A°L$ _pgp L$lph[ d•gp° lu _uf cfp°,

kb rdg L$fL°$ A°L$ bf_ cep°, k|fkqf _pd `fp°.

`pZu_y¨ hl°Z Sy>]u Sy>]$u q]$ipAp°dp¨, Sy>]$p¨ Sy>]$p¨

ı\mp°A°\u, Sy>]$p¨ Sy>]$p¨ _pd ^fu_° _uL$m° R>°. `f¨[y kh£ N¨Np_u

d|m ^pfpdp¨ dmu ≈e R>°. –epf° dp” [° "N¨Np'Í$`° S> hl° R>°.

Alv `°gp¨ _pd, Í$`, NyZ, ]°$iL$pm b^y Ap°Nmu ≈e R>°. ^dÆ

A_° csº[_u ^pfp `Z A¨[° [p° A°L$ S> R>°. kp•A° A°L$ S> ı\m°

S>hp_ÿ R>°. dpV$udp¨ ENu dpV$udp¨ Ap\dhp_y¨ R>°.

Aphp Dd]$p k¨[ cud kpl°b_p° S>fid ≈d_Nf

rS>Îgp_p ≈°qX$ep [pgyL$p_p ApdfZ Npddp¨ r`[p ]°$h∆cpC

A_° dp[p rhfycpC_° –ep¨ d°Ohpm NfyX$p b∞p˚Z opr[dp¨ rhæ$d

k¨h[ 1774 (C.k. 1718) Q•” ky]$ _p°d _° by^hpf_p q]$hk°

\ep° l[p°.

cud kpl°b_p A°L$ ]$dp¨\u S>fid ı\m A_° Nyfy_y _pd

≈°hp dm° R>°.

cud L$l° Ah[pf Nfhp_p°, S>_d ApdfZ Npd,

r”L$d° c°V$u [pep£ dy_° Ap°mMpÏey¨ A°L$gi©¨Nu_y¨ ^pd.

Óud]$ cNh]π$ Nu[pdp `Z cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZA° L y R>° :

&& gwMrZmß lr_Vmß Jh `mJ^´Ô>mS>oÔm`V $&&

(A:6:41)

A\pÆ[π :

"ep°N\u c∞Ù$ \e°gp° d_yÛe `rh”, S>_p°_p Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ L°$

Óud¨[ gp°L$p°_° O°f S>fid g° R>°.'

cud kpl°b `|hÆS>fid_p `|Œe° L$fu_° ep°Nc∞Ù$ \e°gp

k¨[ l[p. S>°_° L$pfZ° ^dÆ`fpeZ, csº[cphhpmp r`[p

181 182

98


]°$h∆cpC A_° dp[p rhfybpC_° –ep¨ dp_h L$ÎepZ dpV°$ Ah[pf

^pfZ L$epÆ°.

ep°Nc∞Ù$ \e°gp ep°NuAp°dp¨\u L°$V$gpL$ _rlh[π ‚Nr[

`R>u [p° L°$V$gpL$ ]$uOÆ kp^_p `R>u c∞Ù$ \e°gp lp°e R>°. S>° ep°Nu

AÎ` kp^_p `R>u c∞Ù$ \e°gp lp°e [° ıhNpÆq]$gp°L$ `pd° R>°.

ƒep¨ `rh” Ap–dpAp° S> ‚h°i `pd° R>°. –ep¨ gp¨bp° kde f¸p

`R>u, L$p°C `rh” b∞p˚Z h•ÛZh Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ L°$ csº[cphhpmp

Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ L°$ Óud¨[_° –ep¨ S>fid g°hp [°_° afu Ap `©’hugp°L$dp¨

dp°L$ghhpdp Aph° R>° A_° csº[_y ep°Nkp^_p_y A_° A›ep–d_y

A^yfy¨ fl°gy¨ L$peÆ `|ZÆ L$f° R>°.

ep°Nkp^_p_y¨ Mfy¨ ›e°e L©$ÛZ cph_p_u `|ZÆ sı\r[_°

‚p· L$fhp_y R>°. f¨[y S>° ep°NuAp°, k¨[p°, A›ep–d Ïesº[ ApV$g°

kyû ep°Nkp^_pdp¨ M¨[ugp flu iL$[p _\u A_° cp•r[L$

‚gp°c_p°_° hi \C A^h√Q° c∞Ù$ \pe R>° [°d_° cNh–L©$`p\u

ıhNpÆq]$gp°L$dp¨ flu `p°[p_u cp•q[L$ h©r—Ap°_p° `|f°`yfp°

k]π$Dèp°N L$fhp ]°$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. –epf `R>u [°d_° L$p°C `rh”

L°$ ^r_L$ Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ kd©Ÿ ∆h_ ∆hhp_u [L$ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. Aphp¨ Ly$Vy¨$bp°dp¨ S>°Ap° S>fid g° R>° [°Ap° Ap kyM-kNhX$p°_p°

gpc gC cqL$[cph_p_u `|ZÆ sı\r[_° `pdu iL°. A°V$g° S>

cNhp_° L$¸y¨ R>° : E Vo’ Xwb©^Vaß bmH$ O›_ `XrXe_≤ $&&

(A:6:42). "S>N[dp¨ Aphp° S>fid Mf°Mf rhfg R>°.'

cud kpl°b ‚pZudp” ‚–e° ]$epcph fpM[p l[p.

ApQfZ A_° ApSy>bpSy>_p Npdp°dp¨ b° hjÆ kyû hfkp]$ _

`X$Èp°. ]y$ÛL$pm_u `qfsı\r[ h[pÆhp gpNu. ìyAp° `pZu rh_p

[faX$hp gp¡ep¨. hNf dp°[° dfhp gp¡ep¨. k¨[_° gp°L$p° Cf_p

aqfı[p dp_[p lp°e R>°. Cf_u h^ydp¨ h^y _∆L$ A°L$ k¨[ A_°

bu≈° L$rh lp°e R>°. k¨h[ 1848 ÓphZ ky]$ X$hp_° q]$hk° gp°L$p°

cud kpl°b pk° Aphu_° L$fNfhp gp¡ep. gp°L$p°_p cph ≈°C_°

S> [°d_ÿ ˘]$e ÷hu Ney¨. A_° gp°L$p°_° l•ep ^pfZ Ap`[p¨ Cf_°

‚p\Æ_p L$fu L°$ :

kpf L$fp° _° lh° ipdmp, Np• k¨[ ]$yrMep ≈Zu,

d°O_p L$fp°_° dZp¨dZp¨, ^f[u dp¨N° R>° `pZu.

gp°L$hpeL$p ‚dpZ° cud kpl°b_u rh_¨[u kp¨cmu_°

Cf° d°Ofp≈_° dp°L$Îep. gp°L$p°_p° cph cud kpl°b ‚–e° hû

Nep°. k¨[p° `p°[p_p ºÎepZ_y¨ ºepf°e rhQpf[p _\u. A° khÆ_y¨

L$ÎepZ C√R>° R>°.

k¨[ L$rh ‚u[d]$pk, cº[ _ftkl dl°[p A_°

gÎg°fuA° Cf_° Ap[Æ_p]$ L$fu_° hfkp]$ hfkpÏep° R>°. A°

Cr[lpk ‚rkŸ R>°.

"L$buf `¨\'dp¨\u E[fu Aph°gp frh]$pkA° ı\p`_p

L$f°g "frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pe'_p cud kpl°b ‚Z°[p l[p. L$buf_u

183 184

99


hpZudp¨ ‚L$V$[y¨ flıe cud kpl°b_u hpZudp¨\u Z ‚L$V$° R>°.

[°d_u hpZu _pd, hQ_, ib]$, l¨k, kpl°b, AgM, ANd,

ƒep°[, b∞˚Tpgfu, A_pl[-_p]$ S>°hp iÂ]$p° ‹pfp ‚L$V$ \[y¨

≈°hp dm° R>°. _pd, S>`, `fd[“h_u A_yc|r[_y¨ hZÆ_, ep°N

A_° r_NyÆZcsº[_p° D`]°$i [°dZ° Ap‡ep° R>°. b∞˚, ∆h,

S>N[, Cf, op_, ep°N, csº[, D`]°$i, L$dÆ, h•fp¡e,Aop_

Nyfy A_° Ap–dkpnp[L$pf S>°hp rhjep°_° A_yc|r[_u A°fZ D`f

[`pku S>° k–e gp›ey¨ [° [°dZ° `p°[p_p csº[`]$p°dp¨ ‚L$V$ L$eyØ

R>°.

r_NyÆZ A_° kNyZ b° csº[_u pfpAp° R>°. [°dp¨ [°Ap°

r_NyÆZp°`pk_p_° S> Ó°õ$ dp_° R>°. `fdp–dp_p r_fpL$pf ıhÍ$`

rhi° [°dZ° Npey¨ R>°.

cÁdf Nyapd¢ c°]$ A_y`p, [°S> `¨S>f [°S> kfy`p,

qifNyZ r_fNyZ d›e° l°fp,

Aph° _rl ≈h° af° _rl a°fp.

cud kpl°b `Z L$buf kpl°b_u S>°d r_NyÆZ_u hp[

L$f° R>°. [°Ap° r_NyÆZ- kNyZ_u c°]$f°Mp [p°X$u_° `fd[“h_u

Ap°mM L$fph° R>°. A_° NyZdp¨ S r_NyÆZ A_° r_NyÆZdp¨ S> NyZ

fl°gp° R>°, A°d kd≈h° R>°.

fd[p `¨X$ h∞°d¨X$ `f fpd, r_f¨[f buS> _Lg¨L$ _pd,

`¨X$dp¨ Ny`[ buS> L$p°C _ `ph°,

L$p°C kfNZ L$p°C _fNZ ^ph°,

_fNZ kfNZ d_L$p `kpfp,

_ L$g¨L$ buS> ]$p°_y¨\u fiepfp.

csº[_p° drldp _pd\u Nhpe R>°. _pd A° csº[_y¨

dyøe A¨N R>°. S>`, [`, kp^_p A_° Ap›eps–dL$ h©r— _pd

D`f S> r_cÆf R>°. _pd_p° drldp dp°V$p° R>°. A_° A°V$g° S>

L$l°hpey¨ R>° dp” _pd fl°i°, bpL$u_y¨ b^y¨ S> _pih¨[ R>°. ifuf_°

S>° _pd Ap`uA° R>uA° [° fl° R>°. ifuf_p° _pi \pe R>°. f[u ,

ApL$pi, Q¨÷, k|fS> b^y¨ S> _pi `pdu S>i°. fl°i° dp” _pd.

Ap _pd [° b∞˚_p]$ "<'. `©’hu_p° S>fid `Z "<' iÂ]$_u

kp\° S> \ep° l[p°. "<' Adf R>°, bpL$u_y¨ b^y¨ S> _pih¨[ R>°.

dpV°$ S> cud kpl°b° L$¸y¨ R>° :

^f[u ApL$pi Y$mu `X$°Np, d°fy-L•$gpk d¨X$p_p,

Q¨÷ k|fS> b°J kdpC ≈e°Np,

A°L$ fl°Np _pd r_hpÆZp.

cud kpl°b A_° ]$pku ∆hZ b¨_° Nyfy - riÛe. ]$pku

∆hZ [°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ `p°[p_p Nyfy cud kpl°b_p° DÎg°M

ApX$L$[fu fu[° L$f° R>°.

185 186

100


A°L$givNu Aprhep, ApdfZdp¨ Ah[pf,

opr[L|$m Nfhp [Zu, kdS>° kdS>Z-lpf.

L$l°hpe R>° L°$ cud kpl°b_° S>fid\u S> dp\pdp¨

tiNX$u_u r_ip_u l[u A_° [°\u [°Ap° "A°L$givNu'_p Ah[pf

d_p[p l[p. ]$pku ∆hZ° p°[p_p Nyfy_u A° fu[° Ap°mM Ap`[p¨

D`f_u ¨sº[Ap° gMu. cud kpl°b_p Nyfy r”L$d kpl°b Z

Qd–L$pfu, [`ıhu, A_° csº[ fpeZ ∆h l[p. [°d_y¨ ∆h_

k°hp A_° k–k¨N_p bm° q]$Ïe ‚L$pri[ bfiey¨ l[y¨.

]$pku ∆hZ° (rh.k¨. 1806-1881) `p°[p_p Nyfy

cud kpl°b dpV°$ A°L$ `]$ gøey¨ R>°. S>° ‚Qrg[ `Z R>° A_° A°

`]$dp¨ fl°g Nyfy ‚–e°_p° csº[cph Ap fu[° ‚L$V°$ R>° :

AS>hpmy¨, lh° AS>hpmy¨,

Nyfy ApS> [d ApÏe° f° dpf° AS>hpmy¨,

k[Nyfy iÂ]$ ƒepf° ÓhZ° kyZpÏep°,

c°V$Èp cud_° cp¨¡ey¨ c∞d_y¨ [pmy¨0 Nyfy...1

op_ Nfubu, k¨[_u k°hp,

‚°d-csº[_p° k¨N lh° `pmy¨0 Nyfy...2

Mud_° cpZ frh fd[p fpdp,

[°S> [“hdp¨ Nyfy [d_° cpmy¨0 Nyfy...3

]$pku ∆hZ k[ cud_p¨ QfZp¨,

Ahf ]y$≈° ^Zu _rl ^pfy0 Nyfy...4

cud kpl°b_p° `” dm[p¨ S> ]$pku ∆hZ [°d_p

QfZp°_p ]$pk \C Nep R>°. A°L$bu≈_u Ap°mM \[p¨ S> b¨_°_p

˘]$edp¨ AS>hpmy¨ AS>hpmy¨ \C Ney¨. A_° ]$pku ∆hZ L$l°hp

gp¡ep : "Nyfy [d° d˛ep A°V$g° dpfp Aop__y¨ A¨^pfy¨ ]|$f \C Ney¨

R>°. dpfp c∞d_y¨ [pmy [|V$u Ney¨ R>°. dpfu c∞dZp ]|$f \C NC R>°.

dpfu A_°L$ i¨L$p - Ly$i¨L$pAp°_° `mdp”dp¨ S> [d° r_d|Æm L$fu

_pMu R>°.' Alv Nyfydp¨ S> `fdp–dp_° ≈°hp_p° drldp R>°.

]$pku ∆hZ° k—f k—f Nyfy L$epÆ `R>u [°d_y¨ d_ cud

kpl°bdp¨ W$eyØ l[y¨. A_° [°d_u `pk°\u Nyfy ]$unp gu^u l[u.

]$pku ∆hZ_° Dÿ°iu_° cud kpl°b° `]$_u fQ_p L$fu ]$pku

∆hZ_p d__y¨ kdp^p_ L$eyØ l[y¨. [°Ap° gM° R>° :

∆hZ, ∆h_° r_ep¨ fpMuA°

hpN° A_l]$ [yfp f°,

rTgrdg ƒep°[y¨ Tmlm f°,

hfk° r_fdm _|fp f°.

Ap `]$_u `¨sº[Ap° hp¨Q[p A°d S>Zpe R>° L°$ cud

kpl°b° D]|Æ, apfku A_° Afbu cpjp_p° AÊepk L$ep£ li° !

A°V$gy S> _rl, Z dysıgd dÆN∞\p°_p° Z AÊepk L$f°gp° lp°hp°

≈°CA° A_° [° ^dÆN∞¨\p°dp¨ fl°gp Mith (du\) - `yfpL$Î`_ _°

[°dZ° Ap `]$dp¨ d|L$u Ap‡ey¨ R>°. "hpN° A_l]$ [yfp f°.' Ap [yfp

A° "[|f$' `hÆ[_p° Dâ°M R>°. ƒep¨ My]$pA° d|kp `eN¨bf_° ]$iÆ_

Ap`hp_y hQ_ Ap‡ey l[y. A°d L$l°hpe R>° L°$ ƒepf° My]$pC ‚L$pi

187 188

101


]°$Mpep° –epf° d|kp b°cp_ \C Nep _° "[|f' `hÆ[ cıduc|[

\C Nep°. Ap c°]$_p° DL°$g cud kpl°b Alv Ap `¨qL$[ ‹pfpL$f° R>° : "rTgrdg ƒep°[y¨ Tmlm° f°, hfk° r_fdm _|fp f°.'_|f_p° A\Æ `Z [°S> \pe R>°.

Ap `fd[“h_p [°S>_° `pdhp_u D–L¨$W$p, D–kpl A_°Dfid°j cud kpl°bdp¨\u ‚L$V$ \[p° l[p°. cud kpl°b op_,csº[ A_° ep°N_p kp^L$ l[p. [°Ap° `fZu[ (dp°fbu `pk°_pLy$[pku Npd_p i°Mp V$L$_p Nfp°X$p b∞p˚Z dp¢OubpC kp\° [°d_pg¡_ \ep¨ l[p¨. g¡_ `R>u `Z b¨_°A° _•rõ$L$ b∞˚QeÆ `pmuCf_u Apfp^_p L$fu l[u.) lp°hp R>[p¨ k¨kpf_u dpep\u [°Ap°`f l[p. A_° Cfcsº[ A° S> dp°V$p° drldp R>° [°d [°Ap°kdS>[p l[p. kdpS>dp¨ Qpg[u A¨ ÓŸp, bp¸ qæ$epL$p¨X$ A_°[u\pÆV$__p rhfp°û l[p. A° [p° A°d L$l°[p L°$ : "blpf apäp¨dpfhp_u S>Í$f _\u, A¨]$f_p Cf_° Ap°mMu g°hp°, A°_uAp°mM \ep`R>u L$p°C_pe Apifp_u S>Í$f _\u.' A°d L$l°_pfcud kpl°b 107 hjÆ_y¨ gp¨by ApeyÛe cp°Nhu_° ApdfZ([pgyL$p ≈°X$uep : rS> : ≈d_Nf)dp¨ kdpr^ guû.ApdfZdp¨ [°d_u S>¡epdp¨ Y$p°rgep° A_° bpf c•fh_p° ^|Zp°ApS>° `Z lep[ R>°. kdpr^ ı\m° d¨q]$f bp¨^hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.Aphp k¨[p°_p k[_p ‚[p`° ^f[u_y¨ `|Œe V$L$u f¸y¨ R>°. Np]$u`f¨`fp A_ykpf lpgdp¨ NyfyNp]$uA° dl¨[ Nygpb]$pk∆ rbfpS>°

R>°.

!!!!!

20. k¨[Óu d°L$fZ]$p]$pL$√R>_u f[u N∞uÛd_p [X$L$p_p [p°f\u ≈Z° L°$ [pf [pf

[fX$pe°gu A_° L$p°C h©Ÿp_p Ql°fp_u S>°d Qudmpe°gu A_°

L$fQrmepmu. `Z, L$√R>udpXy$ [p° ˘]$e\u cepØ cepØ A_°

dpepmy ıhcph_p¨. L$√R>_u Ap ^f[u_° ≈°C d_dp¨ \pe L°$ Ap

^f[u ]y$TZu L$epf° \[u li° ! Alv_u ^f[u L$iy¨ S> _ Ap`°

R>[p¨ kp• [°_° dp S>°V$gy hlpg L$f° R>°. A°hu L$√R>_u f[u_p cp°M¨X$u

Npd° cÀ$u fS>`|[ lf^p°m∆ A_° [°d_p¨ `–_u `mp¨bp. b¨_°

cqL$[cphhpmp¨, ]$epmy¨ A_° fp°`L$pfu ∆h l[p¨. Ap ]¨$`[u_p°

dyøe ^¨^p° M°[u A_° ìy`pg__p° . [°d_° –ep¨ `y”f–__p° S>fid

\ep°. _pd fpøey¨ d°L$p∆. S>fid\u S> [°d_pdp¨ L$p°C Agp•qL$L$

[°S> ‚L$V$[y¨ l[y¨. \p°X$p kdS>Zp \[p¨ [°d_pdp¨ ip•Q, kdcph,

ıhp\Æ –epN, A°L$p¨[tQ[_, ›ep_ hN°f° k]π$NyZp° kdyrQ[ fu[°

rhL$rk[ \C Nep¨ l[p¨.

d°L$p∆ `p°[p_p dp[pr`[p A_° `qfhpf_p ƒe°õ$ `y”

l[p. kp• [°d_p ‚–e° dp__u gpNZu fph[p l[p. [°d_u Jdf

Qpf hjÆ_u \[p¨ [°d_p cpC `[p∆_p° S>fid \ep°. b¨_° cpCAp°

dp°V$p \[p¨ r`[p∆_p ìy`pg__p ^¨^pdp¨ ≈°X$pC Nep.`Z

d°L$p∆_y¨ d_ [p° L¨$CL$ buSy>¨ S> rhQpf[y¨ l[y¨. [°d_y¨ d_ k¨kpf_u

189 190

102


A°jZpdp¨\u dyº[ \hp dpV°$ A¨]$f\u D^pdp dpf[y¨ l[y¨. [°d_y¨

d_ [p° L$p°C op_u Nyfy_u T¨M_p L$f[y¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° C√R>[p L°$ :

dh˛ O›_H•$VmV≤ [w `mÎb‰`VS>gm° _hmJwÈï $&

b„Ym_wß Z [wZ`m©oV oeÓ`ï gßgma ]›YZ_≤ $&&

A\pÆ[π :

"A_°L$ S>fidp°_p¨ k¨rQ[ `yŒep°_° gu^° dlpNyfy_u ‚pr·

\pe R>°. [°d_° d°mhu [\p [°d_u k°hp L$fu riÛe afu\u k¨kpf_p

b¨^_p°dp¨ akp[p° _\u.'

d°L$p∆ lqf›ep_ A_° lqf ıdfZdp¨ r_d¡_ lp°e –epf°

r`[p lf^p°m∆ [°d_° hpR>fX$p¨ Qfphhp dp°L$g[p A_° L$l°[p :

""]$uL$fp, Ap`Z° [p° hNX$p_p R>p°fy¨, hNX$p° [p° Ap`Zp° ‚pZ.''

`Z d°L$p∆_p° ‚pZ [p° lqf ıdfZdp¨ Ap°mOp°m \hp gp¡ep°.

`p°[p_p kdp°hqX$epAp° kp\° d°L$p∆ fdhp ≈e –ep¨ `Z lqf

ıdfZ A°d_p lp°W°$ fd[y¨ S> lp°e. hpR>fX$p¨ [p° V°$i\u hNX°$ QQpÆ

L$f°. `⁄`yfpZdp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° L°$, S>°_p dyMdp¨\u - r_f¨[f

"lqfıdfZ' _p° ›hr_ ‚L$V$[p° lp°e [°_° S>fp A_° d©–ey_p° ce

fl°[p° _\u.

hna: eaUß Ed oh oZÀ`ß `fmß _wI dMï $&

AVï H$mb g_modXm Oam `wÓ_mZ≤ Z ]mYV $&&

d°L$p∆ Anfop_\u Arg· f¸p `Z b∞˚op__u

eyr_hrkÆV$udp¨\u [°dZ° Ap–dop__° ‚p· L$eyØ. [°d_y¨ rQ—

k[[ Cf_° T¨Mhp gp¡ey¨ A_° [_d_dp¨ h•fp¡e_u ApN

cc|L$hp gpNu. A°d_y rQ— Npep° -hpR>fX$p¨ A_° Afie iyAp°dp¨

_rl, `f¨[y Npep° Qfph[p h©¨]$ph__p `°gp L$p_yX$pdp¨ S> fddpZ

fl°[y¨ l[y¨.

r`[p lf^p°m∆ cÀ$uA° _hy¨ dL$p_ L$fhp dpV°$ `pep

Mp°]$pÏep. [p° A°L$ q]$hk A° `pepdp¨\u A°L$ `p°V$gy¨ _uL$˛ey¨.

lf^p°m∆ A_° `pep Mp°]$[p dS|>fp° [p° ApÚeÆdp¨ `X$u Nep L°$

Ap [p° L$p•[yL$ \ey¨ ! p°V$gy¨ Mp°g[p¨ [°dp¨\u kp^y_p¨ h˜p°, [|¨bX$u,

V$p°ù, QpMX$uAp°, `phX$u, M‡`f, A¨Qmp° A_° Q|¨]$X$u hN°f°

hı[yAp° ≈°hp dmu. kp• ApÚeÆdp X$u Nep A_° rhQpfhp gp¡ep

L°$, Ap b^y¨ Alv A_° [° `Z `pepdp¨ L$p°Z d|L$u Ney¨ li° ? `Z

L$p°C Ap flıe_° ≈Zu iºey _lv. lf^p°m∆A° [p° cNhp f¨N_p

`p°V$gpdp¨ bû hı[yAp° d|L$u_° `p°V$gy¨ bp¨û ]$u^y¨ A_° `p°[p_p

S|>_p Of_u cv[° MvV$u D`f V$vNpX$u ]$u^y¨. A_° rhQpeyØ L°$, L$p°C

k¨[ - kp^y Aphi° –epf° Apù ]$Ciy¨.

d°L$p∆ [p° hNX°$ hpR>fX$p¨ Qfphu_° Of° ApÏep. ≈°ey¨ [p°

cv[° cNhp f¨N_y¨ A°L$ `p°V$gy¨ MvV$uA° V$vNpX°$gy¨ ≈°ey¨ A_° [°_°

ıìÆ L$f[p¨ S> [°d_pdp¨ h•fp¡e_u cph_p bmh—f \C. dpA°

S>dhp_y¨ ùfıey¨ [p° cp°S>__p° L$p°rmep° Nm°\u D[f[p° _ lp°[p°.

fp”° k|hp Nep [p° KO `Z h°fZ \C NC.

191 192

103


AX$û fp”° Ecp \ep A_° MvV$uA°\u `p°V$gy¨ D[peyØ.

≈°ey¨ [p° [°dp¨ kp^y_p¨ h˜p° A_° hpkZp° ≈°ep¨ A_° p°V$gy¨ bp¨û

Mc° _p¨Mu lp\dp¨ gpL$X$u gC_° AX$û fp”° N©l–epN L$fu_°

Qpgu _uL$˛ep. L$p°C ANd X°$f° X°$fp _p¨Mhp dpV°$ :

"k¨[p°, A_l]$ op_ A`pfp

k¨[p° q]$ep f° ANd `f X°$fp'

L$p°C`Z ≈[_u A`°np fpøep hNf L°$ C√R>p hNf

[°dZ° [p° Qpghp dp¨X$Èy¨. cpNh[dp¨ `Z L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ k¨[p°_° L$p°C

hı[y_u A`°np lp°[u _\u. [° [p° Cf ıdfZdp¨ S> fddZ

fl°[p¨ lp°e R>° :

oZa[jß _wqZ em›Vß oZd°aß g_Xe©Z_≤ $&

AZwdÓmÂ`hß oZÀ`ß [y``À`L≤>>oYáUwo^ï $&&

(cpNh[: 11:14:16)

A\pÆ[π :

"S>°_° L$p°C hı[y_u A`°np _\u, S>° S>N[_p tQ[_\u

khÆ\p D]$pku_ \C dpfp S> tQ[_ - d__dp¨ [Îgu_ fl° R>°.

S>°_pdp¨ h°fcph_p° Acph \e°g R>°. L$p°C`Z kp\° fpN-‹°j _

fpMu S>° khÆ ‚–e° kdp_ ◊rÙ$ fpM° R>° [° dlp–dp_u `pR>m

`pR>m lz¨ (`|ZÆ |fyjp°—d) A°d rhQpfu_° r_f¨[f af[p° flz¨ Ry>¨ L°$

[°_p QfZp°_u |m EX$u_° dpfp D`f X°$ A_° lz rh” \C ≈J.'

≈° Cf p°[° S> r_f °n cph fpM_pf k¨[p°_u QfZfS>

g°hp dpV°$ `pR>m `pR>m S>[p lp°e [p° A°hp k¨[p°_p ApiuhpÆ]$

dmu ≈e [p° Ap`Zp° Ap S>fid [p° ky^fu S> ≈e `Z `R>u

S>fid g°hp_u S> S>Í$f _p `X°$. A°hp k¨[_p ApiuhpÆ]$ g°hp dpV°

d°L$p∆ bpf hjÆ_u he° L$√R>_p dX$ Npd° Apip`yfu dp[p_p

ı\p_ L°$ Aphu_° Ecp f¸p. Apip yfu ≈X°$≈ fpS> |[p°_p L$|m]°$hu

Ap d¨q]$f_p |≈fu [fuL°$ Np¨Np∆ L$p`X$u dp[p∆_u k°hp-AQÆ_p

A_° Apfp^_p L$f[p l[p.

d°L$p∆_° cNhp L$`X$p_y¨ `p°V$gy¨ gC_° Ec°gp ≈°C_°

Np¨Np∆ L$p`X$uA° [°_° _∆L$ bp°gpÏep°. d°L$p∆A° h•fp¡e_u bû

hp[ L$fu A_° k¨fiepk g°hp dpV°$ ]$unp Ap`hp dpV°$ rh_¨[u L$fu.

Np¨Np∆ L$p`X$u [p° Ap qL$ip°f_u hp[ kp¨cmu_° qL$ip°f_° iy¨

L$l°hy¨, [°_u d|¨ThZ A_ychhp gp¡ep A_° d›eddpNÆ L$pY$hp

dpV°$ Np¨Np∆ L$p`X$uA° d°L$p∆_p Npd Mp¢cX$u [°d_p dp[p-

r`[p rQ¨[pdp¨ `X$u Nep¨ A_° Npd_p Afie dpZkp°_° gC_° dX$

Npd° Apip`yfu dp[p_p ı\p_L°$ `lp¢√ep¨. b^pÄ° d°L$p∆_° Of°

`pR>p hmhp dpV°$ rh_¨[u L$fu. `Z S>°Z° khÆıh_p° –epN L$ep£

l[p° A°hp –epNu - h•fpNu d°L$p∆ Npd `pR>p h˛ep _lv A_°

[°dZ° ]$unp N∞lZ L$fu_° gp°L$p°_u k°hpdp¨ A_° gp°L$L$ÎepZdp¨

gpNu Nep. Apip`yfu dp[p∆_p ı\p_L$_p° drldp hû Nep°.

193 194

104


ı\p_L°$ Aph_pf ]$f°L$_° [°Ap° csº[cph `|hÆL$ duW$p° AphL$pf

Ap`[p l[p. –epf R>u [°Ap° ºepf°e [°d_p h[_ cp¢MX$u Nep

_\u. A_° gp°L$k°hpdp¨ gpNu Nep.

dX$ Npddp¨ dp[p∆_p ı\p_L°$ dl¨[ Np¨Np∆_°

‚pZ\ue ‡epfu A°hu b° ≈[hp_ Op°X$u dp[p∆_p dY$dp¨ fpMu

l[u. L¨$\fp°V$ Npd_p b° L$p°muAp°A° Ap ≈[hp_ Op°X$uAp° D`f

]$p_[ Mp°fu Lf°gu. gpN ≈°C_° Ap b¨_° Qp°fp°A° Op°X$uAp°_° gC

Nep. khpfdp¨ dl¨[° ≈°ey¨ [p° Op°X$uAp° _lp°[u. hp hpe° kdpQpf

ApMp Npddp¨ a°gpC Nep. gp°L$p° tQ[pdp¨ `X$u Nep. gp°L$p°_p

Ql°fp D`f A°L$ S> ‚Ò fd[p° l[p° : "b° ≈[hp_ Op°X$uAp° L$p°Z

gC Ney¨ li° ?' `NuAp°A° Qp°f_p `Ngp¨ ]$pÂep¨ `Z Qp°f

`L$X$pep _rl :

d°L$fZ_° tQ[p \hp gpNu A_° [°Ap° Op°X$uAp°_u ip°^

L$fhp dpV°$ _uL$mu `X$Èp. [°dZ° ›ep_ ^fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° [°d_p

rQ—dp¨ b° A≈Œep dpZkp°_p¨ rQ”p° D`ku ApÏep¨ A_°

Apip yfu dp[p∆_p ı\p_L$_u Apk`pk af[p ≈°ep A_° [°dZ°

L¨$\fp°V$ Npd [fa `NfZ dp¨X$Èp¨. ≈Z° L°$ L$p°C ]•$huisº[ [°d_°

fı[p° b[ph[u lp°e [°d [°Ap° ApNm h›ep A_° L¨$\fp°V$ Npd_p

Xy¨$NfpAp°dp¨ Aph°g L$¨\ d¨q]$fdp¨ Aphu b°ku Nep A_° –ep¨_p

`|≈fu_° S>ZpÏey¨ L°$, "ƒep¨ kyû Ap Npd_p b° Qp°f d_° dpfu

b° Op°X$u Apù _lv ≈e –ep¨ kyû lz¨ AflS>m_p° –epN L$fy¨

Ry>¨.'d¨q]$f_p `|≈fuA° [p° d°L$p∆_u hp[ ]$iÆ_° Aph[p gp°L$p°_°

L$fu. bpmep°Nu_u lW$\u Npd_y¨ gp°L$ tQ[pdp¨ X$u Ney¨. Npd_p

ApNm X$[p gp°L$p° ı\p_L$_u Op°X$uAp° ip° hp gp¡ep. R>°hV°$ hp[

Qp°fp° ky u lp¢Qu. Qp°fp°_° gp¡ey L°$, ""_plL$_u bpml–ep_y p`

gpNi°.'' A_° b¨_° Qp°f bpmep°Nu d°L$fZ ApNm Aphu_°

L$fNfhp gp¡ep. A°dZ° A°d_u c|g L$b|g L$fu A_° S>ZpÏey¨

L°$, ""Ap b¨_° Op°X$uAp°_° Ad° tk^ ‚p¨[dp¨ S>C_° h°Qu ]$uû R>°.''

Npd_p ApN°hp_p° tk^dp¨ Nep A_° kp°]$p_p `•kp Q|L$hu_° b¨_°

Op°X$uAp°_° gC ApÏep A_° bpmep°Nu d°L$fZ_p QfZp°dp¨ ^fu

]$uû. dX$ Npd_p Apip`yfu dp[p∆_p ı\p_L$° Aphu lp¢√ep.

Npd gp°L$dp¨ [p° ≈Z° L°$ D–kh lp°e [°d lfM^°gp \C Nep.

d°L$fZ ep°Nu tkO_p fZ‚]°$idp¨ Aph°g tlNmpS>

dp[p∆_p ]$iÆ_° Qpg[p `N`pmp L$f[p L$f[p Nep. dp[p∆_p

]$iÆ_ L$fu_° [°Ap° L©$[-L©$[p\Æ \C Nep. gp°L$p°rL$[ R>° L°$ dp[p∆_p

lzL$d hNf [°_p ]$iÆ_° L$p°C S> Aphu iL$[y¨ _\u A_° S>° lzL$d hNf

]$iÆ_° Aph° R>° [°_y¨ _prme°f dp[p∆ ıhuL$pf[p¨ _\u. \p°X$p° kde

d°L$fZ tlNmpS> dp[p_p ı\p_L°$ \p°X$p° kde f¸p. A_° L$√R>dp¨

`pR>p aepÆ.

195 196

105


d°L$fZ∆dp¨ [`, –epN, h•fpN A_° kp^y–h_p¨ gnZp°

ûd° ûd° D≈Nf \[p¨ l[p¨. Óud]π$ cNh]πNu[pdp¨ `Z

Apksº[ frl[ k¨[p° rhi° cNhp_° L$¸y¨ R>° :

Ag∫$ ]wo’ï gd©Ã oOVmÀ_m odJVÒ[•hï $&

Z°ÓH$_©og’ß [a_mß gß›`mgZmoYJ¿N>oV $&&

(A:18:49)

A\pÆ[π :

"S>°_u byqŸ b^°\u Apkº[ frl[ b_u R>°. S>°Z° d_

A_° Crfi÷ep°_° ∆–ep¨ R>°. S>°_° L$p°C ≈[_u ı`©lp flu _\u,[°

d_yÛe k¨fiepk hX°$ (`fdp\Æ cph° r_ÛL$pd L$dÆ L$f[p° lp°hp

R>[p¨) L$dÆb¨^_\u dyº[ \hp Í$` `fd rkŸu_° `pd° R>°.'

d°L$fZ [p° d_, L$dÆ, hQ_\u r_–eNp°Nu l[p A_°

[°dZ° khÆ ]$p\Ædp¨\u, khÆ Cfi÷uep°dp¨\u d__° hpmu gu^y¨ l[y¨.

`p°[° r_ı`©lu, r_dp£lu l[p. [°d_p Ap [`p°bm\u k¨kpfu,

g|¨V$pfy¨, A_° X$pLy$Ap°_y¨ [°dZ° ∆h_`qfh[Æ_ L$epÆ R>°.

rNf_pf\u `|hÆ q]$ip_p `lpX$u A_° hfie ‚]°$idp¨

d_p°lf hp[phfZ h√Q° kfc¨N F>rj_p ApÓddp¨ d°L$fZ∆A°

^pdp _p¨øep. Ap ApÓddp¨ "S>kp∆' A_° "hp°m]$p_∆'

_pd_p b° dlp–dpAp°_u k°hp ƒep°[_° qfZpd° "kfc¨N' F>rj

ApÓd [fuL°$ Ap ı\m_p° drldp R>°. A_° "]—p”e_p° ^|Zp°'

_pd\u `Z Ap ı\p_ ≈Zu[y¨ bfiey¨ R>°.

Ap ı\p_° Aphu_° d°L$fZ ep°NuA° gp°L$ k°hp_p° ^|Zp°

y_: Q°[pÏep°. ApSy>bpSy>_p¨ NpdX$pAp°dp¨ a°fZu L$fu_° Nfubp°,

ùqX$[p°, A_° ]$rg[p° dpV°$ gp°V$ dpNu gph[p l[p A_° fp°V$gp

OX$u_° Nfubp°_° ùfk[p l[p¨. Ap L$peÆ\u gp°L$p°dp¨ [°Ap° Ap]$f

`pÁep A_° gp°L$r‚e \ep. Alv [°dZ° bpfhjÆ S>°V$gp° kde

A°V$g° L°$ A°L$ [` kyû kde kpf L$ep£. Alv [°dZ° gp°L$cp°¡e

cS>_p°_u fQ_p L$fu A_° d^yfL¨$W°$ gp°L$p° ApNm fS|> L$f[p l[p.

S>°_° L$pfZ° [°Ap° d°L$fZ ]$p]$p_p _pd° gp°L$‚rkŸ \ep. `f¨[y

[°dZ° L$p°C_° riÛep° L°$ A_yepeu_u ]$unp Apù _lp°[u !

gp°L$L$ÎepZ A_° Nfubp°_u k°hp_y¨ L$peÆ [p° AM¨X$ Qpgy

S> l[y¨. [°d_p¨ gp°L$r‚e cS>_p°_° L$pfZ° [°Ap° gp°L l•e° hku

Nep l[p. [°Ap° `p°[° A°L$ kpdpfie S>_ S>°hp Akpdpfie kp^y

l[p. kp^y [p° Qg[p cgp A° A_ykpf hmu `pRy>¨ A°d_° L$√R>

ep]$ ApÏey¨ A_° [°Ap° L$√R>_p S>Nu _pd_p A°L$ Npddp¨ ^pepÆ.

[°d_u k°hp‚h©r— A_° cNh]π$ cS>__p `qfZpd°

S>Nu_p gp°L$p°A° [°d_y¨ cÏe kfidp_ LeØy. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, Npd_u

blpf ApÓd bp¨ hpdp¨ d]$]$ L$fu. ky]$f hp[phfZdp¨ ApÓd_u

‚h©r— iÍ$ \C NC. d°L$fZ ]$p]$pA° S>Nudp¨ k°hpL$peÆ iÍ$ L$eyØ.

ApÓd° Aph[u ‚≈_° fp °V $gp °, `pZu A_° csº[kcf

bp°^hpZu\u gp°L$p°_y¨ ApL$jÆZ hû Ney¨. [°d_u k°hp ƒep°[_p°

197 198

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‚L$pi ApSy>bpSy>_p A_° ]|$f]|$f Npdp°dp¨ ‚kfhp gp¡ep°. d°L$fZ

]$p]$p dpV°$ kp• kfMp l[p. [°d_p¨ Ap L$pep£ ≈°C ≈Zu_° dp°dpep°

_pdp° ]y$Ù$ dpZk [°d_u D`f æ$p°^ L$fhp gp¡ep° A_° CÛepÆ_u

ƒhpgpr¡_dp¨ bmhp gp¡ep°. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, gp°L$p°_u kp\° Z

A° ]y$ÏeÆhlpf L$fhp gp¡ep°, TOX$p L$fhp gp¡ep°, Nfub A_°

`uqX$[ dpZkp°_° l°fp_ L$fhp gp¡ep°. A_° d°L$fZ ]$p]$p_u hp[°

hp[° dÌL$fu L$fhp gp¡ep°. d°L$fZ ]$p]$p_u gp°L$k°hp_u ‚h©r—\u

A° h^pf° M°`p_u \hp_u gp¡ep°. A° ]$p]$p_p° hp¨L$ ip°^[p° l[p°,

dp°L$p° ip°^[p° l[p° `Z A°_° [L$ dm[u _lp°[u. ]$p]$p `Z

dp°dpe_u Ap lfL$[p°\u A≈Z [p° _lp°[p S>. A°_° k]π$dpN£

hpmhp dpV°$ [°Ap° rhQpf[p l[p. ]$p]$p_p ApÓddp¨ fp°S> fp”°

Npd_p gp°L$p° L$pd\u `fhpfu cS>_dp¨ Aph[p l[p. cS>_ [p°

ApMu fp[ Qpg[y¨ l[y¨. ]$p]$p_u `fphpZu kp¨cmhp dpV°$ gp°L$p°

ÓŸp A_° Apı\p\u Aph[p l[p. cS>r_L$p° Y$p°g, d¨∆fp,

Tp¨T, hpS>_p ›hr_dp¨ Nyg[p_ \C S>[p¨ l[p. cS>__u |_ -

ge - [p_ bfpbf ≈Áep¨ l[p¨ –ep S> fpr”_p _ufh hp[phfZdp¨

dp°dpepA° ApÓd_p ]$fhp≈dp¨ ‚h°i L$ep£. Apd [p° [° cS>_

b¨^ L$fphhp A_° ]$p]$p d°L$fZ kp\° TOX$p° L$fhp ApÏep° l[p°...

`Z, [°_p L$p_° ]$p]$p_p cS>__p° ›hq_ `X$[p¨ S> A° –ep¨ _° –ep¨

\u∆ Nep°. A°_y¨ ˘]$e [pf [pf th^pC Ney¨ A_° ˘]$e° A¨]$f\u

AhpS> L$ep£ : ""c|¨X$p° \p dp, Md•ep L$f. [pfp¨ `p` [fu_° V$p°Q°

Aphu Nep¨ R>°. [y¨ [°dp¨ X|$bu S>Ci. kp\° L¨$C S> Aphhp_y¨ _\u,

`pR>p° hm...''

A_° [° –ep¨ _° –ep¨ S> Ecp° flu Nep°. L°$V$gpL$_u _S>f

[°_u D`f `X$u. A°_° Aph°gp° ≈°C_° gp°L$p° [p° ]¨$N \C Nep !

d°L$fZ ]$p]$p_u L$p°dm A_° ‚°dpm ◊rÙ$ A°_u ◊rÙ$ kp\° ≈°X$pC.

◊rÙ$ ◊rÙ$_y¨ k¨^p_ \ey¨. –ep¨ [p° dp°dpep° O|¨V$ZuA° b°ku Nep°

A_° b° lp\ ≈°X$u_° ]$p]$p_p QfZp°dp¨ Y$mu `X$Èp°. ]$p]$pA° [°_p

dpV°$ ı_°l |hÆL$ lp\ d|ºep° A_° ApiuhpÆ]$ Ap‡ep. Ap ◊Ìe ≈°C_°

[dpd cS>r_L$p° ApÚeÆQqL$[ \C Nep. Aphy¨ b_i° A°_u

L$Î`_pe A°dZ° L$fu _lp°[u !

dp°dpep_p° Mcp° `L$X$u_° A°_° b°W$p° L$ep£. –epf° A°_u

Ap¨Mp°dp¨\u S>g^pfp Aqhf[ hl°[u l[u. Ap A°_p¨ Úp[p`_p¨

Apky¨ l[p¨. [° q]$hk\u dp°dpep° ]$p_h dV$u_° dp_h b_u Nep°.

A_° ]$p]$p_u kp\° dp_hL$ÎepZ_p¨ k°hpL$pep£dp¨ ≈°X$pC Nep°.

dp°dpep° ]$p]$p_p° ‚\d A_yepeu bfiep°.

A°L$ rkΩ$p_° b° bpSy> lp°e R>°. [°d dpZk_p `Z b°

`pkp¨ lp°e R>°. kpfp¨ - _fkp¨. S>Nu Npddp¨ dp°dpep S>°hp°

dp\pcpf° fl°[p° l[p° [p° ]$ep_u ]°$hu A_° ^dÆ_u Nqfdp

≈mh_pfu Aprlf bpC `Z l[u. [° rh^hp l[u. A°L$ q]$L$fp°

199 200

107


l[p°. Ap bpC fp°S> d°L$fZ ]$p]$p_° ]|$^ Ap`hp S>[u l[u. ]$p]$p_°

d_dp¨ \[y : "Ap bpC L$C gpNZu\u Apd r_erd[ ]|$ Ap`hp

Aph[u li° !' A_° A°L$ q]$hk d°L$fZ ]$p]$pA° bpC_° ]|$^

Ap`hp Aphhp dpV°$, Ω$p° Mphp dpV°$ _p L$lu. –epf° bpC_° [p°

Mp°Vy¨$ gpNu Ney¨. A_° L$l°hp gpNu : ""Af° f°, Ap iy¨ bp°Îep ?''

""L$p¨.... Af°L$pfp° L$ep£ ?''

`°gu bpCA° S>° S>hpb Ap‡ep° [°_p\u lpS>f fl°g

lqfcº[ A_° M|]$ d°L$fZ ]$p]$p `Z ApÚeÆQqL$[ \C Nep

A_° rhıdedp¨ X|$bu Nep. bpCA° [p° DdmL$p\u L$ y : ""bp`p,

lz¨ [p° [d_° `y”h[π dp_y¨ Ry>¨.'' hmu [°Z° lk[p¨ lk[p¨ ApNm

L$¸y¨ : ""bp`p, dpf° A°L$ ]$uL$fp° [p° R>° A_° bu≈ [d°...!''

]$p]$pA° lk[p¨ lk[p¨ L$¸y¨ : ""Cd L$p¨C ]$uL$fp f°Y$p

`X$Èp R>°? d_° ]$uL$fp_y ı\p_ ¤p° R>p° [p° AX$ p° Nfpk ]°$hp° X$i°.''

bpCA° [p° gpNZu_p Aph°idp¨ A_° Mfpcph\u

bp°gu EW$u : ""Îep°, Cdp¨ iy¨ ? AX$^p° Nfpk ]$u^p°... R>u L$p¨C

? lh° [p° fp∆ _° ?$''

]$p]$p lku `X$Èp.

""L$p¨, Cd lıep ?''

""dpX$u, fl°hp ¤p°, lz¨ [p° A°dS> L$l°[p° l[p°. dpf° Ap

bû `mp°S>Z _p° M`°, Ad° [p° kp^y dpXy$ Ad° [p° Qg[p

cgp...!''

`Z, °gu bpCA° hQ_ p˛ey¨ A_° Nfpk Ap`hp dpV°$

[•epf \C A_° L$¸y¨ : ""[d [dpf° L$p¨C Q¨–ep _p° L$f[p, Ap

bpC_y¨ h°Z R>°...! ƒepf° ≈°CA° –epf° Nfpk dpNu g° ≈°...''

bpC_p hQ_dp¨ Mydpfu_p ]iÆ_ \[p¨ l[p¨. ApS>° `Z Nfpkdp¨

]$u^°g S>du_ S>Nu_p kudpX$pdp¨ Np°Qf \C Nep R>° A_°–ep¨

Npd_y¨ ìy^_ ]$ffp°S> Qfhp ≈e R>°.

S>Nudp¨ flu_° ]$p]$pA° L¨$C L°$V$gpë_p ∆h_ ky pfu ]$u^p¨.

kp\° kp\° Lyqfhp≈° Ly$Í$qY$ep° A_° L°$V$gp¨L$ ]y$jZp° ]|$f L$epØ. A_°

gp°L$p°_° k]$pQpf A_° csº[dp¨ ∆h_ `kpf L$fhp_u ‚°fZp

Apù.

lh° d°L$fZ ]$p]$pA° S>Nu Npddp¨\u DQpmp cfhp_p°

r_ZÆe L$ep£ A_° ApÓd_p° hluhV$ Npd_p ApN°hp_p°_° kp¢`hp

[•epf \ep. N∞pdS>_p°_u Ap¨Mp°dp¨\u AÓy hlu f¸p¨ l[p¨. Npd

_lv R>p°X$hp dpV°$ ]$f°L$_p Ql°fp D`f rh_¨[u l[u. `Z guû lW$

R>p°X°$ _lv. A° ]$p]$p_p° ıhcph [p°. ApMf° Npd gp°Lp°A° ]$p]$p_y¨

k°hpL$peÆ Qpgy fpMhp_y¨ hQ_ Ap‡ey¨. A_° ]$p]$pA° A°L$ q]$hk

hl°gu khpf° "∆...._pd' _p D√QpfZ kp\° gp°L$L$ÎepZ_p

dpN£ ‚ı\p_ L$eyØ.

]$p]$pA° Mc° L$phX$ ^fu. A°L$ bpSy> fp°V$gp A_° bu∆

bpSy> `pZu_y¨ dpV$gy¨, lp\dp¨ X$p¨N A_° dyM° "∆ _pd'_p° d¨”.

201 202

108


L$√R> A_° tk^_u h√Q° MphX$p _pd_y¨ Npd A_° _S>f

_p¨Mp° –e¨p \f`pfL$f_y¨ fZ. A¨Npfp Tf[p° [X$L$p° A_° Nfd

f°[ueyº[ `h_. ≈° L$p°C fı[p° c|g° [p° fZ A°_ÿ A¨r[d pk_y¨

ı\p_. [fk\u L¨$W$ ip°jpe,`fk°hp\u ifuf cv≈e A°hp kde°

c|gp `X°$gp h°V$dpNyÆ_u iu ]$ip \pe $? L$Î`_p L$fu iL$[u _\u.

Aphp kde° ]$p]$p c|øep_° fp°V$gp° A_° [fıep_° `pZu Ap`[p

l[p.

MphXp$ ApÏep `R>u ]$p]$p_° A°L$ Ly¨$cpf° N^°X$p° Ap‡ep°

l[p° A_° fMX$[y A_° budpf A°L$ L|$[fy. ]$p]$pA° budpf L|$[fp_u

kpfhpf L$fu. L|$[fy¨ [p° ]$p]$p_y¨ \C Ney¨. ]$p]$pA° MphX$p\u gp¢X$pC

Npddp¨ r_hpk L$ep°Æ. A°d_p b° rd”p° : N^°X$p° gpgpfpd A_°

L|$[fp° dp°[ufpd Ap b¨_° h√Q° `Z cpCb¨û \C NC. lh° [p°

]$p]$p ApSy>bpSy>_p¨ Npdp°dp¨\u gp°V$ dpNu gph°, fp°V$gp L$f° A_°

gpgpfpd_u uW$ f gp]$u ]°$ A_° kp\° pZu cf°gp¨ dpV$gp¨ Z

lp°e. dp°[ufpd A_° gpgpfpd [p° fZdp¨ Qpghp gpN°. L$p°C

c|gp-cV$ºep_° fı[p° b[ph°, fp°V$gp MhX$ph° A_° `pZu

ùhX$phu_° [fk `Z R>u`ph°.

Alv gp¢X$pCdp¨ `Z csº[cph`|ZÆ k°hp ‚hpl Qpgy

S> f¸p°. ]$p]$p_u k°hp_u kyN¨^ Qpf° [fa a°gpC NC l[u. gp°L$p°

kpd°\u A_pS> Apù S>[p l[p. ºepf°L$ ApÓddp¨ ku^y¨ M|V$[y¨

[p° ]$p]$p dp°[ufpd_p Nm° rQÃ$u bp¨û ]°$[p. [°dp¨ hı[yAp°_u ep]$u

gMu lp°e. dp°[ufpd A_° gpgpfpd c|S> il°fdp¨ S>[p. L$p°C

hl°`pfu_u ]y$L$p_° Ecp flu S>[p¨. ]$yL$p_]$pf rQÃ$u hp¨Q[p¨ S> ep]$u

‚dpZ° dpg-kpd_ bp¨û ]°$[p° A_° gpgpfpd_u uW$ D`f d|L$u

]°$[p°. Ap b¨_° rd”p° A°L$gp ApÓddp¨ Aph[p¨. d°L$fZ ]$p]$p

gpgpfpd_u ùW$ `f\u ku^y ¨ D[pfu g°[p. Ap ‚L$pf_u

k°hp‚h©r—\u Npdgp°L$ ÓŸpcph\u gprgep A_° dp°[uep

(Abp°g‚pZuAp°)_u Ap k°hp_° buf]$ph[p l[p.

bpf hjÆ gp¢X$pCdp¨ k°hpL$peÆ L$fu d°L$fZ ]$p]$pA° –ep¨\u

`Z DQpmp cfhp_y¨ _ºL$u L$eyØ. A°_y¨ L$pfZ A°L$ S> l[y¨ L°$

k°hpL$peÆ_y¨ L$pd _]$u_p ‚hpl_u S>°d k[[ Qpgy¨ fl°hy¨ ≈°CA°.

S>Nu Npd\u ]$p]$pA° ^∞¨N Npddp¨ AMpX$p° iÍ$ L$ep£.

^∞¨N Npddp¨ M¢Npf∆ ≈Nuf]$pf. [°d_p¨ dp[p∆

‚°dpbp_° d°L$fZ ]$p]$p ‚–e° OZp° ÓŸpcph dp[pA° ]$p]$p_y¨

ıdfZ L$fu d__u C√R>p ‚NV$ L$f°gu. `qfZpd° M¢≈f∆_p¨

`–_uA° `y”f–__° S>fid Ap`°gp°. ÓŸp amu [°_p° Ap_¨]$ `Z

\ep°. ]$p]$p_° ^∞¨Ndp¨ Aph°gp ≈Zu_° M¢Npf∆ A_° ‚°dpbpA°

[°d_y¨ kpd•ey¨ L$eyØ. Npd_p gp°L$p° `Z ≈°X$pep¨. Npd_p gp°L$p°A°

]$p]$p_° ApÓd dpV°$ S>du_ apmhu A_° M¢Npf∆A° ApÓd dpV°$

dL$p_ [•epf L$fphu ]$u^y¨. Alv `Z ]$p]$p_u A_° gpgpfpd-

203 204

109


dp°[ufpd_u gp°L$k°hp ‚h©r— Qpgy flu. Ap b¨_° ‚pZuAp° fZdp¨

S>C hV°$dpNÆyAp°_° ip°û gph[p¨ A_° fp°V$gp - `pZu_u Ïehı\p

\C S>[u.

lh° [p° ]$p]$p_p° cº[NZ `Z h›ep° l[p°. [°dp¨ Mpk

[p° gp¢X$pC_p hı[p ky\pf, Apluf, L$p\X$, Apluf huOp°, L$p¨^g

[\p lqfS>_ lufp°, g°qfep_p M¢Npf∆, b•ep_p W$pL$p°f d°L$p∆

A_° dpNg`yf_p L$qX$ep L$p_∆ hN°f° [°d_p ‚°dpm cº[p° A_°

k°hL$p° l[p. [° hM[° gufbpC dp[p∆ [\p rNf_pfu k¨[

deprNfu∆ `Z d°L$fZ ]$p]$p_u k°hpdp¨ f[ l[p¨.

`|_p _pd_p M°X|$[\u [°_p bm]$_u l–ep \C NC. [°_°

OZp° `ı[php° \ep°. [°Z° ]$p]$p_y¨ ifœ¨ gu^y¨ A_° dp_hk°hp_p

L$pd° gpNu Nep°. ]$p]$pA° ∆h]$epcph fpMhp_u ‚°fZp Apù.

`|_p_y¨ ˘]$ed_ cv≈C Ney¨. A°Z° ]$p]$p `pk°\u k¨fiepk ]$unp

guû. A°_° _hu q]$ip_p ]$iÆ_ \ep¨.

]$p]$p_y k°hpL$peÆ [p° Qpg[y S> l[y. lqfcº[p° Z ]$p]$p_p

Ap L$pddp¨ MX°$`N° k°hpL$peÆ L$f[p l[p¨. `Z Jdf Jdf_y¨

L$pd L$f° S>. ]$p]$p_u lh° Jdf \C l[u. [°d_p ifuf `f h©Ÿ–h

]°$MpC f¸y¨ l[y¨. lh° `l°gp¨ S>°hp° [°Ap° Ód L$fu iL$[p _ l[p.

]$p]$pA° [°d_p lqfcº[p°_° bp°gphu_° L$¸y¨ : ""lh° cNhp__y¨ [°Xy¨$

Aphu Ney¨ R>°, k°hp_y¨ L$pd \[y¨ _\u, lh° kdpr^ g°hp_p° kde

`Z Aphu Nep° R>°. Apkp° h]$u Qp•]$k_° ir_hpf° k|ep£]$e \ep

`R>u iyc Qp°OqX$e° kdpr^ g°hu R>°.''

hp[ hpef° QY$u. Npd° Npddp¨ kdpQpf `lp¢Qu Nep.

gp°L$d°fpdZ ^∞¨Ndp¨ Ecfphhp gp¡ey¨. L¨$L$p°”uAp° gMphp

gpNu. k¨]°$i hplL$p° Sy>]°$ Sy>]°$ Npdp°dp¨ S>hp gp¡ep. h°mpkf

Aphhp dpV°$ kp•_° k¨]°$i `lp°¨QpX$hp gp¡ep¨.

]$p]$p d°L$fZ_u kp\° S|>_pNY$_p rNf_pfu k¨[ deprNfu,

L$p¨ p Apluf, Apluf huOp, L$p\X$, c|S>_p g°Í$, _yMu k¨‚]$pe_p

b∞p˚Z ‚°d∆, NZ`[, kp y ky]$f]$pk∆, AfS>Z fp≈, |_p°

A_° bufhpCA° kdpr^ g°hp_y¨ _Ω$u L$eyØ. kp•_u A°hu C√R>p

l[u L°$ ]$p]$p_u kp\° bpf S>Zp_u kdpr^ g° [p° kpfy¨. A° kde°

lqfS>_ lufp° Z –ep¨ l[p°. b^p A°_° Nfhp° L$l°[p l[p. NfhpA°

kp•_° rh_¨[u L$fu L$°, ""lzë° ]$p]$p_u kp\° kdpr^ gCi.''

""iy¨ hp[ L$f° R>° ?''

""L$p¨, lz¨ ]$p]$p_p° k°hL$ _\u ?''

""W$uL$ cpC ! L$fp° [•epfu.'' A°L$ k°hL°$ L$¸y :

lufp_p° A¨]$f_p° Ap–dp kdpq^ g°hp L$l°[p° l[p°. `Z

d_ [°_° fp°L$[y¨ l[y¨. [°Z° L$¸y¨ : ""R>°Îg° R>°Îg° lz¨ dpfp¨ R>•ep¨

R>p°L$fp¨_° dmu Aphy¨.'' [° gp°¨X$pC Nep°. `Z kdpr^_p q]$hk° [°

ApÏep° _lv. A°V$g° ]$p]$pA° L$¸y¨ : ""li°, S>°hu ‚cy_u df∆ !

Ap`Z° [•epfu L$fp°.''

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110


A° q]$hk l[p°. rhæ$d k¨h[ 1786_p Apkp° h]$u Qp•]$k

A_° ir_hpf (C.k. 1730). kp•A° ıh√R> h˜p° ^pfZ L$epÆ.

ı\p_L$dp¨ cº[S>_p°, ÓŸpmyAp°, dygpL$p[uAp°, dlp_ycphp°

A_° k¨[p° Ap d¨Ng Ahkf° ^pepÆ l[p. _p_L$X$p ∞Ndp¨ l•e°l•ey

]$bpe A°hy¨ dp_h dl°fpdZ DdV$Èy¨ l[y¨.

–ep¨ S> A°L$ hp[ b_u. gprgep° A_° dp°[uep° `Z

kdpr^ g°hp [•epf \C Nep. A°dZ° Z c|L$hp_y A_° cukhp_y

iÍ$ L$fu ]$u^y¨ A_° ]$p]$p_u kpd° [° Z _uQy¨ dp¢ L$fu_° Ecp f¸p.

b° d|¨Np ‚pZuAp° `Z ]$p]$p_u kp\° ‚pZ –epNhp [•epf \C

Nep l[p. dp_h dl°fpdZdp¨ [p° ApÚeÆ A_° ı[Â^[p R>hpC

NC ! ]$p]$pA° Apop L$fu A_° ]$p]$p_u kdpq^\u \p°X°$ ]|$f Ap b¨_°

∆hp–dpAp° dpV°$ MpX$p [•epf L$fhp L$¸y¨.

kde \[p¨ kp• `p°[ `p°[p_p kdpr^ı\p_ `pk° Aphu

Ecp f¸p. gprgep° A_° dp°[uep° `Z [°d_p kdpr^ ı\p_°

Aphu Ecp f¸p. gp°L$p° "∆.._pd' _p S>eOp°j L$fhp gp¡ep.

Nygpg\u hp[phfZ Nygpbu Nygpbu \C Ney. S>eOp°j\u NN_

Np∆ EW$Èy¨. gprgep° -dp°[uep° kdpr^ g°hp_u hp[ ≈Z[p¨ S>

lufp° A°_p Npd\u ]$p°X$u ApÏep°. `Z Oœ¨ dp°Xy¨$ \C Ney¨ l[y¨.

kdpr^ A`pC Q|L$u l[u. Ap ≈°C_° l•ey¨ cp¨Nu `X$Èy¨ A_° [°Z°

]$p]$p_u kdpr^ pk° S> ‚pZ –epN L$ep£. A_° ]$p]$p_u kdpr^_u

`pR>m S> rlfp_y¨ kdpr^ı\p_ [•epf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ A_° –ep¨

[°_° kdpr^ Ap`u. ApS>° `Z Ap kdpr^ı\p_p° ^∞¨Ndp¨ R>°.

]$p]$p_u k°hp ƒep°[ ApS>° `Z L$√R>, kp•fpÙ≤$ A_°

NyS>fp[_p Npdp°dp¨ [°d_p A_yepeuAp°, cphL$p° A_° cº[p°A°

‚S>hâu[ fpMu R>°.

!!!!!

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21. k¨[Óu r”L$d kpl°b

(C.k. 1726-1801)

rkŸphı\p_° `pd°g k¨[ L°$ Nyfy dmu ≈e `R>u Cf_°

ip°^hp° dyÌL°$g _\u. Aphu cph_p kp\° k¨[Óu r”L$d]$pk∆

kpQp k¨[_°, Nyfy_° `pdhp dpV°$ Xy¨$Nfpm ‚]°$idp¨ ]$p°X$u Nep.

–ep¨ fp`f_p L$pN_p°fp Xy¨$Nf D`f fpdrNqfA° r”L$d ]$pk∆_°

"k[ hQ_'_p° D`]°$i Apù Mud kpl°b_p ifZdp¨ S>hp_u

Apop L$fu. –epf° r”L$d]$pk∆ `¨Qph_ hjÆ_u Jdf_p l[p.

Aphu `pL$V$ he° Mud kpl°b `pk°\u kpl°b`¨\u ]$unp N∞lZ

L$fu. Mud kpl°b° ”uL$d]$pk∆_° "r”L$d kpl°b'_pd Ap‡ey¨.

ApS>° `Z Ap Apop_p iÂ]$p° rQ”p°X$ Np]$u_p dyøe ‹pf `f

A¨qL$[ \e°g "fpdNyfy_y¨ hQ_' \u rh¤dp_ R>°.

r”L$d kpl°b kp• ‚\d hM[ Mud kpl°b_° dmhp

S>[p l[p –epf° [°d_u kpd° A°L$ rhL$fpm tkl Aphu `lp¢√ep°.

A° [p° NcfpC Nep Z A°dZ° r_õ$p\u b¨ Ap¨M° CfıdfZ

L$eyØ. Ap¨Mp° Mp°°g° R>° [p° kpd° S> A°L$ kp^y ! r”L$d]$pk D`f

◊rÙ$ `X$[p¨ S> A° kp^yA° r”L$d]$pk_° L$pdmu A_° L$d¨X$m

Ap‡ep¨ A_° L$¸y¨ : ""[y¨ S>°_u ip°^dp¨ R>° A° k]π$Nyfy [_° dmu

Nep R>°.'' Ap hpZu_° kpcm[p S> kp y_p QfZ° ]$X$h[π ‚Zpd

L$epÆ. –ep¨\u [°Ap° fp`f (L$√R>)dp¨ Mud kpl°b `pk°

`lp¢√ep.`f¨[y –ep¨ b°W°$gp cº[p°_° ]$rg[hNÆ_u d°Ohpm ≈r[dp¨

S>fid°gp r”L$d kpl°b_y ApNd_ A_° ‚h°i k¨]$ _ X$[p¨ L$p°CA°

dp\pdp¨ QpMX$u dpf[p¨ r”L$d kpl°b_° C≈ \C. Mud kpl°b°

r”L$d]$pk_° ≈°[p¨ S> `p°[p_p ı\p_°\u Ecp \ep A_° QpMX$u

dpf_pf Ïesº[_° gX$hp gp¡ep. [°dZ° r”L$d kpl°b_° bp\dp¨

gC c°V$u `X$Èp A_° –ep¨ b°W$°gp kp•_u kpd° ≈°C_° L$¸y¨ : ""S>°_°

lz¨ ip°^[p° l[p° [° d_° dmu Nep° R>°.'' Apd, L$lu Mud]$pk°

r”L$d kpl°b_° p°[p_u Np]$u D`f b°kpX$Èp. r”L$d kpl°b° Mud

kpl°b kpd° ≈°[p¨ S> ‚[ur[ \C L°$ ""Ap kp^y [p° Xy¨$NfpAp° h√Q°

d˛ep¨ l[p A° S> R>°.'' Mud kpl°b° A°d_° L$pdmu Ap°Y$pX$u_°

L$¸ÿ : ""ApS>\u [y¨ dpfu Np]$u_p° hpfk R>° A_° r”L$d dV$u_°

r”L$d kpl°b bfiep° R>°.'' A° OX$u\u S> [°d_p A¨[f_p `X$]$p

M|gu Nep. L$buf∆A° `Z [°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° :

L$lp¨ k° Apep L$u^f ≈eNp,

Mbf _rl A`_p OfL$u,

k]π$Nyfy rdg° [p° op_ b[ph°,

Mp°g ]°$h° A¨[f - MX$L$u.

k¨[ L$rh kpl°b° `Z Nyfy_p "rèpgp'_y¨ dı[`œ¨ Ap

fu[° Ïeº[ L$eyØ R>°.

209 210

112


Adf r`epgp° dpfp k[NyfyA° `pep°,

d_ dı[p_p, ≈° afy¨ q]$hp_p.

"""""

NyS>fp[dp¨ k¨[hpZu_p k¨[-kp^L$p ° ≈[° S>fid°

kdpS>_p _d∞- _uQp \f_p R>°. Apd°e k¨[_u L$p°C ≈r[-opr[

lp°[u _\u, L$p°C Ly$m _\u. A°_p° [pf [p° cNhp_ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp°

R> °. k¨[p° [p° dp°nrkqŸ dpV° $ ‚e–_ L$f° R> °. Óud]π$

cNh]π$Nu[pdp¨ cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZA° L$¸y¨ R>° :

_ZwÓ`mUmß ghÛfw H$o¸⁄VoV og’` $&

`VVm_o[ og’mßZmß H$o¸›_mß doŒmVŒdVï $&&

(A :7 :3)

A\pÆ[π :

"l≈fp° d_yÛep°dp¨ L$p°CL$ S > dp°nrkqŸ dpV°$ ‚e–_

L$f° R>°, e–_ L$f[p rkŸp°dp¨ `Z L$p°CL$ S> d_° k–e ıhÍ$`° ≈Z°

R>°.'

`f¨[y r”L$d kpl°b [p° k–eıhÍ$`_° ≈Zu Nep l[p.

A°hp Ap k¨[ k¨kpfdp¨ flu_°, k¨kpf_u af≈°_yy¨ `pg_ L$fu_°

`Z kp y- ∆h_ ∆Ïep l[p. Apd°e ]$rg[ kdpS>_p k¨[p° dp°V°$

cpN° kp¨kpqfL$ ∆h_ ∆Ïep R>°. k¨kpf R>p°X$u_° k¨fiepku \ep

_\u. [°d R>[p¨ k¨kpf_u dpep\u `f f¸p l[p. A°d_y¨ l•ey¨ [p°

AgM_p Apfp^_° T¨M[y¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° ]$epmy A_° `fNSy> `Z

l[p. kpdpfie[: ]$rg[ k¨[p° k¨kpfdp¨ flu `p°[p_y¨ A_° Lyy$Vy¨$b_y¨

cfZ-`p°jZ L$fhp dl°_[ - dS|>fu L$f[p f¸p R>° A_° k¨[–h_°

`Z ≈mÏey¨ R>°. k¨[ fp°rl]$pk A_° ]$pku ∆hZ QdÆL$peÆ

L$f[p l[p. dlpfpÛV≤$_p k¨[ Qp°Mpd°mp df°gp Y$p°f M¢Qhp_y¨ A_°

Y$p°f_p¨ QpdX$p¨ Qufhp_y¨ L$pd L$f[p¨ l[p. L$buf, cud kpl°b,

hlfp°, AfS>Z A_° MudqX$ep° hZpV$L$pd L$f[p l[p. [p° r”L$d

kpl°b M°[fdp¨ fMp° y L$fhp S>[p l[p A_° –ep¨ Z AgM_u

Apfp^_p L$f[p¨ l[p. A° k¨]$c£ r”L$d kpl°b_y¨ Ap `]$ :

hjpÆf[ hMpZue°, Ecp° `pL$ A`pf,

`¨MuX$p S>d≈° ‚°d\u, R>° L$ZL$Zdp¨ qL$f[pf.

L$ZL$Zdp¨ qL$f[pf_° ≈°_pf Ap k¨[_p ∆h_dp¨ Ap

`]$_p k¨]$c£ `Z Qd–L$pf \ep° R>°.

r”L$d kpl°b `fp°`L$pfu A_° ] $epmy ‚L© $r[_p

bpm`Z\u S> l[p. ""L√R>X$p° bpf°dpk'' °A° gp°L$p°qL$[ ApS>°

`Z ‚Qrg[ R>°. –ep¨ hfkp]$_y¨ ‚dpZ Ap°Ry>¨. S>° hj£ hfkp]$

hfk° [° hj£ M°[u \pe. S>du_ Z f°[pm A°V$g° pL$ Z Ap°R>p°.

A°L$ hj£ hjpÆ_u dl°f \C A_° M°[fdp¨ bpS>fp_p° `pL$ L$ep£.

r`[p rlfpZ¨]$ [p° Of k¨cpm° A_° hZpV$L$pd L$f°. _p_p `y”

r”L$d_° M°[f_y¨ fMp°`y¨ kp¢‡ey¨. k¨[ r”L$d kpl°b [p° M°[f_y¨

fMp°`y¨ L$fhp ≈e `Z dpmp (TpL$rmey¨) D`f b°ku_°

‚cycsº[ L$epÆ L$f°, bu∆ [fa `nuAp° QZ QŒep L$f°. A°L$

211 212

113


q]$hk° rlfpZ¨]$ M°[fdp¨ ApÏep. ≈°ey¨ [p° X|¨$X°$\u ]$pZp `nuAp°

QZu Nep¨ l[p¨. [°Ap° r_fpi \C Nep. `Z X|$¨X$p_° Mmpdp¨

dkmhpdp¨ ApÏep¨. –epf° L$p°C hj£ pL$ey¨ _p lp°e A°V$gy¨ A_pS>

d˛ey¨. r`[p rlfpZ¨]$ `Z `y”_u csº[\u ‚cprh[ \C Nep.

dp°V$pcpN_p A°d dp_° R>° L°$, "lz prdÆL$ Ry>¨.' Z, [°Ap°

^dÆ_u Ïepøep kdS>[p _\u. ^dÆ A°V$g° L$p°C A°L$ ^dÆ, `¨\,

k¨‚]$pe L°$ hpX$p° _rl, L°$ `|≈, `pW$, Apf[u, `|S>__p° drldp

_rl. ^dÆ A°V$g° Yra`oV B©oV Y_©ï$& `|≈, `pW$, Apf[u L$fhu L°$

d¨q]$f° S>hp_u qæ$epdp¨ bp¸pX¨$bf rhi°j ≈°hp dm° R>°. k¨[p° [p°

A°d L$l° R>° L°$ Ap bp¸ S>`, [`, [uf\ L$fhp_p° L$p°C A\Æ _\u.

ep”p L$fhp R>[p¨, N¨Np_p `rh” S>m\u ı_p_ L$fhp R>[p¨ ≈°

dpZkdp¨\u L$pd, æ$p°^, gp°c, dp°l, dpep A_° d–kf Ap

jXπ$qf`yAp°_p° _pi _ \pe [p° Ap b^y¨ S> rd’ep R>°. `Z, bp¸

ı_p_ L$fu ]°$l_p° d°g ^p°hp_u kp\° d__p° d°g ^p°hpe [p° [° S>

CÙ$ R>°. k¨[p°A° L$¸y¨ R>° :

S>` [` [uf\ ≈°N Sy>N[°, L$fZu ºep¨ gNu ≈e.

[u_ ]°$h ]$i Ah[pfp, hplu Mbf _ `pC.

Ab d_ Q°[ g° d°f° cpC. $

- r”L$d kpl°b

A°d L$l°_pf r”L$d kpl°b_p° S>fid fp`f (º√R>) `pk°

Aph°g L$pN_p°fp Xy$Nf_u [m°V$udp¨ Aph°g fpdhph Npddp¨ k¨h[

1782_° ÓphZ h]$ ApW$d_° kp°dhpf_p q]$hk° [pfuM : 05-

08-1726 _p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. r”L$d kpl°b_p r`[p rlfpZ¨]$

(d°Ohpm: Nfp° b∞p˚Z)_y¨ Np°” "dpfLy¨$X$' A_° [°d_u Ly$m]°$hu

"QpdyX$p'. r”L$d kpl°b_p g¡_ S>X$phbp kp\° \ep¨ l[p¨. [°d_°

k¨[p_p°dp¨ L$fk_]$pk A_° Adf]$pk A°d b° `y”p° l[p.

k¨[p°_u hpZudp¨ Ap–dMp°S> Ap–d kpnp–L$pf A_°

d__p [pf_° Cf_p [pf kp\° ≈°X$hp_y¨ S>ZpÏey¨ R>°. bp¸pQpf,

bp¸pX¨$bf [°dS> A¨^ÓŸp_p° kM[ rhfp°^ L$ep£ R>°. k¨[hpZu

r_NyÆZ q_fpL$pf ]°$h_u Apfp^_p L$fhp S>Zph° R>°. [°dp¨ cNhp¨

`l°fhp¨, V$ugp¨-V$ L$p¨, h°i - V°$L$_p° rhfp° L$ep£ R>°. [°d S> kdpS>dp¨

flu fpl Qv›ep° R>°. A° k¨]c£ r”L$d kpl°b `Z L$l° R>° :

L$`X$p¨ cu ^p°ep, k¨[p° A¨Qgp cu ^p°ep,

S>b gN d_hp° _ ^p°ep° d°f° gpg,

gpg d°fp q]$gdp¨ gpNu k¨[p° h°fpNu∆.

kdpS>dp¨ ‚kf°g A¨ ÓŸp, Aop_[p, bp¸ ApX¨$bf,

AfpS>L$[p, ^y[pfp - k¨[p°, kp^y, bphpAp°, ]$p°fp-^pNp,

dp]$qmep¨, [prhS> bp¨^_pfp c|hpAp° - aL$ufp° A_° crhÛe

≈°_pfp ≈°juAp° A_° ]¨$cu kdpS>_u Ap¨M DOpX$hp dpV°$ [uMp

L$V$pn L$f[p¨ r”L$d kpl°b L$l° R>° :

213 214

114


csº[_p bp'_° d°gp d¨”p° kp^°,

h•Ly¨$W$ ≈[p¨ S>dX$p ApX$p af°, Sy>Ndp¨ Sy>gd L$f°.

Ap fu[° r”L$d kpl°b k¨kpf_u c∞pdL$ dpep, ∆h__u

nZc¨Nyf[p kpd° r_]£$i L$fu_° L$l° R>° : "Ap Ad|Îe d_yÛe

Ah[pf d˛ep° R>°. [p° cgp, kpQy¨ ∆h_ ∆hu ≈.' A°hu

riMpdZ `Z Ap`° R>°. dpZk_u kdıep_y¨ r_hpfZ \[y¨

_\u. `Z, dp” Cf ıdfZ, Cfcsº[, A_° Cf kp^_p

- Apfp^_p A° S> D—ddpNÆ R>°. Cf Apfp^_p\u A_°

ıdfZ\u S> op__p° ‚L$pi \fpe R>° A_° A° ‚L$pi_p AS>hpm°

Ap›eps–dL$ dpNÆ dp°L$mp° \pe R>°. k¨[p°_u hpZudp¨ Aphy¨

A]π$c|[ bm R>°.

r”L$d kpl°b_p¨ `]$p°dp¨\u `kpf \[p¨ [°dp¨ AgM_u

Apfp^_p, [“h]$iÆ_, h°]$ - hQ_p°, op_, h•fp¡e, csº[, ep°N,

D`]°$i_p° kdfihe \e°gp° ≈°hp dm° R>°. [p° D√Q L$rh–h isº[_p¨

`Z ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°.D.[ :

_prcL$gdk° Aph° _° ≈h°,

`g`g L$f° `gL$pfp f°,

fZyL$pf TœL$pf lp°C f¸p f°,

A_l]$ _p]$ AhpS> f°.

"""""

k¨[_u Ly¨$X$u k¨[p° iÂ]$ gugpNf,

A°L$ [|¨ lu dpfp° O|¨V$Zlpf.

ÓhZ°\u f°X$Èp° dpfp Í$q]$e° W°$fpZp°,

A°L$ [¨| lu ]°$lX$udp¨ lhp° fœL$pf

QX$[° rèpg° k¨[p° NN_ ]$fkpZp

A°L$ [|¨ lu S>dv Apkdp_.

r”L$d kpl°b° Alv riÛe_° d¨”q]np Ap`hp_u

qæ$ep_° M|b S> cphhplu i•gudp¨ fS|> L$f°g R>°. d¨” q]$np_u

qæ$ep_° kp°m k¨ıL$pf_u A°L$ qæ$ep [fuL°$_y¨ ı\p_ A`pey¨ R>°. q‹S>

qæ$ep A° fu[° kp\Æ b_° R>°. A_° L$p_dp¨ S>° Nyfy d¨”_u aL$ dpfhpdp¨

Aph° R>° [°_° r”L$d kpl°b° Ap fu[° ‚L$V$ L$eØy R>°.

ÓhZ°\u f°X$Èp° dpfp Í$q]$e° W°$fpZp°

A°L$ [|¨ lu ]°$lX$udp¨ lhp° fZyL$pf

`R>u [°Ap° "rèpgp'_u hp[ L$f° R>°. Apd [p° "‡epgp°'

A° Mpk cS>_ fQ_p_y¨ _pdprc¤p_ `Z R>°, frh-cpZ

k¨‚]$pe_p k¨[p°_p `]$p°dp¨ "rèpgp' _p¨ `]$p° Mpk L$fu_° ≈°hp

dm° R>°. Ap k¨‚]$pedp¨ d¨”q]$np_u qæ$ep_° Ny· fMpe R>°.

A°V$gu S> kp¨L°$r[L$ A_° ‚[uL$p–dL$ Z R>°. A°_y eop° rh[ S>°V$gy

S> dl“h R>°. Nyfyd¨”_u Sy>]$p Sy>]$p k¨‚]$pep°dp¨ `¨\p°dp¨, A_°

hpX$pAp°dp¨ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u qæ$epAp° R>°, S>°hu L°$, L$p_ a¨L$hp, L¨$W$u

bp¨^hu, ‡epgp° `php°, `fdp°]$hy¨ hN°f°. Ap bû qæ$epAp° A¨[°

[p° Nyfy_u riÛe ‚r[_u ‚u[u_y¨ ‚[uL$ S> R>°.

215 216

115


Óu S>edÎg `fdpf° "Ap`Zu gp°L$ k¨ıL©$r[' N∞¨\dp¨

"rèpgp' ‚L$pf_p cS>_p°_u fQ_pAp° D]$plfZ [fuL°$

]$ipÆhu_° A°_p ıhÍ$`_u QQpÆ L$fu R>°. riÛe_° riÛe [fuL°$_u

ıhuL©$r[ Í$`° ‡epgp° `phpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

L$buf ° Z [°d_p A°L$ ]$dp¨ "rèpgp' rhi° Npey¨ R>° :

]°$M[ QY°$ ky_[ rle gpN°,

kyf[ qL$e° [_ ]°$[ OydpC,

rè[ rèpgp, cd° d[hpgp,

`pep° _pd rdV$u ]y$qf[pC.

frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pe `f¨`fp_p ]$pku ∆hZ° `Z

"rèpgp_u fQ_pAp° L$fu R>°. ' [°Ap° Nyfy_u ip°^dp¨ M|bS>

fMX$Èp L$epÆ `R>u cud kpl°b_p° c°V$p° \[p¨ Nyfyd¨” q]$np_p

`p__u A_yc|r[ L$fphuA° A_yc|r[_° A°dZ° "rèpgp' dp¨

ı\p_ Ap‡ey¨ :

‡epgp° d¢ ù^°g R>° cf`|f,

]$ep L$fu_° ]$u^p° ‚°d° fk ù^p°,

_°_y¨ d¢ Apep _|f, ‡epgp° d¢ ù^°g R>° cf`|f (V°$L$)

_|f[ k|f[ kp_ W°$fpZu f°,

bpS>[ NN_pd¢ [|f$,

fp°d° fp°d° f¨N gpNu qfep° [p°,

_M iuM ‚NV$Èp _||f... ‡epgp°0

"""""

r”L$d kpl°b frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pe_p k¨[ lp°hp R>[p¨ Z

[°d_p `f _p\`¨\, dlp`¨\ A_°kpl°b `¨\_u Akf h[pÆe R>°.

frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pedp¨ "khfp d¨X$`'_u `f¨`fp _\u. S>° r”L$d

kpl°b A_° [°d_u lpg_u lep[ Np]$u ı\p_p°dp¨ "khfp

d¨X$`'_p° D–kh DS>hpe R>°.

"khfp d¨X$`'_p° kp• ‚\d D–kh r”L$d kpl°b_p

cpZ°S> A_° riÛe _\yfpd kpl°b° fp^_`yfdp¨ k¨h[ 1839

C.k. 1783 _u Q•”u `y_d° DS>hhpdp¨ Aph°g. Ap D–khdp¨

Mud kpl°b A_° r”L$d kpl°b° lpS>fu Ap`°g S>°_u _p¢^ `Z

fp^_`yf Np]$u ı_p__u lı[‚[dp¨ kQhpe°g R>°.

Apd "khfp d¨X$`'_u `f¨`fp dlp`¨\ A_° _p\`¨\_p

A_yepeuAp°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. khfp d¨X$` ‚k¨N° "rhkp° `pV$'

cfhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap `pV$ "dlp `¨\' dp¨ `Z cfhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°.

r”L$d kpl°b_u f¨ fp_u S>¡ep_p dl¨[p°, Mc° cNhp°

M°k [°dS> dp\° cNhu `pOX$u A_° lp\dp¨ ^dÆ]¨$X$ fpM° R>°.

r”L$d kpl°b_u Np]$u rQ”p°X$dp¨ lpgdp¨ Z R>°. A°d_°

kp[ riÛep°_° ]$unp Apù l[u A_° ]$f°L$_u `p°[uL$u `f¨`fp A_°

Np]$u_p ı\p_L$p° R>°. ApS>° `Z A° `f¨`fp_° A_ykfhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. [°d_p riÛep° A_° Np]$u_p¨ ı\p_L$: cud kpl°b (ApdfZ),

217 218

116


gˇdu kpl°b (rQ”p°X$), _\yfpd kpl°b (fp^_ yf), h°g kpl°b

(KTp), dÆ]$pk kpl°b (`gpkhp), iug]$pk kpl°b (fp`f)

A_° [ygku]$pk kpl°b (Qp°bpfu). r”L$d kpl°b_p Ap riÛep°

`Z kdpS> ky^pfZp n°”°, Ap›eps–dL$ n°”°, A_° L$buf

rhQpf^pfp_° ‚h[Æ_ph_pf knd k¨[p° l[p. ApS>° `Z Nyfy

`f¨`fpA° Np]$u D`f Aph_pf k¨[ A° `f¨`fp_° S> A_ykf° R>°.

r”L$d kpl°b_u Np]$u rQ”p°X$dp¨ A_° A° Np]$u f¨ fpA°

gˇdu kpl°b, Mrdep kpl°b, lqf]$pk∆ kpl°b, hk_

kpl°b, Mp_ kpl°b, ‚°dl¨k kpl°b, d|m l¨k kpl°b, k–e

lk kpl°b, Ap–d ‚L$pi kpl°b A_° Np]$u f`fp ApNm h^[u

flu R>°. f¨[y Ap–d ‚L$pi kpl°b R>u A° S>¡epA° lpgdp¨ V≤$ıV$

‹pfp `|≈fu fpMhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. kdN∞ NyS>fp[dp¨ r”L$d

kpl°b_p bph_ ]y$hpfp R>°. Ap ]y$hpfpdp¨ r”L$d kpl°b_u riÛe

`f¨`fp_p k¨[p°_p kdpr^ ı\mp° R>°.

r”L$d kpl°b_p S>fid ([pfuM : 05-08-1726)_°

C.k. 2010dp¨ 284 hjÆ \ep¨ [°Ap° Mud kpl°b, cud

kpl°b, gˇdu kpl°b, _\yfpd kpl°b, ]$pku ∆hZ, kh•ep

_p\∆, bpmL$ kpl°b_p kdL$pgu_ l[p. S>°_p csº[ cph_p°

Apq]$ k|f _|f [°S>_u A°L$[p_° `pdhp_p° R>°. –ep¨ ≈r[ - opq[ L°$

≈[ue[p_p° gp°` \e°gp° R>°. `fQp ‚–e°_u Apı\p\u `pW$ `|f°

–epf° A°_u ky· ƒep°[_° ıhe¨c| Ap[i\u ‚NV$ph° R>° ! `pW$dp¨

b°W°$gp¨ cL$[p°dp¨ ≈r[c°]$, opr[c°]$, q]$gc°]$, ı`ipÆı`iÆ_p° c°]$

Ap°Npmu A°L$ Adf ƒep°[de L$fu ]°$ R>°. A°_p dlfi[ ı\p_°

Nyfy ı\p_° rbfpS>°g dlp`¨\ `p[ ‚–e° L$p°C i¨L$p_p cph\u ≈°C

_ iL°$. A° ƒep¨ dlp`¨\_p Apk_° ApÏep lp°e [°_° Ny·hpeL$

dm° R>°. hpeL$ A° R|>`p k¨]$°ip ‹pfp dm[y¨ _p¢[fy¨ R>°. S>°_° hpeL$

dm° A° S> `pV$dp¨ Aphu iL°$. ƒepf° r”L$d]$pk_° Mud kpl°b°

Qp]$f Ap°Y$pX$u –epf° Mud kpl°b_° Mbf X$u L°$ r”L$d kpl°b_°

Cf [fa\u Ny· hpeL$ dm°g R>° A_° [°dZ° ıhe¨ p°[p_u Np]$u

D`f r”L$d kpl°b_° b°kpX$Èp.

kp•fpÙ≤$, º√R> A_° NyS>fp[_u c|rd_u A°L$ kp¨‚]$preL$

gpnrZL$[p A° R>° L°$ A°dp¨ dp°V$p `¨\_p dlp_ycphp°_u AM¨X$

`f¨`fp Qpgu Aph° R>°. gpMp°_u k¨øepdp¨ A°_p A_yepeuAp°_u

lpfdpmp dpe- kdpe _p A°hu c|NcÆdp¨ `X$u R>°. dlp`¨\,

dp°V$p° `¨\ L°$ ƒep°[_p `¨\ [fuL°$ Ap k¨‚]$pe Ap°mMpe R>°.

219 220

117


Nyfy Mud kpl°b_u Apop\u r”L$d kpl°b° rQ”p°X$ Npd°

r_hpk L$ep£ A_° ]y$ÛL$pm\u `uqX$[ L$√R>_u ‚≈ dpV°$, Nfubp°

dpV°$ _p[-≈[_p c°]$-cph hNf k]$ph∞[ iÍ$ L$eØy. `Z L$√R>_p

fp≈ ]°$im∆_° NÁey _rl. [°d_p° Aldπ Ohp[p° l[p°. S>°_° L$pfZ°

r”L$d kpl°b_°° S>°gdp¨ ^L°$gu ]$u^p. [°d R>[p¨ k]$ph∞[ [p°

Qpg[y¨ S> f¸y¨...! fp≈_° ApÚeÆ \ey¨ L°$, r”L$d]$pk hNf `Z

k]$ph∞[ Qpgy S> R>°! fp≈ [p° k]$ph∞[_p ı\m° Nep [p° ¨N[° ¨N[°

r”L$d kpl°b_° r`fk[p ≈°ep ! fp≈A° [f[ S> Ap]°$i L$ep£,

S>°gdp¨ [`pk L$fu [p° –ep¨ Z r”L$d kpl°b_° Cf csº[ L$f[p

≈°ep! fp≈_° ApÚeÆ \ey¨ A_° [°d_° S>°gdp¨\u dyº[ L$epÆ.

X$pµ. dyLy$fi]$Q¨÷ _pNf_p d[ A_ykpf : "A•r[lprkL$

`yfphpAp° A_° k¨]$cp£_° Ap^pf° r”L$d kpl°b_p° kdpr^

(r_hpÆZ) kde rh.k¨. 1857_p Q•” ky]$ buS> _Ω$u \pe

R>°. Ap kde_u NZ[fu L$f[p¨ Ap q]$hk° [pfuM : 16-03-

1801 A_° kp°dhpf Aph° R>°.' r”L$d kpl°b_u k|Q_pA_ykpf

[°d_p r_hpÆZ bp]$ [°d_p _f ]°$l_° rQ”p°X$\u fp`f gC S>hpdp¨

ApÏep A_° –ep¨ kdpr^ Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu. gp°L$p°rL$[ A_ykpf

X$pOyAp°_° [fk gpN[p¨ ep°NuıhÍ$`° r”L$d kpl°b Aphu_°

X$pOyAp°_° `pZu_yy¨ ı\m tQ^°g. Ap ı\m ApS>° `Z "r”L$d

hufX$p' [fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°.

bu∆ gp°L$p°qL$[ A_ykpf r”L$d kpl°b° ∆h[p¨ kdpr^

g°hp_y _Ω$u L$f[p¨ [°dZ° fp`f_p ]$qfep qL$_pf° kdpr^ Ap`hp_y

_Ω$u \ey¨.`f¨[y khZp£A° [°_p° rhfp°^ L$ep£. _Ω$u L$f°g ı\m°

kdpr^ \pe [° [°d_° Nd[y¨ _lp°[y¨. Ap\u X$p°gu fp°L$u_° h√Q° S>

gp°L$p° Dcp f¸p. k¨[ r”L$d kpl°b [p° k¨[ cº[ Ap–dp l[p°.

[°Ap° kdpr^ fp°L$u_° X$p°gudp¨\u E[fu Nep A_° Qpghp gp¡ep

A_° S>° Ap¨bgu_p TpX$ pk° gp°L$p° fı[p° fp°L$[p l[p. –ep¨ S>C_°

Ap¨bgu_° Mku S>hp dpV°$ Ap]°$i L$ep£. Ap¨bgu [p° –ep¨\u Mku

NC! A_°–ep¨ kdpr^ b_u. ApS>° `Z Q•” ky]$ buS>_p q]$hk°

[°d_u ep]$dp¨ kdpr^ ı\m° ^prdÆL$ d°mp° cfpe R>°.

!!!!!

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22.cº[ L$rh k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>(C.k. 1747-1835)

`p°[p_u csº[_p ‚cph\u ApS>° `Z gp°L$r‚e fl°gp

A_° L$pm_p ‚hpldp¨ V$L$u fl°gp k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_p op_

A_° csº[_p¨ `]$p°, cS>_p° A_° L$u[Æ_p° [°d_p blp°mp cº[

kdy]$pe A_° "r_fp¨[ k¨‚]$pe' ‹pfp kdpS> kdn [p≈¨ f¸p¨

R>°.

^_, ^_ ∆Ïey¨ [°_y¨ f° ≈Zhy¨,

S>°Z° Np°th]$_p NyZ Npep f°,

k°hp - ıdfZ [°_y¨ L$f° klz,

Cf `°W°$ `|≈ep f°...

(k¨ıL$pf_u kfhpZu : `©: 245)

- r_fp¨[

k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_p° S>fid L$fS>Z [pgyL$p_p

]°$\pZ Npd° C.k. 1747dp¨ \ep° l[p°. csº[ `fpeZ r`[p

Dd°]$tkl A_° dp[p l°[pbp_° –ep¨ Of_y¨ hp[phfZ `Z csº[

cphhpmy l[y. cº[ L$rh _ftkl dl°[p_p ‚cpr[ep¨ A_° cº[

L$hre”u dufpbpC_p `]$p° Ofdp¨ k[[ Ny¨ƒep L$f[p¨ l[p¨.

`|hÆS>fid_p k¨ıL$pfp° pfZpdp¨\u S> ≈N∞[ \C Nep l[p. dp[p

- r`[p_p csº[cph_p° ‚cph `Z [°d_p L$p°dm d_ D`f

‚–en \[p° l[p°. A° kdS>Zp \ep –epf\u k¨[-dlp–dp_p

k¨[k¨Ndp¨ ApÏep A_° k¨L$u[Æ__p ıhfp° kp¨cm[p [°Ap°

›ep_d¡_ \C S>[p l[p. [°d_° A¨[fb∞˚_u ‚r[[u \[u l[u.

A° k¨ıL$pf k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>dp¨ E[fu ApÏep l[p.

csº[_p° cph A°d_p d_- ˘]$edp¨ Ny¨ƒep L$f[p° l[p°. A°d_°

d_° Cf A° S> khÆıh l[y¨. A_° A°V$g° S> A°d_pdp¨ csº[ A_°

A›ep–d_y¨ Tfœ¨ k[[ h¸p L$f[y¨ l[y¨.

k¨kpf_p kyM rhi° [°Ap° L$l°[p : "k¨kpf_y kyM d°mhhp

‚e–_, L$fuA° [p° Mp°hpC S>hy¨ `X°$. lz¨ S>° kyM_u hp[ L$fy¨ Ry>¨. [°_°

`L$X$u _ iL$pe. [° A°_u d°m° Aph° [°dS> l¨d°i_° dpV°$ V$L$u fl°.

Ap_¨]$ d°mhhp ‚e–_ L$fhp° `X$[p° _\u. Ap_¨] A° [p° ıhcph

R>°. rhje_p° Ap_¨]$ d°mhhp ‚e–_ L$fhp° `X°$ R>°. [°d S> [° M¨X$

[\p nZ ı\peu R>°. ƒepf° ks√Q]$p_¨]$_p° Ap_¨]$ rQfı\peu

R>°.. Ap`Z° k¨kpfdp¨ S>° Ap_¨]$ d°mhuA° R>uA° [°_p\uA° rhi°j

ı\peu Ap_¨]$ Ap`Zu A¨]$f S> R>°.'

]°$l-Sy>hp_u Sy>W$u _ ≈Zu

dp°l-dpepA° b¨^pep f°,

∆hdyº[ [p° [°_° f° ≈Zp°,

S>° Ap`dp¨ DgV$ kdpep f°...

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hmu, N©lı\^dÆ rhi° `Z [°Ap° L$l° R>° : "Ap`Z°

N©lı\ ^dÆ_y¨ `pg_ bfpbf L$ep¨ L$fuA° R>uA° $? ANpD Qpf

ApÓdp° l[p, [°dp¨ `l°gp° ApÓd [° b∞˚QeÆ [° lpgdp¨ _\u

A°d L$luA° [p° Qpg°. A°_p _ fl°hp\u b^p S> ApÓdp°dp¨

Np°V$pmp \C Nep R>°. N©lı\_p° A\Æ lz¨ N©l_° lı[N[ L$fhp_y¨

kdSy>¨ Ry>¨... `Z N©l° Ap`Z_° lı[N[ L$fu gu^p R>°.' dpV°$ S>

[°Ap° L$l° R>° :

Aphp° Ahkf afu afu _rl dm°,

d_yÛep ]$°l R>° dp°V$p° f°;

kyf_f kfMp [°_° klpe R>°,

ıh‡_h[π k¨kpf Mp°V$p° f°...

Aphu kdS> ^fph_pf k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_y ¨

ipmpL$ue - i•nrZL$ - op_ _rlh[π l[y¨. NpdW$u ipmpdp¨

dl°[p∆ `pk°\u \p°Xy¨$ Oœ¨ rinZ ‚p· L$eyØ l[y¨. `f¨[y [°dZ°

A_fie csº[cph\u `p°[p_p Ap–dp_° Ap°møep° l[p°.

csº[_u kp\° kp\° `p°[p_° A_° Afie cº[ S>_p°_° ∆h_

dysº[_p° fpl tQ›ep° l[p°. D`f L$¸y¨ [°d: "∆hfidyº[ [p° [°_° f°

≈Zp°, S>° Ap`dp¨ DgV$ kdpep f°...'

[°d_u k¨[hpZu_p° ‚cph `|hÆdp¨ X$cp°C\u f°hpLp¨W°$,

`rÚd° L$prh\u ]$l°S>, cpX$c|[ A_° c|hp kyû [\p D—fdp¨

dlukpNf\u hp”L$ kyû A_° ]$rnZdp¨ kyf[ kyû rhı[ep£

l[p°. ]°$\pZ Npd Ïehlpf\u h°X$Q, ùgy÷p, b∞p˚Zhku,

L$ZTV$, L$p°V$Zp S>°hp A_°L$ Npdp° kp\° kL$mpe°gy l[y. S>°_° L$pfZ°

k¨[ Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_u A›eps–dL$ kyhpk ApS>° `Z Ap

Npdp°dp¨ d^d^° R>°.

gp°L$p°qL$[ A_ykpf r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_° op__y¨ cp\y¨

Ap`_pf L$p°C dysıgd op_u l[p. [°dZ° [°d_° kNyZ -

cqL[dp¨\u r_NyÆZ csº[ [fa hp˛ep l[p. Ap gp°L$p°qL$[_°

`yrÙ$ Ap`[p `yfphp dm[p _\u. bu≈ d[ ‚dpZ° Np°`pm]$pk

_pd_p fpdp_¨]$u kp^y `pk°\u "_pd' D`]°$i d°mhu [°Ap° op_u

bfiep l[p. [°Ap° Nyfy_° Dÿ°iu_° L$l° R>°.:

afu afu h¨]y$ k]$πNyfy ]°$h_°,

S>°Z° A¨[f∆du Ap°mMpÏep f°,

nZ A°L$ hlpgp° d_\u _p hukf°,

cph° c|]$f∆ cpÏep f°....

Ap Nyfyop_ Ap`_pf Np°`pm]$pk∆ dlpfpS> L$ZTV$

(dpkf fp°X$) Npddp¨ fl°[p l[p A_° r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>° gp¨bp°

kde [°d_u kp\° k–k¨N L$fu D`]°$i N∞lZ L$ep£ l[p°. [°d_u

k¨[hpZu_p° ‚cph `Z Ap–dop_\u [–hop_ [fa ]$p°f[p°

l[p°.

k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_p riÛep°dp¨ bp`y kpl°b

NpeL$hpX$ (C.k.1779 \u C.k. 1847) dyøe l[p. bp`y

225 226

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kpl°b NpeL$hpX$ [°d_° Nyfy dp_[p l[p. bp y kpl°b NpeL$hpX$

cº[L$rh ufp_p Z riÛe l[p. [° D`fp¨[ r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_p

Afie riÛep°dp¨ ]$epm]$pk, L$fk_]$pk, d¨R>pfpd,Np°th]$fpd,

NZ`[fpd, Ìepd]$pk, ^fdrNfu, _pfpeZrNfu hN°f° l[p.

Ap riÛep°A° Z b∞ op_ A_° h•fp¡e bp° _p¨ ]$p°_u fQ_pAp°

L$fu R>°. bp`y kpl°b NpeL$hpX$_p¨ `]$p° ApS>°`Z S>_dp_kdp¨

kQhpep¨ R>° :

ip¨r[ `dpX°$ [°_° k¨[ L$luA°,

lp¨ f° A°_p ]$pk_p ]$pk \C fluA° f°..

_pd _° _pdu dpfp NyfyA° b[pÏep,

cpC [° [p° gøey¨ dpf° l•e°;

kp•dp¨ Ïep`L$ kp•\u fiepfp¨,

"bp`y' A°hp `yfyj_° QluA° f°...

(L$u[Æ_ dyº[phgu : `©-290)

-bp`y kpl°b NpeL$hpX$

[° D`fp¨[ "r_fp¨['_p riÛep°dp¨ cº[L$rh NZ`[fpd,

Np°th]$fpd, ]$epm]$pk, L$fk_]$pk, dR>pfpd, Ìepd]$pk hN°f°_p¨

op_, csº[ A_° h•fp¡e_p¨ `]$p° ApS>° `Z gp°L$dp_kdp¨

rQf¨∆h R>° :

AÎep d_ ! Ap°mM Ap[dfpd,

[yS>_° S>X$i° [pfy¨ W$pd.

OV$dp¨ N¨Np, OV$dp¨ S>d_p OV$dp ¨[pfy¨ Npd;Of dW$pL$pi° dlpg°, kOm° ky¨]$uf Ìepd...

S>`, [`, [uf\, ≈°N L$fp°_°, ]$lpX$u MfQp° ]$pd;

k]π$Nyfy rh_p kdS>Z _p'h°, Nph° NZ`[fpd...

(k¨ıL$pf_u kfhpZu : `©.:34) -NZ`[fpd

"""""

Ap f° Ahkf_u lz¨ [p° ≈J f° brglpfu,AQm A_pq]$ Of_y dlpkyM pdu, dpfu h°mp hmu R>°.

Arh_piu hf_u lz¨ [p° \C `V$fpZu,

i|fie riMf_u k°'S>° dlpkyM `pdu...

]$epm]$pk° Npep° k|f[p_p° rhhpl,

A_ychu lp°e [°Z° A_ych\u ≈Zu...(k¨ıL$pf_u kfhpZu : `©:51) - ]$epm]$pk

"""""

Np°ùAp°A° O°fu gu^p R>° Np°`pg_°,

lp¨ f° `°gp f¨Nugp S>ip°]$p_p gpg_°...

ù[p¨bf `f Í$X$p° QrZep° QX$pÏep° _°,

L¨$QyL$u `l°fphu _¨]$gpg_°; $dyNV$ D[pfu dp\° Ap°Y$Zu Ap°Y$pX$u,

h°Zu bp¨û_° N|¨’ep hpm_° f°.... Np°ùAp°A°.

(k¨ıL$pf_u kfhpZu : `©: 149) - Np°th]$fpd

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k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS> Ahpf-_hpf kphgu [pgyL$p_p

Np°W$X$p Npd° ûfp cN_° dmhp Aph[p l[p. –ep¨ bp`y kpl°b

NpeL$hpX$ Z Np°W$X$p Npd° flu p°[p_u ≈Nuf k¨cpm[p l[p.

[°d_° ûfp cN[_p° A_° r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_p° k–k¨N \[p°. [°Ap°

"r_fp¨[' A_° "ûfp' _p riÛe \ep. r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_° [°Ap°

Nyfy kdp_ dp_ Ap`[p l[p.

k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS> _p_`Z\u S> prdÆL$ h©r—hpmp

l[p. A_° L$\php[pÆ L$fhp [°dS> hX$p°]$fpdp¨ \[p h•ÛZh

k¨‚]$pe_p Ap°√R>hdp¨ lpS>fu Ap`[p. S>°_° L$pfZ° op_ A_°

csº[_p¨ ]$p°_u kp\° kp\° fp^p-L©$ÛZ_u gugpAp°_p¨ ]$p°_u Z

[°dZ° fQ_pAp° L$fu R>°. [°dp¨_u L°$V$guL$ fQ_pAp° ApS>° `Z

gp°L$L¨$W°$ kQhpe°gu R>°.

A°d_p¨ cS>_p°dp¨ k|ˇd A›ep–d A_° [“hop__y¨

r_Í$`Z \e°gy R>°. A°dp¨ dp_hue A_ych A_° L$gp_ych ApL©$[

\e°gp R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° A°d_p¨ csº[`]$p° fk_u A_yc|q[ L$fph°

R>°. A°d_p¨ ]$p°dp¨ A›ep–d A_ych A_° A°_u ArcÏesº[ A°

b° A°L$–h kpû_° ‚L$V$ \pe R>°. Ap L$rh A›ep–ddp¨ A_°

`fdp–dpdp¨ ∆h° R>°.A°V$g° A°_u cpjp _p°Mu [fu Aph° R>°. A°

A°d_p ”u≈ _°”_u ‚kp]$u R>°. A°V$g° S> [°Ap° L$l°[p li° :

d_° k]π$Nyfy drmep `|fp f°,ANd r_Nd_u Nd gpû;

d¢ op_° iÂ]$ hgp°Ïep° f°,[“hÍ$`_u [f bpTu.

(L$pÏe k¨Qe : 1 dp¨\u) - r_fp¨[

Ap`Zp ]°$idp¨ S>° kdedp¨ csº[_y¨ dp°Sy>¨ Qpf°[fa afu

h˛ey¨ l[y¨, ]°$i_u ]$p°]$mu b_°gu ^prdÆL$[p Afie ^dÆ_p ^kpfp

kpd° ıhfnZ A\£ csº[_° A°L$ [fZp°`pe g°Mu_° ‚h©— b_u

l[u. A° k¨]$c£ cº[L$rh k¨[ Óu q_fp¨[_p° apmp° `Z _p¢^hp

S>°hp° R>°. r_fp¨[_p csº[`]$p°dp¨ A›ep–d A_ych A_° A°_u

ArcÏesº[ b¨_° fkpC - NmpC_° ‚ºV$ \e°g R>°.

MV$]$fi_° Mp°˛ep° _h gp^°, hZpÆÓd\u ]|$f,

\phf S>¨Nd kcf cfpcf, L$ed cpk° cf`|f,

L©$–e `X$Èp¨ L$pQp¨ f°, byT _h byTpZu.

(L$pÏe k¨Qe : 1 dp¨\u) - r_fp¨[

r_fp¨[_° d_ csº[ A° hps¡hgpk_y¨ kp^_ _rl, `Z

Ap¨[f L$p°jdp¨\u ‚L$V$[u Ap›eps–dL$ A_° A_ychhpZu_p°

‚cph l[p°. Ap ‚h©r—dp¨ `p°[uL$u cph_pAp°_° [°dZ° hjp°Æ

kyû ˘]$edp¨ kpQhu A_° k[[ ıdfZ L$eyØ. A° cph_pAp° S>

iÂ] ]°$l° csº[`]$p°dp¨ ‚ºV$ \C R>°.

∆h__p° A¨r[d `qf`pL$ csº[ R>°. A°hu d›eL$pm_u

A°L$ `f¨`fp l[u. Ïehlpfp°, `f¨`fp, q_funZ A_° A_ych_°

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A¨[° Ap–d≈N©r— ceyØ, L$dÆ A_° [`, –epN, h•fp¡e A_° k°hp

‹pfp Ap–dkp^_p A° csº[_u _•krNÆL$ r_Û`r— b_°gu.

Ap csº[ L$dÆ‚^p_ l[u. A°V$g° k¨kpf_p° –epN A° [p°

A`hp]$ S>°hp° fl°[p°. `Z k¨kpfdp¨ flu_° S>_ kpdpfie h√Q°

flu_° `r[[p°, A^dp°, Aı`©Ìep°, ]$rg[p° h√Q° L$pd L$fhy¨ A°

‚cyk°hp d_p[u.Ïehlpf iyqŸ A_° ApQpf iyqŸ A°_p A¨N

l[p¨. Ap ApQpf A_° Ïehlpf [“hr_õ$ l[p¨, A_° A° ‹pfp

Aps–dL$ rhL$pk k^p[p° l[p°. k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS> `Z

k¨kpfu l[p. [°Ap° dp_[p L°$ kp^y - k¨[p°A° [p° A`°np hNf_y¨

∆h_ ∆hhy¨ ≈°CA°. kdpS>_p AprÓ[ \C_° ∆hhy¨ ≈°CA°

_rl. k¨[p°A° [p° kdpS>_p fplbf b_hy¨ ≈°CA°. kdpS> `f

bp°S> b_u_° ∆hhy¨ ≈°CA° _lv L°$ _ [p° kdpS> kpd° lp\

g¨bphhp° ≈°CA°. [°Ap° `p°[° AepQL$ [p° l[p S> A_° A°hp°

ApN∞l `Z fpM[p l[p.

[°d_pdp¨ fl°gu k¨[ kyhpk Qp°d°f ‚kfu A_° ÓŸpmyAp°

[°d_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fhp A_° kgpl k|Q_ g°hp Aphhp gp¡ep. k¨[Óu

r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_° d_ ^dÆ k¨‚]$pe L°$ opr[ - ≈r[ ‚–e° L$p°C S>

AZNdp° L°$ c°]$cph _ lp°[p°. A°_y¨e L$pfZ R>° , kp^L$ ƒepf°

A›ep–d_u c|rdL$pA° lp¢Q° R>°. –epf° [°_u dÆ ‚–e°_u c°]$f°Mp

c|¨kpC ≈e R>°. [°_° dpV°$ ^dÆ ^dÆ h√Q° L$ip° S> c°]$ fl°[p° _\u.

[°_° dpV°$ fpd - flud, Ciy- S>f\p°ı[, bp•Ÿ-dlphuf, L$buf -

_p_L$ b^p S> kfMp R>°. A›ep–d_u c||rdL$pA° `lp¢√ep `R>u

[°_° dpV°$ [p° dp_h^dÆ S> Ó°õ$ dÆ R>°. dpZk_u A_° ‚pZudp”_u

k°hp A° D—d k°hp R>°. Aphp k¨[ dpV°$ [p° dp_h dp_h h√Q°,

^dÆ ^dÆ h√Q°, ≈r[ - ≈r[ h√Q° c°]$ S> fl°[p° _\u.

k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>, Í$qY$N[ L°$ Í$qY$S>X$ k¨[ _lp°[p.

[°d_p [p° A_°L$ hNÆ_p, ≈r[_p, ^dÆ_p, hZÆ_p, riÛep° l[p.

[° kde° Aphy¨ h[Æ_ fpMhy¨ A° dp°V$u D]$pf[p g°Mp[u l[u. A_°

A° D]$pf[p kpd° Í$qY$Qyı[ kdpS> Dlp`p°l `Z L$f[p° l[p°.

k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS> k[[ L$peÆiug, op_r``pky

A_° op_frkL$ k¨[ l[p. [°dp¨ hpZu, h[Æ_ A_° L$peÆdp¨\u k[[

kp y–h ‚L$V$[y l[y. kfm ‚L©$r[, rhipm ]$e, dpepmy ıhcph,

`fp° L$pf h©r— A_° lkdyM R>[p Ncuf h]$_, dpepmy A_° ]y$Ìd_

kp\° `Z kdcph fpM[p l[p. L$p°C_p ‚–e° ‹°j, h°f, ]y$cpÆh L°$

L$W$p°f hQ_ Z D√Qpf[ _ lp°[p. [°Ap° fNSy> ıhcph_p l[p.

cº[L$rh _ftkl dl°[p_u L$pÏe`¨qL$[ : "`f ]y$:M° D`L$pf L$f°

[p° e° d_ Arcdp_ _ ApZ° f°.' A°hp h•ÛZhu ıhcph_p l[p.

Of_u sı\r[_° A_yL|$m \C_° k¨[yÙ$ fl°hp_u L$mp [°dZ°

ıhcphN[ L$fu l[u.

231 232

123


^prdÆL$ k¨ıL$pfp°_p ‚cph_° L$pfZ° [°Ap° hpf¨hpf kp^y-

k¨[p°_u dygpL$p[ g°[p l[p. [°d_p kdedp¨ A_pQpf, `pM¨X$$,

]$p¨rcL$[p, r_rÛæ$e[p A_° A¨ ÓŸp_y kpd∞pƒe kdpS>dp¨ M|b

S> ‚h[Æ[y l[y. [°\u pM¨X$u kp yAp°_° D—°S>_ dm[y l[y. Aphp

kp^yAp°_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu d›eL$pgu_ L$rh AMpA° S>° L$¸y¨ R>° [°

ep]$ fpMhp S>°hy¨ R>° :

Aop_u_° KV$ bQLy¨$ TpÎey¨ d|L°$ _lu¨ dyM \Ly¨$,

AMp AZ≈Œe° `°Wy¨$ L$p_, QpÎep `¨\ ]$iÆ__° dp_.

L°$_° qL$f[pf _ ≈Œep° S>X°$, hY°$ Y$uL°$ _° L$V$pfu L$X$È°. (296)

(Ddpi¨L$f ≈°ju k¨`pq]$[ "AMp_p R>‡`p'):

(1953) S>X$csº[ A¨N : `©:80

ApV$gu r_rcÆL$[p [°dS> _uX$f[p\u ı`ÛV$`Z° kdpS>_°

`p°[p_u `qfsı\[u_y¨ cp_ L$fph_pf ky^pfL$p° [p° [° kde° OZp

Ap°R>p l[p. Aphu DN∞hpZudp¨ kdpS>_° D]π$bp°^_ L$f_pfp

ky pfL$p°dp¨ AMp°, cp°≈ cN[, A_° ufp cN[_u kp\° r_fp¨[

dlpfpS>_y¨ `Z _pd g°hy¨ `X°$ [p° [° ep°¡e S> R>°.

k¨[Óu r_fp¨[ dlpfpS> ip˜p°dp¨ L$¸p dyS>b_y¨ këdu

∆h_ ∆Ïep. r_ÛL$pd cph° `p°[p_p L$[ÆÏep°dp¨ f[ f¸p. A°

fu[° A°dZ° Ap›epr–dL$ kp^_p L$fu. [°Ap°A° ]°$lcph c|gu

Ap–dcphdp¨ [Îgu_ \[p¨ Cf_° ≈°ep A_° Qp[yhÆŒeÆ ^dÆ_p

rkŸp¨[p°_° A_ykfu ıh^dÆ b≈hu `p°[p_p ∆h__° ûd° ûd°

iyŸ b_pÏey¨. A_° k¨`|ZÆ`Z° cNhp_de A_° cph_pde \C

dp_h^dÆ_y¨ L$[ÆÏe b≈h[p f¸p. [°\u [°d_u Ap¨[f AiyqŸAp°

]|$f \C NC. Ap am ‚pr· dpV°$, rkŸu dpV°$, [p° l≈fp° eo L$fhp

`X°$, hjp£ kyû [` L$fhy¨ `X°$, A_°L$ S>fidp° g°hp `X°$ S>° r_fp¨[

dlpfpS>_° klS>dp¨ ‚p· \C. `p°[p_p k_p[_ ı\p_ rhi°_p°

Ap–drhpk ‚L$V$ \ep°. Apd cNhp__u L©$`p\u [°d_p

L$[ÆÏe`¨\ `f Ap–dp_p¨ AS>hpmp¨ `\fpep¨.A°d_° cp•r[L$

kyrh^pAp°dp¨ fk f¸p° _lp°[p°. Aphu kyrh^pAp° dm° [p° [° ]y$:Mu

\C S>[p l[p. [°Ap° A°L$ qfh∞pS>L$ k¨[ l[p. S>° hı[y\u Qgphu

g°hpe [°_p° [° ApN∞l fpM[p _lp°[p. [°dZ° [p° A¨]$f_u

hpk_pAp°_p° `Z –epN L$ep£ l[p°.

r_fp¨[ dlpfpS> k¨[ D`fp¨[ opr_ L$rh `Z l[p.

"r_fp¨[ k¨‚]$pe'_p° pep° _pøep bp]$ [°Ap° rhæ$d k¨h[ 1891

(C.k. 1835)dp¨ r_hpÆZ `pÁep. `p°[p_p D`]°$i_p° ‚Qpf

L$fhp [°dZ° riÛe f¨ fp iÍ$ L$fu l[u. csº[cphhpmp gNcN

kp°m riÛep°_° D`]°$i L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf Ap‡ep° l[p°. [° dpV°$

Nyfy_p ‚[uL$ [fuL°$ dlpfpS> pk°\u [°d_u QpMX$uAp° [\p dpmp

gC p°[p_° O°f NyfyNp]$u ı\pù. –ep¨ ^fphu y≈- Apf[u L$fhp

gp¡ep. ApS>° Z r_fp¨[ dlpfpS>_u NyfyNp]$uAp° OZp¨ Npdp°dp¨

R>°. Mpk L$fu [°d_p¨ cS>_p°dp¨ [“hop_, Ïek_dysº[ A_°

D`]°$i_y¨ [“h h^pf° ≈°hp dm° R>°.

!!!!!

233 234

124


23.k¨[ dlp–dp d|m ]$pk∆(C.k.1675-1779)

d›eL$pgu_ csº[ `f¨`fpdp¨ cº[L$rhAp°_p° apmp°

l¨d°ip Np•fh‚]$ f¸p° R>°. ip˜p°_p N|Y$p\Æ_° A°L$ dp” iÂ]$ ‹pfp

[°_p y]π$Ng_p f¨Np°_p° qfQe nZdp¨ L$fph° R>°. A°_y¨ L$pfZ R>° :

cº[_p iÂ]$dp¨ kfm[p kp\° k˘]$e[p cm°gu lp°e R>°. cº[

˘]$edp¨\u Alr_Æi EW$[p cZL$pfp rQ—_u k`pV$u f rTgpe

R>°. [°_° kS>ÆL$ `p°[p_p kS>Æ_p°dp¨ ‚r[tbbu[ L$fu_° Cf]—

isº[Ap° ‹pfp ^dÆ_y¨ A_° kdpS>_y¨ Es›hÆL$fZ L$f° R>°.

k¨[ d|m]$pk∆_p° L$p°C k¨‚]$pe _lp°[p° L°$ k¨‚]$pe_p

ı\p`L$ `Z _lp°[p. [°d_° d_ [p° dp_h^dÆ A° S> D—d ^dÆ

l[p°. [°d_u hpZu_y¨ N|¨S>_ ApS>° `Z gp°L$dyM° k¨cmpe R>°.

[°d_p ƒfid S|>_pNY$_p _pO°f `¨\L_p E_p `pk°_p Apdp°]$fp

Npd° kp°frW$ep gylpf L©$ÛZp∆_° –ep¨ rh.k¨. 1731 _p L$pf[L$

ky]$ 11 _° kp°dhpf° \ep° l[p°. [°d_p¨ dp[p_ÿ _pd N¨NpbpC

l[y¨. [°d_p g¡_ kp°m hjÆ_u he° h°gbpC kp\° \ep¨ l[p¨.

[°d_p kdedp¨ NyS>fp[ - kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ _p_p _p_p fS>hpXp¨

l[p¨, g|¨V$pfp A_° blpfhrV$ep_p° ”pk l[p°. kdN∞ ‚]°$idp¨

AfpS>L$[p A_° A¨^p^|¨û l[u. ^dp£_p _pd° A_°L$ hl°dp°

‚Qrg[ l[p. ‚≈∆h_dp¨ L°$V$gpL$ Ly$k¨ıL$pfp° A_° Ly$qfhp≈° Of

L$fu Nep l[p. [° hM[° ‚≈dp¨ csº[_u rhiyŸ cph_p a°gphu,

ApQpfiyqŸ_u k¨rl[p Apù, []$_ykpf k]$pQpf A_°

‚°dcsº[_u rhiyŸ cph_p\u ‚≈∆h_dp¨ k¨ıL$pf, _•r[L$[p,

A_° Ap›eps–dL$[p_p Dfle_\u A°L$ kp¨ıL©$r[L$ _hp°–\p_ L$fhp

S> ≈Z° d|m]$pk_p° S>fid \ep° l[p°.

[°d_° kdS> ApÏep `R>u ip˜p°_p° A_ `vNmip˜_p°

AÊepk L$ep £ A_° `]$-L$rh[p_u fQ_p L$fu.

"d|m]$pk_uL$pÏehpZu' [fuL°$ N∞¨\ ‚L$V$ \e°g R>° [°dp¨ gNcN

150 `]$p° ‚L$V$ \e°gp¨ R>°. [°dp¨\u 18 d__bp°^, kp[

‚°dgnZp¨ ]$p° , 27 Ap–dbp°^_p ]$p°, 21 D`]°$ip° ]$p°, 12

Ap–dbp°^ L$u[Æ_ `]$p°, 13 AgM Apfp^_p_p¨ `]$p°, 4

D`]°$ihpZu, b° kpe¨L$pm_u |_, 10 L©$ÛZ-Np°ù op_ Np°rõ$,

Qpf `fb∞˚ `]$, 3 Np°ùNu[, Ap D`fp¨[ Q|¨]$X$u, rhfl

bpfdpkp, ]–[ cNhp__p Qp°huk gn Nyfy, k[Nyfy drldp,

Nyfy dlp–Áe, fpd_y y_:ApNd_, cL$[ dlp–Áe, A‹•[ ‚L$pi

A_° Ap–dbp°^_u kpMuAp°. Ap D`fp¨[ L°$V$gpë° `]$p° [p°

A‚L$pri[ f¸p¨ R>°. cNh]π$Nu[p Nyfy Nu[p, _pf]$ Nu[p,

b∞˚op__p N|Y$ [“h, b∞˚Nu[p A_° cpNh[ hN°f° D`f_p¨

[°d_p¨ cpÛep° Z ‚Qrg[ R>°. [°dS> fpdN∞u, ‚cp[u, Apf[u,

235 236

125


cS>_, Apfp^, Q|¨]$X$u, bpfdpkp, R>‡è, Qp°`pC, Nfbu,

^p°m A_° kpMuAp° `Z gp°L$r‚e R>°.

Ïesº[_y¨ ∆h_ A°L$ _p_u Ad\u OV$_p\u `qfh[w[

\C ≈e R>°. `p°[° gylpf opr[_p l[p A_° ^¨^p\£ gpL$X$p¨

kmNphu_° [°Ap° L$p°gkp° d°mh[p l[p A_° [°dp¨\u M°X|$[_p

lm_u L$p°k, ]$pfX$p¨, Mf`X$u, pqfep¨ hN°f° kp^_p°_y [°Ap° OX$[f

L$f[p l[p. A°L$ q]$hk [°Ap° rNf_p S>¨Ngdp¨ k|L$p¨ gpLX$p_p

L$p°gkp pX$hp dpV°$ Nep. –ep¨ k|L$p gpL$X$p_° kmNpÏey¨ A_° [f[

S> gpL$X$p_p p°gpZdp¨\u L$uX$uAp° EcfpC. ∆h bQphhp dpV°$

[°Ap° ]$p°X$hp gpNu. Ap ◊Ìe d|m]$pk∆A° ≈°ey¨ A_° [°d_p°

Ap–dp L$L$mu EW$Èp°. [°dZ° [f[ S> kmN[y¨ gpL$Xy¨$ lp°ghu

_pøey¨. `Z [°d_p ˘]$e `f O°fu Qp°V$_u Akf \C. A° Akf_°

L$pfZ° [°d_pdp¨ h•fp¡e ‚L$V$Èp°. [°d_° b∞˚op_ \ey¨. A_°

[°dZ° d_p°d_ _Ω$u L$eyØ L°$, Ap tlkp dpfp ‹pfp \pe R>°? [p°

^¨^p° S> R>p°X$u ]°$hp° ! A_° [°dZ° ^¨^p° R>p°X$u_° h•fpNu A_° –epNu

\ep. [°dZ° k¨kpfdp¨ L$p °C S> kpf _\u. A°d kd∆

‚cycsº[_u ◊Y$ gN_u gpNu. A_° A° S> q]$hk [°dZ° ^_,

`–_u, ìy, `y”pq]$_p° –epN L$ep£ A_° Qpgu _uL$˛ep AgM_u

Apfp^_p L$fhp. `|hÆ_p k¨ıL$pf° cp¡ep°]$e \ep° A_° rQ–[_°

Cfcsº[dp¨ [fide L$eyØ. dp°l-dpep_p° –epN L$ep£. kp` S>°d

Lp¨Qmu D[pf° [°d khÆıh_p° –epN L$fu _uL$mu `X$Èp Nyfy_u

ip° dp¨ OZp¨ OZp¨ [u\Æı\p_p°A° Ap›eps–dL$ ‚hpk L$f[p¨ [°Ap°

kp•fpÙ≤$_p hpmpL$ ‚]°$idp¨ ≈°gp`yf Npd° sı\f \ep. –ep¨ [°Ap°

A°L$ Aprlf cN[_° –ep¨ f¸p.

≈°gp`yf\u _uL$mu [°Ap° rNf_pf S>¨Ngdp¨ Nep.

rNf_pf hÆ[ [p° rhrh^ ‚L$pf_u h_ı`r[\u g]$pe°gp° lqfepmp°

‚]°$i –ep¨ [°dZ° L$¨]$d|m, amplpf L$fu_° ∆h_ Ïer[[ L$eyØ. kp\°

kp\° Ap›eps–dL$ Apfp^_p Z Qpgy fpMu. –ep¨\u [°Ap° Np¢X$g

ApÏep. Np¢X$g_p dlp–dp gp°'g¨Nfu MpMu bphp_p° k¨ LÆ$ \ep°.

[°Ap° dp°V$p rkŸ yfyj, dlp–epNu, ‚[pù [`ıhu A_° rS>[fi÷ue

l[p. [°d_y¨ _pd ∆hZ]$pk∆ fpdp_yS> Np°]$X$ l[y¨ A_° [°Ap° ]°$h

dp°fpfu ‹pfp_p l[p. buSy>¨ L°$ [°Ap° Ng[p_u Np]$u R>p°X$u_° Np¢X$g

ApÏep l[p. dlp–dp d|m]$pk_p° [°d_u kp\° k¨`LÆ$ \ep° A_°

d|m]$pk° [°d_u `pk°\u kp^y_u ]$unp N∞lZ L$fu.

d|m]$pk_u ‚°dgnZp csº[\u Nyfy ∆hZ]$pk∆ OZp

fp∆ \ep A_° riÛe b_pÏep. D—f Nyfy_p ‚[p`° d|m]$pk∆_p°

‚[p` A_° ‚r[õ$p r]$_ -‚r[q]$_ h^hp gp¡ep.

d|m]$pk∆A° N©l–epN L$epÆ R>u –_u h°gbpC [°d_u

[`pk L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨ Np¢X$g ApÏep¨. [°Ap° `Z cNhp__p¨ `fd

cº[ l[p¨. dlp–dp d|m]$pk_p Ll°hp\u [°dZ° A°L$ dlp–dp

237 238

126


`pk° Nyfy]$unp guû. [° R>u r[-`–_u N©lı\pÓddp¨ Ar[r\,

AÊepN[_° fpdfp°V$u Apù cNhp__u csº[dp¨ fl°hp gp¡ep¨.

Np¢X$gdp¨ L°$V$gp°L$ hM[ flu_° NyfydlpfpS>_u Apop

gC_° [°Ap° rh.k¨.1768-69dp¨ Adf°gu ApÏep¨ A_° S>¡ep

bp¨û \p°X$p° hM[ –ep¨ f¸p¨. –ep¨\u [°Ap° ‹pfL$p Nep¨ –ep¨ [°dZ°

L©$ÛZcqL$[_p¨ `]$p°_u fQ_p L$fu.

‹pfL$p\u pR>p af[p¨ ≈d_Nf ApÏep¨. –ep¨ ApZ¨]$ _pd

kp°_u cN[ l[p. d|m]$pk∆A° [°d_° riÛe b_pÏep A_° kp°_u

cN[ ApZ¨]$∆A° d|m]$pk∆_p L$l°hp\u k]$ph∞[ Qpgy L$eyØ.

dlp–dp d|m]$pk∆ ≈d_Nf ^pf°g R>°. [° ≈Zu_° ≈d kpl°b°

rhh°L$ A_° Ap]$f k–L$pf kp\° ]$fbpfdp¨ gC Aphu kpd•ey¨ L$eyØ.

A_° ≈dkpl°b [°d_p riÛe bfiep. A_° k]$ph∞[ iÍ$ L$eyØ.

≈d kpl°b° d|m]$pk∆_° L°$V$guL$ c°V$ kp°Np]$ A`ÆZ L$fu. `Z

[°_p° [°dZ° rh_e`|hÆL$ AıhuL$pf L$ep£ A_° b^y¨ S> kp^y k¨[p°_°

Apù ]°$hp rh_¨[u L$fu.

kp^y [p° Qg[p cgp A° Dsº[ A_ykpf d|m]$pk∆

‚cpk `pV$Z [u\Æep”pA° Nep A_° –ep¨\u Ny· ‚epN Nep.

]$uh_p fpd∆cN[ gylpf d|m]$pk∆_p riÛe l[p. [°dZ°

d|m]$pk_° ]$uh `^pfhp dpV° $ ApN∞l cfu rh_¨[u L$fu.

d|m]$pk∆A° riÛe_u rh_¨[u N∞p¸ fpMu_° q]$h `^pepÆ. –ep¨

f[_bpC _pd° kp›hu d|m]$pk_p¨ riÛep l[p¨ A_° d|m]$pk_u

crº[\u OZp¨ S> ‚cprh[ l[p¨. A_° ∆h_ èØ[ [°Ap°

d|m]$pk_p¨ `–_u \C_° [°d_u kp\° S> f¸p¨. lh° d|m]$pk_° b°

`–_u \ep. [°d R>[p¨ [° k¨kpf_u dp°l-dpep\u rhfº[ f¸p.

A°L$ rh^hp kp\° Lp°C_p k¨kNÆ\u NcÆ f¸p°. Ap\u [°

d|¨ThZ A_ychhp gpNu, Npddp¨ [°_u ApbÍ$ S>i° A° buL°$ [°

ApÒp[ L$fhp _uL$mu. dlp–dp d|m]$pk ƒep¨ fl°[p l[p Of_u

kpd° S> A°L$ L|$hp [fa [° NC. d|m]$pk° Ap ˜u_° ≈°C A_° [°_°

ApÒp[ L$f[p¨ bQphu guû. A_° L$pfZ ≈Z[p¨ Ap L$pmy L$g¨L$

`p°[° Ïlp°fu gu y A_° bpC_° L$ y : ""bpC ! [y L|$h° X$u ApÒp[

L$fui [p° [pfp kp[° S>_d A°m° S>i°. [pfp° Ap–dp cV$L$u S>i°.

Ap L©$–e_u S>hpb]$pfu lz¨ gC gJ Ry>¨. [_° ≈° L$p°C L$l° [p° Ap

`p`_y¨ L$pfZ lz¨ Ry>¨ [°d S>ZphS>°. `Z [y¨ ApÒp[ _p L$fui !''

""Af°, bp`y ! [d° dlp–dp `yfyj kdpS>dp¨ b]$_pd

\C S>ip°.''

""bl°_ ! kp^y k¨[p° [p° `fp°`L$pf L$fhp S> k≈Æep R>°.

A°L$ Abmp_u tS>]$Nu bQph[p¨ ≈° b]$_pd \hp_y¨ \i° [p° lz¨

b]$_pd \Ci. Adpf° hmu kdpS>_p° X$f iy¨ ? kdpS> [p° A°L$

q]$†' lp\u_u A¨bpX$uA° b°kpX°$ A_° A° S> kdpS> buS>° q]$'

MpkX$p_p° lpf `Z `l°fph° ? Adpf° kp^y_° [°_p° ^p°Mp° ip° ?

239 240

127


kp^y - k¨[p°_u T|¨`X$u [p° _p°^pfp_p° Ap^pf R>°. [y¨ ∆h_ èØ[

dpfu bl°_ [fuL°$ dpfu kp\° fl°S>° A_° A° bl°_ d|m]$pk∆

kp\° ∆h_cf f¸p¨.''

gp°L$p°A° dlp–dp d|m]$pk∆_° b]$_pd L$fhpdp¨ L$p°C

S> L$kf R>p°X$u _lv. t_]$p L$fu `Z dlp–dp [°dp¨ ›e°e-›ep_\u

Qrg[ \ep _lv. A¨[° ƒepf° gp°L$p°_° kpQu hp[_u Mbf `X$u

–epf° gp°Lp°A° OZp° `ı[php° L$ep£, dpau dpNu. Ap ‚k¨N L$rh

L$gpùA° `p°[p_p L$pÏedp¨ hZu gu^p° R>°. [°dZ° L°$V$gue

Ïesº[Ap°_° csº[_y¨ cp\y¨ b¨^pÏey¨ R>°, OZp¨_p ∆h__p° DŸpf

L$ep£ R>° [p° ]|$fdpN£\u hpmu_° k]π$dpNÆ° hp˛epR>°. ApS>° Z [°d_p¨

csº[`]$p° gp°L$L¨$W°$ hlu f¸p¨ R>°. [°d_p A¨[^pÆ__p° kde Q•”

ky]$ k¨h[ 1835_p° q]$hk l[p°. [°d_° ≈Z \[p¨ [°dZ° Ap `]$

D`pX$Èy¨ : ""≈N≈° _f Q°[≈°, R>°Îgu k_¨]$_p° p°L$pf R>°.'' A_°

[°dZ° Adf°gudp¨ ∆h[p¨ kdpû guû. ApS>° Z Ap kdpq^-

ı\m rh¤dp_ R>°.

[°d_p _pd° [°d_p cº[p° ‹pfp OZp Qd–L$pfp°_° gp°L$p°dp¨

‚Qrg[ L$epÆ R>°. dlp–dp d|m]$pk∆_p bu≈¨ –_u f[_bpC_°

fp^pbpC _pd° `y”u l[p¨. [°d_° Adfp`f Npd° Ap_¨]$fpd

b∞p˚Z kp\° `fZpÏep¨ l[p¨. [°d_p° `y” [° ıhprd_pfpeZ

k¨‚]$pe_p dlpdyº[fpS> dyº[p_¨]$ ıhpdu. [°d_p° S>fid k¨h[

1814(C.k. 1758) dp¨ \ep° l[p°.

!!!!!

24.cº[fpS> ]$pku ∆hZ(C.k. 1750-1825)

cº[fpS> ]$pku ∆hZ_p° S>fid fpS>L$p°V ∆Îgp_p Np°X$g

[pgyL$p_p Op°Oph]$f Npd° Qdpf opr[dp¨ NZp[p d°Ohpm

`qfhpfdp¨ \ep° l[p°. [°d_p r`[p S>N∆h_]$pk A_° dp[p

ÌepdbpC A\hp [p° kp°dubl°_. Apı\pmy ¨ A_°

csº[cphhpmp l[p¨. S>NpcpC_p g¡_ \e° bpf bpf hjÆ_p°

kde `kpf \ep° `Z Of° Op°qX$ey¨ b¨^pey¨ _lp°[y¨. [°dZ° A_°

kp°dubpCA° k[[ Cf ıdfZ L$f[p¨ [°d_° –ep¨ `y”_p° S>fid

\ep°. [°_y¨ _pd [°dZ° ∆hZ fpøey¨ ∆hZ `p°[° bp`-]$p]$p_p

^¨^pdp¨ ≈°X$pep A_° QpdX$p `L$hhp_p° ^¨^p° L$fu_° `p°[p_ÿ [\p

`qfhpf_y¨ NyS>fp_ Qgph[p l[p.

fp[_p° ‚\d ‚lf Qpgu f¸p° l[p°. Op°Oph]$f_p lqfS>_

armepdp¨ cS>__u fdTV$ ≈du l[u. cud kpl°b_p L¨W$dp¨\u

csº[fk hl°[p° l[p°. ÓŸpmy A_° cº[p°_u W$W$ ≈du l[u.

∆hZ]$pk_p L$p_dp¨ csº[fk_p° `p_p° r`fkp[p° l[p°. [°Ap°

Dcp \ep A_° N cS>_ ı\m° S>hp h˝ep. ‚r[cpipmu Ql°fp°

A_° DS>mp° hp_ ≈°C_° cud kpl°b° [°d_° AphL$pepÆ. cud

kpl°b_u r_dÆm ◊rÙ$ `X$[p¨ S> ∆hZ]$pk_y¨ ˘]$e ‚°dgnZp

241 242

128


csº[dp¨ [fbp°m \C Ney. Apd°e [°Ap° kpQp k]π$Nyfy_u ip° dp¨

l[p A_° cud kpl°b kpQp riÛe_u ip°^dp¨ l[p. b¨_°_u ip°^

Alv |fu \C. ◊Ù$p°◊Ù$ dm[p S> b_°_p ]$e ygqL$[ \C EW$Èp.

Apd°e r`[p_p csº[buS> A°d_pdp¨ hhpep¨ [p° l[p¨ S>. cud

kpl°b_° dm[p S> A° csº[ buS>dp\u L|$ m aV$hp gpNu. cS>_

[p° |fp¨ \ep Z ∆hZ]$pk_p° dp¨ gp° [°d_° S>¨ hp ]°$[p° _ lp°[p°.

A°L$ q]$hk ∆hZ]$pk [p° cud kpl°b_° –ep¨ `lp¢√ep¨.

gp°L$p°sº[ R>°L°$, cud kpl°b A°L$ kp\° Qpf -Qpf Npd_p¨ A°L$ S>

q]$hk A_° kde_p¨ hpeL$ (Apd¨”Z) ıhuL$pf[p l[p.

∆hZ]$pk_p d_dp¨ i¨L$p NC L°$, Apd b_u S> _p iL°$ ! [°Ap°

[p° Op°X$p° gC_° b^p¨ S> Npd° [`pk L$fu [p° ]$f°L$ Npddp¨ cud

kpl°b_u dygpL$p[ \C. ]$f°L$ hM[° cud kpl°b° ∆hZ]$pk_°

_pd\u bp°gpÏep. ∆hZ]$pk [p° cud kpl°b_p QfZp°dp¨ Y$mu

`X$Èp A_° p°[p_° k¨kpf kpNfdp¨ X|$b[p° bQphhp dpV°$ L$fNfhp

gp¡ep. cud kpl°b° ∆hZ]$pk_° `p°[p_° O°f S>hp dpV°$ Apop

L$fu. ∆hZ]$pk_p° ∆h S>hp dpV°$ [•epf _lp°[p° `Z Nyfy Apop

dp\° QX$phu ∆hZ]$pk `p°[p_° O°f Nep. ≈°ey¨ [p° cud kpl°b

[°d_p Of° Y$p°rge° b°W$p l[p! ∆hZ]$pk_p d__y¨ kdp^p_ \C

Ney¨.

∆hZ]$pk° b° ˜uAp° kp\° g¡_ L$epÆ l[p¨. b¨_°

`–_uAp°_° bp°gphu_° L$¸y¨ : ""d¢ cud kpl°b_y¨ ifZ ıhuL$peyØ

R>°. lh° [d° dpfp\u dyº[ R>p°. [d_° dpfp [fa\u L$p°C S> b¨^_

_\u.'' –_uAp° [p° ÏepLy$m A_° r_fpi h]$_° Ap¨ky kpf[u –ep¨\u

NC. ∆hZ]$pk° [p° –ep¨ S> Ap¨bgu_p h©n l°W$m ^|Zu ^Mphu_°

b°ku Nep.

cud kpl°b° ∆hZ_° L¨ $W $u `l°fphu A_°

"∆hZ]$pk'_pd Ap‡ey¨. NyfyA° ApiuhÆQ_ D√Qpf[p¨ L$¸y¨ :

""[pfu ∆c° kfıh[u_p° hpk \i°, k[_u hpZu k]$pL$pm

rhı[f[u fl°i°, [pfu csº[ A_° hpZu_p ‚[p`° ]y$:MuAp°_p¨

]y$:M V$mu S>i°, `p¨Qdp¨ [pfu `|≈ \i°.'' ∆hZ]$pk° [°d_u

`–_uAp°_° Dÿ°iu_° L$¸¨y :

"A°hp¨ iy¨ L$fhp¨ kyM `pfL$p¨ bpC

L$d£ dp¨¨¨X°$g lp°e [° \pe∆ !

ÿ$pku ∆hZ L°$' q]$gdp¨ rhQpfp°

fpd_° c≈° [p° kyM \pe ∆.'

Alv `]$_° A¨[° [°dZ° "]$pku ∆hZ' A°d _pdpQfZ

hp˛ey¨ R>°. [°Ap°_u csº[dp¨ "]$pkucph' ‚L$V$[p° l[p°. `p°[p_°

[°Ap° fp^p∆_p° Ah[pf NZph[p l[p. Np° ucph° [°dZ° L©$ÛZ_u

Apfp^_p L$fu l[u. p°[p_p¨ L$dp£_u kp\° kp\° [°Ap° cNhp__p¨

243 244

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L$dÆ rhi° `Z k[[ rQ¨[_ L$epÆ L$f[p l[p. A°V$g° S> [p° [°Ap°

Cf_p q]$Ïe ıhÍπ$`_° `pdu iL$ep l[p. [°d_° cNhp_ ‚–e°

A_fie ÓŸp l[u A_° Ap–dkpnp–L$pf_u ‚bm C√R>p l[u.

csº[_p° cph k[[ A°d_p d_ A_° ]$edp¨ Nyƒep L$f[p° l[p°.

A°d_° d_ Cf A° S> khÆıh l[y. A_° A°V$g° S> A°d_pdp¨ csº[

A_° A›ep–d_y¨ Tfœ¨ k[[ h¸p L$f[y¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° kyM_p L°$

]y$:M_p ‚k¨N° k[[ Ap_¨]$de fl°[p l[p. Ap›eps–dL$ Ap]$iÆ\u

d_yÛe_p d_dp¨ S>°V$gp° D–kpl A_° Ap_¨]$ dm° R>° [°V$gp° Afie

Ap]$iÆ\u dm[p° _\u. [°Ap° k[[ cNh]π$cph\u Ap°[‚p°[ fl°[p

l[p. ]$pku ∆hZ Ïehlpfy¨, Ap›eps–dL$ A_° q]$Ïe ∆h__°

D≈Nf L$f_pfp kpQp A\Ædp¨ A°L$ k¨[ l[p. S>° Ap›eps–dL$

op_ A°dZ° d°mÏey¨ [° ∆h_dp¨ D[peyØ. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, A°_p°

gpc A°dZ° A°d_p A_ych krl[ A°d_p `]$ ‹pfp Ap`Zu

kdn d|ºey¨. [°dZ° `p°[p_p ∆h_ dpV°$ L$iy¨ S> L$eyØ _ lp°[y¨.

cº[p°_y¨ Ap›eps–dL$ tQ[_ A_° ‚cy ‚–e° csº[cph h^° [°hp

S> ‚e–_p° L$f[p l[p. cº[_u D›hÆNr[ \pe A_° kdpS>dp¨

L¨$CL$ b_°. [° dpV°$ [°Ap° k[[ tQ[_iug fl°[p l[p. [°Ap°A°

[°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ Npey¨ R>° :

"d¶ dı[p_p dı[u M°gy¨, d¶ ]$uhp_p ]$iÆ_L$p,

Mrdep MX$N gC M°gy¨ ∆[ [Zp Ab ]$J X¨$L$p.'

csº[dp¨ ]$uhp_p° A_° dı[udp¨ dı[p_p° b_u_° ndp

_pd_y lr\epf gC_° gX$_pf Ap cº[° [p° k¨kpf_u dpep, dp°l,

fpN A_° ‹°j_p° –epN L$fu k¨kpf_° ∆[u gu^p° R>°. Anfop_

\p°Xy¨$ lp°hp R>[p¨ A¨]$f_p Ap›eps–dL$ op_° [°d_p rQ—_p ‹pf

Mp°gu _p¨øep l[p¨. ºepf°L$ [p° [°Ap° A°L$ A°L$ AW$hpqX$ep ky^u

_pd ıdfZdp¨ gu_ \C S>[p. k¨kpfdp¨\u [°d_u h©r— hmu

NC l[u. [°d_° b° `–_uAp° lp°hp R>[p¨ `–_uAp° [fa L$p°C S>

fpN f¸p° _ lp°[p°. [°d_y¨ ∆h_ A_° `p°[° kps–hL$, L$dÆr_õ$,

^dÆr‚e, fieper‚e, ıhdp_u, _uX$f, kp]Nude, ∆h_

‚Zpgu, F>Sy> ˘]$e, bu≈_p ]y$:Mdp¨ klcpNu \_pf A_°

gpNZuiug ıhcph_° L$pfZ° [°d_pdp¨ k°hph©r—_p¨ buS>

hhpep¨.

`p°[p_p qfiyŸ Qpqf‘e\u ‚cy ‚–e°_u r_]Ø$c A°L$p¨r[L$

csº[ A_° Ap–d kpnp–L$pf L$fhp\u Ap`Zp ◊Ìe S>N[_u

kp\° kp\° A°L$ A◊Ìe S>N[ `Z R>°. S>°dp¨ k|ˇd ]°$l^pfuAp°

hk° R>°. [°_u kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp ]$f°L$ k¨‚]$pe_p F>rj-dy_uAp°

rhk¨L$V$_° V$pmhp_u tQ[pdp¨ R>°. [°Ap° Aph_pf ]y$:M]$

`qfsı\r[_° kyM]$ `qfsı\r[dp¨ `gV$phhp_p ‚e–_p° L$fu f¸p¨

R>°. ]$pku ∆hZ `Z [°hp A°L$ k¨[ l[p¨.

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A°hy¨ L$l°hpe R>° L°$, S>° `pZudp¨ QpdX$p¨ `L$hhpdp¨

Aph[p¨ l[p¨ A° Ly$¨X$dp¨ [°dZ° N¨Np∆_° ‚NV$ L$ep$Ø l[p¨. ApX¨$bf

L°$ L$dÆL$p¨X$ R>p°X$u_° kpQp° ^dÆ A`_phhp_y¨ L$l°[p ]$pku ∆hZ

L$l° R>° :

"Ap¨NZ° N¨Np, Np°d[u, lz¨ iu]$ f°hp∆ ≈J ?$

AX$kW$ [uf\ Ap¨NZ°, lz¨ [p° r_–e r”h°Zu ≈J !'

∆hZ]$pk_p L¨$W$dp¨\u hl°[u `fphpZu_° kp¨cmhp

gp°L$p° DdV$u `Xπ[p¨ l[p¨. [°d_p¨ `]$p°dp¨ Ap›eps–dL$[p rhi°j

≈°hp dm° R>°. [°d_p Nyfy cud kpl°b dpV°$ [°Ap° L$l° R>° :

"Adpfpdp¨ AhNyZ R>°,

`Z Nyfy∆dp¨ NyZ OZp f °∆,

Adpfp [° AhNyZ kpd° _h ≈°ip°,

Adpfpdp¨ AhNyZ R>°...'

[°d_u kp]$u, kfm R>[p¨ Ap›eps–dL$ A_° csº[_p°

L°a QX$ph° [°hp csº[`]$p°\u gp°L$p°dp¨ "]$pku ∆hZ' [fuL°$

Ap°mMphp gp¡ep. [°d_u øepr[ A_° kp^y`Zp_p L°$a\u

Np¢X$gdp¨ OZp_° MV$L$[y¨ l[y¨. [° kde° Np¢X$gdp¨ cp' Ly¨$cp∆_y¨

fpS> l[y¨. ∆hZ_° ]°$hy¨ l[y¨ R>[p¨ [°Ap° kp^y k¨[p°_° S>dpX$[p l[p.

A_° kfcfp L$f[p. L$p°C'L°$ fp≈_° aqfep]$ L$fu. fp≈A° [°d_°

kp¨c˛ep hNf S> S>°gdp¨ ^L°$gu ]$u^p. ∆hZ° S>°gdp¨ Npey¨ :

"l° ∆ dpfu b|X$[u b°X$u_p [pfZlpf

ipdrmep h°'g° f° L$fS>° dpfu hp'V$

∆hZ L$l° S>N]$ui_° ºep¨ Nep [pfp l≈f° lp\ ?

L$p¨ [p° [pfp M≈_° Mp°V$ `X$u A° ... ∆...

L$p¨ r_^Æ_ \ep° R>° q]$_p_p\... !'

]$pku ∆hZ_u Ap[ÆhpZu kp¨cmu_° hprZep h°i°

‚cyA° Aphu_° fp≈_y¨ Í$p. 600/-_y¨ ]°$hy¨ Q|º[° L$eyØ A_° ∆hZ

S>°gdp¨\u dyº[ \ep. hmu, [°dZ° [°d_p A°L$ cS>_dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° :

"L$f d_ cS>__p° h°`pf,

^Zu [pfp _pd_p° Ap^pf;

b°X$gu D[pfp° ch `pf ∆...

kfp°hf ƒepf° cepÆ l[p,

–epf° `l°gu _ bp¨^u `pm ∆;

ApNm _uf k|L$pC Nep¨,

–epf° lp\ Ok° iy¨ \pe $?

L$f d_ cS>__p° h°`pf ∆...'

k¨[ A°V$g° L$p°Z ? A° rhi° cpNh[_p ArNepfdp

A›epedp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° :

""oZa[jß _woZ_≤ em›Vß oZd£aß g_Xe©Z_≤ $&

AZwdOmÂ`hß oZÀ`ß [y`©`À`S>oY´aUwß o_ï &&''

(cpNh[ : 11:14:16)

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A\pÆ[π :

""S>°_° L$p°C hı[y_u A`°np _\u, S>° S>N[_p tQ[_\u

khÆ\p, D]$pku_ \C dpfp S> tQ[_-d__dp¨ [Îgu_ fl° R>°.

S>°_pdp¨ h°fcph_p° Acph \e°g R>°. L$p°C`Z kp\° fpN-‹°j _

fpMu S>° khÆ ‚–e° kdp_ ◊rÙ$ fpM° R>°, [° dlp–dp_u `pR>m

`pR>m lz¨ (`|ZÆ`yfyjp°—d) A°d rhQpfu_° r_f¨[f af[p° flz¨ Ry>¨ L°$

[°_p QfZp°_u fS> EX$u_° dpfp D`f X°$ A_° lz rh” \C ≈J.''

k¨[Óu ]$pku ∆hZ `Z cNhp__u A`°np ‚dpZ°_p

k¨[ l[p. [°dZ° `]$p\Æ_p° _rl, `Z ◊rÙ$_p° –epN L$ep£ l[p°.

–epN A°V$g° ]$p\Ædp¨\u d__° pRy>¨ hpmhy. d__° ◊Y$ L$fhy. dp°l,

dpep D`≈h° [°hu hı[ydp¨\u d__° hpmhy¨. A°V$g° S> [p° k¨[ Óu

]$pku ∆hZ° [°d_u b° `–_uAp°_p° iÍ$Ap[dp¨ S> –epN L$ep£.

bp`y kpl°b NpeL$hpX°$ [°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ Npey¨ R>° :

"ip¨r[ `dpX°$ [°_° k¨[ L$luA°,

lp¨ f° A°_p ]$pk_p ]$pk \C fluA° f°:'

]$pku ∆hZ° Np° u cph° csº[_p° fk Ap‡ep° A_° L$l°hp

gp¡ep :

"L$p°'L$ [p° rhÎep[uX°$ dyS>_° L°$a L$fpep° f°,

afy¨ Ry>¨ lz¨ [p° O°gu[|f,

bpey¨ dy¨_° ipdrme° L$fu R>° QL$Q|f...!'

!!!!!

25. k¨[Óu dp°fpf kpl°b(C.k.1758-1849)

`fd kd\Æ k¨[Óu dp°fpf kpl°b_p° S>fid ]y$g°fpe

L$pfpZu_p d[ A_ykpf rhæ$d k¨h[ 1814 (C.k.1758)dp¨

\e°gp° R>° . Ap d[_° Óu Np°h Æ_ idpÆ A_° cph_pbl°_ dl°[pA°

ıhuL$pep£ R>°. k¨[ kprl–e_p AÊepku X$pµ. r_f¨S>_ fpƒeNyfy

DèyÆº[ d[_° yrÙ$ Ap`[p¨ "kp•fpÙ≤$_y k¨[ kprl–e'N∞\dp¨ dp°fpf

kpl°b_p° S>fid C.k. 1758 A_° kdpq^$ Ahkp_ C.k.

1849 S>Zph° R>°, A°V$g° L°$ dp°fpf kpl°b A°L$pœ¨ hjÆ_y¨ ]$uOÆ

ApeyÛe cp°Nhu_° _uS>gugp k¨L°$gu l[u.

"frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pe'_p `fd Ap–dop_u A_° S>°Z°

"_p]$-b∞˚'_u q]$Ïe A_yc|r[ \C R>° A°hp [uh∞ h•fpNu cNhp_

D`f AX$N ÓŸp, k¨h°]$_iug L$p°dm l•ey¨, ‚cy rdg__u [uh∞

Acu‡kp A_° Ó°e_p° k[[ yfyjp\Æ L$f_pf frhkpl°b_p° k[k¨N

\ep° [°d_p D`f Ap dlp yfyj_u fdL©$ phjpÆ \C. kd\Æ k[_p°

ApiuhpÆ]$ d˛ep°. `qfZpd° b_pkL$p¨W$p rS>Îgp_p \fp]$_p

fpS>Ly$dpf dp_tkl∆ hpO°gpA° dp[p_u k¨dr[ gC ]$unp guû

A_° dp°fpf kpl°b A°hy q]$nu[ _pd ^pfZ L$eyØ. k¨[ frhkpl°b

`pk°\u Nyfybp°^ gu^p° A_° ≈d_Nf `pk°_p M¨cpguX$p Npd°

NyfyNp]$u ı\pù Np•k°hp, Afl]$p_ A_° S>fid dp_kdp¨ Q°[_p_p°

k¨kpf L$fhp_y¨ Ap›eps–dL$ `|Œe L$peÆ iÍ$ L$eyØ.

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dp°fpf kpl°b_y¨ cp¡e M|gu Ney¨. S>_dp° - S>_d_p¨

Aop__p¨ X$m A°L$ nZdp¨ S> M|gu Nep¨. A_° [°d_° fdop_

- ‚L$pi gp¤p°. k¨kpf_p fpN ‹°j dp°mp¨ `X$u Nep¨. d_ cNhp

f¨N° f¨NpC Ney¨.

[°dZ° Alr_Æi ‚cy-Apfp^_p_u rh” |Zu Mphu.

k¨kpf rhkfpep°. `fdπ Ad©[_u ‚pr· \C. ∆h_ ^fie bfiey¨.

A_° fpS>Ly$dpf dp_tkl hpO°gpdp¨\u dp°fpfkpl°b bfiep.

dp°fpf kpl°b_y¨ d_ csº[dp¨ [fbp°m fl°[y¨ l[y¨.

cNhp__u csº[ dpV°$ Ak¨øe cS>_p° A°d_p l•epdp¨\u D]$πchu

L¨$W$dp¨\u AM¨X$ kfhpZu_u S>°d hl°[p l[p¨. [°d_p cS>_p°dp¨

[°d_u Ap›eps–dL$ A_yc|r[Ap° Ïeº[ \e°gu R>°.

dp°fpfkpl°b `fd D√Q L$p°qV$_p cº[ L$rh l[p. `fd

k¨[ l[p. r_ÛL$pd L$dÆep°Nu l[p. LfyZp`|ZÆ ˘]$ehpmp l[p.

A°d_p cS>_p°_u h° L$hpZu Óp°[pAp°_p ]$e-kp¢kfu E[fu≈e

[°hu R>°. ∆h, S>N[, k]$πNyfy, b∞ op_, ep°N,Ap–dp, fdp–dp

`f [°dZ° blzk¨øe cS>_p° gøep¨ R>°.

"S>N[ R>° Tp¨Thp_y¨ `pZu f°,

fl°i°° _rl _pd r_ip_u,

L$\p L$u[Æ_ _° k]π$Nyyfy k°hp, dp°Sy>¨ rgep°_° dpZu.

b°g \C_° b¨^pZp° ‚pZu, Of-^¨^p_u ^pZu,

∆h_° S>dX$p Aphu g°i°, –epf° _rl `uhp ]°$ `pZu,

dp[-r`[p, ky[ klz d[gb_p, Ap°mM_° A¢^pZu.'

cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZ Np°Ly$m R>p°X$u_° d\yfp Nep –epf°

Np° uAp° [°d_° dmhp dpV°$ A^ufu \C NC –epf° ÓuL©$ÛZ_p fd

rd” D›^h∆_° L$l° R>° :

gphp° gphp° L$pNrmep°_° ]$p°[, grMe° A°L$ lqf_° f°,

A°hp° iy¨ R>° Adpfp° ]$p°j, _ ApÏep afu_° f°.

Ap°^h dp^h d\yfp ≈e ∆ f°,

L©$ÛZ Ly$b≈_° hi r\ep [p¨C,

k•eÍ¨$ kp°lpNZ_° L° ≈° kp¨C,

grMep° L$pNm ≈ƒep° gC.

gMhp L$pfZ ‚°d ‚Zpd ∆ f°,

kpfy L$eyØ R>° ky¨]$f Ìepd,

Ahg _pfu `pÁep A_pd,

Í$q]$ep_u `p¢Qu `|fZ lpd.

"""""

L$lp°° Ap°^h∆ ! Ad° L°$d L$fuA°?

`_X$p¨ lfpZp¨ dpfp¨ dp°fguA° !

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ÏepLy$m \C_° Ad° h_dp¨ afuA°,

"lqf-lqf'dyM\u EQfuA°...L$lp°_°0_\u f°'hp[y¨, rQ— Qp°fu gu^p¨,

‚u[ L$fu_° `fhi L$u^p¨;A°_° f° QfZ° A_°L$ ku^p¨,

‚°d_p rèpgp `pC_° ù^p...L$lp°_°0"""""

dp°fpf kpl°b_p° Ap_¨]$ A_° fk Crfi÷ep°_p rhjep°dp¨_lv, `Z [°\u `f fl°gp° l[p°. [°Ap° k[[ Crfi÷ep[u[A_ychp°_u A_yc|r[ L$f[p l[p. Ar[rfi÷e c|rdL$p_° L$ped_u‚p· L$fhp k[[ rQ¨[_ L$f[p l[p. A_° k[[ A›ep–df[ fl°[pl[p. S>° gp°L$p°_° A›ep–dtQ[_dp¨ A`|hÆ Ap_¨]$ dm[p° lp°e[°_° Mpmhp_p° L$p°C_° Ar^L$pf _\u. kyM_u L$Î`_p d__uk¨ıL$pfu[p f Ap^pf fpM° R>°. Ap [“hp° dp°fpf kpl°bdp¨ ≈°C_°[°d_p OZp riÛep° \ep.

dp°fpf kpl°b_° cNhp_ ‚–e° A[yV$ ÓŸp l[u. A°d_p∆h_dp¨ A_°L$ Qd–L$pfp° `Z b_[p l[p.

cpZQqf”dp¨ L$_ycpC QpeÆ dp°fpf kpl°b rhi° Lf°gu_p¢^ R>° :

""dp°fpfkpl°b_p `fdriÛe ≈d_Nf_p fpS>hu ≈dfZdgtkl l[p. ≈d fZdgtkl_° Ap`°g h°Z (hQ_)`pmhp dp°fpf kpl°b° ∆h¨[ kdpr^ g°hp_u `|hÆ[•epfu L$fu_°‚pZ_° b∞˚ffi^∞dp¨ gC S>_pf Ap k¨[° ‚pZ_° `pR>p° hpmu A°L$

hjÆ kyû d©–ey_° L$¸y¨ : "\¨cu ≈, dp°[ !''

A_°

"cuÛd r`[pA° drl_p R> d©–ey_° `pR>p W°$Îep,

A°hp dp°fpfkpl°b° drl_p bpf d©–ey_° `pR>p W°$Îep.'kdpr^dp¨ Óuam ^fpÏey _° bpf drl_p R>u A° Óuam

L$pY$u_° [°_p ı\p_° `¨X$È° (`p°[p_p ]°$l_°) kdpr^dp¨ b°W$p.

"tkl_p _ lp°e k•_, apg[y¨_p af° V$p°mp¨,

A°hp dp°fpf kqfMp dlpfpS> dmhp_p lh° \p°X$p.'

gp°L$p°rL$[ A° `Z R>° L°$, dp°fpf kpl°b° ∆h¨[ kdpr^

guû [°_p\u AL$mpe°gp rb∞V$ui fpƒe_p ‚r[r_rÂ°≈dkpl°b D`f L°$k L$f°gp° _° kdpr^ Mp°]$phu A¨N∞°S> ap°S>

kdpr^ pk° Aphu –epf° dp°fpf kpl°b_° ∆h¨[ –ep¨ b°W$°gp ≈°ep

....! Ap AQfS> ≈°C A¨N∞°S> Aq^L$pfuAp° pR>p QpÎep Nep.

dp°fpf kpl°b d©–ey_u Ahr^_° A°L$ hjÆ `pR>m W°$g° R>°

[°_y¨ L$pfZ A° ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>° L°$, ≈d_Nf_p fp≈ ≈dfZdgtkl° "khfp°d¨X$`' L$fhp_p°° k¨L$Î` L$ep£ l[p° _° [° "khfp

d¨X$`'dp¨ dp°fpf kpl°b° lpS>f fl°hp_y hQ_ Ap‡ey l[y. Ap hQ_

bpL$u flu Ney¨ l[y¨. A° d¨X$` lSy> \ep° _ l[p°. [° `|hÆ° rh]$pe gC

iL$pe _rl. ≈d fZdg∆_u A¨[f°√R>p A°hu l[u L°$ Nyfy

dlpfpS>_y¨ kp¨rfl›e R|>V°$ _rl. Ap hQ_ `pmhp dp°fpf kpl°b

d©–ey_° `pRy>¨ W°$g° R>°.≈Z° L°$ :"cpZ \e° frh Dƒhgp, frhA° DS>mp dp°fpf,

Ap[dL$np_° Dƒhg cep, frh-cpd ]$p[pf.'

!!!!!

253 254

134


26. cº[ - L$rh k¨[Óu cpZ kpl°b(C.k. 1698-1755)

kpQy¨ _pd kpl°b_y¨ Sy>Wy¨$ _lv S>fpe

cpZ L$l° c∆ g°[y¨, –epf° L$pd S> \pe.

bp°g° [° bu≈° _lv, `fd°f `p°[°

Aop_u _° Ap¨^mp°, AmNp° S>C Np°[°.

- cpZ kpl°b

frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pedp¨ S>° S>° k¨[p° \ep [° b^p S> k¨[p°_p

[pf Cf kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp l[p A_° Mf° S> Ap`Zu kpQu k¨`r—

rdgL$[, ^_-k¨`r— L°$ k¨[p_p° _lv, `Z k¨[p° R>°. [°Ap° S>°

kde° ‚L$V$ \pe R>° A° kde_p gp°L$p° dpV°$ A°d_y ∆h_ dpNÆ]$iÆL$

lp°e R>°.cNhp__p ]$iÆ_\u `Z h^pf° gpc cNhp__p¨ Qqf”

kp¨cmhp\u dm° R>° A_° cNhp__p Qqf” kp¨cmhp L$f[p¨

`ZNyZp[u[ k¨[p°_p ∆h_-Qqf” hp¨Qhp - kp¨cmhp\u Ar^L$

gpc \peR>°.

k¨[p°_p° S>fid A° CfS>fid_p° S> k¨L°$[ R>°. L$p°C r_rÚ[

L$peÆ dpV°$ S> [°d_p° S>fid \pe R>° A_° L$peÆ `yfy¨ \[p¨ S> [°Ap°

¨Qdlpc|[dp¨ rhrg_ \C ≈e R>°. ≈° L$p°C r_^pÆfu[ L$peÆ A |fy

fl° [p° [°d_° ı\p_° bu≈ k¨[_° L$peÆ yfy¨ L$fhp [° Alv dp°L$g° R>°

A_° A^yfy¨ L$peÆ `|ZÆ L$fph° R>°. k¨[p° [p° Cf kp\° ≈°X$_pf A°L$

L$X$uÍ$` dp›ed R>°. Cf_u kpQu Ap°mM k¨[p° L$fph[p lp°e

R>°. k¨[_p ˘]$edp¨\u ‚L$V$[p° iÂ]$ cNhp__u ı[yr[ b_u_° S>

‚L$V°$ R>° A_° S>° cº[, cphL$ L°$ k¨[ tQ[_iug fl° R>° [°_p° iÂ]$

`Z bmh—f \C_° ‚L$V°$ R>°. A_° [° Cf_p ıhÍ$`_y¨ hZÆ_ L$f°

R>° A°V$g° S> frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pe_p k¨[ cpZ kpl°b° L$¸y¨ li° :

kpQy¨ _pd kpl°b_y¨ Sy>Wy¨$ _lv S>fpe,

cpZ L$l° c∆ g° [y¨, –epf° L$pd S> \pe.

bp°g° [° bu≈° _lv, `fd°f `p°[°,

Aop_u_° Ap¨^mp°, AmNp° S>C Np°[°.

k¨[_u Ïepøep k¨ıL©$[_p A°L$ Ôgp°L$dp¨ Ap fu[°

ArcÏeº[ \C R>° :

gßÀgmS>Z[jV _o[Vmï ‡km›Vmï g_Xe©Zï $&

oZ_©_ï oZahßH$mam oZ¤©›–m oZa[na_mï $&&

A\pÆ[π

"[° S> kpQp k¨[ R> °, S> °_pdp¨ r_f`°n[p,

cNh]π$ fpeZ[p, ipr[, kd◊rÙ$, AlL$pf i|fie[p, ‹fi‹lu_[p,

A`qfN∞l Apq]$ NyZp° R>°.'

cpZ kpl°b [p° [°d_p A°L$`]$dp¨ A°`Z L$l° R>° :

Ap f° L$pepdp¨ iy¨ dp°lu `X$Èp° R>° !

L$p°\mp° R>° lpX$-Qpd_p° f°...

[y¨ Alvep¨ ApÏep° ip L$pd_p° ?255 256

135


[ygku]$pk∆ ƒepf° `–_u f–_phgudp¨ dp°rl[ \C_°

hfk[p hfkp]°$ S>d_p _]$u_° `pf L$fu_° kpkfudp¨ Nep A_°

bpfœ¨ MMX$pÏey¨. –epf° `–_u f–_phguA° bpfœ¨ Mp°Îey¨ [p° S>

[°_u _S>f dp°lhi r[ [ygku]$pk∆ D`f X°$ R>° A_° [° L$l° R>°:

lpX$dp¨k L$p° ]°$lde [p`f rS>[_u ‚u[,

r[ky Apr^ ≈° fpd ‚r[ Ahrk qdqV$ lu chcur[.

`–_u_p¨ Ap hQ_ [ygku]$pk∆_p ˘]$edp¨ [uf_u S>°d

cp¢L$pep¨ A_° kyf N©l°\u [° [f[ S> `pR>p aepÆ. S>[p¨ S>[p¨

[ygku]$pk∆A° `–_u_° Dÿ°iu_° L$¸y¨ : "[¢ S>° ‚L$pi Ap‡ep° R>°,

A°\u [p° dpfy¨ Ap¨[fd_ Mygu Ney¨ R>°. fpd ‚–e°_u ‚ur[ A_°

csº[_u [¢ q]$ip b[phu R>°.' A_° [°Ap° dlp_ k¨[ \ep.

Ckhuk__p k—fdp k•L$p_ D—fp^Æ cpf[ dpV°$

`qfh[Æ__p° l[p°. fpS>L$ue n°”°, kpdp∆L$ n°”° A_° ^dÆn°”°

A¨ p | u A_° AfpS>L$[p cep£ l[p°. Nd° [° cp°N° k—p, kp¸bu

_° kudpX$p h^pfhp kp• ‚e–_ L$fu f¸p l[p. dp°Ng kÎ[_[_p°

Aı[ \C Q|ºep° l[p°. [°_p° gpc dfpW$pAp° DW$phu iºep _rl.

kpd∞pƒe_p° rhı[pf L$fhpdp¨ ‚≈_p° k]$πcph A_° klL$pf

d°mhhp_y¨ Q|L$u Nep. k¨` A_° k¨NW$_ L$fu iºep _rl.

`pZu`[_p d°]$p_dp¨ [°d_° lpf dmu. `°pAp° `Z Arcdp_u

\C Nep l[p. L$peÆ]$n[p\u ip¨r[`|hÆL$ fpƒeipk_ L$fu iºep

_rl. bu∆ bpSy> ‡gpku_p eyŸ `R>u b¨Npmdp¨ A¨N∞°≈°A°

`p°[p_u k—p_u S>dphV$ L$fu Ly$_°l`|hÆL$ qaf¨NuAp° A_° ‰°fiQp°_°

rlfi]y$ı[p_ blpf L$pY$u d|ºep. A¨N∞°≈° k—p rhı[pfhp gp¡ep.

Ap fu[° [° kdedp¨ MV$`V$ A_° Ap¨[f rhN∞l_° L$pfZ° L$p°CA°

‚≈ [fa ›ep_ Ap‡ey¨ _rl, `qfZpd° ‚≈dp¨ `Z Ak¨[p°j,

Aip¨r[ A_° [°_p am ıhÍ$`° A_°L$ A_pQpfp° h^u Nep. ^dÆ_°

_pd° ^t[N A_° csº[_p _pd° c∞Ù$pQpf `p°jp[p¨ l[p¨. op__°

_pd° Aop_ ‚keyØ l[y¨. h•fp¡e_p A¨Qmp l°W$m rhgprk[p

rhı[fu l[u. k–e A_° k]$pQpf c|gpC ]¨$c A_° ]y$fpQpf,

A_ur[ A_° ÏercQpf, ıh√R>¨]$u`œ¨ A_° Ïek_ Ïep‡ey¨ l[y¨.

d¨”-[¨”\u rkqŸ_u cur[ b[phu A¨^ÓŸpmy gp°L$p °_ °

cfdph_pfp kp^yAp°, L$l°hp[p NyfyAp°_u S>dp[° ı\m° ı\m°

S>dphV$ L$fu l[u. Aphu `qfsı\r[dp¨ `rh” A_° kpQu

cph_phpmu ‚≈ ”pku NC l[u. A°h° kde° cº[ L$rh cpZ

kpl°b_p° S>fid bp°fk]$ (∆. ApZ¨]$) [pgyL$p `pk° cp]$fZ_u

_∆L$ Aph°g L$vMgp°X$ Npd° gp°lpZp opr[dp¨ k¨h[ 1754

(C.k.1698) _p dlpky]$ ANuepfk_° kp°dhpf° \ep° l[p°.

[°d_p r`[p_y¨_pd L$ÎepZ∆ A_° dp[p_y¨ _pd A¨bpbpC l[y¨.

257 258

136


[°d_p r`[p k¨ıL$pfu A_° cº[ l[p A_° [°d_p k¨ıL$pf cpZ

kpl°bdp¨ D[epÆ l[p¨.

cpZ kpl°b kdS>Zp \ep –epf° [°d_pdp¨ csº[_p°

k¨Qpf \ep° A_° Cf ‚pr· dpV°$ Nyfy_u ip°^dp¨ _uL$mu `X$ep.

[°d_° Ap¨bp R>Ã$p _pd_p cfhpX$ opr[_p cº[ Nyfy dmu Nep.

[°dZ° cpZ kpl°b_° Nyfyd¨” Ap‡ep°. cpZ kpl°b_p Ap¨[f‹pf

M|gu Nep¨ A_° ˘]$edp¨\u k¨[hpZu_p° ‚hpl hl°hp gp¡ep°.

L$pd_p°, L$pd_p°, L$pd_p° f°...

[y¨ Alvep ApÏep° ip L$pd_p° f°...

k¨[ıhÍ$`u N¨Np _ _p¸p°,

k–k¨N qL$ep° _ rkepfpd_p° f°...

[y¨ Aluep¨ ApÏep° ip L$pd_p° f°...

L$√R>, kp•fpÙ≤$ A_° NyS>fp[ [°d_u hpZu\u ‚cprh[

\e°g R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° ApS>° Z [°d_p csº[ ]$p° "l¨kp°lpghp_°

gp¡ep°, L$pep_p° NY$ cp¡ep°' hN°°f° `]$p° gp°L$ L¨$W°$ kQhpC f¸p¨.

cpZ kpl°b_u hpZudp¨ ep°N, h°]$p¨[, h•fp¡e A_° [“hop__p°

d^yf Ap›eps–dL$ ›hr_ k¨cmp[p° l[p°. cpZ kpl°b

N©lı\pÓdu l[p. [°d_° Mud kpl°b _pd° A°L$ `y” l[p. S>°

frh kpl°b_p riÛe l[p.

k¨h[ 1805dp¨ L$√R>_p dlpfpAp° ]°$im∆ bphpA°

c|S>dp¨ rihfp d¨X$`_p° kdpf¨c f√ep° –epf° cpZ kpl°b_°

Apd¨”Z Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨. cpZ kpl°b_u kp\° frh

kpl°b, r”L$d kpl°b, Mud kpl°b, A_° A_°L$ lqf-cº[p°

Nep l[p. c|S>\u pR>p af[p¨ L$√R>_p OZp¨ Npdp°_p¨ A°d_° hpeL$

d˛ep¨ l[p¨. A° Npdp°A° lqfcº[p°_p Of° `^fpdZu L$fu l[u

`Z hpNX$dp¨ Aph°g fp`f Npd_p cprhL$ cº[p°_u csº[\u

A°d_° OZp° Ap_¨]$ \ep° l[p°. –epf\u fp`f "frh-cpZ'

k¨‚]$pe_y¨ ^pd NZpe R>°. Ap k¨‚]$pe_u dyøe Np]$u hX$p°]$fp

`pk° drlkpNf_p L$p¨W°$ Aph°g i°fMu Npd° Aph°g R>°. A° Np]$uA°

frh kpl°b rbfpS>[p l[p. S>° cpZ kpl°b_p riÛe l[p.

S>°d A_°L$ k¨[p° - cº[p°_p ∆h_dp¨ A_°L$ `fQp

hZpe°gp R>°, [°d cpZ kpl°b_p ∆h_ kp\° `Z A_°L$ `fQp

≈°X$pe°gp R>°. cpZ kpl°b_° gp°L$p° L$buf_p° Ah[pf dp_[p l[p.

[p° L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° [°d_° ]$—p”e_p° Ah[pf `Z NZ[p l[p.

[°d_u he ƒepf° p¨Q hjÆ_u l[u –epf° A°L$ Ah^|[ ApÏep A_°

cpZ_p ]$iÆ_ dpV°$ lW$ L$fu `Z gp°L$p°_y¨ dp_hy¨ R>° L°$ [° Ah^|[_p

h°idp¨ ]$—p”°e cNhp_ l[p A_° [°dZ° k¨[ L$rh cpZ_° D`]°$i

Ap‡ep° l[p°.

L$l°hpe R>° L°$, A°L$hpf epr”L$p°_p° A°L$ k¨O [u\Æep”p

L$fhp _uL$˛ep°. fı[p° A°L$p¨[ A_° Qp°f, g|¨V$pfpAp°\u ceN∞ı[

l[p°. epr”L$p° [p° cpZ kpl°b_p ifZ° ApÏep. cpZ kpl°b°

259 260

137


[ygku_u dpmp Apù A_° L$¸y¨ : "" Ap dpmp gC b[phu_°

L$l°≈°, Ap dpmp dpfp Nyyfy cpZ_u R>°.''

epr”L$p° cpZ kpl°b_p ApiuhpÆ]$ gC_° ApNm

QpÎep. ApNm S>[p¨ g|¨V$pfpAp°A° [°d_° O°fu gu^p. A°V$g°

epr”L$p°A° dpmp b[phu_° L$¸y¨ : ""Ap dpmp [p° Adpfp Nyfy

cpZ kpl°b_u R>°. `Z r_]Æ$e g|¨V$pfpAp° [p° epr”L$p°_° g|¨V$hp

gp¡ep. –epf° cpZ kpl°b Op°X°$ khpf \C –ep¨ ‚L$V$ \ep, A_°

L$ y : ""[d° X$fp° _lv, [dpfu fnp L$fhp lz Aphu Nep° Ry>¨.''k¨[_°

≈°C g|¨V$pfp [p° ı[Â^ \C Nep.''

cpZ kpl°b° g|¨V$pfpAp°_° Dÿ°iu_° L$¸y¨ : ""Af°, ]y$Ù$p°,

Ap¨^mpAp° ! Apd Qp°fu,g|¨V$ A_° ]y$ÛL$dp£_p° S> ^¨^p° L$fp° R>p° ?

[d° k¨[_u dpmp_u `Z depÆ]$p _ kpQhu ?''

Ap hpZu kp¨cm[p¨ S> b^p g|¨V$pfp Ap¨^mp \C Nep,

A°V$g° NcfpC_° cpZ kpl°b_u dpau dp¨Nhp gp¡ep. [°Ap°A°

k¨[_p QfZ `L$X$Èp A_° lh° `R>u L$yL$dÆ _rl L$fhp_u ‚r[op

guû.

k¨[_y l•ey [p° L$p°dm lp°e. cpZ kpl°b_u ]$ep\u [°d_u

Ap¨Mp° kpfu \C. [° b^p `pR>p aepÆ A_° kp^y ∆h_ ∆hhp

gp¡ep.

L$√R>_p fZ [fa\u Aph[p dp°Sy>ÿu_ `W$pZ_° D`]°$i

Apù ky^pep£ A_° `p°[p_p k¨‚]$pedp¨ ıhuL$pep°Æ. ApNm S>[p¨

[° dp•S>duep¨ A°L$ k|au k¨[ A_° cS>r_L$ cº[ \ep.

D—f NyS>fp[_p qL$fp[ cN[ Ac°dpg, hp¨L$p_°fp k¨[

L$rh f[_]$pk, b¨^pfhpX$_p Ly¨$hf∆, Ìepd]$pk, i¨L$f]$pk,

dp^h]$pk,QfZ]$pk, A_° Nfub]$pk Ap b^p k¨[p° cpZ

kpl°b_p k[kN\u ‚rkŸ \ep. Apd cpZ kpl°b_p D`]°$i\u

OZp_p° DŸpf \ep°. Aphu A_°L$ hp[p° A_° OV$_pAp° [°d_p

∆h_dp¨ hZpe°gu R>° A_° ""cpZ Qqf”'' N∞¨\dp¨ [°d_p

|hÆ∆h__u L$\p_y rhı[©[ hZÆ_ R>°. [°dZ° NyS>fp[, kp•fpÙ≤$ A_°

L$√R>_p¨ Npdp°dp¨ afu cNh]π$Nu[p_p° ‚Qpf L$ep£.

[°d_p° riÛe kdy]$pe `Z blp°mp° l[p°. [°d_p

k¨‚]$pedp¨ dyøe [p° frh kpl°b ‚rkŸ k¨[ L$rh \C Nep. cpZ

kpl°b_p y” Mud kpl°b, dp°fpf kpl°b, lp°\ukpl°b, ∆hZ

kpl°b, (]$pku∆hZp), hN°f°. ApS>° `Z Ap k¨‚]$pe_u dyøe

Np]$u i°fMudp¨ R>°.

cpZ kpl°b_p° ]°$lrhge \ep° A° ‚k¨N `Z cÏe R>°.

A°L$hpf cpZ kpl°b L$duS>X$p Npd° S>C QX$Èp. –ep¨

fp°L$pC_° rh]$pe \[u hM[° d°`p _pd_p A°L$ cº[_° –ep¨ dmhp

dpV°$ Nep. d° p° blpfNpd Nep° l[p°. A°V$g° cpZ kpl°b° d° p_u

`–_u_° L$¸y¨ : ""lz¨ ApS>° Alv\u rh]$pe gJ Ry>¨, d°`p° ƒepf° O°f

Aph° –epf° dpfp fpd fpd L$l°≈°.'' Apd L$lu cpZ kpl°b –ep¨\u

rh]$pe \ep. A°V$gpdp¨ d° p° O°f ApÏep°. –_uA° cpZ kpl°b_p°

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k¨]°$ip° L$¸p° [° kp¨cmu_° [° cpZ kpl°b_° dmhp dpV°$ ]$p°X$Èp°.

cpZ kpl°b [p° A°d_° rh]$pe Ap`hp A°L$” \e°gp gp°L$p° h√Q°

[mph_u `pm° Dcp l[p. gp°L$p° cpZ kpl°b_° fp°L$pC S>hprh_¨[u L$f[p l[p. A° S> hM[° d°`p° –ep¨ ]$p°X$[p° Aphu lp¢√ep°.

A°L$ q]$hk h^y fp°L$php_u hp[ L$fu cpZ kpl°b dp_[p _ l[p.

A°V$g° d°`pA° gp°L$p°_u rh_¨[u_° bmh—f b_phhp cpZ

kpl°b_° L$¸ÿ : ""lh° Alv\u A°L$ X$Ngy¨ `Z D`pX$p° [p° fpd

]y$lpC !''

d°`p_p iÂ]$p° L$p_° `X$[p¨ S> cpZ kpl°b_p `N \¨cuNep, [° sı\f \C Nep A_° gp°L$p°_° L$l°hp gp¡ep : ""lh° [p°

dpfp\u A°L$ X$Ngy¨ ApNm-`pR>m _ cfu iL$pe ! dpV°$ dpfu

kdpr^_u [•epfu L$fp°.''

gp°L$p° `f h«>$Op[ \ep° cpZkpl°b_p Ap r_ZÆe\u

kp• rhdpkZdp¨ `X$u Nep¨. d°`p° [p° ^f[u dpNÆ Ap`° [p°kdpC≈J. A°hu sı\r[dp¨ Aphu Nep°. Z lh° \pe iy ? R|>V°$gy

[uf `pRy>¨ af° ? d°`p° `p°[p_u c|g dpV°$ `ı[php gp¡ep°. `Z

cpZ kpl°b AX$N f¸p A_° A¨[° _p R|>V$L°$ kp• cpZ kpl°b_p

r_ZÆe_° hi \ep. cpZ kpl°b_u kdpr^ –ep¨ S> [•epf L$fhpdp¨

Aphu. hpS>[° - NpS>[° cÏe kdpf¨c kp\° cpZ kpl°b [° S>

ı\m° k¨h[ 1811 (C.k.1755) _p Q•” ky]$ ”uS>_° Nyfyhpf°∆h[p¨ kdpr^ guû. L$duS>X$p Npd_u cpNp°m° [mph f ApS>°

`Z cpZ kpl°b_y¨ kdpr^ d¨q]$f R>°.

!!!!!

27.k¨[Óu frh kpl°b (C.k.1727-1804)

"frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pe'_p ı\p`L$ k¨[Óu frh kpl°b_p°

S>fid cÍ$Q rS>Îgp_p Apdp°]$ [pgyL$p_p [ZR>p Npd° Óudpmu

h•Ìe opr[dp¨ h•ÛZh k¨‚]$pe_p hÎgc Ly$mdp¨ k¨h[ 1783

(C.k. 1727) _p h•ipM ky]$ y_d_° Nyfyhpf° \ep° l[p°. A°d_p

r`[p_y¨ _pd d¨R>pfpd A_° dp[p_y¨ _pd C√R>pbpC l[y¨.

bpm`Z\u S> [°d_pdp¨ h•fp¡e_y¨ buS> fp°`pey¨ l[y¨. frh kpl°b

[p° Nyfy cpZ kpl°b° ]$unp Apù_° Ap`°gy¨ _pd l[y¨. `Z [°d_y¨

d|m _pd [p° fh∆cpC l[y¨.

cpZ kpl°b_p k–k¨Ndp¨ Aph[p¨ S> fh∆_p A¨[f_p

[pmp¨ [|V$u Nep¨. h•Ìeh©r—_p ı\p_° ‚cycsº[ A_° ‚°dfk_p°

‚hpl A°d_p A¨[fdp¨ hl°hp gp¡ep°. S>° [°d_u L$gd ‹pfp [°d_p

csº[`]$p°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°d_p csº[`]$p°dp¨ op_h•fp¡e_p°

bp°^ Ap`[p¨ OZp¨ `]-cS>_p°_u [°dZ° fQ_p L$fu R>°. "k¨[p°

fd[p fpd ldpfp'dp¨ Ap¨[f ]$iÆ__p° cph, "gphp° gphp° L$pNm_°

]$p°[ gMuA° lqf_° f°' dp¨ Np°ù- rhfl L°$ kMu cph, "_|f[° -

kyf[° _ufMp°, A°_p OX$_pfp_° `fMp°, Ap L$p°Z° b_pÏep° `h_

QfMp°'dp¨ kpQu kdS>Zhpmp° csº[cph kÿ]$f fu[° r_Í$`pep°

263 264

139


R>°. Nyfy$ cpZ]$pk_° p°[p_p¨ L°$V$gpë ]$p°dp¨ [°dZ° |ƒecph\u

ıdepÆ R>°.

frh kpl°b [°d_p Nyfy cpZ kpl°b, Mud kpl°b,

r”L$d kpl°b, dp°fpf kpl°b, lp°\u kpl°b, ∆hZ kpl°b, L°$

S>° ]$pku ∆hZ_p _pd° Ap°mMpe R>°. Ap kh°Æ k¨[p°_p¨ `]$p°dp¨

r_NyÆZ csº[ hlphu R>°. [° ]$p°dp¨ L$buf kpl°b_p¨ ]$p°_u fQ_p

fur[-hpZu_u Akf ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap b^p "frh-cpZ

k¨‚]$pe'_p k¨[p°A° kp]$u, kuû, kfm hpZu\u [p° ºepf°L$

AhmhpZu_u dprdÆL$[p\u ºepf°L$ h°]$psfi[L$ `qfcpjp\u

`p°[p_u k¨h°]$_pAp°_° ‚L$V$ L$fu R>°. Ap L$buf`¨\u k¨[p°_u

L$pÏehpZu [m`]$u gp°L$bp°gu\u kcf R>°. A°d_p¨ D`_pdp° L°$

‚r[Í$`p° [pS>Nukcf R>°. frhfpd L°$ frh]$pk_u `]$R>p`hpmp

Ap `]$_° Sy>Ap°.

gphp° gphp° L$pNm _° ]$p°[ gMuA° lqf_° f°;

A°hp° riep° f° Adpfp° ]$p°j, _ ApÏep afu_°.

- frh kpl°b.

"gphp° gphp° L$pNmuAp _° ]$p°[ kp°_g ]°$ _° gMuA° f°;'

- fd°i `pf°M

Alv fd°i `pf°M° frh]$pk_p L°$ frh kpl°b_p `]$_u

`¨sº[_p° Ap^pf gC_° Nu[_u fQ_p L$fu R>°. d[gb L°$ Ap

L$rhAp°A° Ap yr_L$ L$rh_° Z ApL$ÛepÆ R>°. A°V$gy S> _rl, cpZ

kpl°b, frh kpl°b, ]$pku ∆hZ, Mud kpl°b, NyS>fp[u

kprl–e_° cpf° byg¨]$uA° lp¢QpX$Èy¨ R>° A_° ]$^pfp_° ‚p°ƒS>hg

L$fu R>°. frh kpl°b_y¨ `]$ cS>_ kprl–edp¨ k|eÆ kdp_ R>°. frh

kpl°b k¨[, cº[, A_° L$Í$Zp‚^p_ L$rh l[p. `]$-cS>_

D`fp¨[ [°dZ° "bp°^ tQ[pdrZ' "Ap–dgn tQ[pdrZ',

"fpdNy≈f tQ[pdrZ', hN°f° A_°L$ fQ_pAp°_u fQ_p L$f°g R>°.

[p° frh kpl°b A_° A°d_p riÛe Mud kpl°b_u ‚Òp°—fu `Z

kdS>hp S>°hu R>°.

A°L$ q]$hk [°d_p Nyfy cpZ kpl°b i°fMudp¨ frh

kpl°b_° Np]$u kp°¨ù, kp^_p_y¨ flıe kd≈hu Op°X°$khpf \C_°

L$duS>X$p Npd° Nep. –ep¨ d°`p cN[° A°L$ X$Ngy `Z ApNm

_lv cfhp fpd ]y$lpC ]°$[p¨ k¨h[ 1811_p ÓphZ ky]$ ”uS>_°

q]$hk° cpZ kpl°b° L$duS>X$p Npd° kdpr^ guû –epf° [°d_u

Jdf 57 hjÆ_u l[u. cpZ kpl°b_p Ap dlp‚epZ_p kdpQpf

i°fMu ([p. ∆. hX$p°]$fp) frh kpl°b_° d˝ep [°\u Nyfy rhfl_u

h°]$_p [°d_u hpZudp¨ hl°hp gpNu.

cpZ kpl°b_p `y”_y¨ _pd Mud kpl°b l[y¨. r`[p_p

d©–ey_p Mbf kp¨cmu [°d_° Oœ¨ ]y$:M \ey¨. [° frh kpl°b `pk°

i°fMu Nep A_° [°d_p° hp[pÆgp` kp¨cmu [°d_p rQ—_° ip¨r[

265 266

140


\C A_° [°Ap° frh kpl°b_p riÛe \ep. `R>u [°dZ° (Mud

kpl°b°) L$√R> [fa ‚epZ L$eyØ. Ap fu[° cpZ kpl°b_p

[–hop__u b° ipMp \C (1) frh kpl°b_u (riÛe) _p]$ ipMp

A_° (2) Mud kpl°b_u b|¨]$ (`y”) ipMp _pd\u ‚rkŸ \C.

frh kpl°b `Z c∞dZ L$f[p L$f[p D`]°$i hQ_p° A_°

cS>_-`]$hpZu k¨cmph[p k¨cmph[p [°Ap° k|f[ `lp¢√ep.

–ep¨ [°dZ° "rhdm k¨[hpZu'_u fQ_p L$fu.

frh kpl°b_p Nyfy cpZ kpl°b ≈[° gp°lpZp l[p.

[°d_p ıhNpÆfp°lZ bp]$ gp°lpZp ≈r[dp¨ cNh]π$ csº[_p° ‚Qpf

frh kpl°b° L$ep£. kp[ l≈f gp°lpZpAp°A° frh kpl°b_u

ifZpNr[ ıhuL$pfu A_° `p°[p_y¨ ∆h_ kp\ÆL$ L$eyØ.

Ap R>u frh kpl°b gp°L$L$ÎepZ L$fhp dpV°$ A_° ]$rg[

ùqX$[ ‚≈dp¨ cNh]π$cph ‚L$V$ L$fhp, Ïek_p°\u dysº[

A`phhp dpV°$ `qfc∞dZ L$fhp _uL$˛ep. [°Ap° NpdX°$ NpdX°$

af[p f¸p, k–k¨N L$f[p f¸p, ]y$:MuAp°_p¨ ]y$:M ]|$f L$fhp gp¡ep.

Ap ep”p ]$frdep_ gp°L$p°A° frh kpl°bdp¨ OZp Qd–L$pfp°_u

A_yc|r[ L$fu.

Ap ep”p ]$frdep_ [°dZ° gMpfp Npddp tQ[pdrZ_u

fQ_p L$fu. –ep¨\u csº[Í$ù N¨Np hlph[p hlph[p i°fMu pR>p

aepÆ. –ep¨ k¨]°$if ([p. ∆. ApZ¨]$) \u cº[ ‚u[d]$pk [°d_°

dmhp i°fMu ApÏep. b¨_° cº[p°_y¨ rdg_ A_° k–k¨N\u OZp°

Ap_¨]$ \ep° A_° Apk`pk_p NpdX$p¨_p gp°L$p° [°d_p ]$iÆ_ L$fu

L©$[p\Æ \ep.

frh kpl°b rNf_pf (S|>_pNY$) _u ep”pA° Nep –ep¨

[°d_° Nyfy ]$—p”e A_° Np°fM_p\_p° kpnp–L$pf \ep°. [° \p°X$p

q]$hk rNf_pfdp¨ f¸p. –ep¨ [°d_° L$√R>_p k¨[ r_cÆefpd A_°

Afie k¨[p°_p° k–k¨N \ep°. –ep¨\u [°Ap° L$√R> [fa Aphhp

_uL$˛ep. Ap ‚hpkdp¨ A_°L$ Npdp°dp¨ A_°L$ kp\° k–k¨N A_°

op_Np°rõ$ \C A_° L$√R>dp¨ Mud kpl°b_° dmhp_p° Ahkf ‚p·

\ep°. Mud kpl°b° `p°[p_p `y” N¨Npfpd_° frh kpl°b_° A`ÆZ

L$ep£.

frh kpl°b_u k¨[hpZu\u ‚cprh[ \C_° \fp]$ ([p.

∆. X$ukp) _pd_p fpƒe_p fpS>Ly$dpf dp°fpf [°d_p ]$uhp_p b_u

Nep A_° frh kpl°b_p ifZdp¨ ApÏep. ApNm S>[p¨ [°

fpS>Ly$dpf kp•fpÙ≤$_p ‚[pù k¨[ dp°fpf kpl°b_p _pd\u ‚rkŸ

\ep.

frh kpl°b hp¨L$p_°f `lp¢√ep. –ep¨ f[_]$pk_° d˛ep.

[°d_p ApN∞l\u frh kpl°b \p°X$p q]$hk hp¨L$p_°f fp°L$pep. –ep¨

[°d_u [rbe[ bNX$[p¨ dlp‚epZ L$eyØ. Nfy rhep°Ndp¨ dp°fpf

kpl°b Ar[ ÏepL$ym \ep A_° dp°fpf kpl°b Nyfy∆_p ifuf_°

267 268

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`pgMudp¨ `^fphu `p°[p_u Np]$u ı\p_ M¨cprgep gC S>hp

`pgMu `p°[° D`pX$u Qpghp gp¡ep. `Z [° D[phpm° Qpgu

f¸p l[p. –ep¨ S> `pgMudp¨\u AhpS> ApÏep°.

""dp°fpf ! S>fp ûd° Qpg.'' R>°hV°$ dp°fpf kpl°b_u

‚p\Æ_p\u frh kpl°b° `X$My¨ a°fhu Ap¨Mp° Mp°gu A_° dp°fpf

kpl°b_° op_hpZu\u D`]°$i° Ap‡ep°.

M¨cprgep_p k¨[^pddp¨ ‚°d kpNf DdV$Èp°.

dp°fpf kpl°b_° Nyfy frh kpl°b° M¨cprgepdp¨ R>°Îgu

OX$uA° fl°hp_p° A_° kdpr^ g°hp_y¨ Ap`°g [° `qf`|ZÆ L$eyØ.

k¨[_y¨ hQ_ k–e S> lp°e.

Ap fu[° yŒe ‚L$pide ∆h_ rh[phu k¨h[ 1860

(C.k. 1804) dp¨ 87 hjÆ_u Apey `|ZÆ L$fu dlp ‚epZ

L$eyØ. `f¨[y [°d_u q]$ÏehpZu ApS>° `Z gp°L$l•epdp¨ N|¨S>° R>°.

!!!!!

28. cº[L$rh ‚°dp_¨]$ "‚°d kMu'(C.k. 1784-1855)

ıhpdu_pfpeZ k¨‚]$pe_p Ap¤ ı\p`L$ kl≈_¨]$

ıhpdu_p riÛe ‚°dp_¨]$ (C.k. 1784 \u 1855) dpV°$ [p°

My]$ kl≈_¨]$ ıhpduA° Z L$¸y¨ l[y¨ : "A° kp^y_° EW$u_° kpÙ$p¨N

]¨$X$h[π ‚Zpd L$fuA° A°hy¨ d_ \C ≈e R>°.' A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, [°Ap°

"‚°dkMu'_p iÂ]$p°\u k¨bp°^[p Z l[p. [° kp^y L$rh ‚°dp_¨]$

ıhpdu_p° S>fid pg°S> _∆L$_p ]$p°fp Npddp¨ \ep_y AÊepkuAp°

L$l° R>°. [°d_y |hpÆÓd_y _pd lp\ufpd l[y. [°Ap° opr[A° Nh•ep

- Np¨^hÆ l[p. `p°[° Ly$im Nh•ep lp°hp\u fpNfprNZuAp°_p°

Dèp°N L$fu_° L$ZÆd¨Sy>g, kyN°e ]$p°_u fQ_p L$f[p l[p. "Aphp°

Aphp°_° ky¨]$f Ìepd dpf° O°f Aphp° f° !', "lz¨ [p° lvXy¨$ ∆h_ [d_°

≈°[u f°,' "lp° frkpe d¢ [p° ifZ r[lpfu', "kS>_u, Óu∆ dÿ_°

kp¨cepÆ f°,' A°d A_°L$ `]$p° ‚°dgnZp csº[_p Npep¨ R>°. Óu

kl≈_¨]$ıhpdu_p A¨Np°_y hZÆ_ L$f[p¨ ]$p° A°_u hZÆ_L$mp A_°

cph Ïe¨S>_p°_° gu^° rQ—pL$jÆL$ bfiep¨ R>°. kl≈_¨]$ ıhpdu_p¨

_e_p°_y¨ hZÆ_ L$Î`_p kcf b_pÏey¨ R>°.

Q¨Qg gp°Q_ ≈°C_° gƒep `pÁep [u_ f°,

M¨S>_ Lyf¨N h_ hıep S>g b|X$Èp¨ du_ f°.

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Alv [°d_p¨ ky¨]$f _e_p°_° M¨S>_ `nu, d©N A_° du_

kp\° kfMpÏep¨ R>°. A°L$`]$dp¨ "A° ]$p°D _°_p if]$L$dg kd...'

A°d `Z L$l° R>°. ıhpduÓu ‚–e° [°d_u r_õ$p kMu cph kd

d^yf csº[_u b_u R>°.

A°L$ kde° kl≈_¨]$ ıhpdu kcpdp¨ rbfpƒep l[p.

dyº[p_¨]$ ıhpdu, ]° $hp_¨]$ ıhpdu, r_ÛLy $mp_¨]$ ıhpdu,

d¨Sy>L°$ip_¨]$∆, hN°f°. k¨[p° kfp°]$ kp\° L$u[Æ_ Np[p l[p. k¨Nu[

‚°du ‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpdu_° k¨[p°_p Ap k¨¨N[\u cph rhcp°f \C

Nep. [°dZ° Óu∆ `pk° Aphu `p°[p_u kpf¨Nu_p k|f R>°X$Èp,

kl≈_¨]$ ıhpdu [°d_u D`f ‚kfi_ \ep [°dZ° `p°[p_u

k¨Nu[L$mp\u ıhpdu_° Myi L$epÆ l[p. [°dZ° Óu∆_p QfZdp¨

S> ∆h_ fiep°R>phf L$fhp_p° r_Úe L$fu ]$u^p°. [°\u kl≈_¨]$

ıhpduA° [°d_° ]$unp Apù r_S>bp° p_]$ _pd pX$Èy. [° Óu∆dp

A`pf ‚°d ^fph[p A_° ‚cy ‚°d_p Ap_¨]$dp¨ dı[ fl°[p

lp°hp\u `pR>m\u [°d_y¨ _pd ‚°dp_¨]$ Ap‡ey¨.

‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpduA° L°$V$gpL$ N∞¨\p° A_° l≈fp° cphhplu

L$u[Æ_p°_u c°V$ k¨‚]$pe_° L$fu R>°. ıhpdu_pfpeZ cNhp__p

‚–e°L$ A¨N A_° iZNpf_y k| d Ahgp°L$_ L$fu cphhplu L$u[Æ_p°

b_pÏep¨ R>°. [° A°V$gp b^p¨ AkfL$pfL$ lp°C [°_° kdS>`|hÆL$

hp¨Q[p Np[p¨ ıhpdu_u d|r[Æ [p◊Ìe \pe R>°, A°V$gÿ S> _rl d__°

ip[p dm° R>°. Apf[u `R>u bp°gp[u "r_rhÆºÎ` D—d Ar[

r_rÚe [h O_Ìepd' A° ‚p\Æ_p fp”° bp°gp[p¨ ıhpdu Óu∆_u

Q°Ù$p_p¨ `]$p° : "h¨]y¨$ kl≈_¨]$ fkÍ$` A_y`d kpf_° f° gp°g' [\p

"ApS>° dpf° Ap°fX°$ f° ApÏep Arh_piu Agb°g' S>°_p R>°Îgp b°

`]$ Óu∆A° |fp¨ L$epÆ [\p d|r[Æ_p L$u[Æ_ k–k¨Ndp¨ OZp¨ ‚Qrg[

R>°. "h¨]y$ kl≈_¨]$' _y¨ `]$ ƒepf° ‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpdu Np[p –epf°

Óu∆dlpfpS> M|b fp∆ \[p _° [° `]$_p° drldp Óu∆A° NY$X$p

d›e_p 48_p hQ_pd©[dp¨ `Z L$¸p° R>°. S>°, "Aphu fu[° A°_°

cNhp__u d|r[Æ_y¨ tQ[h_ R>° dpV°$ A° kp^y_° [p° EW$u_° kpÙ$p¨N

]¨$X$h[ ‚Zpd L$fuA°... S>°_° A° L$u[Æ_dp¨ L$ y A°hu fu[_y tQ[h_

\[y¨ lp°e [° [p° L$pmL$dÆ_° dpep_p `pi \L$u d|L$pep° R>°.

("hQ_pd©[ ©: 495') OZuhpf ‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpdu_p¨ ‚°dpm ]$p°

kp¨cmu AX$û fp[° `Z ‚cy [°d_° ]$iÆ_ ]°$hp ]$p°X$u S>[p l[p.

A°L$ hM[ S|>_pNY$_p _hpb ApNm Nphp Aph°gp

¡hprgef_p Dı[p]$ Nh•ep ‚°dp_¨] ıhpdu_y¨ Np_ kp¨cmu Mpk

NY$X$p ApÏep _° cf b`p°f° c•fhu NpC ‚cp[_y¨ d¨Ng hp[phfZ

kS>Æ_pf ‚°dp_¨]$_u ‚i¨kp L$fhp gp¡ep –epf° ‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpduA°

_d∞ cph° A°V$gy¨ S> L$¸y¨ : "A° [p° ‚cy ‚°d_p° S> ‚[p` R>°.'

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‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpduA° kMu cph° OZp¨ L$u[Æ_p°_u fQ_p L$fu

R>°. ‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpdu A_° ]$epfpd kdL$pgu_ R>°. ‚°dp_¨]$ OZu

hM[ X$cp°C ]$epfpd_° dmhp S>[p l[p A_ p°[p_u ‚°dgnZp

csº[ `]$p° [°Ap° ]$epfpd_° k¨cmph[p l[p.

A°L$ NpeL$ ≈r[_p ‚°dp_¨]$ ıhpdudp¨ Aphu A‚r[d

isº[ Aphu L°$hu fu[° ? Óu∆_p kprfl›edp¨ Aphhy¨, L$rh–h

isº[ Mghhu A_° [°d_p ‹pfp k–k¨N kprl–e_u k°hp \hu.

Ap b^y¨ Mf°Mf Cf ‚°qf[ l[y¨. [°d_u ‚kp]$u_u rk[pf lSy>

`Z A° c|[L$pm_° [p∆ L$f[u NY$X$p - Anf cyh_dp¨ kpQh°gu

R>°.

!!!!!

29. cº[ L$rh duf dyfp]$(C.k. 1823-1895)

JßJm [m[ß amoe Vm[ß X°›`ß H$Î[VÈÒV Wm $&

[m[ß Vm[ß M X›`ß M hp›V gßVm _hme`mï $&&

A\pÆ[π : N¨Np `p`_p° _pi L$f° R>°, Q¨÷ [p` lfu_°

iu[m[p Ap`° R>° A_° L$Î`h©n ]$qf÷[p ]|$f L$f° R>°. `f¨[y k¨[p° [p°

`p`, [p` A_° ]$u_[p ”Z°edp¨\u dyº[ L$f° R>°.

A°V$g° S> L$l°hpey¨ li°, "k¨[ `fd rl[L$pfu'. ifuf A°

^dÆ kp^_p_y A_° [° Z dp_h^dÆ_u kp^_p_y ‚p\qdL$ kp° p_

R>°. "eara_m⁄ß Ibw Y_©gmYZ_≤' $& dp_h ifuf_° k¨[p° A_°

ip˜p°A° "‚cy_y¨ dlpd|Îe hf]$p_' dpfiey¨ R>°. k¨[`yfyjp°A° A°

fu[° dp_hifuf_y dl“h kd≈Ïey R>°. buSy>¨ A° L°$ cº[_u csº[

A_° k°hp S>° cNhp_\u rhcº[ _\u. A°V$g° S> k¨[p° JwUaohVß

H$m_ZmaohVß ‡oVjU dY©_mZß Aod¿N>fiß gy˙_mVaß AZw^d È[_≤ $&R>°.

csº[ [p° L°$hu lp°hu ≈°CA° [° ip¨rX$Îe csº[k|”dp¨,

_pf]$ csº[k|”dp¨, d^yky]$_ kfıh[u_p csº[ fkpeZdp¨

d^yfp csº[_p cph_° kfk A_° k¨[`LÆ$ fu[° kd≈Ïey¨ R>°. [p°

hÎgcpQpeÆ∆A° `Z `p°[p_u A_yc|r[_u Tp¨Mu

"_Ywamo[VaoIbß _Ywa_≤' dp¨ L$fphu R>°. A_° L$rh S>e]°$h_y¨ "Nu[

273 274

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Np°th]$' Z A°S> kd≈h° R>°. k¨[p° [p° Ïesº[_p dp_k_p A_°L$

`qfdpZue rhL$pk L$f° R>°.

csº[ [p° A°hu lp°hu ≈°CA° L°$ S>° fu[° A_yfº[ `–_u

S>°d AptgN_ Ap`hp dpV°$ Ap[yf lp°e R>°. [°hu sı\r[ cº[_u

lp°hu ≈°CA°. k¨[ QfZ]$pk° [°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° :

≈° lqf L°$ f¨N d¢ X|$bp, Dk c|jZ k° ºep L$pd ?

QfZ]$pk L$p° ce _rl, _p Ly$R> Qprle° ]$pd.

Aphp r_dp£lu, r_g£` A_° S> °_ y ¨ ›ep_ dp”

Cfcsº[dp¨ S> f√ey¨ - fV$Èy¨ f¸y¨ R>°. A° cº[L$rh duf dyfp]$_p°

S>fid dl°kpZp rS>Îgp_p rh≈`yf [pgyL$p_p r`ghpC Npddp¨

k_° 1823 dp¨ \ep° l[p°. A°d_p r`[p duf Nygpb, ≈r[A°

rdfpku dysıgd l[p. cº[L$rh duf dyfp]$ bpm`Z\u S> Nu[,

k¨Nu[ A_° _©–e_u [pgud dmu l[u. A°_y¨ L$pfZ R>°. dufpku

opr[ A° dykgdp_p°dp¨ dpNZ L$p°ddp¨\u Aph° R>°. A_° dpNhp

dpV°$ Ap L$p°d_° Nu[, k¨Nu[ A_° _©–e_u[pgud af∆ep[ g°hu

`X$[u lp°e R>°. duf ≈r[_p bpmL$_° Nu[, k¨Nu[ A_° _©–e_u

[pgud dmu lp°e [p° [° gp°L$ d_p°f¨S>_ ‹pfp A\hp [p°

fpS>huAp°_y¨ L$ur[ÆNp_ L$fu_° `p°[p_y¨ A_° LyVy¨$b_y¨ cfZ `p°jZ

L$fu iL°$ R>°. duf dyfp]$_p° k¨‚]$pe riep lp°hp R>[p¨ A°d_u

h°ic|jp rlfi]y$ S>°hu S> l[u.

epQL$h©r— `f ∆h_pfu Ap L$p°d "g¡_ S>°hp dp¨NrgL$

‚k¨Np°A° A_° D–kh `hp£A° `Z Ap duf L$p°d L$rh[p, ]y$lp,

kp°fW$p A_° fpS>-fS>hpX$p¨Ap°dp¨ fpS>huAp°_p ‚isı[ L$pÏep°

fQu_° A_° NpC_° p°[p_y °V$uey fm° R>°. Aphu Apr\ÆL$ fu[° k]$pe

Ası\f L$p°ddp¨ cº[ duf dyfp]$_p° S>fid \ep° l[p°.

cº[ L$rh duf dyfp]$_y¨ g¡_ lufpbpC _pd_u rlfi]y$

eyh[u kp\° \ey¨ l[y¨. [°d_° "kpg|' A_° "kf]$pf' _pd_p b°

]$uL$fpAp° l[p. L$rhA° `p°[° S> [°d_u Apr\ÆL$ sı\r[_° [°d_p

A°L$ L$pÏedp¨ hZÆhu R>° :

dp¡ep rh_p L$p°C ]°$[ _lv,

Of M°[ _lv, d¶ M°[u L$fpD.

hV$ _lv kp° h°`pf L$fy¨,

`N A°[ _lu, kp° rh]°$i qafpJ.

fp¨X$ _lu d¶ [p° fp° L°$ flz¨,

cp¨X$ _lu d¶ aS>•[ b[pJ.

L$l[ dyfp]$ My]$pth]$ Mpth]$,

d¶ L•$ `•f Ofbpf QgpD.

Aphu Apr\ÆL$ sı\r[dp¨ `Z [°dZ° Cf_p°-My]$p_p°

kp\ R>p°X$Èp° _\u. [°Ap° L©$ÛZcº[ l[p. [°Ap° ifuf_p L$]$dp¨

W$vNZp l[p. [°d_p° ]°$l Z ]y$bÆm A_° dp° D`f iu[mp_p MpX$p

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l[p. hmu, [°Ap° Ìepd hZÆ_p l[p. S>°_° L$pfZ° [°d_p° ‚cph

gp°L$p° D`f `X$[p° _lp°[p°. [°d_u Ap ]°$lfQ_p\u AL$mpC_°

cNhp__° L$l° R>° :

Í$` rb_p L$p°C c|` _ dp_[,

kp° cNh[ dyS>° _lv q]$_p°,

L$fd rb_p cV$L$ph[ L$peL|$,

≈°f q]$ep° _ qL$ep° bglu_p°.

R>p°V$p° kp° qL$ep° L$lk° Ly$_ L$pf_,

d¶ [°fp° Npd Nfpk _lv R>u_p°.

L$l°[ dyfp]$ kp°Q rdV$ph[

Ly$_ AhNy_ d¶ [°fp° L$u_p° ?...

Ap`Zp¨ ip˜p°dp¨ `Z L$¸y¨ R>° :

od[Xm Z°d od[Xï gß[Xß Z°d gÂ[Xï$&

odfX odÒ_Uß odÓUm g‰`X Zmam`U Ò_•oV $&&

A\pÆ[π : ^_ lp°hy¨ A° k¨`r— _\u A_° ^_ _ lp°hy¨ A°

rh`r— _\u ; f¨[y rhÛœ_y¨ rhıdfZ S> rh`r— R>° A_° ıdfZ

A° S> kpQu k¨`r— R>°.

dyfp]$ `Z [°d_u sı\r[_° kd∆_° A_° A° sı\r[_°

L$p°C_u ApNm Ïeº[ L$epÆ hNf dp” Cf ıdfZdp¨ S> f[

flu_° S>° dm[y¨ [°_p\u Qgphu g°[p l[p. [°Ap° rlfi]y$ ‚≈ h√Q°

f¸p, A°d_p kıL$pfp° pÁep l[p. [°d_p ApQpf - rhQpf, fl°Zu

- L$fZu A_° k¨ıL$pfp°\u dysıgd lp°hp R>[p¨ [°d_pdp¨ dysıgd

k¨ıL$pfp° ApÏep _lp°[p. [°d_p dpV°$ [p° fpd- flud, k¨[ - uf,

^p°[u - g|¨Nu, d¨q]$f - dı∆]$, b^y¨ S> kfMy¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° L$p°C

k¨‚]$pe L°$ ^dÆdp¨ b¨^pep _ lp°[p. L$rh dyfp]$ [p° My]$p_u kp\°

kp\° fpd, L©$ÛZ, NZ`r[ rlfi]y$ ]°$h[pAp°_y¨ ıdfZ L$f[p l[p.

S>° [°d_p¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

cº[ L$rh dyfp]$_° k¨Nu[dp¨ KX$u ArcfyrQ l[u.

L$©ÛZgugp_p `]$dp¨ A°dZ° ^y∞`]$, Wy$dfu hN°°f° ip˜ue fpNp°

‚ep°S>ep R>°. L$rh_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ [p° dÎlpf fpN Nphp\u hfkp]$

hfk° R>° A_° ]$u`L$ fpN Nphp\u ]$uhpAp° Ap`p°Ap` ‚NV°$ R>°

A°hu fpN_u isº[_p° `Z DÎg°M dm° R>°.

cº[ L$rh dyfp]$ A°L$ fQ_pdp cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZ_° L$l° R>° :

[¨]y$g ≈° q]$e° hpL|$ L¨$Q_ L°$ dl°g qL$e°,

b°fL$pS> cug_uLy¨$ h•dp_ QY$pC l•

rh]|$f L$u cp∆ [pk° Ap` lu ce° l¶ fp∆,

k•fie ]y$ep£^_ L$p° kp¢` k•fied¢ S>dpC l•,

KNgu `° gNu ^pfp, Qy¨]$fu D[pf ]$u_u,

`yf° l• A_°L$ Quf, CƒS>[ bY$pC l•,

L$l°[ l• dp°fp]$, A•ku gpgQ _ L$uS>• gpg.

rb_p rge° ]$uS>° [pd¢ Ap`L$u bX$pC l•.

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Alv cº[ L$rh dyfp]°$ L$©ÛZ- ky]$pdp_u d•”u A_° [°_p

`qfZpd_u, fpdQ¨÷ cNhp_° Mp °gp ibfu_p¨ A°W$p¨ bp°f, A_°

rh]y$f∆_u cp∆_p° Z fk`|ZÆ ıhp]$ L$ep£, ‹p•`]$u_y¨ h˜plfZ

A_° cNhp_ ÓuL© $ÛZA° [°d_p¨ Quf `|ep Æ l[p¨ [°

dlpcpf[L$pgu_ ‚k¨Np°_° bM|bu ‚L$V$ L$epÆ R>°. cNhp_°

A_°L$Nœ¨ L$fu_° `pRy>¨ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. `Z L$rh cNhp_ `pk° L$iy S>

dpN[p _\u. dpNhpdp¨ Z [°Ap° _p_d A_ych° R>°. Ap`Zp

NTg kS>ÆL$ _pTuf ]°$M•ep_° `Z Ap `¨sº[Ap° `f\u ‚°fZp

dmu li° :

L$l°[ l• dp°fp]$, A•ku gpgQ _ L$uS>• gpg.,

rb_p rge° ]$uS>° [pd¢ Ap`L$u bX$pC l•.

- dyfp]$

kfMphp° _pTuf ]•$M°•ep_u NTg_p° Ap i°Af:

lz¨ lp\_° dpfp a°gphy¨ A° hp[ d_° d¨S|>f _\u,

lÿ dpNy¨ _° [y¨ Apù ]°$ A°dp¨ [pfu My]$pC L¨$C _\u.

cNhp_ `pk° dp¨NuA° [p° [p¨]y$g_p b]$gpdp¨ dl°g

Apù ]°$. A°V$gp° b^p° A° D]$pf R>°. Qv\fu_p b]$gpdp¨ rh`[

`X°$ A° h˜p°_p [pLp _° [pL$p dp°L$gu Ap`°. _ftkl dl°[p_u

lX$u Z ıhuL$pfu g° A°V$gp° b^p° A° ]$ephp_ R>°. [p° R>u dpNu_°

l°W$p iy¨ L$pd `X$hy¨ ≈°CA° ? A°_° [p° Ap`Zu bû S> Mbf R>°.

A° [p° A°d `Z L$l° R>° :

AZ›`moú›V`›Vm _mß ` OZmï [`w©[mgV $&

Vfmß oZÀ`mo^`w∫$mZmß `mJj_ß dhmÂ`_≤ $&&

(Óud]$ cNh]π$ Nu[p : A: 9:22:)

A\pÆ[π :

S>° A_fie ‚°du cº[S>_p° d_° (`fd°f_°) r_f¨[f

tQ[_ L$f[p¨ r_ÛL$pd cph° cS>° R>°, A° r_–e - r_f¨[f dpfy tQ[_

L$f_pfp cº[p°_p ep°Nn°d_y¨ lz¨ `p°[° hl_ L$fy¨ Ry>¨.

cNhp_° p°[p_p cº[_u L°$V$gu bû L$pm∆ fpMu R>°.

`R>u lp\ a°gphu_° [°_u pk° dpNhp_u S>Í$fu Mfu ? A° [p° A°d

`Z L$l° R>° : AZ›`mMVmï gVVß m _mß Ò_aoV oZÀèï $& S>° Ïesº[

dpfpdp¨ A_fierQ— \C_° k]$pe r_f¨[f dyS> `yfyjp°—d_° ıdf°

R>°. A°_° lz : VÒ`mhß gwb^ï kygc Ry>¨. f¨[y S>° oZÀ` w∫$Ò` moJZï

R>°. [°_° (A:8:14) l¨z kygc Ry>¨. A°d Z cNhp_ Cipfp° L$f°

R>° !

"`⁄`yfpZ'dp¨ `Z cNhp_° Ap ‚dpZ° L$¸y¨ R>°:

hnaï eaUß Ed oh oZÀ` `fmß _wI d`ï $&

AVï H$mb g_modXm Oam `wÓ_mZ≤ Z ]mYV $&&

A\pÆ[:

S>° Cf ıdfZ k[[ (r_–e) L$epÆ L$f° R>°, [°_° L$pm`Z

L$iy¨ L$fu iL$[p° _\u. A° r_–e ep°Nu_° h©Ÿ–h Akf L$f[y¨ _\u.

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h©Ÿ–h A°_u _∆L$ Aphu iL$[y _\u. cNhp_ ƒepf° ApV$ApV$gu

S>hpb]$pfu g° R>° `R>u A°_y¨ ıdfZ L$fhpdp¨, A°_u csº[

L$fhpdp¨, ºep¨ rh›_p° Ap`Z_° _X°$ R>° ?

[°_p° S>hpb A°L$ S> R>° : cqL$[dp¨ ≈° L$p°C `Z ApX°$

Aph[p¨ lp°e [p° [° dp°l, dpep, d–kf, ]¨$c, CjpÆ, A_°

Ap`Zpdp¨ fl°g æ$p°^ R>°. Ap b^y¨ Ap`Zpdp¨\u q_d|Æm \C

≈e `R>u Cf Ap`Zp\u ]|$f _\u.

Ap hp[ cº[ L$rh dyfp]$ kpfu fu[° ≈Z[p l[p. A°V$g°

S> [°dZ° [°d_p A°L$ `]$dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° :

My]$p l• Mfp]$u, AL$g Dkd¢ ƒep]$u,

hl Apq]$ A_pq]$k° qaf[p L$lp \p.

`h_ ApN `p_u kp° rdÀ$u rdgp_u,

e° ]$d L$u r_ip_u k° Ap]$[ b_pep,

qL$e° L$p_ _pkp, Qid L$p [dpkp,

S>bp¨ L$p Mygpkp ]°$ L$gdp `Y$pep,

dyfp]$ L$l° d¶_° klu L$fL°$ ]°$Mp

My]$p_° L$lp hp° AL$gd¢ _ Apep.

Alv My]$p - Cf _° S byqŸdp_ NŒep° R>°. A°_p\u

Ó°õ$ L$iy¨ S> _\u. `¨Q[“h ApN, `pZu, dpV$u (`©’hu), lhp

A_° ApL$pi ‹pfp Ap`Zp ifuf_u fQ_p \C R>°. A°dp¨ hpZu

dyL$u_° A°Z° - Cf° - A]π$c|[ L$pd L$eyØ R>°. hpZu A°V$gp dpV°$

Ap`u L°$ A° ‹pfp dpZk Cf_y¨ ıdfZ L$f°. f¨[y dyfp]$ L$l° R>° L°$

: "Cf° S>° L$¨C L$¸y¨ [° dpfu byqŸdp¨ _ ApÏey¨.'

"L°$V$gpe° dysıgd k¨[p°A° rlfi]y$ - dysıgd A•ºe[p_u

cph_p ‚L$V$ L$f°g R>°. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, L©$ÛZ A_° fpd_p

gugpQqf”p°`°Z Npep R>°. [°dp¨ dyøe[: [p° - AÂ]y$f fl°dp_,

]$u_ ]$fh°i, dg°L$, dyfp]°$ _yfyÿu_, flud∆, Aduf Mykfp°

L$buf∆ hN°f°.'

cº[ L$rh duf dyfp]°$ tl]y$ ¨qX$[p° A_° dp•ghuAp° pk°\u

Ap›eps–dL$ op_ d°mÏey¨ l[y¨. `qf`pL$Í$`° A°d_p¨ csº[`]$p°dp¨

rlfi]y$ dÆ_p ]°$hu - ]°$h[pAp°_u kp\° kp\° Cıgpd_p° Z DÎg°M

≈°hp dm° R>°. dyfp]°$ "bp°^ bl—fu', "NfyX$ l_ydp_ k¨hp]$',

"NyZhpZu rhgpk' A_° "kyd]$p[pf k¨hp]$' _u fQ_p L$fu R>°.

S>° M|]$ dyfp]$_p ıhlı[pnfp°dp¨ dmu Aph°g R>°. S>° ApS>° `Z

L$rh_u S>fidc|rd `ughpC `pk° Aph°g b°X$p Npd_p A°L$

kprl–e ‚°du duf `pk° R>°.

h©Ÿphı\p_u R>°Îgu Ahı\pdp¨ [°d_p¨ op_Qny MyÎgp¨

l[p¨ `Z k_° 1890 dp¨ [°d_p¨ QdÆQny_p° ]$u` byTpC Nep°

l[p°. [°Ap° gMu _ iL$hp_° L$pfZ° [°d_u L$pÏe fQ_pAp° b¨^

\hp pdu l[u. [°d_° Aı\dp_p° fp°N l[p°. d©–ey |h£ ”Z q]$hk°

[ph Aph[p A_° ]$d_p lzdgp_° L$pfZ° k_° 1895dp¨ cº[

L$rh duf dyfp]$_p° ∆h_]$u` byTpC Nep°.

!!!!!

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30. k¨[]°$h Xy¨$Nf`yfu(C.k.1834-1911)

" `Wm Zm_m VWm JwUmï $&' A° Dsº[ A_ykpf k¨[

Xy$Nf yfu D√Q L$p°qV$_y Ap›eps–dL$ op_ fph[p l[p. [°Ap° p°[°

`qfh∞pS>L$ l[p A_° kp^y [p° Qg[p cgp A° Dsº[ A_ykpf

L$pÌduf\u L$fiepLy$dpfu A_° L$p°gL$p[p\u L$√R> kyû kdN∞

cpf[dp¨ k[[ `qfc∞dZ L$f[p f¸p. b° hM[ [p° N¨Np°”u_y¨

N¨NpS>m Mc° L$phX$ dyL$u_° `N`pmp ]$rnZ cpf[dp¨ Aph°g

cNhp_ fpd°f D`f N¨NpS>m_p° Arcj°L$ `Z [°dZ° L$ep£

l[p°. [°d_p k¨`LÆ$dp¨ A_° k¨kNÆdp¨ S>° S>° Ap›eps–dL$ k¨[p°,

dlp–dpAp°, `qfh∞pS>L$p° ApÏep [°d_u `pk°\u op__y¨ k[[

Qe_ L$f[p f¸p. `qfZpd ıhÍ$` [°d_u op_ hpZu_u ^pf

[°S>]$pf b_u A_° [°d_y Ap›eps–dL$ tQ[_ M|b S> KX$pZdp¨\u

A_° d__kcf ‚L$V$[y¨ f¸y¨. S>° [°d_p¨ `]$p°dp¨ ≈°C iL$pe R>°.

l° ∆...

Nyfy d˛ep b∞˚op_u k¨[p°,

ùAp°_° ‚°dfk `pZu

[d° ùAp°_° ‚°dfk `pZu

S>m L°$fu, `°]$piy¨ cpC, kb S>m\u fQpZu

"kp°X$ldπ' _° L°$d R>p°X$uA° b¨]$p, [_ d_^_ Ly$fbp_u

c|Îep° cdfp° auf° cV$L$[p°, A°_u NcfpZu hpZu

k[Nyfy d˛e° kp_dp¨ kd≈h°, Ap[d_° Ap°mMpZu

k¨[p° dpfp ùAp°_° ‚°dfk `pZu

Ap ‚°dfk\u ‚L$V$[u Ap›eps–dL$ hpZu_p° l≈fp°

d_yÛep°A° A°_p° fk Qpøep° li°. A_° N¨NpS>m_u S>°d A°_y¨

ApQd_ `Z L$eyØ li°. [°d_u Ap N¨NpS>mu `]$ ep”p dpV°$_p°

A°dZ° L$ep° fı[p° `k¨]$ L$ep£ li° ? L$ep L$ep ‚]°$ip°dp¨\u [°Ap°

`kpf \ep li° ? Ap ]$f°L$ ı\p_p°A° [°dZ° L$f°gp rhkpdpA°

L$ep L$ep dlp–dpAp°, qfh∞pS>L$p° A_° k¨[p° pk°\u op_ d°mÏey

li° A_° A°dZ° ‚p· L$f°gp op__u hl¢QZu `Z L$fu li° !

k¨ıL©$r[ A_° k¨ıL$pf_u ap°fd `Z ‚kfphu li° A° op_N¨Np_u

kqf[p_y¨ Ad©[ A° ƒep¨ ƒep¨\u `kpf \ep li° A° ‚]°$i_p

cphL$p°A° L¨$W$ı\ L$eyØ li°. A°d_p¨ cS>_p°, ]$, kpMuAp°_° A°L$W$u

L$fhu, A° Oœ¨ AOfy¨ L$peÆ R>°. [°d R>[p¨ A°d_p¨ `]$, cS>_p° S>°

gp°L$ L¨W°$ kQhpep R>° [° S> kQhpep R>°. blz^p [°d_u L©$r[Ap°

NyS>fp[udp¨ ‚p· \pe R>°. L°$V$gpL$ rlfi]$u A_° h∞S>_u R>p¨V$ fph[p¨

`]$p° ≈°hp dm° R>°.

D`f_p ]$dp¨ A°L$ ¨sº[ A° Z Aph° R>° : "NyfyA° lp\

êp£ iui D`f, S>mlm ƒep°[y¨ ]$fipZu' [p° A° Nyfy L$p°Z? f¨[y

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A°d_p Nyfy_p° L$p°C S> AZkpf ‚p· \[p° _\u. cpf[_u

kp¨ıL©$r[L$ `f¨`fp –epN A_° kd`ÆZ D`f r_cÆf R>°. S>°

Ïesº[A° `f¨`fp_° `|ZÆ[: A_ykf° [° S> gp°L$_peL$ \hp gpeL$NZpe. A° A_ykpf ]°$h Xy$¨Nf`yfu ]°$”p°S>\u |hÆdp¨ Aph°g "N°bu

qV≠$bp°' A° A°d_y¨ ApÓe ı\p_ l[y¨. –ep¨ [°Ap° fl°[p A_° k–k¨N

L$f[p l[p. gp°L$p°qL$[ A_ykpf Ap "N°bu qV≠$b°' [°Ap° kp^_p,

Apfp^_p A_° r_q]$›epk_ L$f[p A_° [°d_p A_yepeuAp°, A_°

cphL$p°_° D`]°$i A_° hpZu_y¨ Ad©[ `uhX$ph[p l[p. gp°L$p°qL$[

A_ykpf Ap "N°bu qV≠$bp°' dp¨\u [°d_° L$p°C N°bu - N|Y$ - hpZu_p°AhpS> k¨cmpep° lp°e A_° [°d_p A¨[f_p `X$]$p M|gu Nep

lp°e ! A\hp [p° L$p°C N°bu _p]$ ‹pfp [°d_° kdpS> L$ÎepZ

L$fhp_p° L$p°C Ap]°$i ‚p· \ep° lp°e ! S>° lp°e [° [°Ap° ƒepf°

ƒepf° NyS>fp[dp¨ Aph[p –epf° Ap "N°bu qV≠$bp°' A° A°d_y¨

ApÓe ı\p_ l[y¨. csº[ ı\p_ l[y¨ A_° A°d_u `fphpZu_p°˜p°[ `Z Alv\u S> iÍ$ \ep° l[p° A_° [° ñ

ib]$ fœL$pf ip_dp¨ kd≈h° A_l]$ [°S> A`pf,

Tmlm Tmlm ƒep°[y¨ ‚NV°$ A° ƒep¨[y Qpf ‚L$pf *

A°hp° OV$OV$ fd[p° f°, A°dp¨ fd° dpfp° Ap[dfpd.

A°d Xy¨$Nf`yfu L$l° R>° f°, A° [p° kOmp¨ ∆hp°_y¨ ^pd;

A°_y¨ A_l]$ [°S> A`pf...* fº[°fu, °[°fu, L©$ÛZ°fu, A_° _ug°fu _pd_u

ƒep°[ kp^L$_° ]°$Mpe R>° A_° [° ‹pfp kp^L$ A_°L$ A_ychp° L$f°

R>°.

Alv ]°$”p°S>_p° DÎg°M L$ep£ R>°. [° [°d_y¨ S>fidı\p_.

rhfdNpd [pgyL$p Qy¨hpm ‚]°$i_y¨ A°L$ _p_L$Xy¨$ Npd. S>fid \[p¨

S> r`[p∆ dph∆cpC_y¨ Ahkp_ \ey¨. dp Í$X$ubpCA° buSy>¨

g¡_ L$eyØ lp°[ [p° kdpS> [°_° fp°L$hp_p° _lp°[p°. [°d_u lqfS>_

opr[dp¨ [° kde° kl°gpC\u hNf fp°L$V$p°L$° `y_:g¡_ \C iL$[p¨

l[p¨. [°d R>[p¨ A°L$_p A°L$ y”_p° DR>°f L$fhp [°dZ° y_:g¡_ _

L$epØ. A_° bpmf¨X$p`p° ıhuL$pep£. l∆ [p° Xy¨$Nf Qp•]$-`¨]$f hfk_p°

S> \ep° li°, –ep¨ [p° L$p°g°fp apV$u _uL$˛ep°. Npddp¨ gp°L$p° V$`p°V$`

dfhp gp¡ep. L$p°Z L$p°_u kpfhpf L$f°, ıdip_° A¨r[d qæ$ep

dpV°$ lp¢QpX°$ A° A°L$ khpg l[p°. hmu lqfS>_ ‚≈ [p° Aı ©Ìe

‚≈ A°hy¨ gp°L$p° dp_[p l[p. A°hp rhL$V$ kdedp¨ `y” Xy$¨Nf°

dp[p_u ]a_rhr^ L$fu A_° N©l–epN L$ep£.

dp[p_u lpS>fu l[u –epf° `Z Xy¨$Nf CX$f_p NY$_u

NyapAp°dp¨ Apby_p lqfepmp riMfp°dp¨ A_° rNf_pf_p

Xy $ ¨NfpAp°dp¨ `lp¢Qu S>[p A_° q]$hkp°_p q]$hkp° A°

`hÆ[dpmpAp°_p A°L$p¨[dp¨ Ap›eps–dL$ tQ[_ L$f[p l[p. lh°

[p° dp[p `Z _lp°[u A_° A°_u kpf-k¨cpm fpM_pf `Z L$p°C

S> _lp°[y. A°Z° rNf_pf_u hpV$ L$X$u A_° –ep¨ [°dZ° Ap›eps–dL$

tQ[__u ^|Zu ^Mphu. Ap°ldπ, kp°X$ldπ_p° ib]$_p]$ h^y

bmh—f \ep° A_° "]°$h Xy¨$Nf`yfu' bfiep. S>° ib]$_p]$ [°d_p

Ap `]$dp¨\u k¨cmpe R>°.

285 286

150


h°'gp \pAp°_° f°, Ap R>° lqf cƒep_y¨ V$pœ¨,

d_Mp kfuMy¨ dlp`]$pf\, h°mydp¨ fp°mpZ¨y,

kp°X$[pZu k|C f¸p `R>u, ldZp¨ hpi° hpœ¨0 h°'gp0

cpC f°, W$pg° W$pgy¨ cqfe°, cqfey¨ dpepdp¨ d|¨Tpœ¨,

km¡ey¨¨ [° Ap°gpi° _rl, kNX$u dp°egy¨ R>pœ¨,

Ap R>° lqf cƒep_y¨ V$pœ¨0 h°'gp0

cpC f°, Ap°tQ[p_y¨ Aphi°, `R>u iy¨ Oy¨OV$dp¨ O°fpœ¨,

bm L$fu bp°gpi° _rl, `R>u b°ki° S>d_y¨ \pœ¨,

Ap R>° lqf cƒep_y¨ V$pZy¨0 h°'gp0

cpC f°, ApNm_u Ap°mMpZ rh_p, buSy>¨ L$p¨C _ ≈œ¨

L$l° "Xy$Nf yfu' Alv_p° g`ıep°, A°_y buS>° _lu W°$L$pœ¨,

Ap R>° lqf cƒep_y¨ V$pœ¨0 h°'gp0

[°d_p° kdeNpmp° C.k. 1834 (k¨h[ : 1890)

\u C.k. 1911 (k¨h[ 1967) _p° Ap kdeNpmp° A°V$g°

A¨^ÓŸp, hl°d, Mp°V$u ‚ZprgL$p, ^dÆip˜p°_p Mp°V$p A\Æ

L$f_pfp°, ^dÆip˜p°_p° ip˜p\Æ `¨qX$[p°, kp^yAp°, b∞p˚Zp° S>°

L$f[p [°dp¨ rhpk ^fph[p° kdpS>. tl]y$ kd≈dp¨ `Z L°$V$gue

Mp°V$u ‚ZprgL$pAp°, fu[ qfhp≈°, A_° A¨ ÓŸpA° ı\p_ S>dpÏey

l[y¨. [° hM[° Aı`©Ìe[p, bpm rhhpl, u L°$mhZu_p° rhfp°^,

˜uAp°_u Nygpdu hN°f° A_°L$ dpfie[pAp° A_° Í$YuAp° ^dÆ A_°

ip˜_p _pd° Qpg[u l[u. ≈° ky^pfL$p° [°_p° rhfp°^ L$f[p [p°

[°d_° k_p[_u Í$qY$Qyı[p° L$l°[p L°$ h°]$pq]$ ip˜p°dp¨ Ap ‚dpd° S>

L$¸y¨ R>°. `f¨[y ]°$h Xy$¨Nf`yfuA° [p° Aı`©Ìe[p, bpm rhhpl hN°f°

Í$qY$Ap° h°]$ rhfyŸ R>°. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, Z uAp° A_° iy÷p°_° Z

h°]$ cZhp_p° Ar^L$pf R>°. A°d [°dZ° h°]$p°_p Ap^pf° rkŸ L$fu

b[pÏey¨. h°]$p°dp¨ A¨^ÓŸp_° ı\p_ _\u. Apd, [°dZ° kdpS>

ky^pfp_° OZp° h°N Ap‡ep°. tl]y$ ^dÆdp¨ `°ku Ne°gp kX$pAp°\u

[°dZ° gp°L$p°_° op[ L$epÆ. Aphp kX$pAp° kpd° rhfp°^ L$fhp

gp°L$p°dp¨ op__p° ‚Qpf A_° ‚kpf L$ep£. [°dZ° tl]y$ kdpS>_°

A¨^ÓŸp, A_°° ]y$bÆm[p_p° –epN L$fu Cf r_õ$p, bmhp_,

r_cÆe A_° byqŸdp_ b_u kpQp A\Ædp¨ ApeÆ b_hp_p° D`]°$i

Ap‡ep°. [°Ap° L$l°[p L°$ ApeÆ A° L°$hm ≈r[hpQL$ iÂ]$ _\u.

`Z ApeÆ A°V$g° kƒS>_, CÔhfdp¨ ÓŸp fpM_pfu Ïesº[.

Óud]π$ cNh]$Nu[pdp¨ cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZA° `Z L$¸y¨ R>°

: "A_fie ‚°d\u dpfpdp¨ rQ—_° `fp°h_pf [\p A_fie cph\u

dpf° `fpeZ \C_° ep°Ndp¨, ≈°X$pe°g .... d_° [“h\u A°V$g° L°$

e\p\ÆÍ$ ° ≈Zu iL°$ R>°.' A°hu cph_p\u e\p\Æ Í$ ° csº[ L$f_pf

287 288

151


]°$h Xy$¨Nf `yfu kpQp A\Ædp¨ Cf ‚–e° ÓŸp fpM_pf A_° Cf

[“h_° `pdu Q|L$ep l[p. [°Ap° Cf_u h^pf°dp¨ h^pf° _∆L$

l[p. [°dZ° ]°$”p°S>_p "N°bu qV≠$bp' `f R>‡`r_ep ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨

Afln°” `Z iÍ$ L$f°gy¨. Qp°huk° L$gpL fpdfp°V$u_u ]$pm DL$m[u

≈e A_° ≈f - bpS>fp_p fp°V$gp V$u`p[p S> lp°e ! A°hp `fNSy>

k¨[ ]°$h Xy¨$Nf`yfu lqf‹pf\u `N`pmp ]°$”p°S> Aphhp _uº˛ep.

Mc° N¨NpS>m_u L$phX$ l[u A_° fı[pdp¨ [°Ap° budpf `X$Èp.

[°dZ° NyS>fp[ A_° fpS>ı\p__u d›edp¨ Aph°gp Aduf NY$dp¨

\p°X$p° kde fp°L$pZ L$eyØ. V|¨$L$u dp¨]$Nu `Z [°d_p dpV°$ ∆hg°Z

_uhX$u. [°d_° [°d_p A¨[ kde_u ≈Z \C NC l[u. [°dZ°

kdpr^ g°hp_p° r_ZÆe ≈l°f L$ep£. A_° Aduf NY$_u tl]y$ -

dysıgd rdÓ ‚≈A° ]°$h Xy¨$Nf`yfu_u ∆h[p¨ kdpr^ g°hp dpV°$

KX$p° MpX$p° L$ep°Æ. Ap Apop Z ]$°h Xy$Nf yfuA° ≈[° S> L$fu l[u !

`R>u cNhp_ fpd°f_p Arcj°L$ dpV°$ lqf‹pf\u S>° L$phX$ cfu

gph°gp [° N¨NpS>m\u "lf N¨N°.... lf N¨N°....' L$l°[p¨ ı_p_

L$eyØ. `R>u [°Ap° kdpr^_p MpX$pdp¨ E[epÆ A_° ]°$l_p° –epN

L$ep£. [° q]$hk l[p° rhæ$d k¨h[ 1967 (C.k.1911) , apNZ

h]$ `p¨Qd A_° Nyfyhpf.

S> ° S>¡epA° A°dZ° kdpr^ gu^u [° ı\m `f

AdufNY$_p N∞pdS>_p°A° ky¨]$f kdpr^ d¨q]$f bp¨›ey¨. S>° ApS>°

`Z rh¤dp_ R>°. A_° kde S>[p¨ ]°$h \e°gp Xy¨$Nf`yfu "Xy¨$Nfp

`fd°fp'\u `|≈hp gp¡ep.

rhfNpd [pgyL$p_p ]°$”p°S> Npd_p |hÆ kudpX°$ ApS>° Z

]°$h Xy¨$Nf`yfu_° _pd° `rh” ı\m bfiey¨ R>°. A_° "N°bu qV≠$bp' _°

_pd° ApS>° `Z rQf¨∆hu bfiey¨ R>°.

* yfL$ dprl[u : lqfS>_ : k¨[ A_° gp°L$kprl–e : X$pµ.

]$g`[cpC Óudpmu, q‹.Ap. : 1993.

!!!!!

289 290

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31.k¨[Óu Mudkpl°b(C.k. 1734-1801)

Mud kpl°b A° "frh-cpZ' k¨‚]$pe_p k¨[ R>°. [°d_p°

S>fid Z ep°Np_yep°N° k[_° –ep S> \ep° R>°. [°Ap° cpZ kpl°b_p

`y” A_° frh kpl°b_p riÛe l[p. ƒep¨ r`[p A_° Nyfy b¨_°

kbm lp°e `R>u `y” `Z A°V$gp° S> [°S>ıhu A_° Ap›eps–dL$

lp°e S>. "frh-cpZ' k¨‚]$pe_p k¨[p° : cpZ kpl°b, frh

kpl°b, Mud kpl°b, dp°fpf kpl°b, r”L$d kpl°b, lp°\u

kpl°b, ∆hZ kpl°b (]$pku ∆hZ)hN°f° k¨[p°, L$buf`¨\u

k¨[p° R>°.

"R>°L$ bpfdp k•L$p\u d›eL$pgu_ flıehp]$ cpf[ue

csº[ kprl–edp¨ ‚h[Æ[p° ≈°hp dm° R>°. A°dp¨ ApQpf gnu

[“hop_ A°_u c|rdL$pÍ$` l[y¨. csº[ A_° ep°N A°dp¨ dyøe–h°

klpe Í$` l[p¨. A° kde_p k¨[p° dp_hdp”_u Ó°e: kp^_p_°

L°$mhhp ‚e–_ L$f[p l[p. A°dp¨ Ap L°$ [° k¨‚]$pe_y¨ [–h cm°gy¨

_ l[y¨ [°\u `fd[“h_p kpnp–L$pf_p Ap_¨]$de A_ych_°

hZÆh[u L$rh[p Ap`Z_° dmu. L$buf, _p_L$, Np°fM_p\, k|au

k¨[p° hN°f°_u hpZudp¨ Ap rb_ kp¨‚]$preL$ L$rh[p ‚hpl hl°

R>°. A°dp¨ ep•qNL$ qæ$ep_p pqfcprjL$ iÂ]$p° ‚ep°≈[p lp°e R>°.

A°\u ep°NdpNÆ_u ‚qæ$ep _ kdS>_pfp_° dpV°$ A° ANdhpZu

b_u fl° A° ıhpcprhL$ R>°. bp•qŸL$ rhgpkÍ$`° Ap flıehp]$

Mpk L$fu_° NyS>fp[dp¨ [° kde_p r_fnf gp°L$kd|l_° kd≈hhp°

[p° Aiºe l[p°. [°d R>[p¨ `fd[“h [fa_u ÓŸp A°L$ dp°Vy¨$

Apg¨b_ l[y¨. Aphu rb_ kp¨‚]$preL$ L$rh[p_° Ap`Z° k¨[p° -

cS>r_L$p°_u hpZuÍ$`° Ap°mMuA° R>uA°. Ap hpZu Mpk L$fu_°

bu_ DS>muep[ hZp£_p cprhL$ gp°L$p°dp¨ rhi°j Í$ ° ‚h[Æ[u A_°

‚hldp_ \C. A° kNyZ csº[ _\u; A° r_NyÆZ csº[_u

D`pk_p R>°.' 1

`fd[“h_p kpnp–L$pf_p A_ych_° hZÆh[u Ap L$rh[p

L°$ csº[`]$p° cpZ]$pk\u ∆hZ]$pk ky u_p k¨[p°dp¨ Mpk ≈°hp

dm° R>°. AY$pfdp k•L$p\u Ap°NZukdp k•L$p_p `|hpÆOÆ ky^u Ap

L$rh[p hl°[u ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap b^p k¨[p° `fd[“h - Cf -

dpV°$ "kpl°b' iÂ]$ (S>°_p° L$buf hpf¨hpf [°d_p `]$p°dp¨ L$f[p

l[p) `p°[p_p _pd `pR>m gNph[p l[p.

Ap k¨[p°_y¨ S>° kprl–e dmu Aph° R>° [° Oœ¨ S> d|Îehp_

R>°. [°\u A° k¨[p°_p ∆h_ rhi° Ap`Z_° ≈Zhp_y¨ d_ \pe A°

ıhpcprhL$ R>°. Ap k¨[p° kdpS>_p qhrh^ ı[fdp¨\u Aph[p l[p.

1. "d›eL$pgu_ NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p° Cr[lpk : X$pµ.

fd°i r”h°]$u : `©:88.'

291 292

153


cpZ kpl°b (gp°lpZp), frh kpl°b, (b∞p˚Z), Mud kpl°b

(gp°lpZp), dp°fpf kpl°b (fpS>`|[), r”L$d kpl°b

(]$rg[hNÆ), ]$pku ∆hZ (]$rg[hNÆ), lp°\u kpl°b (dyrıgd)

hN°f°. Ap k¨[p°A° Ofbpf R>p°X$u_° k¨fiepku \ep _ lp°[p `Z

N©lı\u l[p. A° ep]$ fl° L°$ Mud kpl°b A° cpZ kpl°b_p y”

l[p. `f¨[y Ap k¨[p° A¨[fdp¨ rhfsº[cph ^fph[p l[p.

Ap k¨ ¨[p°_p csº[`]$p °dp¨ ‚°fZp dyøe R> °. Ap

csº[`]$p°_u hpZu [m`]$u gp°L$bp°gudp¨ rTgpC R>°. [°dp¨

r_Í$`pe°gu D`dpAp°, Í$`L$p° L°$ ◊Ù$p¨[p° ıhpcprhL$ gpN° R>° A_°

[°dp¨ [pS>Nu_p° A_ych \pe R>° :

"gphp° gphp° L$pNm _° ]$p°[ gMuA° lqf_° f°'

- frh kpl°b

"_yf[° kyf[° _ufMp°, A°_p OX$_pfp_° `fMp°,

Ap L$p°Z° b_pÏep° `h_ QfMp°'

- frh kpl°b

"lf d°f° l¨kp Qgp° r_S> ]°$ip

S>lp¨ Adf `yfyj Aı\p_p f°.'

-dp°fpf kpl°b

"gpg d°fp q]$gdp¨ gpNu h•fpNu.'

- r”L$d kpl°b

"Ap L$pepdp¨ `fNV$ N¨Np, iu]$ afp° `¨\dpmp'

- Mud kpl°b

"‚°d L$V$pfu r_L$fu Apf¨`pf'

- ]$pku ∆hZ

"dp°f [y¨ [p° AphX$p¨ [° Í$` ºep¨\u gpÏep°,

dp°fgp° df[ gp°L$dp¨ ApÏep°.'

- ]$pku ∆hZ

Ap csº[dp¨ csº[, op_ A_° h•fp¡e_p° kdfihe

\e°gp° Ap`Z° ≈°C iL$uA° R>uA°. A_° ApS> kyû A° gp°L$L¨$W°$

kQhpC f¸p¨ R>°.

"frh-cpZ' k¨‚]$pedp¨ cpZ kpl°b_p `y” A_° frh

kpl°b_p riÛe A°hp Mud kpl°b op_dpNw ^pfp_p gp°L$r‚e

A_° dl“h`|ZÆ k¨[ R>°. Apr[’e ^dÆ_p D`pkL$ [fuL°$ S>N[_°

Ap]$iÆ Apù Nep. A°d_pdp¨ ApS>° k°hp, –epN A_° kd ÆZ_u

rkqŸ ]°$MpC l[u. [°_p d|mdp S>°d_u ∆hdp”dp b∞ _° ≈°hp_u

◊rÙ$ l[u, KQu Ap›eps–dL$ k|T L°$ ]$iÆ_ l[y¨. [° [°d_p Nyfy

frhkpl°b `pk°\u ‚p· \ey¨ l[y¨. Nyfy op_u l[p [p° riÛe `Z

op_u, cº[ A_° k°hpcphu l[p. riÛe Mud kpl°b° Nyfy

frh]$pk_° øep[ L$epÆ A_° A`|hÆ Nyfy ]$rnZp Q|L$hu. A_° frh

kpl°b° Z cpZ kpl°b_p y” Mud kpl°b_° kpQu Nyfy ]$rnZp

Apùl[u.

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Mud kpl°b_u ◊rÙ$dp¨ rh_p° ‚L$pi l[p°, gp°L$hpeL$p

A° R>°L°$ A°d_u Ap¨Mp°dp¨ _|f_p° ]$rfep° R>gL$p[p° l[p°.

Mud kpl°b frh kpl°b_u Apop\u i°fMu\u L$√R>_p

fp`f Npd° Nep. –ep¨ [°dZ° ApÓd ı\pù ›ep_dp¨ dı[ fl°hp

gp¡ep. A_° dp°V$pcpN_p° kde ]$rg[- uqX$[ hNÆ_u k°hp A_°

cNh]π$ıdZdp¨ kpf L$f[p l[p. "frh-cpZ' k¨‚]$pedp¨ [°Ap°

OZp S> ‚cphipmu k¨[ l[p.

[°d_u A_°L$ Qd–L$pf_u hp[p° gp°L$‚rkŸ R>°. [°d_°

OZp gp°L$p° hÍ$Z]°$h_p° Ah[pf dp_[p l[p. _prhL$p° [°d_°

"]$qfepùf' L$lu_° h¨]$_ L$f[p l[p. A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, fp`f Npd

]$qfep qL$_pf° lp°hp\u _prhL$p° ]$qfep° M°X$hp S>[p –epf° Mud

kpl°b_p ApiuhpÆ]$ gC_° S> S>[p l[p. Mud kpl°b_p

ApiuhpÆ]$\u Ap ]$qfep M°X|$Ap°_y¨ L$ÎepZ \[y¨ l[y¨.

A°d L$l°hpe R>° L°$ _ph ≈° ]$qfepdp¨ X|$b[u –epf° Mud

kpl°b –ep¨ ‚L$V$ \C X|$b[u _ph_° bQphu g°[p l[p. l°b[Mp_

_pd_p° dykgdp_ Mgpku _p•L$p gC kdy÷dp¨ ep”p L$fu f¸p°

l[p°. AQp_L$ _p•L$p X|$bhp gpNu. MgpkuA° Mud kpl°b_°

ıdfZ L$eyØ, [°_u _p•L$p X|$b[u bQu NC. –epf\u [° Mud

kpl°b_p° riÛe b_u Nep°.

Mud kpl°b S>°hp chkpNf\u [pf_pf Nyfy l[p. [p°

A°hp ]$p_u `Z l[p. L$√R>_p fZdp¨ lf∆h_ _pd_p° A°L$

gM`r[ hZTpfp° g|¨V$pC Nep°. [° fX$[p° - L$L$m[p° `p°[p_p

kp\uAp° kp\° Mud kpl°b `pk° ApÏep°. Mud kpl°b° [°_°

Appk_ Apù fp[ fp°L$u gu^p°. A_° khpf \[p¨ [°_° S>NpX$u

g|¨V$pe°gp Í$rèp khp gpM Apù rh]$pe L$epÆ.

Mud kpl°b_p ApÓddp¨ A`pf ^_ R>°, A°d kd∆

d°Op° MpQf _pd° A°L$ g|¨V$pfp° Qp°fu L$fhp_p Cfp]°$ ApÏep°. [°Z°

OZu ip°^Mp°m L$fu `Z L$p¨C d˛ey¨ _lv, Mud kpl°b° [°_°

Appk_ Ap‡ey¨. `R>u [° ƒep¨ Sy>h° –ep¨ ^__p Y$Ngp ]°$Mphp

gp¡ep, Nyfy_u Aphu gugp ≈°C d°Op° MpQf [°d_p QfZdp¨ X$u

Nep°, L$l°hpe R>° L°$ d°Op° MpQf Z [° R>u k¨[ b_u Nep° l[p°.

frh-cpZ k¨‚]$pedp¨ r”L$d kpl°b_y _pd Z ≈Zu[y

R>°. r”L$d kpl°b_u hpZu `f NyS>fp[ A_° kp•fpÙ≤$_p cº[p°

csº[cph`|hÆL$ Npe R>° A_° A°V$gp S> cph\u gp°L$p° Tug° R>°.

L$√R>-hpNX$_u ^f[udp¨ Aph°g fpdphph Npd° r”L$d cN[_p°

Nfp°X$p opr[dp¨ S>fid \ep° l[p°. r”L$d cN[_° Ap–dp A_°

`fdp–dp kp\° [pf ≈°X$pC Nep° l[p°. [° Nyfy_u ip°^ L$fhp M|b

S> fMX$Èp `Z kpQp k¨[_p° d°mp` \[p° _\u. A¨[° [°Ap°

rNf_pf_u ep”pA° Nep. –ep¨\u `Z [° r_fpi \ep. Nyfy

295 296

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]$—p”e_u Apop gC - ]$iÆ_ L$fu - [°Ap° fpdphph `pR>p aepÆ.

L$buf kpl°b_p ^¨^pcpC r”L$d kpl°b ipm D`f L$`X$p¨_p

[pZp-hpZp hZ[p A_° fpdfV$Z L$f[p l[p. R>u [°Ap° k[_u

- Nyfy - ip° dp L$pN_p°fp Xy$Nfdp ApÏep. r”L$d cN[_p M°[f\u

\p°X°$ ]|$f L$pN_p°fp Xy$Nf_u pfdp¨ A°L$ dp°V$u Nyap l[u. Ap Nyapdp¨

fpdNf _pd° A°L$ dlp–dp fl°[p l[p. r”L$d cN[ ]$ffp°S> Ap

dlp–dp_p ]$iÆ_ L$fu `p°[p_° L$©[L©$–e dp_[p. r”L$d cN[° Ap

k¨[_° riÛe b_phhp rh_¨[u L$fu –epf° [° k¨[° L$¸y¨ : ""b°V$p lz¨ [p°

[_° dpfp° riÛe b_phu iLy$ _lv, Z [y fp`fdp¨ ≈, ƒep¨ cpZ

kpl°b_p y” A_° frh kpl°b_p kd\Æ riÛe A°hp Mud kpl°b

rbfpS>° R>°, A° [_° Nyfy d¨” Apì°. [°d_° dpfÿ _pd Ap`S>° A_°

r_ip_u dpV$° Ap dpfp° A¨Qmp° Ap`y¨ Ry>¨. [° [°d_° Ap`S>°.''

Mud kpl°b `p°[p_p r_–eL$dÆ\u `fhpfu_°

]$qfepı\p_dp¨ `p°[p_p Apk_ D`f b°W$p l[p. –ep¨ r”L$d

cN[_p° ‚h°i \ep°. Mud kpl°b_p QfZp°dp¨ [°Ap° Y$mu

`X$Èp¨. –ep¨ S> Mud kpl°b `p°[p_p ı\p_°\u Ecp \ep A_°

b¨_° Mcp `L$X$u_° [°d_° b°W$p L$epÆ. –ep¨ b°W$°gp L°$V$gpL$

lqfcº[p°_° Ap _ NÁey¨. A_° r”L$d cN[_p L$`pmdp¨ A°L$

lqfcº[° QpMX$u R|>V$u dpfu. r”L$d cN[_p L$ pmdp\u gp°lu_u

^pfp hl°hp gpNu. Ap\u Mudkpl°b_p L$p°dm ˘]$edp¨ AL$’e

h°]$_p \C, [°d_u Ap¨Mdp¨\u AÓy^pfp hl°hp gpNu. Mud

kpl°b° r”L$d cN[_p L$`pm`f lp\ a°fhu kp¨–h_p Apù A_°

Aphhp_y¨ L$pfZ `|Rπ>ey¨ :

""bp`y∆ ! lz¨ Nyfyd¨” g°hp ApÏep° Ry> ¨. L$pN_p°fp

Xy¨$Nfhpmp dlp–dp fpdNf° d_° dp°L$Îep° R>°, Ap [°d_p° A¨Qmp°

r_ip_u dpV°$ gpÏep° Ry>¨.''

""[\pı[y ! L$lu Mud kpl°b° `p°[p_p b¨_° lp\ r”L$d

cN[ D`f dyL$u ]$u^p. Ap ≈°C_° Afie cL$[p°_° A`pf ApÚeÆ

\ey¨.''

Mud kpl°b° º¸y¨ : ""cº[p° ! _hpC `pdip° _rl.

[dpfp b^p L$f[p¨, r”L$d cN[_p° Ap–dp OZp° iyŸ R>°.'' R>u

r”L$d cN[ dpV°$ ]$qfep ı\p_dp¨ Apk__u Ïehı\p L$fu ]$uû

A_° p°[p_p riÛe [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf L$fu r”L$d kpl°b _pdprc^p_

L$eyØ. Z [° l°gp¨ Mud kpl°b° cpZ kpl°b pk° Apop dp¨Nu

l[u. cpZ kpl°b [p° dlp–dp l[p. [°d_p d_dp¨ L$p°C S>

ıìpÆıìÆ_u cph_p S> _lp°[u. [°dZ° [f[ S> Apop Apù

A_° r”L$d cN[ dVu r”L$d kpl°b \ep. L$√R>_u prdÆL$[pdp¨

Ap ‚k¨N ı\¨c kdp_ b_u Nep°.

"r”L$d ”¨bpmy Np∆Ap, _pd [Zp r_ip_,

ApS> ANf Of D`f°, dmu lufp_u MpZ.'

297 298

156


A_° Mud kpl°b° A°L$ ]$rg[hNÆdp¨\u Aph[p r”L$d

kpl°b_p° riÛe [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf L$ep£.

L$√R> - fp`f ı\p_dp¨ ApS>° `Z cpZ kpl°b A_°

Mud kpl°b_u kdpr^ h√Q° r”L$d kpl°b_u kdpr^ dp°Sy>]$

R>°. ]$f hfk° Q•” ky]$ buS>_° q]$hk° –ep¨ d°mp° cfpe R>°.

Aphp r_dp£lu k¨[Óu Mud kpl°b_p° S>fid qL≠$Mgp°X$

([p. bp°fk]$, ∆. ApZ¨]$) dyL$pd° dlp–dp k¨[heÆ cpZ

kpl°b_° –ep¨ k¨h[ 1790 dp¨ \ep° A_° Nyfy frh kpl°b_p

kpr_›edp¨ fp`f (L$√R>) dp¨ ]$qfep ı\p_dp¨ k¨h[ 1857 dp¨

kdpr^ı\ \ep. ApS>° `Z A° ı\p__y¨ dl“h S>mhpC f¸y¨ R>°.

A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, [°d_p `]$p° `Z gp°L$dyM° kQhpC f¸p¨ R>°.

32.k¨[ L$hre”u N¨Npk[uC.k. 1847 (k—fdu k]$u_p° D—fp^Æ)

d›eL$pgu_ NyS>fp[u kprl–e_u op_, h•fp¡e_°

csº[‚^p_ L$rh[p_u `f¨`fpdp¨ bp°^p–dL$ A_° D`]°$ip–dL$

hpZu k¨cmpe R>°. S>°dp¨ `p•fprZL$ `p”p°_p L$\p‚k¨Np°,

Qqf”p°, gugp_° Apg°M[p¨ L$pÏep°, Apøep_p°, `]$p°, cS>_p°,

fpk, Nfbu, Nfbp hN°f° ≈°hp dm° R>°. A° fu[° d›eL$pgu_,

AhpÆQu_, Ap^yr_L$ A_° A_yAp^yr_L$ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨\u

`Z Ap`Z_° Ap›epr–dL$ L$rh[p ≈°hp dm° R>°.

k¨[Apfp^_p_y L°$fi÷tb]y$ f y R>° csº[. csº[dp¨ Cf

‚–e° kd ÆZ_u cph_p fl°gu R>°. k¨[hpZu\u ]°$lcp_, dp_h

[fuL°$_u dl—p, ]°$l_y Ad|Îe`œ¨, Ap–dp_u AgMƒep°r[_u

≈mhZu A_° khÆ ‚–e° kdcph_u gpNZu S>fid° R>°. k¨[_u

hpZudp¨ Ap›eps–dL$ ]$iÆ_, rhfl, h•fp¡e, T¨M_p,–epN,

kd`ÆZ, rhfsº[, ]$pk–h, k¨h°]$_p, csº[, dprgL$cph,

dprgL$ucph, rdg__u D–L$V$ k¨h°]$_p hN°f° ‚L$V° $ R> °.

k¨[hpZu\u dpZk_p° NhÆ Nmu ≈e R>°.

csº[_p `\ `f Qpghp dpV° $ iug, k–k¨N _°

h©r—rhfpd ≈°CA°. d__u Qgpedp_ sı\r[ A_° h©r—Ap°

A`|ZÆ[p L$]$u [°dp¨ k¨chu _ iL°$. N¨Npk[uA° A°V$g° S> L$¸y¨ R>°

299 300

157


:

d°fy [p° X$N° S>°_p¨ d_ _p° X$N°, `p_bpC,

df_° cp¨Nu f° `X°$ cfdp¨X$ f°,

rh`]$ `X°$ hZk° _lv,

C [p° lqfS>__p `fdpZ f°.

k¨[ N¨Npk[uA° Qp°V$]$pf A_° h°^L$hpZudp¨ csº[_p°

ddÆ kd≈h[p¨ dp” bph_ ]$p° fQu_° csº[ A_° Ap›ep–dn°”°

blz S> KQp N≈_y¨ L$pd L$eyØ R>°. [°d_p¨ D`]°$ip–dL$ cS>_p°dp¨

d›eeyNu_ flıehp]$_u kp\° h°]$p¨[_u op_dpNw ^pfp A_°

dlp`¨\_p rkŸp¨[p°_° hZu g°hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

[“h A_° Ası[–h_° pdu S>_pf N¨Npk[u d›eL$pm_p

_lv, `Z AhpÆQu_L$pm_p¨ L$hre”u R>°. 1894dp¨ [°dZ° ]°$l

R>p°X$Èp° [°_° A°L$kp° kp°m$ hjÆ_p° S> kde `kpf \ep° R>°.

"huS>mu_° TbL$pf° dp°[uX$p¨ `fp°hp° `p_bpC' _p° N¨Npk[uA°

hlph°gp° cS>_‚hpl Ap`Zp k¨[ kprl–e_u dp¢Ou rdfp[ R>°.

k¨[ A°V$g° L$p°Z ?

k¨fiepk A°V$g° iy¨ ?

Ap ‚Òp° hpf¨hpf D]πch° R>°. A°_p° S>hpb Ap`Z_°

cpNh[dp¨\u dm° R>°. k¨[ A°V$g° :

oZa[j _woZ em›V oZda g_Xe©Z_≤ $&

AZwd´O´mÂ`hß oZÀ`ß [y``À`S> oYaUwo^ï $&$&

(11:14:16)

A\pÆ[π : "S>°_° L$p°C hı[y_u A`°np _\u S>° S>N[_p

tQ[_\u khÆ]$p D]$pku_ \C dpfp S> tQ[_ d__dp¨ [âu_ fl°

R>°. S>°_pdp¨ h°fcph_p° Acph \e°g R>°. L$p°C`Z kp\° fpN- ‹°j

_ fpMu S>° khÆ ‚–e° kdp_ ◊rÙ$ fpM° R>°. [° dlp–dp_u `pR>m

`pR>m lz¨ (`|ZÆ`yfyjp°—d) A°d rhQpfu_° r_f¨[f af[p° flz¨ R>y¨ L°$

[°_p¨ QfZp°_u ^|m EX$u_° dpfp `f `X°$ A_° lz¨ `rh” \C ≈J.'

dp” cNhp¨ `l°fhp\u k¨fiepku \hp[y¨ _\u. cNhp¨-

h˜, r[gL$, dpmp, ]¨$X$L$, Ane`p”, [¨byfp°, d¨∆fp, M¨S>fu

A° [p° dp” ‚[uL$ R>°. d__° kp^y ∆h_dp¨ ◊Y L$fhp_p¨ dp”

kp^_ R>°. ifuf° fpM Okhp\u, S>V$p h^pfhp\u, ]$pY$u h^pfhp\u

kp^y–h ‚p· \[y¨ _\u. cu[f\u S>°_y¨ d_ A_° ˘]$e iyŸ R>° [°

kp^y R>°. k¨kpfdp¨ fl°hp R>[p¨ S>°_° kp^y–h_p° Mf°Mfp° f¨N gp¡ep°

R>°. A°hp rhriÙ$ NyZp° ^fph[p¨ k¨[ N¨Npk[u_u hpZudp¨

A›ep–d[“h Afie k¨[L$rhAp° L$f[p¨ Sy>]y$ S> [fu Aph° R>°. [°d_u

A_ychhpZu_u kqf[p Ap fu[° hlu R>° :

huS>mu_° TbL$pf° dp°[uX$p¨ `fp°hp° `p_bpC !

_lv[f AQp_L$ A¨^pfp¨ \pi° ∆,

r_fdm \C_° Aphp° d°]$p_dp¨,

≈Zu rgep° ∆h__u ≈[...

301 302

158


A° fu[° kNyZ (_h^p) A_° r_NyÆZ (AÙ$p¨Nep°N)

csº[dp¨ k[[ gu_ fl°_pf N¨Npk[uA° `fb∞˚ `fdp–dp_u

D`pk_p L$fu ∆h_ kam b_pÏey R>°. N¨Npk[uA° [°d_p¨ kdN∞

`]$p° p°[p_p¨ riÛep p_bpC_° k¨bp° u_° L¸p¨ R>°.[p° p_bpCA°

`Z N¨Npk[u_u ^pV$udp¨ S> cS>_p° f√ep¨ R>°.

ƒep¨ f° ≈°h° –ep¨ lqf cp˛ep,

fk [p° `u^p ANd A`pf,

A°L$ _h^p csº[_° kp^[p¨,

dmu Nep° [yqfepdp¨ [pf.

cph_Nf rS>Îgp_p prg[pZp\u S>°kf S>[p dpNÆ f

bfhpmu _]$u_° L$p¨W°$ fpS>`fp _pd_y¨ Npd R>°. `prg[pZp\u

`p¨”uk A_° S>°kf\u p¨Q qL$gp°duV$f_p A¨[f° Aph°gp fpS>`fp

Npddp¨ cpC∆cpC kfh•ep _pd_p N©lı\_° –ep¨ ‚\d Mp°m°

S> N¨Npbp (1843)_pd° gˇdu `^pepØ. –epfbp]$ [°d_° –ep¨

Qpf `y”p° \ep. `y”u_° `Ng° h¨ih°gp° h^hp\u cpC∆cpC [p°

[°d_° (NNpbp_°) p°[p_y luf kdS>[p l[p. A°V$g° gpX$dp [°d_°

lufpbp L$lu_° bp°gph[p l[p. ApN¨Npbp kde S>[p¨

N¨Npk[u_° _pd° ≈Zu[p \ep¨.

fpS>`fp Npd_p S> `qY$epf Ly $V y ¨ $b_p ldufcpC

`qY$epf_° –ep¨ p_bpC _pd° y”u_p° S>fid \ep°. N¨Npk[u A_°

`p_bpC kdheıL$ l[p¨ A_° b¨_° h√Q° bl°_`Zp¨ `Z l[p¨.

b¨_°dp¨ ^prdÆL$h©r— ‚bm l[u.

]$uL$fu JdfgpeL$ \[p¨ cpC∆cpC kfh•ep N¨Npk[u_°

A_yL$|m A°hp A_° csº[cphdp¨ i|fp`|fp A°hp eyhp__u ip°^

L$fhp gp¡ep. cph_Nf rS>Îgp_p ^p°mp\u _h qL$gp°duV$f_p

A¨[f° Aph°g kdqY$epmp Npddp¨ L$gp∆ Np°rlg A_° hM[ybp

_pd_p ^dÆ`fpeZ ]¨$`[u_° –ep¨ L$lmk¨N [\p S>°cpC _pd_p

b° `y”p° l[p. [°dp¨ L$lmk¨N csº[cphdp¨ [âu_ l[p. gp°L$p°

`Z Ap eyhp__° L$lmk¨N cN[_p _pd\u Ap°mM[p l[p.

L$lmk¨N cN[_° A°L$kp¨S>° kuddp¨ L$p°C Ah^|[_p° c°V$p° \C

Nep°. kps–hL$ A_° ^dÆ`fpeZ h©r—_p Ap k¨[° L$lmk¨N_°

kp^_p dpN£ `mp°V$Èp A_° [°dp¨\u k¨[ L$lmk¨N cN[ \ep.

Aphp csº[`fpeZ eyhp_ D`f cpC∆cpC_y¨ d_ W$eyØ.

nr”e kdpS>dp¨ `y”u_° kpkf° hmph° –epf° kpkfudp¨

]$uL$fu_° A°L$g[p _ kpg° [°d S> OfL$pddp¨ d]$]$Í$` \hp kp\°

Mpk AZhf dp°L$ghp_p° rfhpS> R>°. N¨Npbp_u bpm`Z_u

kMu `p_bpC N¨Npk[u kp\° h°gX$pdp¨ b°ku kdqY$epmp

ApÏep¨. `p_bpC A`frZ[ l[p¨. N¨Npbp_p csº[_p fkdp¨

`p_bpC Z Ap°mOp°m \C Nep A_° ∆h_cf Arhhprl[ S>

f¸p¨. dufpbpC_u S>°d [°dZ° k¨b¨ bp¨›ep° r_fpL$pf ıhÍ$` Cf

kp\°. A_° L$lmk¨N cN[_° A_° N¨Npk[u_° p°[p_p Nyfy dpfiep¨.

303 304

159


g¡_`R>u L$lmk¨N cN[ A_° N¨Npbp_° –ep¨ fpS>bp

A_° lrfbp _pd° b° q]$L$fuAp°_p° S>fid \ep°. Of, k¨kpf A_°

csº[dp¨ [fbp°m Ap ]¨$`[u D√Q Ap›eps–dL$ c|rdL$p ‚p·

L$f[y¨ S>[y¨ l[y¨. `p°[p_° \e°gp A_ychp°_u hp[ L$p°C_°e L$l°[p¨

_lp°[p¨. OZp¨ OZp¨ Cfu `fQpAp°_u [°Ap°_° A_yc|r[ \[u

l[u. L$epf°L$ N¨Npk[u [°_° `p°[p_p csº[`]$ ‹pfp Ïeº[ L$f[p¨

l[p¨ :

hQ_ rhh°L$u S>° _f_pfu `p_bpC,

[°_° b∞˚pq]$L$ gpN° `pe,

hı[y hQ_dp¨ R>° `qf`|fZ,

hQ_ R>° csº[_y¨ ≈° _° A¨N.

A°L$ q]$hk kdqY$epmp_p L°$V$gpL$ CjpÆmy¨ gp°L$p°A°

L$lmk¨N cN[_° `fQp° Ap`hp_u dÌL$fu L$fu. L$lmk¨N [p°

`pf E[fu Nep, `Z [°d_p d_dp¨ A°d \eÿ L°$ gp°L$p° kde

S>[p¨ `p°[p_° Qd–L$pqfL$ Ap–dp dp_i°. [° `l°gp¨ S> ]°$l–epN

L$fhp°. A°hp° k¨L$Î` g°hpC Nep°.

Ïerº[`|≈dp¨ [p° N¨Npk[u, `p_bpC A_° L$lmk¨N

dp_[p¨ _ l[p¨. A°V$g° Ïesº[`|≈ iÍ$ \pe [° ANpD S> ∆h[p¨

kdpr^ gC g°hu A°hp° k¨L$Î` L$lmk¨N° L$ep£. N¨NpbpC `Z

`r[_p° kp\ r_cphhp [•epf \C Nep¨. f¨[y L$lmk¨N° p_bpC

csº[dpN£ bfpbf [fide \C ≈e –ep¨ ky u N¨NpbpC_° fp°L$pC

S>hp rh_¨[u L$fu. C.k. 1894_u 21du ≈fieyApfu_p q]$hk°

kdqY$epmpdp¨ `p°[p_u S> hpX$udp¨ L$lmk¨N cN[_p° Ap–dp

`fdp–dpdp¨ rhgu_ \C Nep°. C.k. 1843 \u 1894 kyû

51 hjÆ_y¨ ApeyÛe ∆hu L$lmk¨N cN[ rh]$pe \ep.

ApS>° [p° ÏeqL$[ |≈dp¨ dp__pf k¨[p°, cº[p°, kpdpfie

dpZkp° A_ fpS>L$pfZuAp° `Z R>°, [° kde° `Z l[p, `Z

L$lmk¨N cN[° ÏeqL$[`|≈\u ]|$f fl°hp, `p°[p_° L$p°C Cf_p°

Aï dp_u _ b°k° [° dpV°$ ∆h[p¨ S> kdpr^ guû ! Ap L$Î`_p

S> lQdQphu d|L°$ A°hu R>°.

riÛep_° `|ZÆ[p_° Apf° `lp°¨QpX$hp `r[ `–_u_° rh_¨[u

L$f° A_° `–_u [°_° rifp°dpfie L$f° [°hp b_ph S>hÎg° S> b_°. S>°

Np°rlghpX$_p nr”e kdpS>dp¨ Ap ANpD A_° [–`Úp[ ºepf°e

b_°gp° kp¨c˛ep° _\u. A° [p° kp•fpÙ≤$_u k¨[`fpeZ c|rd_p° S>

‚cph A_° k¨ıL$pf l[p° A°d L$luA° [p° `Z Mp°Vy¨$ _\u.

`qfhpf_u csº[`f¨`fp_° VL$phu fpMhp N¨Npk[u

fp°L$pC Nep¨ A_°L$¸y¨ :

k[Nyyfy d°f° NpfyX$u, L$uû dyS> `f d°f,

dpfp° ]$u_p° dfdfp°, D—f Nep kb T°f,

L$lmk¨N° kdpr^ gu^p `R>u ep°N, op_ A_ csº[_p¨

N|Y flıep° kd≈h[p¨, k_p[_ ^dÆ_p° k¨]°$ip° Ap`[p¨ bph_

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160


cS>_p° fQu_° bph_ q]$hkkyû p_bpC_° D`]°$i Ap`[p¨ ]$p°

k¨cmpÏep¨. `p_bpC `Z Nyfyop_ `pdu_° Ap_¨q]$[ \C Nep¨

A_° L$l°hp gp¡ep : "A°L$ _h^pcsº[_° kp^[p¨, dmu Nep°

[|qfepdp¨ [pf.' A_° N¨Npk[uA° `Z kpQ_u `X$M° flu_°

∆h_k¨N∞pddp¨ T|Thp[u hp[ L$fu :

cpC f°,

kp¨Np°`p¨N A°L$fk kfMp° `p_bpC,

b]$gpe _ bu≈° f¨N,

kpQ_u k¨N° L$ped fdhy¨ `p_bpC,

L$fhu csº[ Ac¨N.

bph_ q]$hk kyû N¨Npk[uA° op_ A_° csº[_p N|Y$

flıe_° DL°$[p¨ `]$p° `p_bpC_° k¨cmphu_° C.k. 1894 _u

15 du dpQ£ `p°[p_y¨ L$[ÆÏe `|fy¨ \e°gy¨ dp_u ]°$l R>p°X$Èp° A_°

Ap–dpÍ$ù [pf Cf kp\° A°L$pL$pf \C Nep°. l°gp¨ kMu A_°

`R>u Nyfy b_°gp¨ N¨Npk[u_u rh]$pe `p_bpC dpV°$ `Z Ak¸

b_u A_° N¨Npk[u_y¨ Ap `]$ ep]$ L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨ñ

Nyfy_° æ$p°^ \ep° A°hy¨, S>ep¨ gNu ≈Z° _°,

–ep¨ gNu iyŸ Aq^L$pfu _p L$l°hpe,

k[Nyfy QfZdp¨ iui _dphu,

–epf° `|fZ r_≈fu L$l°hpe.

bfpbf Qp°\° q]$hk°, 19du dpQÆ 1894 _p q]$hk°

`p_bpCA° `Z `⁄pk_dp¨ b°ku ]°$l_p° –epN L$ep£.

^p°mp pk°_p kdqY$epmp Npd°, L$pmycpf _]$u_p ]$rnZ

qL$_pf° k¨[ r”`yV$u_u S>Np Aph°gu R>°. Ap S>Npdp¨ L$lmk¨N

cN[ [\p N¨Npk[u_u kdpr^ D`fp¨[ fpd, iyL$f, A_°

l_ydp_∆_p¨ d¨q]$fp°R>°. `p_bpC_p azg (Ası\) D`f kdpr^

_\u`Z S>¡ep_p _pddp¨ [°d_p° kdph°i L$fhpp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

A°L$kp°_° kp°m$ hfk hu–ep R>[p¨ kdrY$epmp_u ‚[pù

c|rddp¨\u ApS>° `Z N¨Npk[u_p° _p]$ k¨cmpe R>° :

]$mu]$mu_° Y$p¨L$Zudp¨ DOfphhy¨ _°,

A°hy¨ L$fhy¨ _lv L$pd f°,

Ap`Zu hı[y _ ≈e Ahı\p_°,

A° S>hp_y¨ g°hy¨ _lu _pd.

!!!!!

307 308

161


33. crN_u r_h°q]$[p(1867-1905)

ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]$ k‡V°$Ábf 1894dp¨ I¡g°fiX$ `^pepÆ

l[p. `R>u Ckpb°g dpfS>°k__p `rÚd rhcpN sı\[ A°L$

ch_dp¨ ıhpdu∆_u Np°rõ$_y¨ Apep°S>_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨.

ıhpdu∆_° kpcmhp dpV°$ A°°L$ AY$pf hjÆ_u eyhp_udp N d|L$[u

eyh[u `Z –ep¨ Aphu l[u. [° ıhpdu∆_p ‚\d ]$iÆ_\u

A–er^L$ ‚cprh[ \C. [°Zu_° Aphp rQ¨[_iug Ïerº[_°

dmhp_p° Aphp° Ahkf `l°gp¨ ‚p· \ep° _ l[p°. ıhpdu

rhh°L$p_¨]$_p Ap›eps–dL$ A_° tQ[_iug Ïepøep_p° kp¨cmu_°

[° OZu S> ‚cprh[ \C A_° ıhpdu∆_p I¡g°fiX$ ‚hpk

]$frdep_ ƒep¨ ƒep¨ ıhpdu∆_y¨ Ïepøep_ Np°W$hp[y¨ –ep¨ –ep¨ [°

AQ|L$ lpS>f fl°[u A_° A° hº[Ïep°dp¨\u `p°[p_p ‚Òp°_y¨

kdp^p_ Z d°mh[u l[u. A›ep–d_u Ap QQpÆAp°\u Aop_

- A¨^L$pf ]|$f \hp gp¡ep [\p op__p DS>S>hm qL$fZp° ˘]$e

[\p dNS>_° ı`iÆ L$fhp gp¡ep. R>u [p°[° A_ych L$fhp gpNu

L°$, ≈° ıhpdu∆ g¨X$_ _ ApÏep lp°[ [p° [°_y ∆h_ r_f\ÆL$ Ïe[u[

\C ≈[. [°dZ° rhQpf ‚qæ$ep [\p L$dÆ n°”dp¨ L¨$C L$fhp dpV$°_u

q]$ip ‚]$p_ L$fu. b° drl_p R>u ıhpdu∆ Ad°qfL$p Nep; f¨[y

[°Zu_p d_dp¨ A›ep–d rhjeL `©õ$c|rd ky◊Y$ fu[° r_dpÆZ

\C Q|L$u l[u.

Ap eyh[u [° bu∆ L$p°C _rl, Z ]y$:Mu dp_hp°_° kyM

‚]$p_ L$f_pf dpNÆf°V$ _p°byg. _p°byg_p° S>fid 28du Ap°ºV$p°bf

1867dp¨ A°L$ Apefui Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ \ep° l[p°. r`[p_y¨ _pd :

k°ÁeyAg qQfd¨X$ [\p dp[p_y _pd : d°fu l°duÎV$_ l[y. _p°byg_°

S>fid\u S> prdÆL$ hp[phfZ ‚p· \ey l[y. [°_p r`[p A°L$ CkpC

^dÆ_p ‚QpfL$ l[p. [°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ Of° A_°L$ `p]$fuAp°_u

AhfS>hf fl°[u l[u. cpf[dp¨ dÆ‚Qpf- rdi_fu L$pd - dpV°$

dp°L$g°gp A°L$ `p]$fu _p°byg_p dp\° ı_°lkcf lp\ d|L$u L$¸y¨ :

""cpf[_° L$p°CL$ q]$hk Ap bpmL$u_u S>Í$f `X$i°. cpf[_p

Ap›eps–dL$ rhL$pkdp¨ Ap_p° apmp° dl“h_p° fl°°i°. buSy>¨ S>°

cpf[_u ApTp]$udp¨ Z [°_y dl“h_y L$peÆ fl°i°.'' A_° p]$fu_u

crhÛehpZu Anfi: kpQu `X$u.

r`[p qfQd¨X$_y Ahkp_ cfeyhp_ Ahı\pdp¨ dp” 24

hjÆ_p ApeyÛeL$pm° \ey¨. –epf° _p°byg [p° kph _p_u bpmL$u

l[u. Z [°_p ‹pfp L$l°hpe°gp iÂ]$p° [°_p ∆h__y¨ crhÛe L$\_

l[y¨ : ""_p°byg_p ∆h_dp¨ A°L$ S>bf]$ı[ hmp¨L$ Aphi°,

cNhp_ [fa\u [°_p dpV°$ r_d¨”Z Aph° [p° [°_° fp°L$[p _rl.

[°Zu ‹pfp dp_h[p_u k°hp dpV°$ dlp_ L$peÆ k¨`fl \i°.''

C.k. 1886dp¨ [°dZ° A¨≈d _pd_p ı\p_ `f 19

hjÆ_p ApeyÛeL$pm° A›ee__y¨ L$peÆ Apf¨Êey¨ l[y¨. [°dZ° C.k.

309 310

162


1892dp¨ "frıL$_ ıL|$g'_u ı\p`_p L$fu_° bpmL$p°_° _•r[L$[p

[fa gC S>hp dpV°$ cf`|f ‚e–_p° L$epÆ l[p. 18 hjÆ_y¨

ApeyÛeL$pm° [p° ]$f°L$_p ∆h__p° dl“h_p° hmp¨L$ lp°e R>°.

crhÛe_p ∆h__° L$C fu[° Np°W$hhy [°hp kyhZÆde ıh‡_ ≈°hp_y

lp°e R>°. Aphp kde° _p°byg_y¨ d_ Aip¨[ fl°hp gp¡ey¨. [°OZu

hM[ qNf≈Of - ]°$hm-dp¨ [p° OZuhpf A°L$p¨[ ı\p_° tQ[_ -

d__dp¨ Mp°hpe°g fl°[u. 18 hjÆ_p AÎ` ApeyÛedp¨ r¿ı[u

^dÆ ‚–e° [°Zu_p d_dp¨ A_°L$ i¨L$pAp° EW$hp gpNu l[u. A°_y¨

kdp^p_ [°dZ° ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]$_p I¡g°fiX$ ‚hpk ]$frdep_

[°d_p hº[Ïep° kp¨cmu_° d°mÏey¨ l[y¨.

Ap _p°byg [°buSy>¨ L$p°C S> _rl, Z crN_u r_h°q]$[p.

[°dZ° cpf[_p ]$u_-]y$:Mu dp_hp°_p DŸp dpV°$ k°hpL$peÆdp¨

[_,d_, _ hX°$ k°hp L$peÆ L$eyØ. 15du A°r‚g 1896dp¨ ıhpdu

rhh°L$p_¨]$ afu\u I¡g°fiX$ `^pepÆ –epf° [°dZ° "frıL$_ ıL|$g'_u

dygpL$p[ guû l[u. –ep¨_p bpmL$p°_° ≈°C_° [°d_° cpf[ue

r_^Æ_ A_° Arirn[ Ly$Vy¨$bp°_p bpmL$p°_u ep]$ Aphhp\u

ıhpdu∆_u Ap¨Mdp¨\u AÓytb]$yAp° V$`L$u `X$Èp¨. Ap ≈°C

_p°byg° - crN_u r_h°]$u[p - d_p°d_ _Ω$u L$eyØ L°$, Alv_p¨

bpmL$p° L$f[p¨ cpf[_p¨ bpmL$p° h^y r_^Æ_ R>°. [p° [°d_u k°hp

L$fu [°d_pdp¨ kdS> L°$mhpe A_° p°[p_p° ∆h_ fpl p°[° ip°û

iL°$. [°dZ° cpf[ Aphhp dpV°$ hpf¨hpf ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]$_° rh_¨[u

L$fu. `Z [°Ap° cpf[ ep”p_° V$pm[p f¸p. [°Ap° C√R>[p _

lp°[p L°$ cphyº[pdp¨ Aphu_° D`pX°$gy¨ L$]$d ApNm hû iL$[ÿ

_\u A_° lpıepı`]$ b_° R>°. [°Ap° C√R>[p l[p L°$ _p°byg_p

rhQpfp°dp¨ `qf`ºh[p Aph°, A¨[fdp¨ ]y$:Mu dp_hp° dpV$° ]y$:M

D–`fl \pe. ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]$ 16du k‡V°$Ábf 1896dp¨ cpf[

`f[ ApÏep, `f¨[y [°dZ° _p°byg_° cpf[ Aphhp dpV°$ ıhuL©$r[

–epf° Apù L°$ ƒepf° [°_p ◊rÙ$L$p°Zdp¨ kdyrQ[ `qfh[Æ_ \ey¨.

ıhpdu∆A° `”dp¨ gøey¨ L°$, "cpf[dp¨ L$peÆ_u ◊rÙ$A° [dpfy¨

crhÛe Dà>hm R>°. Alvep¨ dpZk_u _rl, `f¨[y _pfu_u S>Í$f

R>°. S>° tkl_u dpaL$, Alvep Ïep`°gu Nygpdu, r_^Æ_[p, A_°

A¨^rhpk S>°hu dyÌL°$guAp°_° ]|$f L$fu iL°$. Alv [dpf° A°hp

A^Æ_î ˜u-`yfyjp°_u h√Q° fl°hyy¨ `X$i°. S>°d_u ≈r[hp]$_p

k¨b¨ dp¨ rhrQ” pfZpAp° R>°. Alv_y hp[phfZ Nfd R>°. Aphu

`qfrı\r[dp¨ `Z [dpfpdp¨ L$pd L$fhp_y¨ kplk lp°e [p° cpf[

Aphp°.'

_p°byg [p° Ap nZ_u S> ‚[unp L$fu flu l[u. [°ZuA°

`p°[p_u dp[p,cpC, bl°_, rd” [\p `qfrQ[ Ïerº[Ap°\u

L$fyZ hp[phfZdp¨ I¡g°fiX$ R>p°X$Èy¨. [° dp°Ábpkp\u hlpZdp¨

b°ku cpf[ Aphu. 28du ≈fieyApfu 1898_p° [° rh” q]$hk

311 312

163


_p°byg_p ∆h__p° dl“h |ZÆ q]$hk l[p°. ıhpdu rhhL$p_¨]°$ ıhe¨

`yÛ`lpf\u [°Zu_y¨ ıhpN[ L$eyØ. Aph[p¨_u kp\° S> _p°byg°

A›ep–dn°”dp¨ `]$p`ÆZ L$eyØ A_° b¨Ngp cpjp iuMu guû.

≈° Ïesº[dp¨ ÓŸp lp°e, L$pd ‚–e° r_õ$plp°e A_° [dflp, Dfidp]$

lp°e [p° A°L$ [p° iy¨ `Z huk S>°V$gu cpjpAp° ≈Zu_° rh‹p_

b_u iL°$ R>°.

17du dpQÆ 1898dp¨ ƒepf° [° dp ipf]$p_° d˛ep –epf°

[°dZ° `p°[p_p bplzdp¨ S>L$X$u gC_° L$¸y¨ : ""b°V$u, [_° d°mhu_°

d_° OZu S> ‚kfl[p \C R>°.'' A°L$ k·pl `R>u _ugpÁbf

dyM∆Æ_u hpqV$L$pdp¨ ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]°$ _p°byg_° b∞˚QpqfZu

h∞[_u ]$unp Apù A_° _pd fpøey¨ "r_h°]$u[p'.

L$gº[pdp¨ ‡g°N_p° ‚L$p°` \ep° –epf° dpZkp° `p°[p_p°

∆h bQphu_° il°f R>p°X$u_° cpNu f¸p l[p. dl°[f dm[p _

l[p. [°hp kde_u rhL$V$ `qfsı\r[dp¨ `p°[p_p ‚pZ_u `fhp

L$epÆ hNf [°ZuA° `p°[p_p lp\dp¨ `phX$p° gu^p° A_° bpN-

b≈f_u N¨]$L$u cf°gu NV$fp°_u kapC L$fhp gpNu. [°_p Ap

L$peÆ\u L°$V$gpe° eyhL$p° ifdpC Nep A_° fpl[L$peÆdp¨ `p°[p_u

k°hpAp° Ap`hp gp¡ep.

[°Ap° dp_[p¨ l[p¨ : "S>° S>¡ep_u dp[©isº[ A`dpr_[

\[u lp°e [° ]°$i_p D–\p__u L$p°C Apip fpMu iL$pe _rl.' Ap

Dÿ°i\u ıhpdu∆ kp\°_p `fpdiÆ_° L$pfZ° r_h°]$u[pA° 13

_h°Ábf 1898 _p fp°S> L$gL$—pdp¨ "drlgp rh¤pge' _u

ı\p`_p L$fu. f¨[y rh]°$iu drlgp_p k¨ LÆ$dp¨ L$p°C p°[p_u y”u_°

dp°L$ghp dpV°$ [•epf _ l[y¨. ]$f°L$ iyc L$peÆ_y¨ ‚\d QfZ D`lpk

A_° rhfp°^\u S> Apf¨cpe R>°. Alv `Z A° S> sı\r[ b_u,

`f¨[y r_h°]$u[p_p kfm ıhcph, kpfu cph_p [\p ı_°lde

Ïehlpf\u ‚cprh[ \C S>N]$uiQ¨÷ bky, frhfi÷_p\ V$pNp°f [\p

L°$ihQ÷ k°_ S>°hp A_°L$ ‚r[rõ$[ Ïesº[Ap°A° p°[p_u y”uAp°_°

dp°L$ghp_y¨ iÍ$ L$eyØ.

‚dyM k¨ı\pAp°_p r_d¨”Z [\p ^_fpri A°L$r”[

L$fhp_p Dÿ°i\u [° ”Z hjÆ dpV°$ g¨X$_, riL$pNp°, fie|ep°LÆ$ [\p

`°qfk_u ep”p dpV°$ _uL$˛ep¨. ≈fieyApfu 1902dp¨ ƒepf° [°

cpf[ ApÏep [p° drlgp rinZ_y A |fy fl°g L$peÆ afu\u fk |hÆL$

A_° `|fu r_õ$p\u L$fhp gp¡ep. C.k. 1902dp¨ gp°XÆ$ L$TÆ_

‹pfp b¨^pe°gu rhqh¤pge Apep°N_u [°ZuA° L$V$y¨ Apgp°Q_p

L$fu.

[°Ap° eyhp`°Y$u_° –epN, brg]$p_ A_° k°hp_p `pW$

cZphhp dp¨N[p l[p. [°_p dpV°$ [°dZ° rhh°L$p_¨]$ krdr[,

æ$p¨r[L$pfu krdr[, A_yiug_ krdr[ [\p X$p∑_ krd[u_p° ApÓe

gu^p°. ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]°$ Ap k¨kpfdp¨\u rh]$pe guû –epf R>u

313 314

164


afu afu_° cpf[ue A›ep–d_p° k¨]°$i S>_-S>_ kyû `lp¢QpX$hp

gp¡ep¨. [°dZ° "eyNpfi[f' A_° "hfi]$° dp[fd' _u gp°L$r‚e[p

h^pfhpdp¨ `yf°`yfp° klep°N Ap‡ep°.

≈° L°$ 13 du dpQÆ 1905 (38 hjÆ_u he°) \u [°d_y¨

ıhpı\e bfpbf fl°[y¨ _ l[y¨. `Z A°_u tQ[p L$epÆ hNf

b¨Nc¨N_p rhfp°^dp¨ ƒepf° `l°gu kcp_y¨ Apep°S>_ \ey¨ –epf°

r_h°]$u[pA° tklZ_u S>°d NS>Æ_p L$fu. M°X|$[p° [\p dS|>fp°_u

Apr\ÆL$ sı\r[ ky^pfhp dpV ° $ [°dZ° L°V $gue° klL$pfu

krd[uAp°_u ı\p`_p L$fu. [° C√R>[p¨ l[p¨. ]°$i_p b^p Nfd

[\p _fd ]mp°_p _°[p A°L$ \C_° dp[©c|rd_p¨ b¨^_p° [p°X$u

_pMhp_p° ‚epk L$f°. Ap¨[fuL$ rhMhp]$_p° gpc A¨N∞°≈°_° _

dm° A°V$gp dpV°$ [°dZ° L$p¢N∞°k_p hpfpZku Ar^h°i_dp¨ Ap

A¨[f_° `|fhp dpV°$ `|f°`|fu L$p°rii L$fu.

cNu_u r_h°]$u[p_y¨ ifuf nd[p\u `Z h^pf° L$peÆ

L$fhp_° gu ° ]y$bÆm \C f y l[y. L$dmp_p ]$]£$ [°d_° h^pf° L$d≈°f

b_phu ]$u^p¨. R>[p¨ `Z fp°N - `\pfu `f k|[p¨ k|[p¨ [°dZ° "û

dpıV$f A∑S> ApC kp∑_ rld.' [\p "æ°$X$g Ap°a rlfi]y$CTd'

N∞¨\p°_u fQ_p L$fu. [°_p\u `Z h^y bu∆ "azV$ apÎk Ap°a

CfiX$ue_ rlıV≤$u' "ıV$X$uT ‰p°d C_ X$uıV≤$_ lpDk' [\p "fpdL©$ÛZ

hQ_pd©[' [°d_u ‚dyM fQ_pAp° R>°.

crN_u r_h°]$u[p cpf[_u ıh[¨”[p dpV° $ S>_ -

≈NfZ_u kp\° A˜-i˜p°_u isº[_°`Z S>Í$fu dp_[p¨ l[u.

[°dZ° qfrO_° OZu S> rhı[©[ L$fu guû l[u. ‚azÎgQ¨÷ fpe_u‚ep°Nipmpdp¨ DâpkL$f]$—_° [°dZ° S> bp°Áb b_phhp_yïuMÏey¨ l[y¨. l°dQ¨÷_° apfik A_° CV$pgu dp°L$ghp `pR>m_p°Dÿ°i Ap S> Ry>`pe°gp° l[p°.

[°d_pdp¨ A]$c|[ isº[ l[u. [° cpf[dp¨ flu_° Alv_uDflr[ dpV°$ khÆıh fiep°R>phf L$fhp_y¨ C√R>[p¨ l[p¨. [°d_p° S>fidcg° rh]°$idp¨ \ep° lp°e `f¨[y cpf[_p L$Z-L$Z kp\° A_y`d‚°d l[p°. [° L$p°C_p ]y$:M_° ≈°C_° b°Q°_ \C S>[p¨. A_° L$p°C`Zfu[° [°_° ]|$f L$fhp ‚e–_p° L$f[p¨ l[p¨. ıhpdu k]$p_¨]∆_° Aıhı\≈°ep [p° [° rldpge [fa Qpgu _uº˛ep¨. lh° ıhe¨_y¨ ifuf `Zkp\ Ap`[y¨ _ l[y¨. aº[ lpX$L$p¨ S> flu Nep l[p¨. `qfÓdL$fhpdp¨ L¨$C bpL$u fpøey¨ _ l[y¨. [° S>ghpey `qfh[Æ_ dpV°$]$p∆ÆgvN Nep¨ l[p¨. [°d_u lpg[ fı[pdp¨ S> bNX$u NC. gp°lu- `fy_p TpX$p \hp gp¡ep. X$pµ. _ugf–_ kfL$pf [\p rhù_rblpfu kfL$pf° [°d_u rQqL$–kpdp¨ L$p°C S> ‚L$pf_u Mpdu fpMu_ l[u. R>[p¨ Z [°d_° bQphu _ iºep. A¨r[d nZp°dp¨ [°d_uAp¨NmuAp° fy÷pn_u dpmp `f l[u.

crN_u r_h°]$u[p cNh]‚pr·_u ‡epkdp¨ S> ∆h__u`|ZÆ kp\ÆL$[p dp_[p¨ l[p¨. [° Ap∆h_ k¨kpf_° cNh]$dedp_u_° |≈-AQÆ_ L$f[p¨ f¸p¨. [°dZ° ]y$:Mu r`X$u[ gp°L$p°_u k°hpL$fhpdp¨ OZp° S> qfÓd L$ep£ L°, A°L$ k¨ fl Of_u kyLy$dpf drlgp`pk°\u Apip fpMu iL$pe _rl, A°dZ° [p° `fp°`L$pf_p L$peÆ_p°Ó°eıL$fdpNÆ b[phu ]$u^p° R>°.

!!!!!

315 316

165


34. r_L$p°fp_p k¨[Óu d^yk|]$_]$pk∆A_° Óu Ap_¨]$u dp

(1878-1994)

b∞ gu_ Óu d yk|]$_]$pk∆_p° S>fid rblpf_p ]y$NpÆluX$

_pd_p Npddp¨ k¨h[ 1938_p `p°j ky] $ `p ¨Qd_p

(C.k.1878) _p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. r`[pÓu fpd]$lu_∆ rdÓp

A_° dp[pÓu k¨`r—]°$hu ]°$h - ]°$huıhÍ$` l[p¨.

Óu d^yk|]$_]$pk∆_y¨ bpm`Z_y¨ _pd L$piu_p\ l[y¨.

_p_`Z\u S> [°d_° "lz L$p°Z ?' _p° ‚Ò A_° d©–ey_p° X$f k[ph[p°

l[p°. hX$ugp°_u Apop\u ipmpdp¨ ]$pMg [p° \ep `Z

AÊepkdp¨ S>fp Z fyrQ _ l[u. dp” kp[ hjÆ_u he° N©l–epN

L$ep£ f¨[y R> dpkdp¨ ıhS>_p°_p lp\° TX$`pC Nep. afu A°L$hpf

13 hjÆ_u Jdf° N©l–epN L$ep£ A_° L$piu, d\yfp, Aep°›ep,

‚epN, rQ”L|$V$ hN°°f°_u `qfæ$dp L$fu OZp L$Ù$p° h°W$Èp¨.

rQ”L| $V $dp ¨ A°L$ Aop[ dlp–dp ‹pfp [°d_¨ y ¨

_pdpr^L$fZ \ey¨ A_° –epf\u "Óu d^yky]$_]$pk∆ dlpfpS>'

[fuL$° ≈Zu[p \ep. –epfbp]$ [°Ap° Apby ApÏep. Apd ”uk

hjÆ_u A[|V$, AM¨X$, k¨L$V$p° - dykub[p° krl[_u kp^_p L$fu.

k_π 1921dp¨ Óu `fd°f]$pk∆ dlpfpS>° Apbydp¨

A°d_° isº[`p[ L$ep£. S>°_u S>fidp°S>fid\u [©ÛZp l[u [° k]π$Nyfy

L©$`p\u nZdp”dp¨ S> ‚p· \C. Ap¨[fuL$ AM¨X$ ip¨r[ ‚p·

\C. ^|m°V $u_p fp °S> Apby `hÆ[_u "lp\u Nyap'dp¨

Ap–dkpnp–L$pf \ep°.

C.k. 1947 \u Óu ›ep_u∆ (d^yk|]$_]$pk∆)A°

gp°L$L$ÎepZeo_p° Apf¨c Lfu isº[`p[ A_° ›ep__u iÍ$Ap[

L$fu. C.k. 1961_u kd|l›ep_ A_° kd|l isº[`p[_u

iÍ$Ap[ L$fu. [°Ap° OZp° kde b¨^hX$ (fp^_`yf `pk°) f¸p.

1972dp¨ Óu ›ep_u∆ (d yk|]$_]$pk∆) A° d©–ey_p° kpnp–L$pf

L$ep£. A° kde° A°d_p¨ riÛep `|ƒe Ap_¨]$udp_u Ap¨Mp°dp¨\u

b° ‚L$pi_p qL$fZp° _uL$mu `p°[p_pdp¨ kdpep A_° `y_:∆h_

‚p· \ey¨.

`|ƒe ›ep_u∆ d¨”ip˜, h°]$ip˜, lW$ep°N, k¨Nu[,

h_ı`r[ip˜, fkpeZip˜, hN°f°_p Ap¨[f◊Ù$p l[p. A°d_p

fp°dfp°ddp¨ [p° fpd fd[p l[p. [°Ap° S>° cS>_ Np[pA° Z Oœ¨

k|QL$ R>° :

ld [p° fd[° fpd l•,

]y$r_ep `f rhÓpd l•,

ld [p° fd[° fpd.

Óu ›ep_ep°Nu∆A° 116hjÆ_u Jdf° 29 Ap°NÙ$

1994 _° S>fidpÙ$du_p fp°S> dlpkdpr^ gu^u. [°d_u isº[

317 318

166


A°d_p¨ Ap›eps–dL$ riÛep Óu Ap_¨]udp¨ ApS>° `Z L$peÆ L$fu

f¸p¨ R>°.

Óu Ap_¨]$udp_p¨ bpm`Zp_p¨ hjp£ Ap›eps–dL$ kp^_p

A_° isº[\u kd©Ÿ l[p¨. C.k. 1972 dp¨ 14 hjÆ_u Jdf° S>

[°Ap° KX$p ›ep_dp¨ E[fu Nep¨. A°dZ° "gpM S>°V$gp k|eÆ_p°

‚L$pi'≈°ep° A_° kpnp[ ]°$hudp_° `p°[p_pdp¨ kdph°i \[p¨

r_lp˛ep¨. –epfbp]$ Ap_¨]$udp¨ Arhf[`Z° ›ep_ Ahı\pdp¨

fl°hp gp¡ep¨. [°d_p r`[p∆A° Óu ›ep_ ep°Nu∆_° Ap›eps–dL$

kgpl A_° d]$]$ dpV°$ rh_¨[u L$fu. Óu ›ep_ep°Nu∆ Ap_¨]$udp_°

KX$p ›ep_dp¨\u blpf gpÏep A_° ]°$hudp kp\°_p k¨b¨^ rhi°

`©√R>p L$fu. "[d° ]°$hudp_° R>bu, d|r[Æ L°$ ∆rh[ Ïesº[ ıhÍ$`°

≈°ep¨ l[p¨ ?' Óu Ap_¨]$udpA° S>hpb Ap‡ep°, "[d_° A–epf°

S>° ıhÍ$`° ≈°J Ry>¨ [°hp ıhÍ$`°.' "Óu ›ep_ep°Nu∆ L$l°[p L°$ Óu

Ap_¨]$udp [°d_u _p_u Jdf° OZp¨ ApNm `X$[p¨ Ap›eps–dL$

Ïesº[ l[p¨. Ap_¨]$udpA° `p°[p_p dp[pr`[p_u k¨dr[\u

isº[`p[ gu^p_p \p°X$p kdedp¨ S> Óu ›ep_ ep°Nu∆ kp\°

fl°hp Of R>p°X$Èy¨. Óu ›ep_u∆A° S>ZpÏey¨ : "dpfp Nyfy]°$h°

isº[_u kp¨L$m Óu Ap_¨]$udp_° kp¢`hp L$¸y¨ R>°. ' Óu Ap_¨]$udp

1976dp¨ ›ep_ep°Nu∆ kp\° Ad°qfL$p Nep¨ A_° kp\° S>

^dÆL$peÆ A_° k[πL$peÆdp¨ f[ f¸p¨.

Óu ›ep_ep°Nu∆ 1980 dp¨ cpf[ `^pepÆ –epf° Óu

Ap_¨]$udp¨ A_° Óu q]$gu`∆_p g¡_ L$epÆ A_° kp\° L$peÆ L$fhp

L$ y. [°dZ° Óu q]$gu`∆_° Z isº[`p[ L$fhp_u nd[p bnu.

Óu Ap_¨]$udp A_° Óu q]$gu`∆ cpf[dp¨ [°dS> Ad°qfL$p A_°

eyfp°`dp¨ OZp¨ ‚hpkp° L$fu ›ep_ A_° ep°N_u rirbfp° ep°∆

f¸p¨ R>°. [°Ap° ›ep_u∆A° ‚°f°gp dp_h[pgnu L$pep£ S>°hp L°$ da[

[bubu kpfhpf, lp°rı`V$g, dp°r[ep_p¨ Ap°`f°i_p°, bpmL$p°

[°dS> Nfubp°_° Mp°fpL$ A_° Afie d]$]$ L$fu f¸p¨ R>°.

`rh” _dÆ]$p _]$u, ep°Nu`yfyjp°_p L$l°hp dyS>b S>fidp°_p

L$dp£ ]|$f L$fu d_yÛe_° iyŸ L$f° R>°. dpfie[p dyS>b N¨Np L$_Mgp

`pk°, kfıh[u L$yfyn°” `pk° `rh” d_pe R>°. ƒepf° _dÆ]$p ]$f°L$

ı\m° `rh” d_pe R>°. Óu ›ep_u∆_u `Z A¨r[d C√R>p l[u

L°$ `rh” _dÆ]$pd•ep_° qL$_pf° A°hp° ApÓd b_° L°$ ƒep¨ kp^L$p°

Aphu kO_`Z° kp^_p L$fu Ap›eps–dL$ ‚Nr[ L$fu iL°$.

Nyfy∆_u C√R>p_° `pf `pX$hp_p° Óu Ap_¨]$udp_p° k¨L$Î` A°V$g°

fpd_u q]$Ïe isº[_p° S> k¨L$Î`. `qfZpd ıhÍ$`° r_L$p°fp Npd

(iyL$g[u\Æ `pk° - cÍ$Q)dp¨ _dÆ]$p [V°$ ›ep_ dpV$° kp_yL|$m ,

ip¨[, kyfÁe hp[phfZ d˛ey¨. S>Í$fu S>du_ dmu, 18 Í$dp°hpmy¨

iÍ$Ap[dp¨ dL$p_ bfiey¨. lh° ›ep_uıd©r[ d¨q]$f, ›ep_ lp°g,

¨QL$dÆ lp∑sı`V$g, Np•ipmp, fkp°Xy$ A_° S>Í$fu fl°W$pZ Ïehı\p_u

ep°S>_p b_u flu R>°.

!!!!!

319 320

167


35. Óu Óu dp Ap_¨]$deu(C.k. 1896-1992)

S>° Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ ›ep_, csº[, `|≈-`pW$ A_° CfıdfZ

k[[ \[y¨ lp°e A_° Of_y¨ hp[phfZ ^prdÆL$ A_° Ap›eps–dL$

lp°e, dp[p- r`[p [fa\u S>°_° Ap›eps–dL$ hpfkp° d˛ep° lp°e

A° k¨[p_p°dp¨ op_ A_° csº[cph_p° ‚cph [°d_p L$p°dm d_

`f `|ZÆÍ$`° ‚–en \[p° lp°e R>°. A° Ap›eps–dL$ hpfkp° ‚p·

\ep `R>u A°_p d_dp¨ Ap›eps–dL$[p A° Ap]$iÆ b_u ≈e R>°.

A° Ap›eps–dL$ Ap]iÆ\u d_dp¨ D–kpl h^° R>°, Ap_¨]$ h^° R>°,

Ap_¨]$ A° `fb∞˚_y¨ A¨[f¨N ıhÍ$` R>°. Ap_¨]$dp¨\u S> ArMg

rh_u D–`r— \C R>°. D`r_j]$_p F>rjAp°A° Ap [’e_°:

"Ap_fi]$p° b∞˚°r[ Ïe¨S>_p[ $& Ap_fi]•: Cdpr_ c|[pr_ ≈efi[°

Ap_fi]•$: ≈[pr_ ∆hsfi[ $&&' hN°f° F>QpAp° ‹pfp ‚NV$ L$eyØ R>°.

Ap_¨]$_p A_°L$ ‚L$pfp° Ap`Zp ‚pQu_ N∞\p°dp¨ hZÆÏep R>°. S>°dp¨

Ap–dp_¨]$, cphp_¨]$, r_≈_¨]$, b∞˚p_¨]$, fkp_¨]$_° "Ó°õ$

Ap_¨]$'dp_u L$¸y¨ R>° L°$, "cph°jy¨ rh¤[° ]°$h: [ıdp]$ cphp° rl

L$pfZdπ $&'

Óud]$ cNh]$Nu[pdp¨ cNhp_ ÓuL$©ÛZ∆A° L$¸y¨ R>° :

‡mfl` [w `H•$Vmß bmH$mZwßofÀdm emúVr g_mï $&

ewMrZmß lr_Vmß Jh `mJ ^´Ô>mL> oÔm`V $&&

AWdm `moJZm_d Hw$b ô∫$ Yr`Vm_≤ $&

EVo’ Xwb©^Vaß bmH$ O›_ `XrXe_≤ $&&

(Óud]$ cNh]Nu[p : 2:6:41:42)

A\pÆ[π :

"ep°N c∞Ù$ dpZk `yŒe ipmu gp°L$_° A°V$g° ıhNÆ hN°f°

D—d gp°L$_° `pdu_° –ep¨ OZp¨ hjp£ kyû r_hpk L$epÆ `R>u iyŸ

AphfZ iug ^_hp_p°_p Of° S>fid g° R>°. A\hp Ap rkhpe_p

S>° h•fp¡e hp_ ep°Nc∞Ù$ lp°e R>°. A°hp dpZkp° A° gp°Ldp¨ _

S>[p¨ op_hp_ ep°NuAp°_p Ly$mdp¨ S>fid° R>°. `f¨[y Ap ‚L$pf_p° S>°

S>fid R>° A° k¨kpfdp¨ Mf°Mf ]y$gÆc R>°.'

Aphp rh” Ly$mdp¨ C.k. 1896_u 30du A°r‚g° dp

Ap_¨]$deu_p° S>fid dp[p dp°n]$pky¨]$fu_u Ly$M° (Ah[pf ^pfZ

L$ep£.) \ep°. [°d_p r`[p rbù_rblpfu A°L$ cgp, cp°mp A_°

cphyL$ yfyj l[p. dp Ap_¨]$deu_y bpm`Zdp¨ _pd r_dÆgpky]$fu

l[y¨. r_dÆgpky¨]$fu_p S>fid `l°gp¨ r`[p rbù_rblpfu kp^y -

k¨[p°_u d¨X$mu kp\° Of R>p°X$u_° QpÎep Nep l[p. Ly$Vy¨$buS>_p°

[°d_p N©l–epN\u tQ[p[yf \C Nep l[p A_° Qpf° [fa [°d_°

ip°^hp _uL$mu `X$Èp l[p. A°L$ hjÆ `R>u [°d_p hphX$ d˛ep

A_° [°d_° kd≈hu_° O°f gphhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. kp^y-k¨[p°_p

321 322

168


k[[ klhpk\u [°d_y d_ csº[ A_° h•fp¡e_p f¨N° f¨NpC Q|ºey

l[y. hpf¨hpf [°d_p dyM°\u ‚cyıdfZ A_° ‚cy_u gugp_y hZÆ_

k¨cmp[y¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° hp¨fhpf L$l°[p L°$:

""cNhp_ L$u gugp q_fpgu

L$lv k|Mp, L$lv lqfepgu,

›ep_ gNp L°$ S>N L$p° ]°$Mp°

‚cy Qf_p¢ d¢ ∆h_ ^f ]$p°.''

r_dÆgpky]$fu - dp Ap_¨]$deu_p¨ dp[p dp°n]$pky]$fu Z

csº[ d[u ˜u l[u. r_dÆgpky¨]$fu_p S>fid `l°gp¨ A°L$ `y”u

S>fidu_° [f[ S> Ahkp_ pdu l[u, [°\u [°dZ° r_dÆgp_° S>fid

`R>u [ygku ºepf° fu ]$uû. cNh[u [ygkudp[p y”u_y¨ fnZ

L$fi°, A°hu dp[p dp°n]$p_° ÓŸp l[u. [ygkudp[p_p drldp

rhi° [°dZ° A_°L$ L$\pAp° hp¨Qu l[u A_°k¨[p°_p dyM°\u

[ygkuºepfp rhi° kp¨c˛ey¨ l[y¨ L°$ :

""Of L$p [uf\ [yguk ºepfp, ip°cp D_ L$u fiepfu l•,

[ygku `—p ‚cy L$p° ‡epfp, `|≈ D_ L$p° ‡epfu l•.''

k[[ ]$p°Y$ hfk kyû fp°S> khpf° dp[p dp°n]$pky¨]$fuA°

bprgL$p r_dÆgpky¨]$fu_° [ygku ºepf° d|L$u_° [°_u fnp dpV°$

[ygkudp[p_° ‚p\Æ_p L$fu l[u, [°\u dp°V$u \C r_dÆgpky¨]$fu

[ygku S>°hu `rh” A_° ‚cphipmu b_u l[u. r_dÆgp ky¨]$fu

_p_`Z\u S> hpQpm A_° [uh∞ byr›îsº[ ^fph[p¨ l[p¨.

iyL$]°$h∆ S>°d NcÆep°Nu l[p. [°d r_dÆgp `Z S>fid\u S>

dlpkd\Æ ep°Nu l[p¨.

`qfhpf_u `qfsı\r[ ‚r[L|$m lp°hp\u r_dÆgp `l°gp

^p°fZ\u ApNm ipmpL$ue rinZ d°mhu iºep _rl.,bpf

hjÆ_u _p_u he° [°d_p¨ g¡_ Qæ$h[w Ly$Vy¨$b_p fdZudp°l_ kp\°

L$fu ]°$hpdp¨ ApÏep¨. Qæ$h[w Ly$Vy¨$b M|b S> ApNm `X$[y¨, Óud¨[

A_° rinu[ NZp[y. fdZudp°l_ p°guk Mp[pdp¨ _p°L$fu L$f[p

l[p. [°d_p dp°V$p cpC f°h[udp°l_ Óu`yfdp¨ d]$]$_ui ıV°$i_

dpı[f l[p. [°d_p _p_p b° cpCAp° `Z kfL$pfu L$Q°fudp¨

_p°L$fu L$f[p l[p. këyº[ Ly$Vy $ ¨bdp¨ r_dÆgpky¨]$fu_° h^pf°

S>hpb]$pfu EW$phhu X$[u l[u. [°d_p¨ S>°W$pZu [p° k[[ budpf

fl°[p¨, A°V$g° Of_y¨ b^y¨ S> L$pd r_dÆgpky¨]$fu_° L$fhy¨ `X$[y¨.

d|m° [p° Ap ∆h NcÆep°rN_u l[p° A°V$g° ıl°S>° ıl°S>°

[°Ap° cphrhcp°f \C S>[p¨ l[p¨. ipmpdp¨ cZ[p¨ cZ[p¨ A_°

Of_y L$pdL$pS> L$f[p¨ [°d_° cphkdpr^ gpNu S>[u l[u. ıh‡_dp¨

[°d_° A_°L$ Agp•qL$L$ ◊Ìep° ≈°hp dm[p¨, `Z [°Ap° `p°[p_p°

A_ych L$p°C_u pk° Ïeº[ L$fhpdp¨ dp_[p¨ _ l[p¨. |hÆS>fid_p

323 324

169


k¨ıL$pfp° `pfZpdp¨\u S> ≈N∞[ \C Nep l[p. dp[p - r`[p_u

csº[cph_p_p° ‚cph `Z [°d_p L$p°dmd_ `f `|fu fu[°

‚–en \[p° l[p°. k¨[ -dlp–dp_p° k[k¨N \[p¨ A_° k¨L$u[Æ__p

ıhfp° kp¨cm[p¨ [°Ap° ›ep_d¡_ \C S>[p¨. [°d_° A¨[fb∞˚_u

‚[ur[ \[u l[u. k|f]$pk∆A° cNhp_ `pk° dp” A°V$gy¨ S>

dp¡ey¨ : "]| $kfp° ¨ _p Í$` ]° $Mp¢ ]° $rM fp^p-Ìepd' A° fu[°

r_dÆgpky¨]$fu `Z cphrhcp°f \C S>[p¨ A_° [°d_p Ap¨[fQny

‹pfp ‚cy_p ]$iÆ_ L$f[p¨. [°Ap° ≈Z[p¨ l[p¨ L°$ `p°[p_p ∆h_u

cp•q[L$ Ahı\p cNhp__p k¨`|ZÆ A¨Ly$i l°W$m R>°. [°\u [°Ap°

L$p°C`Z ‚L$pf_p L$dÆb¨^_\u nyÂ^ \[p¨ _ l[p¨.

L$l°hp_y¨ [p–èÆ A° L°$ `p°[p_p L$dp°Æ_u kp\° kp\°

cNhp__p¨ L$dÆ rhi° S>° rhQpf L$f° R>°, [° Cf_p q]$ÏeıhÍ$`_°

`pdu iL°$ R>°. `f¨[y A° dpV°$ Ap`Zpdp¨ cNhp_ ‚–e° A_fie

ÓŸp A_° Ap–d kpnp–L$pf_u ‚bm C√R>p lp°hu ≈°CA°.

r_dÆgpky¨]$fu-dp Ap_¨]$deu-_u ‚L©$r[ `Z Ap ‚L$pf_u l[u.

[°Ap° Ofdp¨ L$pd L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$, `r[ `pk° lp°e –epf° `Z cº[

L$hre”u dufp_u S>°d "d°f° [p° rNf^f Np°`pm ]|$kfp° _ L$p°C' A°

cph A°d_p d_˘]$edp¨ k[[ N|¨ƒep L$f[p° l[p°. A°d_° d_

Cf A°S> khÆıh l[y¨ A_° A°V$g° S> A°d_pdp¨ csº[ A_°

A›ep–d_y¨ Tfœ¨ k[[ h¸p L$f[y¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° kyM_p L°$ ]y$:M_p

‚k¨N° k[[ Ap_¨]$de fl°[p¨ l[p¨. Ap›eps–dL$ Ap]$iÆ\u

d_yÛe_p d_dp¨ S>°V$gp° D–kpl A_° Ap_¨]$ dm° R>°, [°V$gp° L$p°C

Ap]$iÆ\u dm[p° _\u.

`fZu_° kpkf° ApÏep `R>u `Z r_dÆgpky¨]$fu_u

cph]$ipdp¨ L$p°C S> `qfh[Æ_ _ ApÏey¨. Of_y¨ L$pd L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨

ƒepf° [°Ap° kdpq^gu_ b_u S>[p¨, –epf° Of_p¨ gp°L$p° tQ[pdp¨

`X$u S>[p. L°$V$gpL$_° c|[‚°[_u R>pep_p° Apcpk \[p°, [p° L°$V$gpL$

[°d_° "hpC'_y¨ ]$]Æ$ R>°. [°d kdS>[p¨. S>°W$pZu A_°L$hpf [°d_°

V$p°L$[u `Z cphp_¨]$dp¨ [°Ap° b^y¨ S> c|gu S>[p¨, rhje -

hpk_p\u f lp°hp\u [°Ap° r[_° ipfufuL$ kyM Apù iºep¨ _

l[p¨. r[ fdZudp°l_ (cp°mp_p\) A_°L$hpf r_dÆgpkyfi]$fu_u

hpk_p ≈N∞[ L$fhp ‚e–_ L$f[p, ffi[y A° hM[° r_dÆgp_y ifuf

DÛdp`|ZÆ \hp_° b]$g° iu[m \C S>[y ¨. S> °_p ıìÆ\u

fdZudp°l_ `Z r_rhÆL$pf b_u S>[p..! [°Ap° ≈Z° L$p°C dX$]$p

kp\° A\hp [p° L$p°C bpmL$_u `pk° k|[p lp°e A°hp° cph

A_ych[p l[p.

L°$V$guL$ ˜uAp°A° "dp'_° ‚Ò L$ep£ : ""`r[ [\p Afie

kOmp¨ iy¨ Ap`_u ApNm kdp_ R>° ?'' –epf° dp L$l°[p¨ : ""lp,

b^p S> kfMp¨. R>[p¨ ƒep¨ S>° cph ‚NV$ L$fhp_u S>Í$f X°$ –ep¨ [°

‚dpZ° \C ≈e R>°.'' (`©:26)

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170


k¨kpf_p kyM rhi° [°Ap° L$l°[p¨ : "k¨kpf_y kyM d°mhhp

‚e–_ L$fuA° [p° Mp°hpC Shy¨ `X°$. lz¨ S>° kyM_u hp[ L$fy¨ Ry>¨. [°_°

`L$X$u _p iL$pe. [° A°_u d°m° Aph° [°d S> l¨d°i_° dpV°$ V$L$u fl°.

Alv Ap_¨]$ ‚e–_ kp`°n _\u. Ap_¨]$ A° [p° ıhch R>°.

rhje_p° Ap_¨]$ ‚e–_ kp`°n [°dS> [° M¨X$ [\p nZ ı\peu

R>°. ƒepf° ks√Q]$p_¨]$_p° Ap_¨]$ rQfı\peu R>°.... Ap`Z°

k¨kpfdp¨ S>° Ap_¨]$ d°mhuA° R>uA°. [°_p\ue° rhi°j ı\peu

Ap_¨]$ Ap`Zu A¨]$f S> R>°.' (`©:122) N©lı\^dÆ rhi° [°Ap°

L$l° R>° : "Ap`Z° N©lı\ ^dÆ_y¨ `pg_ bfpbf L$ep¨ L$fu iL$uA°

R>uA° ? ANpD Qpf ApÓdp° l[p. [°dp¨ `l°gy¨ l[y¨ b∞˚QeÆ, [°

lpgdp¨ _\u S> A°d L$luA° [p° Qpg°. A°_p _ fl°hp\u b^p S>

ApÓdp°dp¨ Np°V$pmp \C Nep R>°. N©lı\_p° A\Æ lz N©l_° lı[N[

L$fhp_y¨ kdSy> Ry>¨....`Z N©l° Ap`Z_° lı[N[ L$fu gu^p

R>°.'(`©:122)

^uf° ^uf° fdZudp°l__° `–_u_u cÏe[p_y ¨ A_°

Ap›eps–dL$cph_y cp_ \hp gp¡ey A_° [°d_° –_udp¨ isº[_p

]$iÆ_ \hp gp¡ep¨. dp¨ Ap¤isº[ S>N]¨$bp kpnp[ rbfpS>[p¨

lp°e [°hu A_yc|r[ \hp gpNu. `–_u [°d_p dpV°$ "dp[p

Ap_¨]$deu' b_u Nep¨ A_° [°Ap° dp_p riÛe b_u Nep. dpA°

[°d_° "cp°mp_p\'_pd Ap‡ey¨ A_° ep°Nkp^_p_u Agp•qL$L$

rkqŸAp°_p° A_ych L$fpÏep°.

dp Ap_¨]$deu_p° Ap_¨]$ A_° fk Crfi÷ep°_p rhjep°dp¨

_rl, `Z [°\u `f fl°gp° l[p°. [°Ap° k[[ Crfi÷ep[u[

A_ychp°_u A_yc|r[ L$f[p¨ l[p¨. Ar[rfi÷e c|rdL$p_° L$ped_u

‚p· L$fhp k[[ tQ[_ L$f[p l[p¨ A_° k[[ A›ep–df[ fl°[p¨

l[p¨. S>° gp°L$p°_° A›ep–dqQ¨[_dp¨ A`|hÆ Ap_¨]$ `X$[p°° [°d_°

Mpmhp_p° L$p°C_° Ar^L$pf _\u. kyM_u L$Î`_p d__u kıL$pqf[p

`f Ap^pf fpM° R>°. A°V$g° S> [p° r_dÆgpkyfi]$fu_p r[A° –_udp¨

isº[_p ]$iÆ_ L$fu [°d_y¨ riÛe–h ıhuL$peyØ.

dp Ap_¨]$deu `pk° bpmL$p° Aph° –epf° [° bpmL$ S>°hp¨

\C S>[p¨ A_° [°d_u kp\° lkud≈L$ L$fu g°[p¨. ƒepf° L$p°C

Ap›eps–dL$ Ïesº[ dmhp Aph° –epf° [°Ap° dÆ A_° A›ep–d_u

QQpÆ L$f[p¨. L$p°C Mfpb ÏeqL$[ dmhp Aph° –epf° [°Ap° [°d_°

Nd° [°hu hp[p° L$f[p¨ l[p¨. [°d_y¨ ÏeqL$[–h l¨d°ip¨ Ap_¨]$de

gp¡ep L$f[y¨. [°Ap° L$l° R>° : ""ny÷ A°hp¨ L$uX$p-`[¨rNep\u dp¨X$u_°

A_¨[ b∞˚p¨X$ `Z lz¨ Ry>¨.'' (`© : 57)

C.k. 1923-1926 ]$frdep_ A°L$hpf ƒepf°

bp∆[`yfdp¨ dp Ap_¨]$deu_u dp•_ kp^_p Qpg[u l[u, –epf°

[°Ap° A°L$pA°L$ cphph°idp¨ Aphu S>C d¨”p°√Qpf L$fhp gp¡ep¨ :

""A°rl cph_pe¨ cpe¨ A°rl e¨ e¨ [pr_,

[p e¨ cphpde¨ chce lfZ¨ l°...''

327 328

171


dpA° ºepf°e Z k¨ıL$©[ cpjp_y rinZ d°mÏey _ l[y.

[°d_p dyMdp¨\u d¨”hpZu _uL$m[u kp¨cmu cº[ A_° riÛep°

[p° ApÚeÆQqL$[ \C Nep.

S>°_p d_p°S>N[dp Ap›ep–duL$ rQ[_ k[[ Qpg[y lp°e

R>°. A°_° d_ ^dÆ L$dÆ ‚–e° L°$ k¨‚]$pe ‚–e° L$p°C S> A¨[f lp°[y¨

_\u `f¨[y [° [p° dp” Cfdp¨ S> ÓŸp fpM° R>°, `R>u A° Cf,

Aâpl lp°e, Ciy lp°e, S>fı\p°ı\$ lp°e L°$ elz]$u lp°e A°dp¨ L$p°C

S> c°]$cph lp°[p° _\u. bpCbgdp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° : ""d_yÛe L°$ S>°°_°

[d° ≈°ep° R>°, ≈Œep° R>°, [°_° ≈° [d° Qplu _lv iL$p° [p° `R>u

Cf L°$ S>°_° [d° _S>f°≈°ep° L°$ ≈Œep° _\u, [°_° [p° [d° Qplu S>

iu fu[° iL$ip° ?'' A\pÆ[π L°$ dpZk_p Ql°fpdp¨ ≈° [d_° Cf_u

Tp¨Mu _rl \pe, [p° `R>u ApL$pi_p hp]$mpdp¨ L°$ S>X$ `]$p\Æ_u

b_ph°gu AQ°[_ d|r[Ædp¨ [p° Cf_p ]$iÆ_ ºep¨\u \i° ?

S>°_y¨ d_ Ap›eps–dL$ tQ[_dp¨ lp°e [°_° d_ d¨q]$f,

dı∆]$, Nyfy‹pfp L°$ ArNepfudp¨ L$p°C S> c°]$ lp°[p° _\u. A°L$

hM[ dp Ap_¨]$deu_p iplbpN (Y$pL$p) r_hpk ]$frdep_ dp

[°d_p cº[p° A_° riÛep° kp\° L$u[Æ_ L$fu f¸p¨ l[p¨, [°_u bpSy>dp¨

S> A°L$ dı∆]$ Aph°gu l[u. L$u[Æ_ L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨ dp Aph°idp¨

Aphu Ecp¨ \C Nep¨. A_° dsıS>]$ [fa Qpghp gp¡ep. cº[p°

A_° riÛep° Z [°d_u pR>m pR>m Qpghp gp¡ep. dsıS>]$dp¨

S>C dp Ly$fp__u Apep[p° -L$gdp°-`Y$hp gp¡ep¨ A_° Ïehsı\[

fu[° _dpS> `Y$hp gp¡ep¨....!!

Nyyfy L$fhp rhi° [°Ap° L$l° R>° : "S>°_u D`f [d_° kp•\u

h^y ÓŸp lp°e, S>°_u ApNm [dpfp\u _[dı[L$ b_u S>hpe

[°°_° kp•\u h^y Nyfy [fuL°$ ıhuL$pfu g°≈°. [°d_u hp[p°_y¨ rhQpepÆ

rh_p `pg_ L$f≈°, ≈° [d° L$p°C Afie_° Nyyfy L$epÆ _ lp°e [p°...

Ap Nyfy [d_° lp\ Tpgu_° cNhp__u pk° lp¢QpX$u ]°°i°. A°V$g°

S> [°Ap° S°> L$l°, [°_y¨ `pg_ L$fhy¨ A° S> [dpfy¨ L$[ÆÏe NZpi°.

(`©:172)' "k]$Nyfy d°mhhp lp°e [p° rhiyŸ ‚e–_ ≈°CA°...

Nyyfy isº[_y¨ ƒep¨ kyû op_ ‚L$V$ _ \pe, –ep¨ kyû r_S>ıhÍ$`_p

A_ych_u rhi°j ep”p S> _\u Apf¨cpC, A°V$g° S> `p°[p_u

A°L$^pfu Nr[‚p· \[u _\u. ‚pL©$[ Nr[\u S> kp^_p Qpg° R>°..

d_yÛe_y¨ L$[ÆÏe R>° : [uh∞, [°S>ıhu, Nr[iug b_hp dpV°$ l¨d°ip

‚e–_ L$fhp°, k]$Nyfy d°mhhp_p° ‚e–_ rhiyŸ lp°e [p° L°$hu ]$p°X$u

Aph° R>°? [° fu[° ≈° k]π$Nyfy_u C√R>p L$fuA° [p° [°dZ° - NyyfyA° -

Aphhy¨ S> `X$i°.' (`©:169,170)

iplbpN_p S>¨Ngdp¨ A°L$ Qd–L$pfu isº[ùW$-

rkŸ°fu_y¨ L$pgud¨q]$f - L°$V$gpë hjp£\u Aop[ A_° A`|S>

Ahı\pdp¨ l[y¨. dp A°L$ q]$hk (`r[) cp°mp_p\ kp\° –ep¨

`lp°Qu Nep¨ A_° d¨q]$f_p° ∆Zp£Ÿpf L$fphu –ep¨ ep°Nkp^_p L$fhp

gp¡ep¨.

329 330

172


Óu Óu dp Ap_¨]$deu Ïehlpfy¨, Ap›eps–dL$ A_°

∆h__° D≈Nf L$f_pfp¨ Mfp A\Ædp¨ k¨[ l[p¨. S>° Ap›eps–dL$

op_ A°dZ° d°mÏey¨ [° ∆h_dp¨ D[peyØ. A°Vgy¨ S> _rl,A° op_

A°dZ° A°d_p A_ych ‹pfp Ap`Zu kdn d|ºey¨. Ap–d

kpnp–L$pf `pd°gp Ap k¨[ `fdL©$`pmy `fdp–dp_p `fd

‚L$pidp¨ A°L$pL$pf b_u Nep¨. [°d R>[p¨ dp A°L$ kpdpfie

dpZk_u S>°d b^p¨ kp\° Ïehlpf L$f[p¨ l[p¨.

A°L$hpf cud`yfp (QpZp°]$, [p.X$cp°C, ∆. hX$p°]$fp)

ApÓddp¨ Óu dp Ap_¨]$deu budpfu `X$u Nep¨. fpr”_p kde°

`h_ y” l_ydp_∆ dp_p Mbf-A¨[f |Rπhp ApÏep A_° khpf

ky u ApÓd_p ‚h°i ‹pf pk° Aph°gp h©n f b°ku f¸p. khpf°

ÓudpA° cº[p°_° L$ y : ""‚h°i‹pf pk°_p h©n f Óu l_ydp_∆

b°W$p R>°. [°d_° kyMX$u_p° cp°N fphp°.'' cº[p°A° kyMX$u_p° cp°N

^fpÏep°. Óu l_ydp_∆ kyMX$u Apfp°Nu QpÎep Nep. ApÓddp¨

kp•_° kyMX$u_p° ‚kp]$ hl¢√ep°. ÓudpA° `p°[° `Z ‚kp]$ gu^p°.

b°-Qpf L$gpL$dp¨ S> [°d_u budpfu ]|$f \C NC.

Ly$fiX$rg_u ≈N∞[ L$fhp rhi° [°Ap° L$l° R>° : ""S>° AM¨X$

i|fie[p ‚p· L$f° R>° [°_u pk° rh_y L$p°C flıe Ny· fl°[y _\u.''

Ly$fiX$rg_u isº[ ≈N∞[ \hp_u kp\° kp\° S> b^u

N∞r\Ap° c°]$php_u iÍ$Ap[ \pe, [°dS> A° N∞r\c°]$_u kp\° L°$hm

rhrh^ ıhÍ$`p°_p S> ]$iÆ_ \pe A°hy¨ _\u, `Z OZu Agp•qL$L$

isº[Ap° d°mhpe R>°. A° kOmu isº[Ap°_° M|b Np°r`[ fpMhu

`X°$. ‚NV$ L$fhp S>[p¨ dÆ (Ap›ep–duL$) dpN£ AN∞°kf _ \hpe

[°dS> isº[Ap° `Z gp°`pC ≈e.'' (`©:194)

ºepf°L$ cphdî \C Óudp `p°[° S> `p°[p_u `|≈ L$f[p¨

A_° dı[L$`f `yÛ`p° QY$ph[p¨. cp°mp_p\ `Z Óudp_u `|≈

AQÆ_p L$f[p.

ky‚rkŸ isº[ kp^L$ ¨qX$[ Np° u_p\ L$rhfpS> Óudp_p

`fd cº[ l[p. [°Ap° L$l°[p L°$ : ""Óudp rkŸ Z _\u _° kp^L$

`Z _\u, [°Ap° [p° `|ZÆ[: cphd|r[Æ R>° !''

Óu Óudp d_ rhi° L$l° R>° : ""A°L$bu≈_p° k¨N L$epÆ

rkhpe b_° [°V$gp sı\f \C A°ºp¨[° b°kp° A_° ifuf_° `’\f_u

S>°d sı\f L$fhp_p° ‚e–_ L$fp°. Ası\f \hp_p° S>°d d__p° ıhcph

R>°, sı\f \hp_p° Z d__p° S> ıhcph R>°. d_ Z |ZÆ Ap_¨]$_°

C√R>° R>°. A°L$ S>¡epA° sı\f b°ku_° L$pd L$fhp_u S>Í$f R>°.`p°[p_°

Ap°mMp° A°V$g° b^¨y \pe. b^pdp¨ A°L$ A°L$ `yı[L$ R>°. `p°[p_°

hp¨Qhp_p° ‚e–_ L$fp°. [° hp¨Qip° A°V$g° Afie L$p°C bpb[° i¨L$p

_rl ≈N° L°$ ‚Ò fl°i° _rl.'' (`©:252)

331 332

173


kp\° kp\° Ap`Z° k–k¨N rhi° dp_p rhQpfp° ≈ZuA°.

""k–k¨N L$fhp° A° kfm ku^p° fı[p° R>°. k–k¨N A° `fdp_¨]$

‚pr·_p° fı[p° Mp°gu Ap ° R>°. rhQpf^pfp_u rhL©$r[ S> [p° ]y$OÆV$_p

R>°.ƒep¨ cNh[π tQ[_, k–k¨N lp°e –ep¨ A°sºkX°$fiV$ _ \pe.

ƒep¨ ]y$r_ep `Z lp°e, [°dS> ƒep¨ _pdıdfZ `Z lp°e ƒep¨

c|[ `Z fl°,hmu, cNhp__u dpNZu, –ep¨ [p° ]y$OÆV$_p_u

iºe[p Mfu. kdƒep ! kp^L$_u bu∆ rQ¨[p,bu∆ fu[° S>

rh›_ A°sºkX°$fiV$ rhrh^ ‚L$pf_u rhc|r[Ap° `Z `°]$p L$f° R>°.

rhc|r[_p° D`ep°N L$f[p¨ _ AphX°$ [p° kp^L$ b∞˚gp°L$dp¨ S>C_°

`Z `pR>p° af° R>°.'' (`©:253)

[pfuM :27du Ap°NÙ$ 1982_p fp°S> Óu Óudp

Ap_¨]$deu `p°[p_u ]°$lgugp k¨L°$gu rQf cphkdpr^dp¨ gu_

\C Nep A_° cº[p° dpV°$ cphd|r[Æ b_u Nep¨.

!!!!!

36. `|ƒe dp lf°fu ]°$hu(C.k.1964)

`|ƒe dp lf°fu]°$hu_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$f[p¨ S> A¨]$f_p b^p S>

L$dpX M|gu ≈e R>°. [°Ap°Óu_u dygpL$p[ ]$frdep_ [°dZ° L$¸y¨ :

""ıhı\ ]°$l A_° ‚kfld_ Cf_y d¨q]$f R>°.'' p°[p_p æ$p¨r[L$pfu

rhQpfp° ‹pfp `p°[p_y ¨ Ïesº[–h ‚L$V$ L$ey Æ ∂ R> °. L$p °C`Z

^dÆ,k¨‚]$pe, hp]$_u L¨$W$u bp¨ u _\u. L°$ Aphp¨ dp›edp°_p° klpfp°

gC_° L°$ ip˜p°_p° klpfp°gC_° hp[L$fu _\u. Ap^yr_L$ tQ[L$_°

A° `p°jpe `Z _rl. lp, S>Í$f S>Zpe –ep¨ S> `p°[p_p rhQpfp°_°

`yrÙ$ dm° [° dpV°$ A_° gp°L$ dp_k `p°[p_p rhQpfp°_° kfm fu[°

kd∆ iL°$ [°V$gp `|f[y¨ S> [°Ap°ÓuA° ^dÆ ip˜_p° tQ[L$p°_p°

A_° ApjÆ◊Ù$pAp°_p rhQpfp°_° `p°[p_u fu[° Ap›eps–dL$ tQ[_

‹pfp A_° A_°L$ `qfdpZue ◊rÙ$L$p°Z\u fS|> L$epÆ R>°.A° ‹pfp

^prdÆL$ n°”°, Ap›eps–dL$ n°”°, rinZ n°”°, Apfp°¡e

n°”°,kpsl–e n°”° p°[p_p æ$$p¨r[L$pfu rhQpfp°_° ‚L$V$ L$epÆ R>° A°V$gy

S> _rl, `p°[p_p L$peÆ ‹pfp kdpS>dp¨ d|L$u Ap‡ep`Z R>°.

Aphp h•QpqfL$,æ$p¨r[_p ‚Z°[p A_° [–htQ[L$ dp

lf°fu ]°$hu_p° S>fid [pfuM : 24-06-1964_° AjpY$u buS>_p

`rh” r]$hk° kp•fpÙ≤$ `¨\L$dp¨ Aph°g [u\Æ ı\m A_° cNhp_

333 334

174


kl≈_¨]$ ıhpdu [°d_p ∆h__p° dl—d L$pm ƒep¨ Ny≈ep£ R>°

[° NY$X$p (ıhpdu_p) dyL$pd° b∞p˚Z `qfhpfdp¨ \ep°.

bpm`Z\u S> Ap bprgL$pdp¨ b∞˚[°S>_p ]$iÆ_ \[p l[p¨.

cNhp° f¨N Ap°Y$u_° Ah[f°gu Ap bprgL$pdp¨ A›eps–dL$f¨N O°fp°

b_[p° Nep° [°_yë A°L$ L$pfZ R>°. [°d_y¨ Ly$Vy¨$b Ap›eps–dL$ A_°

csº[_p f¨N° f¨Npe°gy¨. hmu, S>•_ kp^yAp° A_° kp›hu∆Ap°

[°d_p r`[p_° –ep¨ Ïlp°fhp dpV°$ Aph°. Ap kp^yAp° A_°

kp›hu∆Ap°_° ≈°C_° [°d_pdp¨ h•fp¡eh©r— bmh—f \hp

gpNu. d_dp¨ A°L$ r_Úe pL$p° \hpgp¡ep°. [°d_p Of_u _∆L$

ıhprd_pfpeZ d¨q]$f, Alv k¨[p°° A_° bpC∆Ap°_° ≈°C

[°d_pdp¨ h•fp¡eh©r— [uh∞ \hp gpNu. dufpbpCA° L$¸y¨ R>° [°d

[°d_° : ""k¨kpfu_y¨ kyM L$pQy¨ Tp¨Th_p _uf S>°hy¨'' hmu,

""Ap°Y$Èp° R>° L$pmp° L$pdmp° ]$y≈° X$pO _ gpN° Lp°C.'' A°hu cph_p

bmh—f \hp gpNu. bpm`Z\u S> kph kp]y¨$ ∆h_ ∆hhp_u

V°$h. i©¨Npf ‚r[ Adp°_° ^p°fZ ]$k `pk L$epÆ `R>u Qp•]$ hjÆ_u

he°∆h__u kudpAp°\u D`f EW$hp_p° d_p°d_ r_ZÆe L$fu

k—f hjÆ_u he° [°_p° Adg L$ep£. ]$p°Y$ hjÆ kyû ApL$pi_u

Ap°Y$Zu A_° ^f[u_u `\pfu L$fu `ZÆLy$V$u bp¨û Cf_u ‚pr·

dpV°$ A°L$p¨[ hpk L$ep£ A_° –ep¨ ›ep_, tQ[_, d__, AÊepk,

q_q]$›epk_ D`fp¨[ L$W$p°f kp^_p `Ÿr[_p `qf`pL$Í$`° A¨[f_p°

AhpS> kp¨cmu Ap–dL$ÎepZ A_° kdpS>L$ÎepZ dpV°$ `p°[p_y¨

kdN∞ ∆h_ kdr Æ[ L$fhp_p° r_ZÆe L$ep£. Qp•]$dp hj£ N©l–epN

L$epÆ `R>u ]$k hjÆ kyû rh¤pÊepk - ipmpL$ue AÊepk - R|>V$u

Nep°. `f¨[y Ap`Zp h•q]$L$ N¨ ∞\p°, fpdpeZ, dlpcpf[,

cpNh[,]°$hu cpNh[, Óud]$ cpNh]$ Nu[p_p° [gıìw

AÊepk L$ep£. ]$k hjÆ kyû_u `qf`ºh kp^_p A_° [`ÚepÆ

`R>u afu\u ipmpL$ue A_° dlprh¤pgedp¨ AÊepk iÍ$ L$ep£.

dlpfp≈ kep∆fph eyr_. dp¨\u A°d.A°. \ep¨. rlfi]$u_p dyøe

rhje kp\° k_° 1999dp¨ "dp_k d¢ r_rl[ csº[ A°h¨ ]$iÆ_

L$p A_yrig_' rhje gC_° dlpr_b¨^ gøep°. A_°

ùA°Q.X$u._u D`pû ‚p· L$fu.

lz¨ [°Ap°Óu_° dmhp Nep° –epf° [°Ap° "Óud]π$ fpS>Q¨÷∆

: ∆h_ A_° L$\_' yı[L hp¨Qu f¸p¨ l[p¨. [°d_p Apk_ pR>m

A°L$ hpºe hp¨Qhp d˛ey¨ S>° d_° blÿ S>Ndu Ney¨ : "∆h_dp¨ S>°

dm° R>° [° k¨b¨ p° bp¨ hp\u dm° R>°, [p°X$hp\u Mpk dm[y _\u.'

Aphp h•QpqfL$ æ$p¨r[_p ‚Z°[p_° dm[p¨ S> Ap`Zpdp¨ fl°g

kp¨kpqfL$ hpk_pAp° Ap°Nmu ≈e R>°.

335 336

175


^dÆ_p iprÂ]$L$ A\p£ A_° `f¨`fpN[ ^prdÆL$ A\p£,

dpfie[pAp°_p° R>°]$ EX$pX$u_° `p°[p_p dp•rgL$ A_° æ$p¨r[L$pfu

rhQpfp°_° [°Ap°ÓuA° [°d_u hpZu_p D]$πOp°j ‹pfp ‚L$V$ L$epÆ R>°.

[°Ap° L$l° R>° : ""S>°d ifuf_u ıhı\[p dpV°$ dNS>, ]$e,a°akp¨,

qL$X$_u A_° guhf Ap `p¨Q Ahehp° Ar_hpeÆ R>°. A°hu S> fu[°

^dÆ, A›ep–d, rinZ, k¨ıL©$r[ (kprl–e) A_° Apfp°¡e Ap

`p¨Q A¨Np° ıhı\ A_° Ap_¨]$de ∆h_ ∆hhp dpV°$ Ar_hpeÆ

R>°.'' A° rhQpfp°_° dp” rhQpf kyû kurd[ _ fpM[p¨ kdN∞

kdpS>_° _h∆h_ bnhp_p° iyc k¨L$Î` A_° ‚epk `Z

Apf¨Êep° R>°. k°hp_p¨ Ap `p¨Q A¨Np° ‹pfp ‚°d, L$fyZp,

klp_yc|r[,k°hp A_° kd`ÆZ cph_p_° `Z ^dÆ_p° A°L$ cpN

NZ° R>°. ^dÆ_° [°Ap° qæ$ep L$p¨X$, L¨$W$u,dpmp, r[gL$, `|≈, A_°

k¨‚]$pep° `|f[p° depÆq]$[ _ NZ[p¨ ‚pQu_ - h°]$L$pgu_ -

F>rjAp°_p rhQpfp°_p° ≈Z° L°$ rS>Zp£Ÿpf L$fu f¸p¨ lp°e [°d

ipqffuL$ A_° dp_rkL$ iyqŸ dpV°$_p ApQpf - rhQpf A_° _ur[-

r_edp° D`fp¨[ ‚°d A_° `fp°`L$pf S>°hp NyZp° hX°$ Ap–dk¨[p°j

`pdhp_u ‚qæ$ep_° `Z ^dÆ NZu d¨q]$f D`fp¨[ rhrh^ kdpS>

k°hpL$ue ‚h©r—Ap°_° ^dÆ kp\° kp¨L$mu g°hp_u rhQpf^pfp_°

[°dZ° ‚hprl[ L$fu R>°.

dp_p Ap›eps–dL$ rhQpfp° L$°V$gp æ$pr[L$pfu R>° A_° [°dZ°

N©lı\pÓd_u S>° Ïepøep bp¨û R>° [°dp¨ `Z [°d_p Ap^yr_L$

rhQpfp°_° `yrÙ$ dm° R>° : ""N©lı\pÓd A° Ó°õ$ ApÓd R>°.

cNhp__° Ah[pf g°hp dpV°$ `Z N©lı\pd_p° S> Apifp° g°hp°

`X$Èp° R>°. `Z N©lı\pÓddp¨ S>° b]$u R>°. [°_° r_d|Æm L$fhp_u

S>Í$f R>°. kdpS>dp¨ dp_rkL$ fu[° ùX$p[p A°hp hNÆ_° ifpb,

ky¨]$fu, dp¨k A_° Afie rhL©$r[Ap° [fa S>[p bQphhp_p R>°.

h©r—Ap°_y¨ kd_ L$fhp_y¨ R>°. buSy>¨ L°$ ›ep_, ep°N A_° op_eop°

(k–k¨N) dp¨ Ap›eps–dL$[p_p¨ d|m R>° A_° Ap L$Î`h©n_° y_:

`Îgrh[, `ysÛ`[ [\p kyarg[ L$fhp h•QpqfL$ æ$p¨r[_p¨ S>m

tkQ__u S>Í$f R>°.''

|ƒe dp lf°fu ]°$huA° [p° kdpS>_u kp¨‚[ kdıepAp°

A_° AphÌeL$[pAp°_° yrÙ$ dm° [° dpV°$ A›ep–d_° kfmdp¨ kfm

b_phhp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ R>°. Ap`Zp h°]$ A_° D`r_j]$_u cpjp

gp°L$p° dpV°$ AOfu gpN[p¨ [°dp¨ b[ph°gp `fd Ap›eps–dL$

k–ep°_° `p°[p_u kfm bp_udp¨ cphL$p° kdn d|L$u Ap‡ep R>°.

›ep__y dl–h kd≈hhp A°dZ° ""< khpÆ–d_° _d:''

d¨” kp^L$p°dp¨ ‚hprl[ L$ep£ R>°. kp^L$ riÛep°_° Ap–due bm

dm° A_° kp^_p_y¨ kp[–e S>mhpe [° l°[y\u kp^L$hNÆ dpV°$

337 338

176


tQ[_ A_° kp^_p rirbfp°_y¨ Apep°S>_ Z dp X$pµ. lf°fu ]°$hu

L$f° R>°. Ap fu[° |ƒe dp_y¨ Ap›eps–dL$ kprfl›e Z ‚p· \pe

R>°. dpA° [p° A°d_p A_ych_y¨ Ad©[ A°d_u ApjÆ◊rÙ$ ‹pfp

gp°L$p°_° Ap‡ey¨ A_° `p°[p_u æ$p¨r[L$pfu hpZu_p° D]$Op°j L$fu

gp°L$p°_p rhQpfp°dp¨ `qfh[Æ_ gpÏep¨ R>°. Ap kl°gy¨ _\u, OZu

d\pdZ_° A¨[° gp°L$p°_p d_dp¨ ‚h°iu iL$pe R>°.

ƒepf° L$p°C rhQpf L°$ ‚Zpgu_y¨ M¨X$_ L°$ ı\p`_ \pe R>°

–epf° gp°L$p° [°_p° [f[ S> ıhuL$pf L$f[p _\u. L°$V$gpL$ dp•_ fl° R>°,

[p° L°$V$gpL$ `f¨`fphp]$uAp°_p d_dp¨ S|>_u ‚Zpgu L°$ `f¨`fp_°

[p°X$hp_u tld[ lp°[u _\u.[°\u S> [p° ^¨^p^pfu c|hpAp°,]$p°fp

- ^pNp, dp]$rmep¨ L$f_pfpAp°_° bp^p - ApMX$u Ap`_pfpAp°°

dp°Lmy¨ d°]$p_ dm° R>°. gp°L$p°_p d_dp¨ ce_y¨ hp[phfZ `°]$p L$fu

`p°[p_y¨ L$ÎepZ L$f[p lp°e R>°. Ap ‚h©r— gp°L$dp_k_° bNpX°$

R>°. `f¨[y æ$p¨r[L$pfu k¨[p° gp°L$p°_p d_dp¨ fl°g i¨L$pAp°_° A_°

ce_° r_d|Æm L$fu gp°L$ L$ÎepZ_u ‚h©r— L$f° R>°. Ap ‚h©r—_°

bp•qŸL$p°, h•QpqfL$ ◊rÙ$L$p°Z fph_pfpAp° A_° S>°d_° L$iyL$ _|[_

A_° _hr_[ ‚p· L$fhy¨ R>° [°hp gp°L$p°A° X$p∑. lf°fu ]°$hu_p

rhQpfp°_p° ıhuL$pf L$ep£ R>° L$pfZ L°$, bp•qŸL$ gp°L$p° "dp' _u

`pf]$iÆL$[p_° A° L$iy¨L$ _hy¨ Ap`hp_u cph_p_° `pdu Nep¨ R>°.

Aphp gp°L$p°A° dp _p rhQpfp°_° A°d_p æ$p¨r[L$pfu iÂ]$_° ıhuL$pep£

R>°.

X$p∑. dp lf°fu ]°$hu_p iÂ]$_y¨ bm A°V$gy¨ b^y¨ R>° L°$, S>°

rhje D`f `p°[p_y¨ hL$[Ïe Ap`° [°dp¨ `f¨`fp_p° R>°]$ EX$phu_°

_|[_ iÂ]$_p° AprhÛL$pf L$f° R>° A_° A° ‹pfp ^dÆ, kprl–e,

A›ep–d,L$mp, k¨ıL©$r[ gp°L$d_k_y¨ Apfp°¡e A_° gp°L$p°_p

ipqffuL$ Apfp°¡e rhi° tQ[_ L$fu A°L$ _hp° S> ArcNd kdpS>

kdn gC ApÏep¨ R>°. `|ƒe dp_u `fdQ°[_p ‹pfp A_°L$

Ap–dpAp°_u Q°[_p_y¨ Í$`p¨[f A_° Ds›hÆL$fZ \pe [° l°[y\u

Ap–dkp^_p L°$fi÷p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu ‚–e°L$ hNÆ ky^u `p°[p_p

æ$p ¨r[L$pfu rhQpfp ° `lp¢Q° A_° kdyrQ[ dp_hQ°[_p_°

Ap›eps–dL$ gpc dm° [°hp ‚e–_p° `Z [°Ap° L$fu f¸p¨ R°.

[°d_p, æ$p¨r[L$pfu A_° [°≈bu rhQpfp°_° ‚L$V$ L$f[p¨ `yı[L$p° L°$

S>°dp¨ dÆ, A›ep–d,d_p°rhop_,kdpS>k°hp, L$rh[p S>°hp A_°L$

yı[L$p° ‚L$V$ \e°g R>°. S>°dp¨ dyøe[: (1) "Nyfy |rZÆdp_° prdÆL$

g|¨V$.' Ap yı[L$dp¨ Nyfy A_° Q°gp h√Q° A_° prdÆL$ n°”p°dp¨ \[p¨

dp_hue ip°jZ rhje `f [°dZ° `p°[p_p æ$p¨r[L$pfu rhQpfp°_°

‚L$V$ L$epÆ R>°. (2) "l_ydp_ Qprgkp A°L$ Arc_h ]$iÆ_:' Ap

`yı[L$dp¨ L°$V$gpL$ `pf¨`qfL$ ‚Òp°_u R>ZphV$ L$fu R>° : ˜uAp°\u

l_ydp_ Qprgkp_p° `pW$ L$fpe L°$d ?$ l_ydp_∆_u D`pk_p

339 340

177


\pe L°$ L°$d ? b∞˚QeÆ A°V$g° iy¨ ? dlphuf A°V$g° iy¨ ? k°hL$, ]|$[

A_° cº[ L°$hp° lp°hp° ≈°CA° ?hN°f° ‚Òp° `f `p°[p_p dp•rgL$

A_° [°≈bu rhQpfp° ‚L$V$ L$epÆ R>°. (3) "csº[ep°N:' Ap

`yı[L$dp¨ Óud]$ cNh]π$Nu[p_p 12 dp A›epedp¨ hZÆh°gp

cº[p°_p gnZp° D`f V$uL$p-V$u‡`Z L$fu R>°. Ap N∞¨\p° D`fp¨[

A°d_u A¨]$f ∆h[p L$rhA° L°$V$guL$ L$rh[pAp° `Z gMphu R>°

[°hp¨ `¤ `yı[L$p° : (1) "ıìÆ' NyS>fp[u NTg k¨N∞l. Ap

NTgp° hp¨Q[p [°d_p° cNhp° f¨N h y O°fp° \[p° S>Zpe R>°. [°d_u

NTg_p° A° k¨]$c£ Ap i°Af :

L°$V$gy¨ [`[u li° d›epl_dp¨ k¨›ep,

_rl [p° ApV$gu f¨Nu_ ºep¨\u lp°e ?

[°Ap°Óu_p° bu≈° L$pÏek¨N∞l : "dp°rl_u ky p' S>° rlfi]$u

cpjpdp¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ ^_pnfu, cyS>¨Nu, r”c¨Nu, kh•ep hN°°f°

R>¨]$p°dp¨ `p•fprZL$ L$\phı[y gC_° cqL$[`fL$ L$pÏep° gøep¨ R>°.

(3) "rhÃ$g ıdfrZL$p' S>°dp¨ csº[fk ‚Qyf 108 kp°fW$pAp°

hp¨Qhp dm° R>°. (4) "lf°fu ]°$hu cpNh[:' Ap `yı[L$dp¨

18000 Ôgp°L$p°_y¨ k¨rn·uL$fZ L$fu ‚pL$©[cpjpdp¨ Qp°`pCAp°

`Z gMu R>°. (5) [°d_p° rlfi]$u _Td k¨N∞l: "TfÆ° Tf°Æ k° ‡epf'

dp¨ kyauhp]$_° ‚L$V$ L$ep£ R>°. (6) "A_yc|r[' A° [°d_p° q‹[ue

NyS>fp[u NTg k¨N∞l R>°. (7) "d¶ d¶ dp_h L$eÿ L$f[p'dp¨ rlfi]$u

L$rh[p R>°. (8) "epfu' A° rlfi]$u kyauhp]$u _Tdp°_p° k¨N∞l R>°.

[°dS> (9) "d©–ey [p° l• dp°n‹pf' d©–ey_p flıe_° D≈Nf L$f[u

A_° d©–ey_p ce\u kpdpfie d_yÛe_° dyº[ \hp_u ‚°fZp Ap`[u

rlfi]$u L$rh[p_p° k¨N∞l. (10) dp[©hpZu yı[L$dp¨ prdÆL$ A_°

tQ[_ ‚h©r—_p¨ 100 S>°V$gp¨ cS>_p° R>°.

Apd, `|ƒe dpA° gp°L$ dp_kdp¨ _huS> Q°[_p_u

ƒep°r[ ‚L$V$phhp A_°L$ `yı[L$p°_y¨ kS>Æ_ L$eyØ R>°.

`|ƒe dp lf°fu ]°$huA° : ""r_ÛL$pd L$dÆ_u ‚–e¨Qp f

Ïlpg_u hp¨kmu hX°$ b∞˚ ‚r[...'' Nr[ L$fhp_p° b∞˚bp°^ Z

L$fpÏep° R>°.

ApS>° kdpS>dp¨ k¨NW$__p° Acph, aV$apV$ A_° O©Zp_y¨

hQÆıh R>°. ≈r[ A_° °V$p ≈r[_u c∞d≈mdp¨ akpC Ap kdpS>°

`p°[p_u ≈[_° l≈fp° Vy$L$X$pdp¨ hl¢Qu ]$uû R>°. A°L$ Vy$L$X$p° bu≈

Vy$$L$X$p_° ıìÆ Lfhp O©Zp L$f[p° lp°e R>°. Alv [p° Ly$Vy¨$bp°_p VyLX$p

\ep R>°. `qfhpfp°dp¨ h•QpqfL$ d[c°]$p°_° L$pfZ° TOX$p \[p fl°

R>°. `r[, `–_u, k¨[p_p° h√Q° h•QpqfL$ A•ºe ≈°hp dm[y¨ _\u.

341 342

178


A°hp _pSy>L$ kde° `|ƒe dp Ap`Z kp•_° `fı`f lmudmu

rhQpf rhr_ed_u V°$h pX$hp_u kgpl Ap ° R>°. p°[p_p c|[L$pm

A_° crhÛe_¨y rQ¨[_ L$fu ≈[_° AS>hpmu DS>mu Lfhp_y¨ L$l°

R>°.≈° Apd b_° [p° ‚p· \pe R>° `fı`f ‚°d, A°L$[p A_°

k¨NW$__p° drldp, A°L$bu≈_u Dflr[, ‚Nr[ A_° khpØNu

rhL$pk. S> ° Arhh°L$u L$pfZ Ap`Zu A°º[pdp¨,

rhQpfp°dp¨,ip¨r[dp Ahfp°^Í$` \pe [° L$pfZ_° a¢L$u ]$p°. ÏeqL$[

A_° Ïesº[–h rhL$pk_p° Ap D—d dpNÆ R>°.

`|ƒe dp X$p∑. lf°fu ]°$huA° ]$l°S> ‚\p ]|$f L$fhp A_°

g¡_rhr^_p ApL$fp MQpÆAp°_° _p\hp kd|l g¡_p°_u ‚\p

A`_phu R>°. [p° A°k.A°k.ku.bp°XÆ$dp¨ ‚\d rh¤p\w A_°

A°Q.A°k.ku. bp°X Æ $dp ¨ kpefikdp¨ ‚\d Aph_pf

rh¤p\w_°[°dS> d.k. eyr_. hX$p°]$fpdp¨ A°d.A°. rlfi]$u

aıVÆ$ºgpk aıVÆ$ rh¤p\w_° kyhZÆQ¨÷L$ ]$f hj£ A`ÆZ L$f° R>°. [p°

kprl–e, k¨Nu[, A_° L$mp_p n°”dp¨ rhrh^, L$peÆæ$dp°_y Ahpf

_hpf Apep°S>_ L$f° R>° A_° rhrh^ ‚r[cpAp°_° kyhZÆ Q¨÷L$

A`ÆZ L$fu ‚p°–kprl[ L$f° R>°. `|ƒe dp_u "eyN isº[ dp X$pµ.

343 344

lf°fu ]°$hu k¨ı\p_' ‹pfp Ahpf_hpf QÌdp rirbf, ]¨$[eo,

r_]$p_ eo, qarTep°\°fp`u, A°ºey‚°if, `p°rgep°, bl°fpi

r_hpfZ hN°°f° L°$Á`p°_y¨ Apep°S>_ L$f° R>°. S>°dp¨ r_ÛZp¨[ X$p°ºV$fp°

r_:iyºg k°hp Ap ° R>°. Ly$]$f[u Apa[p°_° kde° Ap k¨ı\p AN∞°kf

fl° R>°. `|ƒe dp X$pµ. lf°fu ]°$huA° k_° 1988dp¨ S|>_pNY$dp¨

A_° k_° 1993 dp hX$p°]$fpdp Z kı\p_u ı\p`_p L$fu p°[p_p

k°hp L$pep£_p° rhL$pk L$ep£ R>°.

!!!!!

harish vatavwala-final to final - pustakalay · 2012-12-13 · : a_yæ$drzl$p : 1. k¨[Óu d°odpep...

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